The role of Preclinical SPECT in oncological and neurological research in combination with either CT or MRI

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Volumn 41, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2014, Pages

  Bernsen, Monique R ^a   Vaissier, Pieter E B ^b   Van Holen, Roel ^c   Booij, Jan ^d   Beekman, Freek J ^b,e   De Jong, Marion ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^c GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^d UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^e MILabs BV   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IODINE 123; PENTETREOTIDE IN 111; RADIOISOTOPE; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT;

ADDICTION; CELL MIGRATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COLLIMATOR; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DOSIMETRY; FIDUCIAL MARKER; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROSCIENCE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PSYCHOSIS; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; ANIMAL; DEVICES; DIAGNOSTIC USE; MULTIMODAL IMAGING; NEOPLASMS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; PROCEDURES; SCINTISCANNING;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MULTIMODAL IMAGING; NEOPLASMS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 84905499470     PISSN: 16197070     EISSN: 16197089     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2685-3     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Deleye S, Van Holen R, Verhaeghe J, Vandenberghe S, Stroobants S, Staelens S. Performance evaluation of small-animal multipinhole muSPECT scanners for mouse imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:744-58. doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2326-2.
2. Schambach SJ, Bag S, Schilling L, Groden C, Brockmann MA. Application of micro-CT in small animal imaging. Methods. 2010;50:2-13. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth. 2009.08.007.
3. Vaissier PE, Goorden MC, Vastenhouw B, Van Der Have F, Ramakers RM, Beekman FJ. Fast spiral SPECT with stationary gamma-cameras and focusing pinholes. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1292-9. doi:10.2967/jnumed.111.101899.
4. Greco A, Fiumara G, Gargiulo S, Gramanzini M, Brunetti A, Cuocolo A. High-resolution positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of the mouse heart. Exp Physiol. 2013;98:645-51. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2012.068643.
5. Sauter AW, Wehrl HF, Kolb A, Judenhofer MS, Pichler BJ. Combined PET/MRI: one step further in multimodality imaging. Trends Mol Med. 2010;16:508-15. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2010.08. 003.
6. Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev. 2003;17:545-80.
7. Pichler BJ, Wehrl HF, Judenhofer MS. Latest advances in molecular imaging instrumentation. J Nucl Med. 2008;49 Suppl 2:5S-23.
8. Weissleder R, Mahmood U. Molecular imaging. Radiology. 2001;219:316-33.
9. Bernsen MR, Ruggiero A, Van Straten M, Kotek G, Haeck JC, Wielopolski PA, et al. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2013;187:3-63. doi:10. 1007/978-3-642-10853-2-1.
10. Ma KH, Huang WS, Chen CH, Lin SZ, Wey SP, Ting G, et al. Dual SPECT of dopamine system using [99mTc]TRODAT-1 and [123I]IBZM in normal and 6-OHDA-lesioned formosan rock monkeys. Nucl Med Biol. 2002;29:561-7.
11. Nakazawa A, Ikeda K, Ito Y, Iwase M, Sato K, Ueda R, et al. Usefulness of dual 67Ga and 99mTc-sestamibi single-photonemission CT scanning in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. Chest. 2004;126:1372-6. doi:10.1378/chest.126. 4.1372.
12. Sanchez-Crespo A, Petersson J, Nyren S, Mure M, Glenny RW, Thorell JO, et al. A novel quantitative dual-isotope method for simultaneous ventilation and perfusion lung SPET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:863-75. doi:10.1007/s00259-002-0803-8.
13. Weinmann P, Faraggi M, Moretti JL, Hannequin P. Clinical validation of simultaneous dual-isotope myocardial scintigraphy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:25-31. doi:10.1007/s00259-002-0995-y.
14. Goorden MC, Van Der Have F, Kreuger R, Ramakers RM, Vastenhouw B, Burbach JP, et al. VECTor: a preclinical imaging system for simultaneous submillimeter SPECT and PET. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:306-12. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.109538.
15. Melis M, Valkema R, Krenning EP, De Jong M. Reduction of renal uptake of radiolabeled octreotate by amifostine coadministration. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:749-53. doi:10.2967/jnumed.111.098665.
16. Beekman FJ, Van Der Have F, Vastenhouw B, Van Der Linden AJ, Van Rijk PP, Burbach JP, et al. U-SPECT-I: a novel system for submillimeter-resolution tomography with radiolabeled molecules in mice. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:1194-200.
17. Schramm NU, Ebel G, Engeland U, Schurrat T, Behe M, Behr TM. High-resolution SPECT using multipinhole collimation. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2003;50:315-20. doi:10.1109/tns.2003.812437.
18. Ivashchenko O, Van Der Have F, Villena J, Beekman FJ. Quarter millimeter resolution pre-clinical SPECTwith quarter-mm pinholes. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014. In press.
19. De Kemp RA, Epstein FH, Catana C, Tsui BM, Ritman EL. Smallanimal molecular imaging methods. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:18s-32. doi:10.2967/jnumed.109. 068148.
20. Golestani R, Wu C, Tio RA, Zeebregts CJ, Petrov AD, Beekman FJ, et al. Small-animal SPECT and SPECT/CT: application in cardiovascular research. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:1766-77. doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1321-8.
21. Studwell AJ, Kotton DN. A shift from cell cultures to creatures: in vivo imaging of small animals in experimental regenerative medicine. Mol Ther. 2011;19:1933-41. doi:10.1038/mt.2011.194.
22. Kielland A, Carlsen H. Molecular imaging of transcriptional regulation during inflammation. J Inflamm (Lond). 2010;7:20. doi:10. 1186/1476-9255-7-20.
23. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000;100:57-70.
24. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011;144:646-74. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013.
25. Cavallo F, De Giovanni C, Nanni P, Forni G, Lollini PL. 2011: the immune hallmarks of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2011;60:319-26.
26. Ruoslahti E, Bhatia SN, Sailor MJ. Targeting of drugs and nanoparticles to tumors. J Cell Biol. 2010;188:759-68.
27. Movahedi K, Schoonooghe S, Laoui D, Houbracken I, Waelput W, Breckpot K, et al. Nanobody-based targeting of the macrophage mannose receptor for effective in vivo imaging of tumor-associated macrophages. Cancer Res. 2012;72:4165-77. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2994.
28. Muller C. Folate based radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and therapy of cancer and inflammation. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18:1058-83.
29. Müller C, Schibli R. Single photon emission computed tomography tracer. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2013;187:65-105.
30. Vaupel P. Pathophysiology of solid tumors. In: Molls M, Vaupel P, Nieder C, Anscher MS, editors. The impact of tumor biology on cancer treatment and multidisciplinary strategies. Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. p. 51-92.
31. Bredow S, Lewin M, Hofmann B, Marecos E, Weissleder R. Imaging of tumour neovasculature by targeting the TGF-beta binding receptor endoglin. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:675-81.
32. 99m) Tc-labeled RGD peptide as an angiogenesis imaging agent. Nucl Med Biol. 2013;40:262-72. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012. 10.015.
33. Zhou Y, Chakraborty S, Liu S. Radiolabeled cyclic RGD peptides as radiotracers for imaging tumors and thrombosis by SPECT. Theranostics. 2011;1:58-82.
34. Fujii H, Yamaguchi M, Inoue K, Mutou Y, Ueda M, Saji H, et al. In vivo visualization of heterogeneous intratumoral distribution of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha activity by the fusion of highresolution SPECT and morphological imaging tests. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:262741. doi:10.1155/2012/262741.
35. Kersemans V, Cornelissen B, Hueting R, Tredwell M, Hussien K, Allen PD, et al. Hypoxia imaging using PET and SPECT: the effects of anesthetic and carrier gas on [Cu]-ATSM, [Tc]-HL91 and [F]-FMISO tumor hypoxia accumulation. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25911. doi: 10.137 1/journal.pone.0025911.
36. 99m) Tc-labeled bioreductive probe for tumor hypoxia imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011;21:7359-62. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.022.
37. Umeda IO, Tani K, Tsuda K, Kobayashi M, Ogata M, Kimura S, et al. High resolution SPECT imaging for visualization of intratumoral heterogeneity using a SPECT/CT scanner dedicated for small animal imaging. Ann Nucl Med. 2012;26:67-76. doi:10. 1007/s 12149-011-0542-7.
38. Bauwens M, De Saint-Hubert M, Cleynhens J, Brams L, Devos E, Mottaghy FM, et al. Radioiodinated phenylalkyl malonic acid derivatives as pH-sensitive SPECT tracers. PLoS One. 2012;7:e38428. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038428.
39. 99m) Tc-pHLIP Mol Imaging Biol. 2012;14:725-34. doi: 10.1007/s11307-012-0549-z.
40. Weerakkody D, Moshnikova A, Thakur MS, Moshnikova V, Daniels J, Engelman DM, et al. Family of pH (low) insertion peptides for tumor targeting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:5834-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1303708110.
41. Von Forstner C, Zuhayra M, Ammerpohl O, Zhao Y, Tiwari S, Jansen O, et al. Expression of L amino acid transport system 1 and analysis of iodine-123-methyltyrosine tumor uptake in a pancreatic xenotransplantation model using fused high-resolutionmicro-SPECT-MRI. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2011;10:30-7.
42. Kondo N, Temma T, Shimizu Y, Watanabe H, Higano K, Takagi Y, et al. Miniaturized antibodies for imaging membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase in cancers. Cancer Sci. 2013;104:495-501. doi: 10.1111/cas.12102.
43. Le Beau AM, Duriseti S, Murphy ST, Pepin F, Hann B, Gray JW, et al. Targeting uPAR with antagonistic recombinant human antibodies in aggressive breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2013;73:2070-81. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3526.
44. Schottelius M, Wester HJ. Molecular imaging targeting peptide receptors. Methods. 2009;48:161-77. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.012.
45. Heskamp S, Van Laarhoven HW, Molkenboer-Kuenen JD, Bouwman WH, Van Der Graaf WT, Oyen WJ, et al. Optimization of IGF-1R SPECT/CT imaging using (11 1) In-labeled F (ab') (2) and Fab fragments of the monoclonal antibody R1507. Mol Pharm. 2012;9:2314-21. doi:10.1021/mp300232n.
46. Mariani G, Di Sacco S, Volterrani D, Di Luca L, Buralli S, Di Stefano R, et al. Tumor targeting by intra-arterial infusion of 5-[123I]iodo-2'- deoxyuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:22s-5.
47. Aloj L, Aurilio M, Rinaldi V, D'Ambrosio L, Tesauro D, Peitl PK, et al. Comparison of the binding and internalization properties of 12 DOTA-coupled and 111 In-labelled CCK2/gastrin receptor binding peptides: a collaborative project under COST Action BM0607. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:1417-25. doi:10.1007/s00259-011-1816-y
48. Forrer F, Valkema R, Bernard B, Schramm NU, Hoppin JW, Rolleman E, et al. In vivo radionuclide uptake quantification using a multi-pinhole SPECT system to predict renal function in small animals. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:1214-7. doi:10. 1007/s00259-006-0178-3.
49. Abiraj K, Mansi R, Tamma ML, Fani M, Forrer F, Nicolas G, et al. Bombesin antagonist-based radioligands for translational nuclear imaging of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-positive tumors. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1970-8.
50. Fani M, Braun F, Waser B, Beetschen K, Cescato R, Erchegyi J, et al. Unexpected sensitivity of sst2 antagonists to N-terminal radiometal modifications. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1481-9. doi:10. 2967/jnumed.112.102764.
51. Hwang AB, Hasegawa BH. Attenuation correction for small animal SPECT imaging using x-ray CT data. Med Phys. 2005;32:2799-804.
52. Williams SP. Tissue distribution studies of protein therapeutics using molecular probes: molecular imaging. AAPS J. 2012;14:389-99. doi:10.1208/s12248-012-9348-3.
53. Van Essen M, Krenning EP, Kam BL, De Jong M, Valkema R, Kwekkeboom DJ. Peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy for endocrine tumors. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:382-93. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.105.
54. Muller C, Vlahov IR, Santhapuram HK, Leamon CP, Schibli R. Tumor targeting using 67Ga-DOTA-Bz-folate - investigations of methods to improve the tissue distribution of radiofolates. Nucl Med Biol. 2011;38:715-23. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.12.013.
55. Joosten L, Laverman P, Boerman OC, Roosenburg S, Eek A, Rutjes FP, et al. In vitro and in vivo characterization of three 68Ga- and 111In-labeled peptides for cholecystokinin receptor imaging. Mol Imaging. 2012;11:401-7.
56. Nayak TK, Hathaway HJ, Ramesh C, Arterburn JB, Dai D, Sklar LA, et al. Preclinical development of a neutral, estrogen receptortargeted, tridentate 99mTc (I)-estradiol-pyridin-2-yl hydrazine derivative for imaging of breast and endometrial cancers. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:978-86. doi:10.2967/jnumed.107.048546.
57. Brinkhuis RP, Stojanov K, Laverman P, Eilander J, Zuhorn IS, Rutjes FP, et al. Size dependent biodistribution and SPECT imaging of 111In-labeled polymersomes. Bioconjug Chem. 2012;23:958-65. doi:10.1021/bc200578s.
58. 26 murine colon carcinoma solid tumor model. Nucl Med Biol. 2010;37:95-104. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.08.006.
59. De Smet M, Langereis S, Van Den Bosch S, Bitter K, Hijnen NM, Heijman E, et al. SPECT/CT imaging of temperature-sensitive liposomes for MR-image guided drug delivery with high intensity focused ultrasound. J Control Release. 2013;169:82-90. doi:10. 1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.005.
60. Huang FY, Lee TW, Kao CH, Chang CH, Zhang X, Lee WY, et al. Imaging, autoradiography, and biodistribution of 188Re-labeled PEGylated nanoliposome in orthotopic glioma bearing rat model. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2011;26:717-25. doi:10.1089/cbr. 2011.1052.
61. 26 colonic peritoneal carcinomatosis mice. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:2607-19. doi:10.2147/ijn. s23834.
62. Bult W, Kroeze SG, Elschot M, Seevinck PR, Beekman FJ, De Jong HW, et al. Intratumoral administration of Holmium-166 acetylacetonate microspheres: antitumor efficacy and feasibility of multimodality imaging in renal cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8:e52178. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052178.
63. Madru R, Kjellman P, Olsson F, Wingårdh K, Ingvar C, Ståhlberg F, et al. 99mTc-labeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for multimodality SPECT/MRI of sentinel lymph nodes. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:459-63.
64. Ali MM, Janic B, Babajani-Feremi A, Varma NR, Iskander AS, Anagli J, et al. Changes in vascular permeability and expression of different angiogenic factors following anti-angiogenic treatment in rat glioma. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8727. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0008727.
65. De Saint-Hubert M, Wang H, Devos E, Vunckx K, Zhou L, Reutelingsperger C, et al. Preclinical imaging of therapy response using metabolic and apoptosis molecular imaging. Mol Imaging Biol. 2011;13:995-1002. doi:10.1007/s11307-010- 0412-z.
66. 99m tricarbonyl His-annexin A5 in a colorectal cancer xenograft model. Mol Imaging. 2012;11:135-47.
67. Bol K, Haeck JC, Groen HC, Niessen WJ, Bernsen MR, De Jong M, Veenland JF. Can DCE-MRI Explain the Heterogeneity in Radiopeptide Uptake Imaged by SPECT in a Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Model? PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77076. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077076.
68. Bar-Shalom R, Yefremov N, Guralnik L, Keidar Z, Engel A, Nitecki S, et al. SPECT/CT using 67Ga and 111In-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy for diagnosis of infection. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:587-94.
69. Hong H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Cai W. Non-invasive cell tracking in cancer and cancer therapy. Curr Top Med Chem. 2010;10:1237-48.
70. Ruggiero A, Thorek DL, Guenoun J, Krestin GP, Bernsen MR. Cell tracking in cardiac repair: what to image and how to image. Eur Radiol. 2012;22:189-204. doi:10.1007/s00330-011-2190-7.
71. Welling MM, Duijvestein M, Signore A, Van Der Weerd L. In vivo biodistribution of stem cells using molecular nuclear medicine imaging. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226:1444-52. doi:10.1002/jcp. 22539.
72. Bernsen MR, Moelker AD, Wielopolski PA, Van Tiel ST, Krestin GP. Labelling of mammalian cells for visualisation by MRI. Eur Radiol. 2010;20:255-74. doi:10.1007/s00330-009-1540-1.
73. De Vries EF, Buursma AR, Hospers GA, Mulder NH, Vaalburg W. Scintigraphic imaging of HSVtk gene therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 2002;8:1435-50.
74. Penheiter AR, Russell SJ, Carlson SK. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) as an imaging reporter for gene, viral, and cellbased therapies. Curr Gene Ther. 2012;12:33-47.
75. Doubrovin MM, Doubrovina ES, Zanzonico P, Sadelain M, Larson SM, O'Reilly RJ. In vivo imaging and quantitation of adoptively transferred human antigen-specific T cells transduced to express a human norepinephrine transporter gene. Cancer Res. 2007;67:11959-69. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07- 1250.
76. Templin C, Zweigerdt R, Schwanke K, Olmer R, Ghadri JR, Emmert MY, et al. Transplantation and tracking of human-induced pluripotent stem cells in a pig model of myocardial infarction: assessment of cell survival, engraftment, and distribution by hybrid single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography of sodium iodide symporter transgene expression. Circulation. 2012;126:430-9. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.087684.
77. Deng WP, Wu CC, Lee CC, Yang WK, Wang HE, Liu RS, et al. Serial in vivo imaging of the lung metastases model and gene therapy using HSV1-tk and ganciclovir. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:877-84.
78. Inubushi M, Jin YN, Murai C, Hata H, Kitagawa Y, Saga T. Singlephoton emission computed tomography of spontaneous liver metastasis from orthotopically implanted human colon cancer cell line stably expressing human sodium/iodide symporter reporter gene. EJNMMI Res. 2012;2:46. doi:10.1186/2191-219x-2-46.
79. Marsee DK, Shen DH, MacDonald LR, Vadysirisack DD, Lin X, Hinkle G, et al. Imaging of metastatic pulmonary tumors following NIS gene transfer using single photon emission computed tomography. Cancer Gene Ther. 2004;11:121-7. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700661.
80. Merron A, Baril P, Martin-Duque P, De La Vieja A, Tran L, Briat A, et al. Assessment of the Na/I symporter as a reporter gene to visualize oncolytic adenovirus propagation in peritoneal tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:1377-85. doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1379-3.
81. Moroz MA, Serganova I, Zanzonico P, Ageyeva L, Beresten T, Dyomina E, et al. Imaging hNET reporter gene expression with 124I-MIBG. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:827-36. doi:10.2967/jnumed. 106.037812.
82. Ambrosini V, Fani M, Fanti S, Forrer F, Maecke HR. Radiopeptide imaging and therapy in Europe. J Nucl Med. 2011;52 Suppl 2:42S-55.
83. Reubi JC. The role of peptides and their receptors as tumor markers. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 1993;22:917-39.
84. Olafsen T, Wu AM. Antibody vectors for imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 2010;40:167-81.
85. Devoogdt N, Xavier C, Hernot S, Vaneycken I, D'Huyvetter M, De Vos J, et al. Molecular imaging using Nanobodies: a case study. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;911:559-67.
86. Goldenberg DM, Rossi EA, Sharkey RM, McBride WJ, Chang CH. Multifunctional antibodies by the Dock-and-Lock method for improved cancer imaging and therapy by pretargeting. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:158-63.
87. Lofblom J, Feldwisch J, Tolmachev V, Carlsson J, Stahl S, Frejd FY. Affibody molecules: engineered proteins for therapeutic, diagnostic and biotechnological applications. FEBS Lett. 2010;584:2670-80.
88. Jokerst JV, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging with theranostic nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res. 2011;44:1050-60.
89. De Jong M, Breeman WA, Kwekkeboom DJ, Valkema R, Krenning EP. Tumor imaging and therapy using radiolabeled somatostatin analogues. Acc Chem Res. 2009;42:873-80. doi:10.1021/ar800188e.
90. Kish SJ, Shannak K, Hornykiewicz O. Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: pathophysiologic and clinical implications. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:876-80. doi:10.1056/ nejm198804073181402.
91. Booij J, Tissingh G, Boer GJ, Speelman JD, Stoof JC, Janssen AG, et al. [123I]FP-CIT SPECT shows a pronounced decline of striatal dopamine transporter labelling in early and advanced Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:133-40.
92. Booij J, Tissingh G, Winogrodzka A, Van Royen EA. Imaging of the dopaminergic neurotransmission system using single-photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography in patients with parkinsonism. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999;26:171-82.
93. Catafau AM, Tolosa E. Impact of dopamine transporter SPECT using 123I-Ioflupane on diagnosis and management of patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes. Mov Disord. 2004;19:1175-82. doi:10.1002/mds.20112.
94. Ponsen MM, Stoffers D, Booij J, Van Eck-Smit BL, Wolters E, Berendse HW. Idiopathic hyposmia as a preclinical sign of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2004;56:173-81. doi:10.1002/ana.20160.
95. Ziebell M, Andersen BB, Thomsen G, Pinborg LH, Karlsborg M, Hasselbalch SG, et al. Predictive value of dopamine transporter SPECT imaging with [123I]PE2I in patients with subtle parkinsonian symptoms. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39:242-50. doi:10.1007/s00259-011-1976-9.
96. Acton PD, Hou C, Kung MP, Plossl K, Keeney CL, Kung HF. Occupancy of dopamine D2 receptors in the mouse brain measured using ultra-high-resolution single-photon emission tomography and [123]IBF. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:1507-15.
97. Habraken JB, De Bruin K, Shehata M, Booij J, Bennink R, Van Eck Smit BL, et al. Evaluation of high-resolution pinhole SPECT using a small rotating animal. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1863-9.
98. Booij J, De Bruin K, Habraken JB, Voorn P. Imaging of dopamine transporters in rats using high-resolution pinhole single-photon emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:1221-4.
99. Scherfler C, Donnemiller E, Schocke M, Dierkes K, Decristoforo C, Oberladstatter M, et al. Evaluation of striatal dopamine transporter function in rats by in vivo beta-[123I]CIT pinhole SPECT. Neuroimage. 2002;17:128-41.
100. Laruelle M, Baldwin RM, Malison RT, Zea-Ponce Y, Zoghbi SS, Al-Tikriti MS, et al. SPECT imaging of dopamine and serotonin transporters with [123I]beta-CIT: pharmacological characterization of brain uptake in nonhuman primates. Synapse. 1993;13:295-309.
101. Booij J, De Bruin K, De Win MM, Lavini C, Den Heeten GJ, Habraken JB. Imaging of striatal dopamine transporters in rat brain with single pinhole SPECT and co-aligned MRI is highly reproducible. Nucl Med Biol. 2003;30:643-9.
102. Andringa G, Drukarch B, Bol JG, De Bruin K, Sorman K, Habraken JB, et al. Pinhole SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters correlates with dopamine transporter immunohistochemical analysis in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage. 2005;26:1150-8. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.034.
103. Gleave JA, Farncombe TH, Saab C, Doering LC. Correlative single photon emission computed tomography imaging of [123I]altropane binding in the rat model of Parkinson's. Nucl Med Biol. 2011;38:741-9. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.12. 006.
104. Alvarez-Fischer D, Blessmann G, Trosowski C, Behe M, Schurrat T, Hartmann A, et al. Quantitative [(123) I]FP-CIT pinhole SPECT imaging predicts striatal dopamine levels, but not number of nigral neurons in different mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage. 2007;38:5-12. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage. 2007.05.056.
105. Depboylu C, Maurer L, Matusch A, Hermanns G, Windolph A, Behe M, et al. Effect of long-term treatment with pramipexole or levodopa on presynaptic markers assessed by longitudinal [123I]FP-CIT SPECT and histochemistry. Neuroimage. 2013;79:191-200. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.076.
106. Lee JD, Chu YH, Chen CW, Lin KJ. Multi-image registration for evaluating the 99mTc-TRODAT-1 of Parkinson's rat model. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009;2009:5801-4. doi:10.1109/iembs.2009.5335192.
107. Acton PD, Choi SR, Plossl K, Kung HF. Quantification of dopamine transporters in the mouse brain using ultra-high resolution single-photon emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:691-8. doi:10.1007/s00259-002-0776-7.
108. Nikolaus S, Larisch R, Wirrwar A, Jamdjeu-Noune M, Antke C, Beu M, et al. [123I]Iodobenzamide binding to the rat dopamine D2 receptor in competition with haloperidol and endogenous dopamine - an in vivo imaging study with a dedicated small animal SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:1305-10. doi:10. 1007/s00259-005-1839-3.
109. Scherfler C, Scholz SW, Donnemiller E, Decristoforo C, Oberladstatter M, Stefanova N, et al. Evaluation of [123I]IBZM pinhole SPECT for the detection of striatal dopamine D2 receptor availability in rats. Neuroimage. 2005;24:822-31. doi:10.1016/j. neuroimage.2004.10.005.
110. Fisher RS, Levine MS, Sibley DR, Ariano MA. D2 dopamine receptor protein location: Golgi impregnation-gold toned and ultrastructural analysis of the rat neostriatum. J Neurosci Res. 1994;38:551-64. doi:10.1002/jnr.490380508.
111. Herholz K, Ebmeier K. Clinical amyloid imaging in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:667-70. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422 (11) 70123-5.
112. Svedberg MM, Rahman O, Hall H. Preclinical studies of potential amyloid binding PET/SPECT ligands in Alzheimer's disease. Nucl Med Biol. 2012;39:484-501. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.10.007.
113. Teng E, Kepe V, Frautschy SA, Liu J, Satyamurthy N, Yang F, et al. [F-18]FDDNP microPET imaging correlates with brain Abeta burden in a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer disease: effects of aging, in vivo blockade, and anti-Abeta antibody treatment. Neurobiol Dis. 2011;43:565-75. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.05.003.
114. Kung MP, Hou C, Zhuang ZP, Cross AJ, Maier DL, Kung HF. Characterization of IMPY as a potential imaging agent for betaamyloid plaques in double transgenic PSAPP mice. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31:1136-45. doi:10.1007/s00259-004-1487-z.
115. Kung MP, Hou C, Zhuang ZP, Zhang B, Skovronsky D, Trojanowski JQ, et al. IMPY: an improved thioflavin-T derivative for in vivo labeling of beta-amyloid plaques. Brain Res. 2002;956:202-10.
116. Nader MA, Morgan D, Gage HD, Nader SH, Calhoun TL, Buchheimer N, et al. PET imaging of dopamine D2 receptors during chronic cocaine self-administration in monkeys. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:1050-6. doi:10.1038/nn1737.
117. Crunelle CL, De Wit TC, De Bruin K, Ramakers RM, Van Der Have F, Beekman FJ, et al. Varenicline increases in vivo striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor binding: an ultra-high-resolution pinhole [123I]IBZM SPECT study in rats. Nucl Med Biol. 2012;39:640-4. doi:10.1016/j. nucmedbio.2011.11.006.
118. Crunelle CL, Van De Giessen E, Schulz S, Vanderschuren LJ, De Bruin K, Van Den Brink W, et al. Cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (SR141716) increases striatal dopamine D2 receptor availability. Addict Biol. 2013;18:908-11. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00369.x.
119. Crunelle CL, Miller ML, De Bruin K, Van Den Brink W, Booij J. Varenicline increases striatal dopamine D (2/3) receptor binding in rats. Addict Biol. 2009;14:500-2. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00168.x.
120. Vastenhouw B, Van Der Have F, Van Der Linden AJ, Von Oerthel L, Booij J, Burbach JP, et al. Movies of dopamine transporter occupancy with ultra-high resolution focusing pinhole SPECT. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12:984-7. doi:10.1038/sj.mp. 4002028.
121. Huang YR, Shih JM, Chang KW, Huang C, Wu YL, Chen CC. [123I]Epidepride neuroimaging of dopamine D2/D3 receptor in chronic MK-801-induced rat schizophrenia model. Nucl Med Biol. 2012;39:826-32. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio. 2012.01.005.
122. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Van Dyck CH, Rosenblatt W, Zea-Ponce Y, Zoghbi SS, et al. SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine release after amphetamine challenge. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:1182-90.
123. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Van Dyck CH, Gil R, D'Souza CD, Erdos J, et al. Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:9235-40.
124. Martinez D, Narendran R, Foltin RW, Slifstein M, Hwang DR, Broft A, et al. Amphetamine-induced dopamine release: markedly blunted in cocaine dependence and predictive of the choice to self-administer cocaine. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:622-9. doi:10. 1176/appi.ajp. 164.4.622.
125. Jongen C, De Bruin K, Beekman F, Booij J. SPECT imaging of D2 dopamine receptors and endogenous dopamine release in mice. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:1692-8. doi:10.1007/s00259-008-0795-0.
126. Nikolaus S, Antke C, Beu M, Kley K, Wirrwar A, Huston JP, et al. Binding of [123I]iodobenzamide to the rat D2 receptor after challenge with various doses of methylphenidate: an in vivo imaging study with dedicated small animal SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:694-701. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1668-x.
127. Apostolova I, Wunder A, Dirnagl U, Michel R, Stemmer N, Lukas M, et al. Brain perfusion SPECT in the mouse: normal pattern according to gender and age. Neuroimage. 2012;63:1807-17. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.038.
128. Zeniya T, Watabe H, Hayashi T, Ose T, Myojin K, Taguchi A, et al. Three-dimensional quantitation of regional cerebral blood flow in mice using a high-resolution pinhole SPECT system and 123I-iodoamphetamine. Nucl Med Biol. 2011;38:1157-64. doi:10. 1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.04.007.
129. Ceulemans AG, Hernot S, Zgavc T, Caveliers V, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Sarre S, et al. Serial semiquantitative imaging of brain damage using micro-SPECT and micro-CT after endothelin-1-induced transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1987-92. doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.085902.
130. Figee M, De Koning P, Klaassen S, Vulink N, Mantione M, Van Den Munckhof P, et al. Deep brain stimulation induces striatal dopamine release in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych. 2013.06.021.
131. Wyckhuys T, Staelens S, Van Nieuwenhuyse B, Deleye S, Hallez H, Vonck K, et al. Hippocampal deep brain stimulation induces decreased rCBF in the hippocampal formation of the rat. Neuroimage. 2010;52:55-61. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.017.
132. Yang FY, Wang HE, Lin GL, Teng MC, Lin HH, Wong TT, et al. Micro-SPECT/CT-based pharmacokinetic analysis of 99mTcdiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in rats with blood-brain barrier disruption induced by focused ultrasound. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:478-84. doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.083071.
133. Han L, Ren Y, Long L, Zhong Y, Shen C, Pu P, et al. Inhibition of C6 glioma in vivo by combination chemotherapy of implantation of polymer wafer and intracarotid perfusion of transferrindecorated nanoparticles. Oncol Rep. 2012;27:121-8. doi:10. 3892/or.2011.1459.
134. Nimmagadda S, Pullambhatla M, Pomper MG. Immunoimaging of CXCR4 expression in brain tumor xenografts using SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1124-30. doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.061325.
135. Chow PL, Stout DB, Komisopoulou E, Chatziioannou AF. A method of image registration for small animal, multi-modality imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:379-90. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/51/2/013.
136. Ji C, Van Der Have F, Gratama Van Andel H, Ramakers R, Beekman F. Accurate coregistration between ultra-high-resolution micro-SPECT and circular cone-beam micro-CT scanners. Int J Biomed Imaging. 2010;2010:654506. doi:10.1155/2010/654506.
137. Furenlid LR, Wilson DW, Chen YC, Kim H, Pietraski PJ, Crawford MJ, et al. FastSPECT II: a second-generation high-resolution dynamic SPECT imager. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2004;51:631-5. doi: 10.1109/tns.2004.830975.
138. Kastis GK, Barber HB, Barrett HH, Gifford HC, Pang IW, Patton DD, et al. High resolution SPECT imager for three-dimensional imaging of small animals [abstract]. J Nucl Med. 1998;39(5 Suppl):9P.
139. Van Der Have F, Vastenhouw B, Ramakers RM, Branderhorst W, Krah JO, Ji C, et al. U-SPECT-II: an ultra-high-resolution device for molecular small-animal imaging. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:599-605. doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.056606.
140. Branderhorst W, Vastenhouw B, Van Der Have F, Blezer EL, Bleeker WK, Beekman FJ. Targeted multi-pinhole SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:552-61. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1637-4.
141. Shao G, Zhou Y, Wang F, Liu S. Monitoring glioma growth and tumor necrosis with the U-SPECT-II/CT scanner by targeting integrin alphavbeta3. Mol Imaging. 2013;12:39-48.
142. Bitar A, Lisbona A, Thedrez P, Sai Maurel C, Le Forestier D, Barbet J, et al. A voxel-based mouse for internal dose calculations using Monte Carlo simulations (MCNP). Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:1013-25. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/52/4/ 010.
143. Kersemans V, Thompson J, Cornelissen B, Woodcock M, Allen PD, Buls N, et al. Micro-CT for anatomic referencing in PET and SPECT: radiation dose, biologic damage, and image quality. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1827-33. doi:10.2967/jnumed.111. 089151.
144. Stabin M. Nuclear medicine dosimetry. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:R187-202. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/51/13/R12.
145. Willekens I, Buls N, Lahoutte T, Baeyens L, Vanhove C, Caveliers V, et al. Evaluation of the radiation dose in micro-CT with optimization of the scan protocol. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2010;5:201-7. doi:10.1002/cmmi.394.
146. Xie T, Zaidi H. Age-dependent small-animal internal radiation dosimetry. Mol Imaging. 2013;12:364-75.
147. Breton E, Choquet P, Goetz C, Kintz J, Erbs P, Rooke R, et al. Dual SPECT/MR imaging in small animal. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A. 2007;571:446-8.
148. Meier D, Wagenaar DJ, Chen S, Xu J, Yu J, Tsui BM. A SPECT camera for combined MRI and SPECT for small animals. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A. 2011;652:731-4. doi:10.1016/j. nima.2010.09.116.
149. Tan J-W, Cai L, Meng L-J. A prototype of the MRI-compatible ultrahigh resolution SPECT for in vivo mice brain imaging. In: Yu B, editor. 2009 I. E. Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. New York: IEEE; 2009. p. 2800-5.
150. Beque D, Nuyts J, Bormans G, Suetens P, Dupont P. Characterization of pinhole SPECT acquisition geometry. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2003;22:599-612. doi:10.1109/tmi.2003.812258.
151. Defrise M, Vanhove C, Nuyts J. Perturbative refinement of the geometric calibration in pinhole SPECT. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2008;27:204-14. doi:10.1109/tmi.2007.904687.
152. Beque D, Nuyts J, Suetens P, Bormans G. Optimization of geometrical calibration in pinhole SPECT. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2005;24:180-90.
153. Li J, Jaszczak RJ, Wang H, Greer KL, Coleman RE. Determination of both mechanical and electronic shifts in cone beam SPECT. Phys Med Biol. 1993;38:743-54.
154. Metzler SD, Jaszczak RJ. Simultaneous multi-head calibration for pinhole SPECT. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2006;53:113-20.
155. Chen YC, Furenlid LR, Wilson DW, Barrett HH. Calibration of scintillation cameras and pinhole SPECT imaging systems. In: Kupinski MA, Barrett HH, editors. Small animal SPECT imaging. New York: Springer; 2005. p. 195-201.
156. Rowe RK, Aarsvold JN, Barrett HH, Chen JC, Klein WP, Moore BA, et al. A stationary hemispherical SPECT imager for three-dimensional brain imaging. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:474-80.
157. Liu Z, Kastis GA, Stevenson GD, Barrett HH, Furenlid LR, Kupinski MA, et al. Quantitative analysis of acute myocardial infarct in rat hearts with ischemia-reperfusion using a highresolution stationary SPECT system. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:933-9.
158. Van Der Have F, Vastenhouw B, Rentmeester M, Beekman FJ. System calibration and statistical image reconstruction for ultrahigh resolution stationary pinhole SPECT. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2008;27:960-71. doi:10.1109/tmi.2008.924644.
159. Hutton BF, Buvat I, Beekman FJ. Review and current status of SPECT scatter correction. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:R85-112. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/ 14/r01.
160. Chen CL, Wang Y, Lee JJ, Tsui BM. Toward quantitative small animal pinhole SPECT: assessment of quantitation accuracy prior to image compensations. Mol Imaging Biol. 2009;11:195-203. doi:10. 1007/s11307-008-0181-0.
161. Wu C, De Jong JR, Gratama Van Andel HA, Van Der Have F, Vastenhouw B, Laverman P, et al. Quantitative multi-pinhole small-animal SPECT: uniform versus non-uniform Chang attenuation correction. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:n183-93. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/56/18/n01.
162. Hwang AB, Taylor CC, Van Brocklin HF, Dae MW, Hasegawa BH. Attenuation correction of small animal SPECT images acquired with 125I-iodorotenone. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2006;53:1213-20.
163. Keereman V, Fierens Y, Vanhove C, Lahoutte T, Vandenberghe S. Magnetic resonance-based attenuation correction for micro-singlephoton emission computed tomography. Mol Imaging. 2012;11:155-65.
164. Wu C, Van Andel HA, Laverman P, Boerman OC, Beekman FJ. Effects of attenuation map accuracy on attenuation-corrected micro-SPECT images. EJNMMI Res. 2013;3:7. doi:10.1186/2191-219x-3-7.
165. Wu C, Van Der Have F, Vastenhouw B, Dierckx RA, Paans AM, Beekman FJ. Absolute quantitative total-body small-animal SPECT with focusing pinholes. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:2127-35. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1519-9.
166. Vanhove C, Defrise M, Bossuyt A, Lahoutte T. Improved quantification in single-pinhole and multiple-pinhole SPECT using micro-CT information. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36:1049-63. doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1062-8.
167. Chang LT. A method for attenuation correction in radionuclide computed tomography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1978;25:638-43.
168. Bowsher JE, Johnson VE, Turkington TG, Jaszczak RJ, Floyd CR, Coleman RE. Bayesian reconstruction and use of anatomical a priori information for emission tomography. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1996;15:673-86.
169. Ogawa K, Harata Y, Ichihara T, Kubo A, Hashimoto S. A practical method for position-dependent Compton-scatter correction in single photon emission CT. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1991;10:408-12.
170. Smith MF, Jaszczak RJ. Generalized dual-energy-window scatter compensation in spatially varying media for SPECT. Phys Med Biol. 1994;39:531-46.
171. Van Der Have F, Beekman FJ. Photon penetration and scatter in micro-pinhole imaging: a Monte Carlo investigation. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:1369-86.
172. Badea CT, Guo X, Clark D, Johnston SM, Marshall CD, Piantadosi CA. Dual-energy micro-CT of the rodent lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012;302:L1088-97. doi:10.1152/ajplung. 00359.2011.
173. De Man B, Nuyts J, Dupont P, Marchal G, Suetens P. An iterative maximum-likelihood polychromatic algorithm for CT. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2001;20:999-1008.
174. Nuyts J, De Man B, Fessler JA, Zbijewski W, Beekman FJ. Modelling the physics in the iterative reconstruction for transmission computed tomography. Phys Med Biol. 2013;58:r63-96. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/12/r63.
175. Ritschl L, Sawall S, Knaup M, Hess A, Kachelriess M. Iterative 4D cardiac micro-CT image reconstruction using an adaptive spatiotemporal sparsity prior. Phys Med Biol. 2012;57:1517-25. doi:10. 1088/0031-9155/57/6/1517.
176. Schlomka JP, Roessl E, Dorscheid R, Dill S, Martens G, Istel T, et al. Experimental feasibility of multi-energy photon-counting K-edge imaging in pre-clinical computed tomography. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53:4031-47. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/53/15/002.
177. Zentai G. Comparison of CMOS and a-Si flat panel imagers for X-ray imaging. Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST), 2011. doi:10.1109/IST. 2011.5962217.
178. Baba JS, Endres CJ, Foss CA, Nimmagadda S, Jung H, Goddard JS, et al. Molecular imaging of conscious, unrestrained mice with AwakeSPECT. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:969-76. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.109090.
179. Gargiulo S, Greco A, Gramanzini M, Esposito S, Affuso A, Brunetti A, et al. Mice anesthesia, analgesia, and care, Part II: anesthetic considerations in preclinical imaging studies. ILAR J. 2012;53:E70-81. doi:10.1093/ilar.53.1.70.
180. Hildebrandt IJ, Su H, Weber WA. Anesthesia and other considerations for in vivo imaging of small animals. ILAR J. 2008;49:17-26.
181. Carlson SK, Classic KL, Bender CE, Russell SJ. Small animal absorbed radiation dose from serial micro-computed tomography imaging. Mol Imaging Biol. 2007;9:78-82. doi:10.1007/s11307-007-0080-9.
182. Funk T, Sun M, Hasegawa BH. Radiation dose estimate in small animal SPECT and PET. Med Phys. 2004;31:2680-6.
183. Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. San Diego: Academic; 1997.