Anchoring molecular mechanisms to the adverse outcome pathway for skin sensitization: Analysis of existing data

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

Volumn 44, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 590-599

  Van Der, Jochem W ^a,c   Soeteman Hernández, Lya G ^a   Ezendam, Janine ^a   Stierum, Rob ^b   Kuper, Frieke C ^b   Van Loveren, Henk ^a,c  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^b TNO   (Netherlands)

^c MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adverse outcome pathway; Allergic contact dermatitis; Human in vitro systems; Mechanisms of toxicity; Molecular map; Skin sensitization

Indexed keywords

ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAY; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL LINE; CELL MATURATION; CELL MIGRATION; COMPUTER MODEL; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DENDRITIC CELL; FIBROBLAST; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENOMICS; HACAT CELL LINE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROTEIN BINDING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN ALLERGY; SKIN EPITHELIUM; SKIN SENSITIZATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TOXICOGENOMICS; ANIMAL; CELL MOTION; DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC CONTACT; IMMUNOLOGY; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MOUSE; PHYSIOLOGY; TOXICOGENETICS;

NFE2L2 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2;

ANIMALS; CELL MOVEMENT; DENDRITIC CELLS; DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC CONTACT; HUMANS; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MICE; NF-E2-RELATED FACTOR 2; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; TOXICOGENETICS;

EID: 84905037272     PISSN: 10408444     EISSN: 15476898     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.925425     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Ade N, Leon F, Pallardy M, Peiff er JL, Kerdine-Romer S, Tissier MH, et al. (2009). HMOX1 and NQO1 genes are upregulated in response to contact sensitizers in Dendritic cells and THP-1 cell line: Role of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Toxicol Sci, 107, 451-60.
2. Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, et al. (2011). Alternative (non-Animal) methods for cosmetics testing: Current status and future prospects-2010. Arch Toxicol, 85, 367-485
3. Aeby P, Ashikaga T, Bessou-Touya S, Schepky A, Gerberick F, Kern P, et al. (2010). Identifying and characterizing chemical skin sensitizers without animal testing: Colipa ' s research and method development program. Toxicol In Vitro, 24, 1465-73
4. Albanesi C. (2010). Keratinocytes in allergic skin Diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 10, 452-6
5. Ashikaga T, Yoshida Y, Hirota M, Yoneyama K, Itagaki H, Sakaguchi H, et al. (2006). Development of an in vitro skin sensitization test using human cell lines: The human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT). I. Optimization of the h-CLAT protocol. Toxicol In Vitro, 20, 767-73
6. Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Kimber I. (2007). The local lymph node assay: Current position in the regulatory classifi cation of skin sensitizing chemicals. Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 26, 293-301
7. Basketter DA, Kimber I. (2010). Contact hypersensitivity. In: McQueen CA, Ed. Comparative Toxicology, Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Kidlington, UK: Elsevier
8. Bauch C, Kolle SN, Ramirez T, Eltze T, Fabian E, Mehling A, et al. (2012). Putting the parts together: Combining in vitro methods to test for skin sensitizing potentials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 63, 489-504
9. Boehme KW, Compton T. (2004). Innate sensing of viruses by toll-like receptors. J Virol, 78, 7867-73
10. Boorsma A, Foat BC, Vis D, Klis F, Bussemaker HJ. (2005). T-profi ler: Scoring the activity of predefi ned groups of genes using gene expression Data. Nucleic Acids Res, 33, W592-5
11. Bos JD, Teunissen MB, Kapsenberg ML. (1989). Immunology of contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh), 151, 84-7; discussion 106-10
12. Cavani A, De Luca A. (2010). Allergic contact dermatitis: Novel mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Curr Drug Metab, 11, 228-33
13. Cavani A, De Pita O, Girolomoni G. (2007). New aspects of the molecular basis of contact allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 7, 404-8
14. Clark SC, Zirwas MJ. (2009). Management of occupational dermatitis. Dermatol Clin, 27, 365-83, vii-viii
15. Clemmensen A, Andersen KE, Clemmensen O, Tan Q, Petersen TK, Kruse TA, Thomassen M. (2010). Genome-wide expression analysis of human in vivo irritated epidermis: Diff erential profi les induced by sodium lauryl sulfate and nonanoic acid. J Invest Dermatol, 130, 2201-10
16. Corsini E, Mitjans M, Galbiati V, Lucchi L, Galli CL, Marinovich M. (2009). Use of IL-18 production in a human keratinocyte cell line to discriminate contact sensitizers from irritants and low molecular weight respiratory allergens. Toxicol In Vitro, 23, 789-96
17. Dancik Y, Miller MA, Jaworska J, Kasting GB. (2013). Design and performance of a spreadsheet-based model for estimating bioavailability of chemicals from dermal exposure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 65, 221-36
18. Davis BK, Wen H, Ting JP. (2011). The infl ammasome NLRs in immunity, infl ammation, and associated diseases. Annu Rev Immunol, 29, 707-35
19. de Jongh CM, Khrenova L, Verberk MM, Calkoen F, van Dijk FJ, Voss H, et al. (2008). Loss-of-function polymorphisms in the fi laggrin gene are associated with an increased susceptibility to chronic irritant contact dermatitis: A case-control study. Br J Dermatol, 159, 621-7
20. dos Santos GG, Reinders J, Ouwehand K, Rustemeyer T, Scheper RJ, Gibbs S. (2009). Progress on the development of human in vitro dendritic cell based assays for assessment of the sensitizing potential of a compound. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 236, 372-82
21. EC-JRC. (2013). EURL ECVAM Recommendation on the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) for Skin Sensitisation Testing. November 2013 [Online]. Available at: Http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our
22. EC. (2008). EC Consolidated version of Cosmetics Directive 76/768/ EEC. European Commission (EC) (Internet publication at http://www. ecb.jrc.it
23. El Ali Z, Gerbeix C, Hemon P, Esser PR, Martin SF, Pallardy M, Kerdine-Romer S. (2013). Allergic skin infl ammation induced by chemical sensitizers is controlled by the transcription factor nrf2. Toxicol Sci, 134, 39-48
24. Emter R, Ellis G, Natsch A. (2010). Performance of a novel keratinocytebased reporter cell line to screen skin sensitizers in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 245, 281-90
25. Enk AH, Katz SI. (1992a). Early events in the induction phase of contact sensitivity. J Invest Dermatol, 99, 39S-41S.
26. Enk AH, Katz SI. (1992b). Early molecular events in the induction phase of contact sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 89, 1398-402
27. Enoch SJ, Ellison CM, Schultz TW, Cronin MT. (2011). A review of the electrophilic reaction chemistry involved in covalent protein binding relevant to toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol, 41, 783-802
28. Ermertcan AT, Ozturk F, Gunduz K. (2011). Toll-like receptors and skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 25, 997-1006
29. Esser PR, Wolfl e U, Durr C, von Loewenich FD, Schempp CM, Freudenberg MA, et al. (2012). Contact sensitizers induce skin infl ammation via ROS production and hyaluronic acid degradation. PLoS One, 7, e41340
30. EU. (2006). Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) no. 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769 EEC and Commission Directive 91/155/EEC, 93/67/ EEC, 93/105EC and 2000/21/EC.
31. Feldmeyer L, Werner S, French LE, Beer HD. (2010). Interleukin-1, infl ammasomes and the skin. Eur J Cell Biol, 89, 638-44
32. Freudenberg MA, Esser PR, Jakob T, Galanos C, Martin SF. (2009). Innate and adaptive immune responses in contact dermatitis: Analogy with infections. G Ital Dermatol Venereol, 144, 173-85
33. Gerberick GF, Ryan CA, Kern PS, Schlatter H, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, et al. (2005). Compilation of historical local lymph node data for evaluation of skin sensitization alternative methods. Dermatitis, 16, 157-202
34. Gibbs S, Corsini E, Spiekstra SW, Galbiati V, Fuchs HW, Degeorge G, et al. (2013). An epidermal equivalent assay for identifi cation and ranking potency of contact sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 272, 529-541
35. Gibbs S, Spiekstra S, Corsini E, McLeod J, Reinders J. (2012). Dendritic cell migration assay: A potential prediction model for identifi cation of contact allergens. Toxicol In Vitro
36. Hamilton T, de Gannes GC. (2011). Allergic contact dermatitis to preservatives and fragrances in cosmetics. Skin Therapy Lett, 16, 1-4
37. Hansen MB, Skov L, Menne T, Olsen J. (2005). Gene transcripts as potential diagnostic markers for allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis, 53, 100-6
38. Hartung T, Hoff mann S, Stephens M. (2013). Mechanistic validation. ALTEX, 30, 119-30
39. Hewitt NJ, Edwards RJ, Fritsche E, Goebel C, Aeby P, Scheel J, et al. (2013). Use of human in vitro skin models for accurate and ethical risk assessment: Metabolic considerations. Toxicol Sci, 133, 209-17
40. Hirota M, Moro O. (2006). MIP-1beta, a novel biomarker for in vitro sensitization test using human monocytic cell line. Toxicol In Vitro, 20, 736-42
41. Jaworska J, Dancik Y, Kern P, Gerberick F, Natsch A. (2013). Bayesian integrated testing strategy to assess skin sensitization potency: From theory to practice. J Appl Toxicol
42. Jaworska J, Harol A, Kern PS, Gerberick GF. (2011). Integrating non-Animal test information into an adaptive testing strategy-skin sensitization proof of concept case. ALTEX, 28, 211-25
43. Johansson H, Lindstedt M, Albrekt AS, Borrebaeck CA. (2011). A genomic biomarker signature can predict skin sensitizers using a cell-based in vitro alternative to animal tests. BMC Genomics, 12, 399
44. Karlberg AT, Bergstrom MA, Borje A, Luthman K, Nilsson JL. (2008). Allergic contact dermatitis-formation, structural requirements, and reactivity of skin sensitizers. Chem Res Toxicol, 21, 53-69
45. Kelder T, van Iersel MP, Hanspers K, Kutmon M, Conklin BR, Evelo CT, Pico AR. (2012). WikiPathways: Building research communities on biological pathways. Nucleic Acids Res, 40, D1301-7
46. Kimber I, Cumberbatch M. (1992). Dendritic cells and cutaneous immune responses to chemical allergens. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 117, 137-46
47. Kimber I, Holliday MR, Dearman RJ. (1995). Cytokine regulation of chemical sensitization. Toxicol Lett, 82-83, 491-6
48. Kimber I, Maxwell G, Gilmour N, Dearman RJ, Friedmann PS, Martin SF. (2011). Allergic contact dermatitis: A commentary on the relationship between T lymphocytes and skin sensitising potency. Toxicology
49. Lalko JF, Dearman RJ, Gerberick GF, Troutman JA, Api AM, Kimber I. (2012). Reactivity of chemical respiratory allergens in the Peroxidase Peptide Reactivity Assay. Toxicol In Vitro
50. Li J, Johnson D, Calkins M, Wright L, Svendsen C, Johnson J. (2005). Stabilization of Nrf2 by tBHQ confers protection against oxidative stress-induced cell death in human neural stem cells. Toxicol Sci, 83, 313-28
51. Martin SF, Esser PR, Schmucker S, Dietz L, Naisbitt DJ, Park BK, et al. (2010). T-cell recognition of chemicals, protein allergens and drugs: Towards the development of in vitro assays. Cell Mol Life Sci, 67, 4171-84
52. Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. (2011). Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy, 21, 1398-9995
53. McKim JM, Jr ., Keller DJ III, Gorski JR. (2010). A new in vitro method for identifying chemical sensitizers combining peptide binding with ARE/EpRE-mediated gene expression in human skin cells. Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 29, 171-92
54. McNeilly AD, Woods JA, Ibbotson SH, Wolf CR, Smith G. (2012). Characterization of a human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line model to study the regulation of CYP2S1. Drug Metab Dispos, 40, 283-9
55. Montelius J, Wahlkvist H, Boman A, Wahlberg JE. (1998). Murine local lymph node assay for predictive testing of allergenicity: Two irritants caused signifi cant proliferation. Acta Derm Venereol, 78, 433-7
56. Mortz CG, Andersen KE. (2008). New aspects in allergic contact dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 8, 428-32
57. Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen KE. (2001). Prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hand and contact dermatitis in adolescents. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis. Br J Dermatol, 144, 523-32
58. Nacak M, Erbagci Z, Aynacioglu AS. (2006). Human arylamine N-Acetyltransferase 2 polymorphism and susceptibility to allergic contact dermatitis. Int J Dermatol, 45, 323-6
59. Najim RA, Al-waizt M, Al-Razzuqi RA. (2005). Acetylator phenotype in Iraqi patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Ann Saudi Med, 25, 473-6
60. Natsch A, Ryan CA, Foertsch L, Emter R, Jaworska J, Gerberick F, Kern P. (2013). A dataset on 145 chemicals tested in alternative assays for skin sensitization undergoing prevalidation. J Appl Toxicol
61. Nielsen NH, Linneberg A, Menne T, Madsen F, Frolund L, Dirksen A, Jorgensen T. (2001). Allergic contact sensitization in an adult Danish population: Two cross-sectional surveys eight years apart (the Copenhagen Allergy Study). Acta Derm Venereol, 81, 31-4
62. Nosbaum A, Vocanson M, Rozieres A, Hennino A, Nicolas JF. (2009). Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol, 19, 325-32
63. Novak N, Baurecht H, Schafer T, Rodriguez E, Wagenpfeil S, Klopp N, et al. (2008). Loss-of-function mutations in the fi laggrin gene and allergic contact sensitization to nickel. J Invest Dermatol, 128, 1430-5
64. Nukada Y, Miyazawa M, Kazutoshi S, Sakaguchi H, Nishiyama N. (2013). Data integration of non-Animal tests for the development of a test battery to predict the skin sensitizing potential and potency of chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro, 27, 609-18
65. OECD. (1992). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Section 4 Health Eff ects. Test No. 406. Skin Sensitization
66. OECD. (2004). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Section 4 Health Eff ects. Test No. 428. Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method
67. OECD. (2010a). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Section 4: Health Eff ects. Test No. 429. Skin Sensitization: Local Lymph Node Assay
68. OECD. (2010b OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Section 4: Health Eff ects. Test No. 442A Skin Sensitization: Local Lymph Node Assay: DA.
69. OECD. (2010c OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Section 4: Health Eff ects. Test No. 442B Skin Sensitization: Local Lymph Node Assay: BrdU-ELISA
70. OECD. (2012a). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): The Adverse Outcome Pathway for Skin Sensitisation Initiated by Covalent Binding to Proteins. Part 1: Scientifi c Evidence Series on Testing and Assessment No.168. ENV/JM/MONO(2012)10/PART1 http://www.search.oecd. org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cot e- env/jm/ mono 2012)10/part1 &doclanguage- en.
71. OECD. (2012b). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): The Adverse Outcome Pathway for Skin Sensitisation Initiated by Covalent Binding to Proteins. Part 2: Use of the AOP to Develop Chemical Categories and Integrated Assessment and Testing Approaches. ENV/JM/MONO 2012)10/PART2
72. OECD. (2012b). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): The Adverse Outcome Pathway for Skin Sensitisation Initiated by Covalent Binding to Proteins. Part 2: Use of the AOP to Develop Chemical Categories and Integrated Assessment and Testing Approaches. ENV/JM/MONO(2012)10/PART2
73. Ouwehand K, Spiekstra SW, Reinders J, Scheper RJ, de Gruijl TD, Gibbs S. (2010). Comparison of a novel CXCL12/CCL5 dependent migration assay with CXCL8 secretion and CD86 expression for distinguishing sensitizers from non-sensitizers using MUTZ-3 Langerhans cells. Toxicol In Vitro, 24, 578-85
74. Patlewicz G, Dimitrov SD, Low LK, Kern PS, Dimitrova GD, Comber MI, et al. (2007). TIMES-SS-A promising tool for the assessment of skin sensitization hazard. A characterization with respect to the OECD validation principles for (Q)SARs and an external evaluation for predictivity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 48, 225-39
75. Pedersen MB, Skov L, Menne T, Johansen JD, Olsen J. (2007). Gene expression time course in the human skin During elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol, 127, 2585-95
76. Saint-Mezard P, Rosieres A, Krasteva M, Berard F, Dubois B, Kaiserlian D, Nicolas JF. (2004). Allergic contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol, 14, 284-95
77. Scheitza S, Bonifas J, Blomeke B. (2012). Variable NAT1 enzyme activity in long-Term cultured human HaCaT keratinocytes. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 75, 471-7
78. Schmidt M, Raghavan B, Muller V, Vogl T, Fejer G, Tchaptchet S, et al. (2010). Crucial role for human Toll-like receptor 4 in the development of contact allergy to nickel. Nat Immunol, 11, 814-9
79. Schnuch A, Westphal G, Mossner R, Uter W, Reich K. (2011). Genetic factors in contact allergy-review and future goals. Contact Dermatitis, 64, 2-23
80. Schnuch A, Westphal GA, Muller MM, Schulz TG, Geier J, Brasch J, et al. (1998). Genotype and phenotype of N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism in patients with contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis, 38, 209-11
81. Schoeters E, Nuijten JM, Van Den Heuvel RL, Nelissen I, Witters H, Schoeters GE, et al. (2006). Gene expression signatures in CD34-progenitor- derived dendritic cells exposed to the chemical contact allergen nickel sulfate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 216, 131-49
82. Stutz A, Golenbock DT, Latz E. (2009). Infl ammasomes: Too big to miss. J Clin Invest, 119, 3502-11
83. Thyssen JP, Carlsen BC, Menne T. (2008). Nickel sensitization, hand eczema, and loss-of-function mutations in the fi laggrin gene. Dermatitis, 19, 303-7
84. Thyssen JP, Linneberg A, Menne T, Nielsen NH, Johansen JD. (2009). Contact allergy to allergens of the TRUE-Test (panels 1 and 2) has decreased modestly in the general population. Br J Dermatol, 161, 1124-9
85. Toebak MJ, Gibbs S, Bruynzeel DP, Scheper RJ, Rustemeyer T. (2009). Dendritic cells: Biology of the skin. Contact Dermatitis, 60, 2-20
86. Trompezinski S, Migdal C, Tailhardat M, Le Varlet B, Courtellemont P, Haftek M, Serres M. (2008). Characterization of early events involved in human Dendritic cell maturation induced by sensitizers: Cross talk between MAPK signalling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 230, 397-406
87. van Der Veen JW, Gremmer ER, Vermeulen JP, van Loveren H, Ezendam J. (2013a). Induction of skin sensitization is augmented in Nrf2-defi cient mice. Arch Toxicol, 87,763-6
88. van Der Veen JW, Pronk TE, van Loveren H, Ezendam J. (2013b). Applicability of a keratinocyte gene signature to predict skin sensitizing potential. Toxicol In Vitro, 27, 314-322
89. van Iersel MP, Kelder T, Pico AR, Hanspers K, Coort S, Conklin BR, Evelo C. (2008). Presenting and exploring biological pathways with PathVisio. BMC Bioinformatics, 9, 399
90. van Loveren H, Cockshott A, Gebel T, Gundert-Remy U, de Jong WH, Matheson J, et al. (2008). Skin sensitization in chemical risk assessment: Report of a WHO/IPCS international workshop focusing on Dose-response assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 50, 155-99
91. Vandebriel RJ, Pennings JL, Baken KA, Pronk TE, Boorsma A, Gottschalk R, Van Loveren H. (2010). Keratinocyte gene expression profi les discriminate sensitizing and irritating compounds. Toxicol Sci, 117, 81-9
92. Vandebriel RJ, van Loveren H. (2010). Non-Animal sensitization testing: State-of-The-Art. Crit Rev Toxicol, 40, 389-404
93. Vocanson M, Achachi A, Mutez V, Cluzel-Tailhardat M, Varlet BL, Rozieres A, et al. (2014). Human T cell priming assay: Depletion of peripheral blood lymphocytes in CD25( ) cells improves the in vitro detection of weak allergen-specifi c T cells. EXS, 104, 89-100
94. Vocanson M, Hennino A, Rozieres A, Poyet G, Nicolas JF. (2009). Eff ector and regulatory mechanisms in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy, 64, 1699-714
95. Wang J, Li MD. (2010). Common and unique biological pathways associated with smoking initiation/progression, nicotine dependence, and smoking cessation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 702-19
96. Wang X, Tomso DJ, Chorley BN, Cho HY, Cheung VG, Kleeberger SR, Bell DA. (2007). Identifi cation of polymorphic antioxidant response elements in the human genome. Hum Mol Genet, 16, 1188-200
97. Warshaw EM, Botto NC, Maibach HI, Fowler JF Jr, Rietschel RL, Zug KA, et al. (2009a). Positive patch-Test reactions to propylene glycol: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1996 to 2006. Dermatitis, 20, 14-20
98. Warshaw EM, Buchholz HJ, Belsito DV, Maibach HI, Fowler JF Jr, Rietschel RL, et al. (2009b). Allergic patch test reactions associated with cosmetics: Retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2001-2004. J Am Acad Dermatol, 60, 23-38
99. Watanabe H, Gaide O, Petrilli V, Martinon F, Contassot E, Roques S, et al. (2007). Activation of the IL-1beta-processing infl ammasome is involved in contact hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol, 127, 1956-63
100. Westphal GA, Schnuch A, Schulz TG, Reich K, Aberer W, Brasch J, et al. (2000). Homozygous gene deletions of the glutathione S-Transferases M1 and T1 are associated with thimerosal sensitization. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 73, 384-8
101. Yamashita K, Shinoda S, Hagiwara S, Itagaki H. (2014). Development of LLNA:DAE: A new local lymph node assay that includes the elicitation phase, discriminates borderline-positive chemicals, and is useful for cross-sensitization testing. J Toxicol Sci, 39, 147-61
102. Yazdi AS, Ghoreschi K, Rocken M. (2007). Infl ammasome activation in Delayed-Type hypersensitivity reactions. J Invest Dermatol, 127, 1853-5
103. Yoshikawa Y, Sasahara Y, Kitano Y, Kanazawa N, Shima H, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T. (2010). Upregulation of genes orchestrating keratinocyte diff erentiation, including the novel marker gene ID2, by contact sensitizers in human bulge-derived keratinocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol, 24, 10-20
104. Zug KA, Warshaw EM, Fowler JF Jr, Maibach HI, Belsito DL, Pratt MD, et al. (2009). Patch-Test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006. Dermatitis, 20, 149-60.