Non-invasive cell tracking in cancer and cancer therapy

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 10, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 1237-1248

  Hong, Hao ^a   Yang, Yunan ^a   Zhang, Yin ^a   Cai, Weibo ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cancer therapy; Cell tracking; Magnetic resonance imaging; Molecular imaging; Optical imaging; Positron emission tomography; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

1,1'' DIOCTADECYL 3,3,3',3' TETRAMETHYLINDODICARBOCYANINE; 2' FLUORO 2' DEOXY 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYL 5 ETHYLURACIL F 18; 2' FLUORO 2' DEOXY 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYL 5 IODOURACIL I 124; 2' FLUORO 2' DEOXY 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYL 5 IODOURACIL I 131; 5 IODO 2' DEOXYURIDINE I 124; 8 QUINOLINOL INDIUM IN 111; 9 [4 FLUORO 3 (HYDROXYMETHYL)BUTYL]GUANINE F 18; CONTRAST MEDIUM; COPPER 64; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENE AMINE OXIME TECHNETIUM TC 99M; PERTECHNETIC ACID TC 99M; PYRUVALDEHYDE BIS(N 4 METHYLTHIOSEMICARBAZONE) CU 64; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BIOLUMINESCENCE; CANCER CELL; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; FLUORESCENCE; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; METASTASIS; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; STEM CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE; TUMOR CELL;

CELL TRACKING; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 77955610851     PISSN: 15680266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156802610791384234     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Hong, H.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, J.; Cai, W. Molecular imaging and therapy of cancer with radiolabeled nanoparticles. Nano Today, 2009, 4, 399-413.
2. Sumer, B.; Gao, J. Theranostic nanomedicine for cancer. Nanomedicne, 2008, 3, 137-140.
3. Lammers, T.; Hennink, W.E.; Storm, G. Tumour-targeted nanomedicines: principles and practice. Br. J. Cancer, 2008, 99, 392-397.
4. Huwyler, J.; Drewe, J.; Krahenbuhl, S. Tumor targeting using liposomal antineoplastic drugs. Int. J. Nanomed., 2008, 3, 21-29.
5. Dudley, M.E.; Rosenberg, S.A. Adoptive-cell-transfer therapy for the treatment of patients with cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2003, 3, 666-675.
6. Smyth, M.J.; Hayakawa, Y.; Takeda, K.; Yagita, H. New aspects of natural-killer-cell surveillance and therapy of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2002, 2, 850-861.
7. Thorne, S.H. Strategies to achieve systemic delivery of therapeutic cells and microbes to tumors. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2007, 7, 41-51.
8. Mankoff, D.A. A definition of molecular imaging. J. Nucl. Med., 2007, 48, 18N, 21N.
9. Massoud, T.F.; Gambhir, S.S. Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev., 2003, 17, 545-580.
10. Cai, W.; Chen, X. Nanoplatforms for targeted molecular imaging in living subjects. Small, 2007, 3, 1840-1854.
11. Ponomarev, V. Nuclear imaging of cancer cell therapies. J. Nucl. Med., 2009, 50, 1013-1016.
12. Fazle Akbar, S.M.; Abe, M.; Yoshida, O.; Murakami, H.; Onji, M. Dendritic cell-based therapy as a multidisciplinary approach to cancer treatment: present limitations and future scopes. Curr. Med. Chem., 2006, 13, 3113-3119.
13. Gao, J.Q.; Okada, N.; Mayumi, T.; Nakagawa, S. Immune cell recruitment and cell-based system for cancer therapy. Pharm. Res., 2008, 25, 752-768.
14. Wagstaff, J.; Gibson, C.; Thatcher, N.; Crowther, D. The migratory properties of indium-111 oxine labelled lymphocytes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol., 1981, 49, 283-291.
15. Wagstaff, J.; Gibson, C.; Thatcher, N.; Ford, W.L.; Sharma, H.; Benson, W.; Crowther, D. A method for following human lymphocyte traffic using indium-111 oxine labelling. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1981, 43, 435-442.
16. Dummer, R.; Schafer, E.; Eilles, C.; Borner, W.; Burg, G. Lymphokine-activated killer-cell traffic in metastatic melanoma. Lancet, 1991, 338, 456-457.
17. Dummer, R.; Becker, J.C.; Eilles, C.; Schafer, E.; Borner, W.; Burg, G. T cells migrate to tumour sites after extracorporeal interleukin 2 stimulation and reinfusion in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Br. J. Dermatol., 1993, 128, 399-403.
18. Fisher, B.; Packard, B.S.; Read, E.J.; Carrasquillo, J.A.; Carter, C.S.; Topalian, S.L.; Yang, J.C.; Yolles, P.; Larson, S.M.; Rosenberg, S.A. Tumor localization of adoptively transferred indium-111 labeled tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 1989, 7, 250-261.
19. Morita, T.; Yonese, Y.; Minato, N. In vivo distribution of recombinant interleukin-2-activated autologous lymphocytes administered by intra-arterial infusion in patients with ren l cell carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst., 1987, 78, 441-450.
20. Muller, C.; Zielinski, C.C.; Linkesch, W.; Ludwig, H.; Sinzinger, H. In vivo tracing of indium-111 oxine-labeled human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with lymphatic malignancies. J. Nucl. Med., 1989, 30, 1005-1011.
21. Schafer, E.; Dummer, R.; Eilles, C.; Borner, W.; Martin, R.; Rendl, J.; Burg, G. Imaging pattern of radiolabelled lymphokine-activated killer cells in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 1991, 18, 106-110.
22. Riviere, I.; Sadelain, M.; Brentjens, R.J. Novel strategies for cancer therapy: the potential of genetically modified T lymphocytes. Curr. Hematol. Rep., 2004, 3, 290-297.
23. Cai, W.; Shin, D.W.; Chen, K.; Gheysens, O.; Cao, Q.; Wang, S.X.; Gambhir, S.S.; Chen, X. Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Nano Lett., 2006, 6, 669-676.
24. Foster, A.E.; Kwon, S.; Ke, S.; Lu, A.; Eldin, K.; Sevick-Muraca, E.; Rooney, C.M. In vivo fluorescent optical imaging of ytotoxic T lymphocyte migration using IRDye800CW near-infrared dye. Appl. Opt., 2008, 47, 5944-5952.
25. Swirski, F.K.; Berger, C.R.; Figueiredo, J.L.; Mempel, T.R.; von Andrian, U.H.; Pittet, M.J.; Weissleder, R. A near-infrared cell tracker reagent for multiscopic in vivo imaging and quantification of leukocyte immune responses. PLoS One, 2007, 2, e1075.
26. Mandl, S.; Schimmelpfennig, C.; Edinger, M.; Negrin, R.S.; Contag, C.H. Understanding immune cell trafficking patterns via in vivo bioluminescence imaging. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl., 2002, 39, 239-248.
27. Lee, M.H.; Lee, W.H.; Van, Y.; Contag, C.H.; Liu, C.P. Imageguidedanalyses reveal that non-CD4 splenocytes contribute to CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammation leading to islet destruction by altering their local function and not systemic trafficking patterns. Mol. Imaging, 2007, 6, 369-383.
28. Prins, R.M.; Shu, C.J.; Radu, C.G.; Vo, D.D.; Khan-Farooqi, H.; Soto, H.; Yang, M.Y.; Lin, M.S.; Shelly, S.; Witte, O.N.; Ribas, A.; Liau, L.M. Anti-tumor activity and trafficking of self, tumorspecific T cells against tumors located in the brain. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2008, 57, 1279-1289.
29. Cai, W.; Niu, G.; Chen, X. Imaging of integrins as biomarkers for tumor angiogenesis. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2008, 14, 2943-2973.
30. Matsui, K.; Wang, Z.; McCarthy, T.J.; Allen, P.M.; Reichert, D.E. Quantitation and visualization of tumor-specific T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs during and after tumor elimination by PET. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2004, 31, 1021-1031.
31. Agger, R.; Petersen, M.S.; Petersen, C.C.; Hansen, S.B.; Stodkilde-Jorgensen, H.; Skands, U.; Blankenstein, T.; Andersen, T.E.; Hulgaard, E.F.; Jorgensen, J.T.; Marqversen, J.; Gundersen, H.J.; Hokland, M.E. T cell homing to tumors detected by 3Dcoordinated positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J. Immunother., 2007, 30, 29-39.
32. Botti, C.; Negri, D.R.; Seregni, E.; Ramakrishna, V.; Arienti, F.; Maffioli, L.; Lombardo, C.; Bogni, A.; Pascali, C.; Crippa, F.; Massaron, S.; Remonti, F.; Nerini-Molteni, S.; Canevari, S.; Bombardieri, E. Comparison of three different methods for radiolabelling human activated T lymphocytes. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 1997, 24, 497-504.
33. Koehne, G.; Doubrovin, M.; Doubrovina, E.; Zanzonico, P.; Gallardo, H.F.; Ivanova, A.; Balatoni, J.; Teruya-Feldstein, J.; Heller, G.; May, C.; Ponomarev, V.; Ruan, S.; Finn, R.; Blasberg, R.G.; Bornmann, W.; Riviere, I.; Sadelain, M.; O'Reilly, R.J.; Larson, S.M.; Tjuvajev, J.G. Serial in vivo imaging of the targeted migration of human HSV-TK-transduced antigen-specific lymphocytes. Nat. Biotechnol., 2003, 21, 405-413.
34. Dobrenkov, K.; Olszewska, M.; Likar, Y.; Shenker, L.; Gunset, G.; Cai, S.; Pillarsetty, N.; Hricak, H.; Sadelain, M.; Ponomarev, V. Monitoring the efficacy of adoptively transferred prostate cancertargeted human T lymphocytes with PET and bioluminescence imaging. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49, 1162-1170.
35. 18F-FEAU. Mol. Imaging, 2009, 8, 230-237.
36. Kim, Y.J.; Dubey, P.; Ray, P.; Gambhir, S.S.; Witte, O.N. Multimodality imaging of lymphocytic migration using lentiviralbased transduction of a tri-fusion reporter gene. Mol. Imaging Biol., 2004, 6, 331-340.
37. Shu, C.J.; Radu, C.G.; Shelly, S.M.; Vo, D.D.; Prins, R.; Ribas, A.; Phelps, M.E.; Witte, O.N. Quantitative PET reporter gene imaging of CD8+ T cells specific for a melanoma-expressed self-antigen. Int. Immunol., 2009, 21, 155-165.
38. Dubey, P.; Su, H.; Adonai, N.; Du, S.; Rosato, A.; Braun, J.; Gambhir, S.S.; Witte, O.N. Quantitative imaging of the T cell antitumor response by positron-emission tomography. Proc. atl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 1232-1237.
39. Su, H.; Forbes, A.; Gambhir, S.S.; Braun, J. Quantitation of cell number by a positron emission tomography reporter gene strategy. Mol. Imaging Biol., 2004, 6, 139-148.
40. 18F-FHBG PET in a patient with glioma. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol., 2009, 6, 53-58.
41. Long, C.M.; Bulte, J.W. In vivo tracking of cellular therapeutics using magnetic resonance imaging. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2009, 9, 293-306.
42. Kircher, M.F.; Allport, J.R.; Graves, E.E.; Love, V.; Josephson, L.; Lichtman, A.H.; Weissleder, R. In vivo high resolution threedimensional imaging of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte trafficking to tumors. Cancer Res., 2003, 63, 6838-6846.
43. Terme, M.; Ullrich, E.; Delahaye, N.F.; Chaput, N.; Zitvogel, L. Natural killer cell-directed therapies: moving from unexpected results to successful strategies. Nat. Immunol., 2008, 9, 486-494.
44. Edinger, M.; Cao, Y.A.; Verneris, M.R.; Bachmann, M.H.; Contag, C.H.; Negrin, R.S. Revealing lymphoma growth and the efficacy of immune cell therapies using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Blood, 2003, 101, 640-648.
45. Daldrup-Link, H.E.; Meier, R.; Rudelius, M.; Piontek, G.; Piert, M.; Metz, S.; Settles, M.; Uherek, C.; Wels, W.; Schlegel, J.; Rummeny, E.J. In vivo tracking of genetically engineered, anti-HER2/neu directed natural killer cells to HER2/neu positive mammary tumors with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. Radiol., 2005, 15, 4-13.
46. Meier, R.; Piert, M.; Piontek, G.; Rudelius, M.; Oostendorp, R.A.; Senekowitsch-Schmidtke, R.; Henning, T.D.; Wels, W.S.; Uherek, C.; Rummeny, E.J.; Daldrup-Link, H.E. Tracking of 18FFDGlabeled natural killer cells to HER2/neu-positive tumors. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2008, 35, 579-588.
47. Tavri, S.; Jha, P.; Meier, R.; Henning, T.D.; Muller, T.; Hostetter, D.; Knopp, C.; Johansson, M.; Reinhart, V.; Boddington, S.; Sista, A.; Wels, W.S.; Daldrup-Link, H.E. Optical imaging of cellular immunotherapy against prostate cancer. Mol. Imaging, 2009, 8, 15-26.
48. Smirnov, P.; Lavergne, E.; Gazeau, F.; Lewin, M.; Boissonnas, A.; Doan, B.T.; Gillet, B.; Combadiere, C.; Combadiere, B.; Clement, O. In vivo cellular imaging of lymphocyte trafficking by MRI: a tumor model approach to cell-based anticancer therapy. Magn. Reson. Med., 2006, 56, 498-508.
49. Untergasser, G.; Koeck, R.; Wolf, D.; Rumpold, H.; Ott, H.; Debbage, P.; Koppelstaetter, C.; Gunsilius, E. CD34+/CD133- circulating endothelial precursor cells (CEP): characterization, senescence and in vivo application. Exp. Gerontol., 2006, 41, 600-608.
50. Morse, M.A.; Clay, T.M.; Lyerly, H.K. Current status of adoptive immunotherapy of malignancies. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2002, 2, 237-247.
51. Takashima, K.; Fujiwara, H.; Inada, S.; Atsuji, K.; Araki, Y.; Kubota, T.; Yamagishi, H. Tracking of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled LAK cells in mice carrying B16 melanoma metastases. Anticancer Res., 2006, 26, 3327-3332.
52. Ritchie, D.; Mileshkin, L.; Wall, D.; Bartholeyns, J.; Thompson, M.; Coverdale, J.; Lau, E.; Wong, J.; Eu, P.; Hicks, R.J.; Prince, H.M. In vivo tracking of macrophage activated killer cells to sites of metastatic ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2007, 56, 155-163.
53. Baker, J.; Verneris, M.R.; Ito, M.; Shizuru, J.A.; Negrin, R.S. Expansion of cytolytic CD8+ natural killer T cells with limited capacity for graft-versus-host disease induction due to interferon gamma production. Blood, 2001, 97, 2923-2931.
54. Thorne, S.H.; Negrin, R.S.; Contag, C.H. Synergistic antitumor effects of immune cell-viral biotherapy. Science, 2006, 311, 1780-1784.
55. Ren, C.; Kumar, S.; Chanda, D.; Kallman, L.; Chen, J.; Mountz, J.D.; Ponnazhagan, S. Cancer gene therapy using mesenchymal stem cells expressing interferon-beta in a mouse prostate cancer lung metastasis model. Gene Ther., 2008, 15, 1446-1453.
56. Bexell, D.; Gunnarsson, S.; Tormin, A.; Darabi, A.; Gisselsson, D.; Roybon, L.; Scheding, S.; Bengzon, J. Bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stroma cells act as pericyte-like migratory vehicles in experimental gliomas. Mol. Ther., 2009, 17, 183-190.
57. Ren, C.; Kumar, S.; Chanda, D.; Chen, J.; Mountz, J.D.; Ponnazhagan, S. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells producing interferon-alpha in a mouse melanoma lung metastasis model. Stem Cells, 2008, 26, 2332-2338.
58. Wang, H.; Cao, F.; De, A.; Cao, Y.; Contag, C.; Gambhir, S.S.; Wu, J.C.; Chen, X. Trafficking mesenchymal stem cell engraftment and differentiation in tumor-bearing mice by bioluminescence imaging. Stem Cells, 2009, 27, 1548-1558.
59. Frank, J.A.; Miller, B.R.; Arbab, A.S.; Zywicke, H.A.; Jordan, E.K.; Lewis, B.K.; Bryant, L.H., Jr.; Bulte, J.W. Clinically applicable labeling of mammalian and stem cells by combining superparamagnetic iron oxides and transfection agents. Radiology, 2003, 228, 480-487.
60. Arbab, A.S.; Yocum, G.T.; Kalish, H.; Jordan, E.K.; Anderson, S.A.; Khakoo, A.Y.; Read, E.J.; Frank, J.A. Efficient magnetic cell labeling with protamine sulfate complexed to ferumoxides for cellular MRI. Blood, 2004, 104, 1217-1223.
61. Walczak, P.; Kedziorek, D.A.; Gilad, A.A.; Lin, S.; Bulte, J.W. Instant MR labeling of stem cells using magnetoelectroporation. Magn. Reson. Med., 2005, 54, 769-774.
62. Bulte, J.W.; Douglas, T.; Witwer, B.; Zhang, S.C.; Strable, E.; Lewis, B.K.; Zywicke, H.; Miller, B.; van Gelderen, P.; Moskowitz, B.M.; Duncan, I.D.; Frank, J.A. Magnetodendrimes allow endosomal magnetic labeling and in vivo tracking of stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol., 2001, 19, 1141-1147.
63. Zhang, Z.; Jiang, Q.; Jiang, F.; Ding, G.; Zhang, R.; Wang, L.; Zhang, L.; Robin, A.M.; Katakowski, M.; Chopp, M. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging tracks adult neural progenitor cell targeting of brain tumor. Neuroimage, 2004, 23, 281-287.
64. Wu, X.; Hu, J.; Zhou, L.; Mao, Y.; Yang, B.; Gao, L.; Xie, R.; Xu, F.; Zhang, D.; Liu, J.; Zhu, J. In vivo tracking of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-labeled mesenchymal stem cell tropism to malignant gliomas using magnetic resonance imaging. Laboratory investigation. J. Neurosurg., 2008, 108, 320-329.
65. Thu, M.S.; Najbauer, J.; Kendall, S.E.; Harutyunyan, I.; Sangalang, N.; Gutova, M.; Metz, M.Z.; Garcia, E.; Frank, R.T.; Kim, S.U.; Moats, R.A.; Aboody, K.S. Iron labeling and pre-clinical MRI visualization of therapeutic human neural stem cells in a murine glioma model. PLoS One, 2009, 4, e7218.
66. Arbab, A.S.; Pandit, S.D.; Anderson, S.A.; Yocum, G.T.; Bur, M.; Frenkel, V.; Khuu, H.M.; Read, E.J.; Frank, J.A. Magnetic resonance imaging and confocal microscopy studies of magnetically labeled endothelial progenitor cells trafficking to sites of tumor angiogenesis. Stem Cells, 2006, 24, 671-678.
67. Lee, J.H.; Smith, M.A.; Liu, W.; Gold, E.M.; Lewis, B.; Song, H.T.; Frank, J.A. Enhanced stem cell tracking via electrostatically assembled fluorescent SPION-peptide complexes. Nanotechnology, 2009, 20, 355102.
68. Partlow, K.C.; Chen, J.; Brant, J.A.; Neubauer, A.M.; Meyerrose, T.E.; Creer, M.H.; Nolta, J.A.; Caruthers, S.D.; Lanza, G.M.; Wickline, S.A. 19F magnetic resonance imaging for stem/progenitor cell tracking with multiple unique perfluorocarbon nanobeacons. FASEB J., 2007, 21, 1647-1654.
69. Rad, A.M.; Iskander, A.S.; Janic, B.; Knight, R.A.; Arbab, A.S.; Soltanian-Zadeh, H. AC133+ progenitor cells as gene delivery vehicle and cellular probe in subcutaneous tumor models: a preliminary study. BMC Biotechnol., 2009, 9, 28.
70. Tamura, M.; Unno, K.; Yonezawa, S.; Hattori, K.; Nakashima, E.; Tsukada, H.; Nakajima, M.; Oku, N. In vivo trafficking of endothelial progenitor cells their possible involvement in the tumor neovascularization. Life Sci., 2004, 75, 575-584.
71. Hung, S.C.; Deng, W.P.; Yang, W.K.; Liu, R.S.; Lee, C.C.; Su, T.C.; Lin, R.J.; Yang, D.M.; Chang, C.W.; Chen, W.H.; Wei, H.J.; Gelovani, J.G. Mesenchymal stem cell targeting of microscopic tumors and tumor stroma development monitored by noninvasive in vivo positron emission tomography imaging. Clin. Cancer Res., 2005, 11, 7749-7756.
72. Hoffman, R.M. In vivo imaging with fluorescent proteins: the new cell biology. Acta. Histochem., 2004, 106, 77-87.
73. Hoffman, R.M. Advantages of multi-color fluorescent proteins for whole-body and in vivo cellular imaging. J. Biomed. Opt., 2005, 10, 41202.
74. Jiang, P.; Yamauchi, K.; Yang, M.; Tsuji, K.; Xu, M.; Maitra, A.; Bouvet, M.; Hoffman, R.M. Tumor cells genetically labeled with GFP in the nucleus and RFP in the cytoplasm for imaging cellular dynamics. Cell Cycle, 2006, 5, 1198-1201.
75. Hayashi, K.; Jiang, P.; Yamauchi, K.; Yamamoto, N.; Tsuchiya, H.; Tomita, K.; Moossa, A.R.; Bouvet, M.; Hoffman, R.M. Realtime imaging of tumor-cell shedding and trafficking in lymphatic channels. Cancer Res., 2007, 67, 8223-8228.
76. McElroy, M.; Hayashi, K.; Garmy-Susini, B.; Kaushal, S.; Varner, J.A.; Moossa, A.R.; Hoffman, R.M.; Bouvet, M. Fluorescent LYVE-1 antibody to image dynamically lymphatic trafficking of cancer cells in vivo. J. Surg. Res., 2009, 151, 68-73.
77. Hoffman, R.M. Imaging cancer dynamics in vivo at the tumor and cellular level with fluorescent proteins. Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 2009, 26, 345-55.
78. Cai, W.; Hsu, A.R.; Li, Z.B.; Chen, X. Are quantum dots ready for in vivo imaging in human subjects? Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2007, 2, 265-281.
79. Cai, W.; Chen, X. Preparation of peptide conjugated quantum dotsfor tumour vasculature targeted imaging. Nat. Protoc., 2008, 3, 89-96.
80. Voura, E.B.; Jaiswal, J.K.; Mattoussi, H.; Simon, S.M. Tracking metastatic tumor cell extravasation with quantum dot nanocrystals and fluorescence emission-scanning microscopy. Nat. Med., 2004, 10, 993-998.
81. Neumaier, C.E.; Baio, G.; Ferrini, S.; Corte, G.; Daga, A. MR and iron magnetic nanoparticles. Imaging opportunities in preclinical and translational research. Tumori, 2008, 94, 226-233.
82. Vuu, K.; Xie, J.; McDonald, M.A.; Bernardo, M.; Hunter, F.; Zhang, Y.; Li, K.; Bednarski, M.; Guccione, S. Gadoliniumrhodamine nanoparticles for cell labeling and tracking via magnetic resonance and optical imaging. Bioconjug. Chem., 2005, 16, 995-999.
83. Koike, C.; Watanabe, M.; Oku, N.; Tsukada, H.; Irimura, T.; Okada, S. Tumor cells with organ-specific metastatic ability show distinctive trafficking in vivo: analyses by positron emission tomography and bioimaging. Cancer Res., 1997, 57, 3612-3619.
84. Adonai, N.; Nguyen, K.N.; Walsh, J.; Iyer, M.; Toyokuni, T.; Phelps, M.E.; McCarthy, T.; McCarthy, D.W.; Gambhir, S.S. Ex vivo cell labeling with 64Cu-pyruvaldehyde-bis(N4-methylth osemicarbazone) for imaging cell trafficking in mice with positronemission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99, 3030-3035.
85. Li, Z.B.; Chen, K.; Wu, Z.; Wang, H.; Niu, G.; Chen, X. 64Culabeled PEGylated polyethylenimine for cell trafficking and tumor imaging. Mol. Imaging Biol., 2009, Epub ahead of print.