Absorption, distribution and mechanism of action of SYSADOAS

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 142, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 362-374

  Du Souich, Patrick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Chondroitin sulfate; Glucosamine; Hyaluronic acid; Mechanism of action; Osteoarthritis; Pharmacokinetics

Indexed keywords

CHONDROITIN SULFATE; CYTOKINE; GLUCOSAMINE; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER; HYALURONIC ACID; MEMBRANE RECEPTOR; NATURAL PRODUCT; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR ADAPTOR MOLECULE 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BODY DISTRIBUTION; CARTILAGE CELL; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ACCUMULATION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG MECHANISM; EPIGENETICS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; HUMAN; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOCLAST; OSTEOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABBIT; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMALL INTESTINE; ANIMAL; BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFECTS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; CHONDROITIN SULFATES; GLUCOSAMINE; HUMANS; HYALURONIC ACID; INTESTINAL ABSORPTION; OSTEOARTHRITIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 84898865454     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: 1879016X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.002     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. A. Adebowale, J. Du, Z. Liang, J.L. Leslie, and N.D. Eddington The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate after single and multiple doses to beagle dogs Biopharm Drug Dispos 23 2002 217 225
2. A. Aghazadeh-Habashi, S. Sattari, F. Pasutto, and F. Jamali Single dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of glucosamine in the rat J Pharm Pharm Sci 5 2002 181 184
3. J.W. Anderson, R.J. Nicolosi, and J.F. Borzelleca Glucosamine effects in humans: A review of effects on glucose metabolism, side effects, safety considerations and efficacy Food Chem Toxicol 43 2005 187 201 (Pubitemid 40044716)
4. K.N. Antonas, J.R. Fraser, and K.D. Muirden Distribution of biologically labelled radioactive hyaluronic acid injected into joints Ann Rheum Dis 32 1973 103 111
5. C.T. Appleton, S.E. Usmani, J.S. Mort, and F. Beier Rho/ROCK and MEK/ERK activation by transforming growth factor-alpha induces articular cartilage degradation Lab Invest 90 2010 20 30
6. W. Ariyoshi, T. Okinaga, C.B. Knudson, W. Knudson, and T. Nishihara High molecular weight hyaluronic acid regulates osteoclast formation by inhibiting receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand through Rho kinase Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013 10.1016/j.joca.2013.10.013 (pii: S1063-4584(13)00986-2, Epub ahead of print)
7. W. Ariyoshi, T. Takahashi, T. Kanno, H. Ichimiya, H. Takano, and T. Koseki et al. Mechanisms involved in enhancement of osteoclast formation and function by low molecular weight hyaluronic acid J Biol Chem 280 2005 18967 18972 (Pubitemid 41379600)
8. A. Aruffo, I. Stamenkovic, M. Melnick, C.B. Underhill, and B. Seed CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate Cell 61 1990 1303 1313
9. A. Asari, T. Kanemitsu, and H. Kurihara Oral administration of high molecular weight hyaluronan (900 kDa) controls immune system via Toll-like receptor 4 in the intestinal epithelium J Biol Chem 285 2010 24751 24758
10. L. Balogh, A. Polyak, D. Mathe, R. Kiraly, J. Thuroczy, and M. Terez et al. Absorption, uptake and tissue affinity of high-molecular-weight hyaluronan after oral administration in rats and dogs J Agric Food Chem 56 2008 10582 10593
11. K. Bandow, A. Maeda, K. Kakimoto, J. Kusuyama, M. Shamoto, and T. Ohnishi et al. Molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on osteoblast differentiation Biochem Biophys Res Commun 402 2010 755 761
12. L. Barthe, J. Woodley, M. Lavit, C. Przybylski, C. Philibert, and G. Houin In vitro intestinal degradation and absorption of chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan drug Arzneimittelforschung 54 2004 286 292 (Pubitemid 38698168)
13. C.T. Bassleer, J.P. Combal, S. Bougaret, and M. Malaise Effects of chondroitin sulfate and interleukin-1 beta on human articular chondrocytes cultivated in clusters Osteoarthritis Cartilage 6 1998 196 204 (Pubitemid 28255110)
14. C. Bassleer, L. Rovati, and P. Franchimont Stimulation of proteoglycan production by glucosamine sulfate in chondrocytes isolated from human osteoarthritic articular cartilage in vitro Osteoarthritis Cartilage 6 1998 427 434 (Pubitemid 28529800)
15. E.R. Bastow, S. Byers, S.B. Golub, C.E. Clarkin, A.A. Pitsillides, and A.J. Fosang Hyaluronan synthesis and degradation in cartilage and bone Cell Mol Life Sci 65 2008 395 413 (Pubitemid 351214652)
16. F. Beier, and R.F. Loeser Biology and pathology of Rho GTPase, PI-3 kinase-Akt, and MAP kinase signaling pathways in chondrocytes J Cell Biochem 110 2010 573 580
17. B.J. Bergin, S.W. Pierce, L.R. Bramlage, and A. Stromberg Oral hyaluronan gel reduces post operative tarsocrural effusion in the yearling thoroughbred Equine Vet J 38 2006 375 378 (Pubitemid 44440873)
18. J.P. Bidwell, J. Yang, and A.G. Robling Is HMGB1 an osteocyte alarmin? J Cell Biochem 103 2008 1671 1680 (Pubitemid 351501901)
19. V. Bloemen, T.J. de Vries, T. Schoenmaker, and V. Everts Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 clusters during osteoclastogenesis Biochem Biophys Res Commun 385 2009 640 645
20. K. Bobacz, I.G. Sunk, J.G. Hofstaetter, L. Amoyo, C.D. Toma, and S. Akira et al. Toll-like receptors and chondrocytes: The lipopolysaccharide-induced decrease in cartilage matrix synthesis is dependent on the presence of toll-like receptor 4 and antagonized by bone morphogenetic protein 7 Arthritis Rheum 56 2007 1880 1893 (Pubitemid 47110387)
21. L.Y. Bourguignon, G. Wong, C.A. Earle, and W. Xia Interaction of low molecular weight hyaluronan with CD44 and toll-like receptors promotes the actin filament-associated protein 110-actin binding and MyD88-NFkappaB signaling leading to proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production and breast tumor invasion Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 68 2011 671 693
22. T. Braun, and G. Schett Pathways for bone loss in inflammatory disease Curr Osteoporos Rep 10 2012 101 108
23. J. Brown, H. Wang, G.N. Hajishengallis, and M. Martin TLR-signaling networks: An integration of adaptor molecules, kinases, and cross-talk J Dent Res 90 2011 417 427
24. S. Caccia, M. Casartelli, A. Grimaldi, E. Losa, M. de Eguileor, and F. Pennacchio et al. Unexpected similarity of intestinal sugar absorption by SGLT1 and apical GLUT2 in an insect (Aphidius ervi, Hymenoptera) and mammals Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292 2007 R2284 R2291
25. G.M. Campo, A. Avenoso, S. Campo, A. D'Ascola, G. Nastasi, and A. Calatroni Molecular size hyaluronan differently modulates toll-like receptor-4 in LPS-induced inflammation in mouse chondrocytes Biochimie 92 2010 204 215
26. G.M. Campo, A. Avenoso, S. Campo, A. D'Ascola, G. Nastasi, and A. Calatroni Small hyaluronan oligosaccharides induce inflammation by engaging both toll-like-4 and CD44 receptors in human chondrocytes Biochem Pharmacol 80 2010 480 490
27. G.M. Campo, A. Avenoso, S. Campo, A. D'Ascola, P. Traina, and D. Sama et al. Purified human plasma glycosaminoglycans reduced NF-kappaB activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis in LPS-treated chondrocytes Innate Immunol 14 2008 233 246
28. G.M. Campo, A. Avenoso, S. Campo, A. D'Ascola, P. Traina, and D. Sama et al. Glycosaminoglycans modulate inflammation and apoptosis in LPS-treated chondrocytes J Cell Biochem 106 2009 83 92
29. G.M. Campo, A. Avenoso, S. Campo, P. Traina, A. D'Ascola, and A. Calatroni Glycosaminoglycans reduced inflammatory response by modulating toll-like receptor-4 in LPS-stimulated chondrocytes Arch Biochem Biophys 491 2009 7 15
30. G.M. Campo, A. Avenoso, A. D'Ascola, V. Prestipino, M. Scuruchi, and G. Nastasi et al. Hyaluronan differently modulates TLR-4 and the inflammatory response in mouse chondrocytes Biofactors 38 2012 69 76
31. G.M. Campo, A. Avenoso, A. D'Ascola, M. Scuruchi, V. Prestipino, and A. Calatroni et al. Hyaluronan in part mediates IL-1beta-induced inflammation in mouse chondrocytes by up-regulating CD44 receptors Gene 494 2012 24 35
32. G.M. Campo, A. Avenoso, A. D'Ascola, M. Scuruchi, V. Prestipino, and G. Nastasi et al. The inhibition of hyaluronan degradation reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse synovial fibroblasts subjected to collagen-induced arthritis J Cell Biochem 113 2012 1852 1867
33. T.E. Cawston, and D.A. Young Proteinases involved in matrix turnover during cartilage and bone breakdown Cell Tissue Res 339 2010 221 235
34. S.Y. Cho, J.S. Sim, C.S. Jeong, S.Y. Chang, D.W. Choi, and T. Toida et al. Effects of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate on type II collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice Biol Pharm Bull 27 2004 47 51 (Pubitemid 41656671)
35. D.O. Clegg, D.J. Reda, C.L. Harris, M.A. Klein, J.R. O'Dell, and M.M. Hooper et al. Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis N Engl J Med 354 2006 795 808 (Pubitemid 43290918)
36. M. Comalada, J. Lloberas, and A. Celada MKP-1: A critical phosphatase in the biology of macrophages controlling the switch between proliferation and activation Eur J Immunol 42 2012 1938 1948
37. A. Conte, L. Palmieri, D. Segnini, and G. Ronca Metabolic fate of partially depolymerized chondroitin sulfate administered to the rat Drugs Exp Clin Res 17 1991 27 33
38. A. Conte, N. Volpi, L. Palmieri, I. Bahous, and G. Ronca Biochemical and pharmacokinetic aspects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfate Arzneimittelforschung 45 1995 918 925
39. S. Dahmer, and R.M. Schiller Glucosamine Am Fam Physician 78 2008 471 476
40. M. David-Raoudi, B. Deschrevel, S. Leclercq, P. Galera, K. Boumediene, and J.P. Pujol Chondroitin sulfate increases hyaluronan production by human synoviocytes through differential regulation of hyaluronan synthases: Role of p38 and Akt Arthritis Rheum 60 2009 760 770
41. C. del Fresno, K. Otero, L. Gomez-Garcia, M.C. Gonzalez-Leon, L. Soler-Ranger, and P. Fuentes-Prior et al. Tumor cells deactivate human monocytes by up-regulating IL-1 receptor associated kinase-M expression via CD44 and TLR4 J Immunol 174 2005 3032 3040 (Pubitemid 40279724)
42. J.M. Delaisse, T.L. Andersen, M.T. Engsig, K. Henriksen, T. Troen, and L. Blavier Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and cathepsin K contribute differently to osteoclastic activities Microsc Res Tech 61 2003 504 513 (Pubitemid 36890583)
43. R. Deplus, B. Delatte, M.K. Schwinn, M. Defrance, J. Mendez, and N. Murphy et al. TET2 and TET3 regulate GlcNAcylation and H3K4 methylation through OGT and SET1/COMPASS EMBO J 32 2013 645 655
44. L. Diaz-Rodriguez, O. Garcia-Martinez, E. De Luna-Bertos, J. Ramos-Torrecillas, and C. Ruiz Effect of ibuprofen on proliferation, differentiation, antigenic expression, and phagocytic capacity of osteoblasts J Bone Miner Metab 30 2012 554 560
45. J. Du, N. White, and N.D. Eddington The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate after oral and intravenous single dose administration in the horse Biopharm Drug Dispos 25 2004 109 116 (Pubitemid 39089553)
46. L.E. Esford, A. Maiti, S.A. Bader, F. Tufaro, and P. Johnson Analysis of CD44 interactions with hyaluronan in murine L cell fibroblasts deficient in glycosaminoglycan synthesis: A role for chondroitin sulfate J Cell Sci 111 Pt 7 1998 1021 1029 (Pubitemid 28196084)
47. D. Falconi, and J.E. Aubin LIF inhibits osteoblast differentiation at least in part by regulation of HAS2 and its product hyaluronan J Bone Miner Res 22 2007 1289 1300 (Pubitemid 351339711)
48. K.A. Fitzgerald, A.G. Bowie, B.S. Skeffington, and L.A. O'Neill Ras, protein kinase C zeta, and I kappa B kinases 1 and 2 are downstream effectors of CD44 during the activation of NF-kappa B by hyaluronic acid fragments in T-24 carcinoma cells J Immunol 164 2000 2053 2063 (Pubitemid 30108763)
49. J.P. Foley, D. Lam, H. Jiang, J. Liao, N. Cheong, and T.M. McDevitt et al. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), transforming growth factor-beta, hyaluronan (HA), and receptor for HA-mediated motility (RHAMM) are required for surfactant protein A-stimulated macrophage chemotaxis J Biol Chem 287 2012 37406 37419
50. G.G. Forstner (1-14C)glucosamine incorporation by subcellular fractions of small intestinal mucosa. Identification by precursor labeling of three functionally distinct glycoprotein classes J Biol Chem 245 1970 3584 3592
51. C.B. Forsyth, J. Pulai, and R.F. Loeser Fibronectin fragments and blocking antibodies to alpha2beta1 and alpha5beta1 integrins stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and increase collagenase 3 (matrix metalloproteinase 13) production by human articular chondrocytes Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 2368 2376
52. T. Fujimoto, H. Kawashima, T. Tanaka, M. Hirose, N. Toyama-Sorimachi, and Y. Matsuzawa et al. CD44 binds a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, aggrecan Int Immunol 13 2001 359 366 (Pubitemid 32179084)
53. M.B. Goldring, and K.B. Marcu Epigenomic and microRNA-mediated regulation in cartilage development, homeostasis, and osteoarthritis Trends Mol Med 18 2012 109 118
54. M. Gonzalez-Ramos, S. de Frutos, M. Griera, A. Luengo, G. Olmos, and D. Rodriguez-Puyol et al. Integrin linked kinase mediates the hydrogen peroxide-dependent transforming growth factor-beta1 up-regulation Free Radic Biol Med 61C 2013 416 427
55. J. Gouttenoire, U. Valcourt, M.C. Ronziere, E. Aubert-Foucher, F. Mallein-Gerin, and D. Herbage Modulation of collagen synthesis in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage Biorheology 41 2004 535 542 (Pubitemid 39277109)
56. F. Guilak Biomechanical factors in osteoarthritis. Best practice and research Clin Rheumatol 25 2011 815 823
57. C. Guinez, A.M. Mir, V. Dehennaut, R. Cacan, A. Harduin-Lepers, and J.C. Michalski et al. Protein ubiquitination is modulated by O-GlcNAc glycosylation FASEB J 22 2008 2901 2911
58. I. Gutierrez-Canas, Y. Juarranz, B. Santiago, A. Arranz, C. Martinez, and M. Galindo et al. VIP down-regulates TLR4 expression and TLR4-mediated chemokine production in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts Rheumatology 45 2006 527 532
59. J.A. Hanover, M.W. Krause, and D.C. Love Bittersweet memories: Linking metabolism to epigenetics through O-GlcNAcylation Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13 2012 312 321
60. M. Hashizume, and M. Mihara High molecular weight hyaluronic acid inhibits IL-6-induced MMP production from human chondrocytes by up-regulating the ERK inhibitor, MKP-1 Biochem Biophys Res Commun 403 2010 184 189
61. H. Hatano, H. Shigeishi, Y. Kudo, K. Higashikawa, K. Tobiume, and T. Takata et al. Overexpression of receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) in MC3T3-E1 cells induces proliferation and differentiation through phosphorylation of ERK1/2 J Bone Miner Metab 30 2012 293 303
62. D. Heinegard, and T. Saxne The role of the cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis Nat Rev Rheumatol 7 2011 50 56
63. T. Hiramitsu, T. Yasuda, H. Ito, M. Shimizu, S.M. Julovi, and T. Kakinuma et al. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mediates the inhibitory effects of hyaluronan on interleukin-1beta-induced matrix metalloproteinase production in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts via down-regulation of NF-kappaB and p38 Rheumatology 45 2006 824 832 (Pubitemid 43985370)
64. N. Hiraoka, K.A. Takahashi, Y. Arai, K. Sakao, O. Mazda, and T. Kishida et al. Intra-articular injection of hyaluronan restores the aberrant expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in osteoarthritic subchondral bone J Orthop Res 29 2011 354 360
65. N. Hisada, H. Satsu, A. Mori, M. Totsuka, J. Kamei, and T. Nozawa et al. Low-molecular-weight hyaluronan permeates through human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers via the paracellular pathway Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72 2008 1111 1114 (Pubitemid 351679373)
66. J. Holland, and T. Owens Signaling through intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in a B cell lymphoma line. The activation of Lyn tyrosine kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway J Biol Chem 272 1997 9108 9112 (Pubitemid 27154914)
67. A. Ibrahim, M.H. Gilzad-kohan, A. Aghazadeh-Habashi, and F. Jamali Absorption and bioavailability of glucosamine in the rat J Pharm Sci 101 2012 2574 2583
68. G.I. Im, and Y.J. Choi Epigenetics in osteoarthritis and its implication for future therapeutics Expert Opin Biol Ther 13 2013 713 721
69. K. Imada, H. Oka, D. Kawasaki, N. Miura, T. Sato, and A. Ito Anti-arthritic action mechanisms of natural chondroitin sulfate in human articular chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts Biol Pharm Bull 33 2010 410 414
70. K. Imagawa, M.C. de Andres, K. Hashimoto, D. Pitt, E. Itoi, and M.B. Goldring et al. The epigenetic effect of glucosamine and a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) inhibitor on primary human chondrocytes - Implications for osteoarthritis Biochem Biophys Res Commun 405 2011 362 367
71. N. Itano, T. Sawai, M. Yoshida, P. Lenas, Y. Yamada, and M. Imagawa et al. Three isoforms of mammalian hyaluronan synthases have distinct enzymatic properties J Biol Chem 274 1999 25085 25092
72. B.C. Jang, S.H. Sung, J.G. Park, J.W. Park, J.H. Bae, and D.H. Shin et al. Glucosamine hydrochloride specifically inhibits COX-2 by preventing COX-2N-glycosylation and by increasing COX-2 protein turnover in a proteasome-dependent manner J Biol Chem 282 2007 27622 27632
73. D. Jiang, J. Liang, and P.W. Noble Hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases Physiol Rev 91 2011 221 264
74. M. Jin, T. Iwamoto, K. Yamada, H. Satsu, M. Totsuka, and M. Shimizu Disaccharide derived from chondroitin sulfate A suppressed CpG-induced IL-6 secretion in macrophage-like J774.1 cells Cytokine 51 2010 53 59
75. M. Jin, T. Iwamoto, K. Yamada, H. Satsu, M. Totsuka, and M. Shimizu Effects of chondroitin sulfate and its oligosaccharides on toll-like receptor-mediated IL-6 secretion by macrophage-like J774.1 cells Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 75 2011 1283 1289
76. M. Jin, H. Satsu, K. Yamada, N. Hisada, M. Totsuka, and M. Shimizu Permeation of disaccharides derived from chondroitin sulfate through human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers via the paracellular pathway Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 74 2010 1243 1249
77. T.A. Jokela, K.M. Makkonen, S. Oikari, R. Karna, E. Koli, and G.W. Hart et al. Cellular content of UDP-N-acetylhexosamines controls hyaluronan synthase 2 expression and correlates with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification of transcription factors YY1 and SP1 J Biol Chem 286 2011 33632 33640
78. C. Jomphe, M. Gabriac, T.M. Hale, L. Heroux, L.E. Trudeau, and D. Deblois et al. Chondroitin sulfate inhibits the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB in interleukin-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 102 2008 59 65 (Pubitemid 350301907)
79. S.M. Julovi, H. Ito, K. Nishitani, C.J. Jackson, and T. Nakamura Hyaluronan inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-13 in human arthritic chondrocytes via CD44 and P38 J Orthop Res 29 2011 258 264
80. K. Kariko, D. Weissman, and F.A. Welsh Inhibition of toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling - A unifying theme in ischemic tolerance J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24 2004 1288 1304 (Pubitemid 39482492)
81. Y. Kataoka, W. Ariyoshi, T. Okinaga, T. Kaneuji, S. Mitsugi, and T. Takahashi et al. Mechanisms involved in suppression of ADAMTS4 expression in synoviocytes by high molecular weight hyaluronic acid Biochem Biophys Res Commun 432 2013 580 585
82. H. Kawashima, M. Hirose, J. Hirose, D. Nagakubo, A.H. Plaas, and M. Miyasaka Binding of a large chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, versican, to l-selectin, P-selectin, and CD44 J Biol Chem 275 2000 35448 35456
83. Y.S. Kim, J.M. Koh, Y.S. Lee, B.J. Kim, S.H. Lee, and K.U. Lee et al. Increased circulating heat shock protein 60 induced by menopause, stimulates apoptosis of osteoblast-lineage cells via up-regulation of toll-like receptors Bone 45 2009 68 76
84. T.W. Kim, M. Yu, H. Zhou, W. Cui, J. Wang, and P. DiCorleto et al. Pellino 2 is critical for toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 receptor (TLR/IL-1R)-mediated post-transcriptional control J Biol Chem 287 2012 25686 25695
85. A. Kirillov, B. Kistler, R. Mostoslavsky, H. Cedar, T. Wirth, and Y. Bergman A role for nuclear NF-kappaB in B-cell-specific demethylation of the Igkappa locus Nat Genet 13 1996 435 441 (Pubitemid 26256617)
86. W. Knudson, G. Chow, and C.B. Knudson CD44-mediated uptake and degradation of hyaluronan Matrix Biol 21 2002 15 23 (Pubitemid 34100818)
87. W. Knudson, and R.F. Loeser CD44 and integrin matrix receptors participate in cartilage homeostasis Cell Mol Life Sci 59 2002 36 44 (Pubitemid 34117354)
88. J. Kular, J. Tickner, S.M. Chim, and J. Xu An overview of the regulation of bone remodelling at the cellular level Clin Biochem 45 2012 863 873
89. D.L. Lacey, W.J. Boyle, W.S. Simonet, P.J. Kostenuik, W.C. Dougall, and J.K. Sullivan et al. Bench to bedside: Elucidation of the OPG-RANK-RANKL pathway and the development of denosumab Nat Rev Drug Discov 11 2012 401 419
90. C. Lambert, M. Mathy-Hartert, J.E. Dubuc, E. Montell, J. Verges, and C. Munaut et al. Characterization of synovial angiogenesis in osteoarthritis patients and its modulation by chondroitin sulfate Arthritis Res Ther 14 2012 R58
91. R. Largo, M.A. Alvarez-Soria, I. Diez-Ortego, E. Calvo, O. Sanchez-Pernaute, and J. Egido et al. Glucosamine inhibits IL-1beta-induced NFkappaB activation in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes Osteoarthritis Cartilage 11 2003 290 298 (Pubitemid 36410882)
92. R. Largo, J.A. Roman-Blas, J. Moreno-Rubio, O. Sanchez-Pernaute, M.J. Martinez-Calatrava, and S. Castaneda et al. Chondroitin sulfate improves synovitis in rabbits with chronic antigen-induced arthritis Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18 Suppl. 1 2010 S17 S23
93. K.I. Larsen, M. Falany, W. Wang, and J.P. Williams Glucose is a key metabolic regulator of osteoclasts; glucose stimulated increases in ATP/ADP ratio and calmodulin kinase II activity Biochem Cell Biol 83 2005 667 673 (Pubitemid 41812845)
94. S. Laverty, J.D. Sandy, C. Celeste, P. Vachon, J.F. Marier, and A.H. Plaas Synovial fluid levels and serum pharmacokinetics in a large animal model following treatment with oral glucosamine at clinically relevant doses Arthritis Rheum 52 2005 181 191 (Pubitemid 40129247)
95. F. Legendre, C. Bauge, R. Roche, A.S. Saurel, and J.P. Pujol Chondroitin sulfate modulation of matrix and inflammatory gene expression in IL-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes - Study in hypoxic alginate bead cultures Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16 2008 105 114
96. Y.C. Lin, Y.C. Liang, M.T. Sheu, M.S. Hsieh, T.F. Chen, and C.H. Chen Chondroprotective effects of glucosamine involving the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways Rheumatol Int 28 2008 1009 1016
97. N.F. Liu Trafficking of hyaluronan in the interstitium and its possible implications Lymphology 37 2004 6 14
98. B.Q. Liu, X. Meng, C. Li, Y.Y. Gao, N. Li, and X.F. Niu et al. Glucosamine induces cell death via proteasome inhibition in human ALVA41 prostate cancer cell Exp Mol Med 43 2011 487 493
99. Y.L. Lo, K.H. Sung, C.C. Chiu, and L.F. Wang Chemically conjugating polyethylenimine with chondroitin sulfate to promote CD44-mediated endocytosis for gene delivery Mol Pharm 10 2013 664 676
100. R.F. Loeser, C.B. Forsyth, A.M. Samarel, and H.J. Im Fibronectin fragment activation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase PYK2 mediates integrin signals regulating collagenase-3 expression by human chondrocytes through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway J Biol Chem 278 2003 24577 24585 (Pubitemid 37548610)
101. R.F. Loeser, S.R. Goldring, C.R. Scanzello, and M.B. Goldring Osteoarthritis: A disease of the joint as an organ Arthritis Rheum 64 2012 1697 1707
102. J.L. Luo, H. Kamata, and M. Karin IKK/NF-kappaB signaling: Balancing life and death - A new approach to cancer therapy J Clin Invest 115 2005 2625 2632 (Pubitemid 41434385)
103. H. Madry, F.P. Luyten, and A. Facchini Biological aspects of early osteoarthritis Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20 2012 407 422
104. S. Meini, P. Cucchi, C. Catalani, F. Bellucci, S. Giuliani, and C.A. Maggi Bradykinin and B(2) receptor antagonism in rat and human articular chondrocytes Br J Pharmacol 162 2011 611 622
105. S. Meini, and C.A. Maggi Knee osteoarthritis: A role for bradykinin? Inflamm Res 57 2008 351 361
106. S. Meran, D.D. Luo, R. Simpson, J. Martin, A. Wells, and R. Steadman et al. Hyaluronan facilitates transforming growth factor-beta1-dependent proliferation via CD44 and epidermal growth factor receptor interaction J Biol Chem 286 2011 17618 17630
107. M. Meulyzer, P. Vachon, F. Beaudry, T. Vinardell, H. Richard, and G. Beauchamp et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetics of glucosamine and synovial fluid levels following administration of glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16 2008 973 979
108. M. Meulyzer, P. Vachon, F. Beaudry, T. Vinardell, H. Richard, and G. Beauchamp et al. Joint inflammation increases glucosamine levels attained in synovial fluid following oral administration of glucosamine hydrochloride Osteoarthritis Cartilage 17 2009 228 234
109. T.S. Momberger, J.R. Levick, and R.M. Mason Hyaluronan secretion by synoviocytes is mechanosensitive Matrix Biol 24 2005 510 519 (Pubitemid 41713146)
110. P.J. Mroz, and J.E. Silbert Use of 3H-glucosamine and 35S-sulfate with cultured human chondrocytes to determine the effect of glucosamine concentration on formation of chondroitin sulfate Arthritis Rheum 50 2004 3574 3579 (Pubitemid 39488682)
111. M. Murata, K. Yudoh, H. Shimizu, M. Beppu, H. Nakamura, and T. Kato et al. Layilin, a talin-binding hyaluronan receptor, is expressed in human articular chondrocytes and synoviocytes and is down-regulated by interleukin-1beta Mod Rheumatol 23 2012 478 488
112. K. Nakahama Cellular communications in bone homeostasis and repair Cell Mol Life Sci 67 2010 4001 4009
113. D. Naor, and S. Nedvetzki CD44 in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Res Ther 5 2003 105 115
114. J. Nigro, A. Wang, D. Mukhopadhyay, M. Lauer, R.J. Midura, and R. Sackstein et al. Regulation of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis by 4-fluoro-glucosamine in murine airway smooth muscle cells J Biol Chem 284 2009 16832 16839
115. Y. Nishida, C.B. Knudson, J.J. Nietfeld, A. Margulis, and W. Knudson Antisense inhibition of hyaluronan synthase-2 in human articular chondrocytes inhibits proteoglycan retention and matrix assembly J Biol Chem 274 1999 21893 21899
116. H. Nishikawa, I. Mori, and J. Umemoto Glycosaminoglycan polysulfate-induced stimulation of hyaluronic acid synthesis in rabbit knee synovial membrane: Involvement of binding protein and calcium ion Arch Biochem Biophys 266 1988 201 209
117. S. Nishimoto, M. Takagi, S. Wakitani, T. Nihira, and T. Yoshida Effect of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid on gene expression in a three-dimensional culture of chondrocytes J Biosci Bioeng 100 2005 123 126 (Pubitemid 41569358)
118. H. Ohara, T. Tamayama, K. Maemura, K. Kanbara, H. Hayasaki, and M. Abe et al. Immunocytochemical demonstration of glucose transporters in epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes of young rats in correlation with autoradiographic distribution of 2-deoxyglucose in chondrocytes of mice Acta Histochem 103 2001 365 378 (Pubitemid 33026919)
119. S. Ozcan, S.S. Andrali, and J.E. Cantrell Modulation of transcription factor function by O-GlcNAc modification Biochim Biophys Acta 1799 2010 353 364
120. L. Palmieri, A. Conte, L. Giovannini, P. Lualdi, and G. Ronca Metabolic fate of exogenous chondroitin sulfate in the experimental animal Arzneimittelforschung 40 1990 319 323 (Pubitemid 20103617)
121. S.H. Park, H. Hong, Y.M. Han, N. Kangwan, S.J. Kim, and E.H. Kim et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) sparing effects of glucosamine hydrochloride through N-glycosylation inhibition; strategy to rescue stomach from NSAID damage J Physiol Pharmacol 64 2013 157 165
122. A.S. Patil, R.B. Sable, and R.M. Kothari An update on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta): Sources, types, functions and clinical applicability for cartilage/bone healing J Cell Physiol 226 2011 3094 3103
123. E. Pecchi, S. Priam, Z. Mladenovic, M. Gosset, A.S. Saurel, and L. Aguilar et al. A potential role of chondroitin sulfate on bone in osteoarthritis: Inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) and matrix metalloproteinases synthesis in interleukin-1beta-stimulated osteoblasts Osteoarthritis Cartilage 20 2012 127 135
124. S. Persiani, E. Roda, L.C. Rovati, M. Locatelli, G. Giacovelli, and A. Roda Glucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in man Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13 2005 1041 1049 (Pubitemid 41672501)
125. L. Pirila, H. Aho, A. Roivainen, Y.T. Konttinen, L.J. Pelliniemi, and J. Heino Identification of alpha6beta1 integrin positive cells in synovial lining layer as type B synoviocytes J Rheumatol 28 2001 478 484 (Pubitemid 32202646)
126. I. Prasadam, R. Crawford, and Y. Xiao Aggravation of ADAMTS and matrix metalloproteinase production and role of ERK1/2 pathway in the interaction of osteoarthritic subchondral bone osteoblasts and articular cartilage chondrocytes - Possible pathogenic role in osteoarthritis J Rheumatol 39 2012 621 634
127. F. Raimondi, P. Santoro, M.V. Barone, S. Pappacoda, M.L. Barretta, and M. Nanayakkara et al. Bile acids modulate tight junction structure and barrier function of Caco-2 monolayers via EGFR activation Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294 2008 G906 G913
128. R.K. Reed, M.I. Townsley, T.C. Laurent, and A.E. Taylor Hyaluronan flux from cat intestine: Changes with lymph flow Am J Physiol 262 1992 H457 H462
129. T. Renne, K. Schuh, and W. Muller-Esterl Local bradykinin formation is controlled by glycosaminoglycans J Immunol 175 2005 3377 3385 (Pubitemid 41170560)
130. G.Y. Rochefort, S. Pallu, and C.L. Benhamou Osteocyte: The unrecognized side of bone tissue Osteoporos Int 21 2010 1457 1469
131. K. Roget, A. Ben-Addi, A. Mambole-Dema, T. Gantke, H.T. Yang, and J. Janzen et al. IkappaB kinase 2 regulates TPL-2 activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 by direct phosphorylation of TPL-2 serine 400 Mol Cell Biol 32 2012 4684 4690
132. J.A. Roman-Blas, and S.A. Jimenez NF-kappaB as a potential therapeutic target in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Cartilage 14 2006 839 848 (Pubitemid 44138675)
133. G. Ronca, and A. Conte Metabolic fate of partially depolymerized shark chondroitin sulfate in man Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 13 1993 27 34 (Suppl.) (Pubitemid 24309643)
134. F. Ronca, L. Palmieri, P. Panicucci, and G. Ronca Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate Osteoarthritis Cartilage 6 Suppl. A 1998 14 21 (Pubitemid 28255099)
135. M. Rubert, M. Monjo, S.P. Lyngstadaas, and J.M. Ramis Effect of alginate hydrogel containing polyproline-rich peptides on osteoblast differentiation Biomed Mater 7 2012 055003
136. L.J. Sandell Etiology of osteoarthritis: Genetics and synovial joint development Nat Rev Rheumatol 8 2012 77 89
137. C.R. Scanzello, and S.R. Goldring The role of synovitis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis Bone 51 2012 249 257
138. M.B. Schaffler, and O.D. Kennedy Osteocyte signaling in bone Curr Osteoporos Rep 10 2012 118 125
139. A. Scotto d'Abusco, L. Politi, C. Giordano, and R. Scandurra A peptidyl-glucosamine derivative affects IKKalpha kinase activity in human chondrocytes Arthritis Res Ther 12 2010 R18
140. I. Setnikar, and L.C. Rovati Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of glucosamine sulfate. A review Arzneimittelforschung 51 2001 699 725 (Pubitemid 32889393)
141. A.R. Shikhman, D.C. Brinson, J. Valbracht, and M.K. Lotz Differential metabolic effects of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine in human articular chondrocytes Osteoarthritis Cartilage 17 2009 1022 1028
142. A. Shimazaki, T. Nakagawa, J. Mitoma, and H. Higashi Gangliosides and chondroitin sulfate desensitize and internalize B2 bradykinin receptors Biochem Biophys Res Commun 420 2012 193 198
143. J.E. Silbert, and G. Sugumaran Biosynthesis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate IUBMB Life 54 2002 177 186 (Pubitemid 36008326)
144. J.S. Sim, H.L. Zhao, D.W. Li, S.Y. Cho, C.S. Jeong, and E.B. Lee et al. Effects of saponins from the root bark of Aralia elata on the transport of chondroitin sulfate in Caco-2 cell monolayers and rats Biol Pharm Bull 28 2005 1043 1048 (Pubitemid 40880312)
145. M. Slevin, J. Krupinski, S. Kumar, and J. Gaffney Angiogenic oligosaccharides of hyaluronan induce protein tyrosine kinase activity in endothelial cells and activate a cytoplasmic signal transduction pathway resulting in proliferation Lab Invest 78 1998 987 1003 (Pubitemid 28378213)
146. G. Sobal, R. Dorotka, J. Menzel, and H. Sinzinger Uptake studies with chondrotropic (99m)Tc-chondroitin sulfate in articular cartilage. Implications for imaging osteoarthritis in the knee Nucl Med Biol 40 2013 1013 1017
147. G. Sobal, J. Menzel, and H. Sinzinger Uptake of 99mTc-labeled chondroitin sulfate by chondrocytes and cartilage: A promising agent for imaging of cartilage degeneration? Nucl Med Biol 36 2009 65 71
148. G. Sobal, J. Menzel, and H. Sinzinger Optimal 99mTc radiolabeling and uptake of glucosamine sulfate by cartilage. A potential tracer for scintigraphic detection of osteoarthritis Bioconjug Chem 20 2009 1547 1552
149. N. Sofat Analysing the role of endogenous matrix molecules in the development of osteoarthritis Int J Exp Pathol 90 2009 463 479
150. R. Stern, A.A. Asari, and K.N. Sugahara Hyaluronan fragments: An information-rich system Eur J Cell Biol 85 2006 699 715 (Pubitemid 44070579)
151. S. Stridh, F. Palm, and P. Hansell Renal interstitial hyaluronan: Functional aspects during normal and pathological conditions Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302 2012 R1235 R1249
152. K. Suwan, K. Choocheep, S. Hatano, P. Kongtawelert, K. Kimata, and H. Watanabe Versican/PG-M assembles hyaluronan into extracellular matrix and inhibits CD44-mediated signaling toward premature senescence in embryonic fibroblasts J Biol Chem 284 2009 8596 8604
153. P.K. Tai, and C. Carter-Su Monoclonal antibody to the human glucose transporter that differentiates between the glucose and nucleoside transporters Biochemistry 27 1988 6062 6071
154. P.K. Tai, J.F. Liao, P.A. Hossler, C.W. Castor, and C. Carter-Su Regulation of glucose transporters by connective tissue activating peptide-III isoforms J Biol Chem 267 1992 19579 19586
155. R.H. Tammi, A.G. Passi, K. Rilla, E. Karousou, D. Vigetti, and K. Makkonen et al. Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of hyaluronan synthesis FEBS J 278 2011 1419 1428
156. S.K. Tat, J.P. Pelletier, J. Verges, D. Lajeunesse, E. Montell, and H. Fahmi et al. Chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate in combination decrease the pro-resorptive properties of human osteoarthritis subchondral bone osteoblasts: A basic science study Arthritis Res Ther 9 2007 R117
157. P. Turowski, P. Adamson, and J. Greenwood Pharmacological targeting of ICAM-1 signaling in brain endothelial cells: Potential for treating neuroinflammation Cell Mol Neurobiol 25 2005 153 170 (Pubitemid 40558588)
158. E.J. Uitterlinden, H. Jahr, J.L. Koevoet, Y.M. Jenniskens, S.M. Bierma-Zeinstra, and J. Degroot et al. Glucosamine decreases expression of anabolic and catabolic genes in human osteoarthritic cartilage explants Osteoarthritis Cartilage 14 2006 250 257 (Pubitemid 43329534)
159. M. Uldry, M. Ibberson, M. Hosokawa, and B. Thorens GLUT2 is a high affinity glucosamine transporter FEBS Lett 524 2002 199 203 (Pubitemid 34804860)
160. M. Vallieres, and P. du Souich Modulation of inflammation by chondroitin sulfate Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18 Suppl. 1 2010 S1 S6
161. D. Vigetti, S. Deleonibus, P. Moretto, E. Karousou, M. Viola, and B. Bartolini et al. Role of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and O-GlcNAcylation of hyaluronan synthase 2 in the control of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan synthesis J Biol Chem 287 2012 35544 35555
162. N. Volpi Oral bioavailability of chondroitin sulfate (Condrosulf) and its constituents in healthy male volunteers Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10 2002 768 777 (Pubitemid 35153717)
163. N. Volpi Oral absorption and bioavailability of ichthyic origin chondroitin sulfate in healthy male volunteers Osteoarthritis Cartilage 11 2003 433 441 (Pubitemid 36722657)
164. N. Volpi Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulphate: New functions from an old natural macromolecule Inflammopharmacology 19 2011 299 306
165. L.M. Wancket, W.J. Frazier, and Y. Liu Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 in immunology, physiology, and disease Life Sci 90 2012 237 248
166. C.T. Wang, Y.T. Lin, B.L. Chiang, Y.H. Lin, and S.M. Hou High molecular weight hyaluronic acid down-regulates the gene expression of osteoarthritis-associated cytokines and enzymes in fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with early osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Cartilage 14 2006 1237 1247
167. L.M. Wildi, J.P. Raynauld, J. Martel-Pelletier, A. Beaulieu, L. Bessette, and F. Morin et al. Chondroitin sulphate reduces both cartilage volume loss and bone marrow lesions in knee osteoarthritis patients starting as early as 6 months after initiation of therapy: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study using MRI Ann Rheum Dis 70 2011 982 989
168. V.J. Woeckel, M. Eijken, J. van de Peppel, H. Chiba, B.C. van der Eerden, and J.P. van Leeuwen IFNbeta impairs extracellular matrix formation leading to inhibition of mineralization by effects in the early stage of human osteoblast differentiation J Cell Physiol 227 2012 2668 2676
169. Y. Wu, L. Chen, P.S. Zheng, and B.B. Yang Beta 1-integrin-mediated glioma cell adhesion and free radical-induced apoptosis are regulated by binding to a C-terminal domain of PG-M/versican J Biol Chem 277 2002 12294 12301 (Pubitemid 34952799)
170. Z. Yang, B. Huang, Z. Zhang, Y. Kang, M. Fu, and W. Liao Effects of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 gene silencing on human osteoblast-like cells Connect Tissue Res 53 2012 498 507
171. T. Yasuda Hyaluronan inhibits cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide- stimulated U937 macrophages through down-regulation of NF-kappaB via ICAM-1 Inflamm Res 56 2007 246 253 (Pubitemid 47026293)
172. T. Yasuda Hyaluronan inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase via the receptors in rheumatoid arthritis chondrocytes stimulated with fibronectin fragment Clin Rheumatol 29 2010 1259 1267
173. T. Yasuda Activation of Akt leading to NF-kappaB up-regulation in chondrocytes stimulated with fibronectin fragment Biomed Res 32 2011 209 215
174. T. Yasuda Hyaluronan inhibits Akt, leading to nuclear factor-kappaB down-regulation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated U937 macrophages J Pharmacol Sci 115 2011 509 515
175. T. Yasuda Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is inhibited by hyaluronan via intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in articular chondrocytes stimulated with type II collagen peptide J Pharmacol Sci 118 2012 25 32
176. T. Yasuda, M. Shimizu, T. Nakagawa, S.M. Julovi, and T. Nakamura Matrix metalloproteinase production by COOH-terminal heparin-binding fibronectin fragment in rheumatoid synovial cells Lab Invest 83 2003 153 162 (Pubitemid 36255361)
177. T. Yatabe, S. Mochizuki, M. Takizawa, M. Chijiiwa, A. Okada, and T. Kimura et al. Hyaluronan inhibits expression of ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase-1) in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes Ann Rheum Dis 68 2009 1051 1058
178. F.J. Zhang, S.G. Gao, L. Cheng, J. Tian, W.S. Xu, and W. Luo et al. The effect of hyaluronic acid on osteopontin and CD44 mRNA of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee Rheumatol Int 33 2013 79 83
179. W. Zhang, G. Nuki, R.W. Moskowitz, S. Abramson, R.D. Altman, and N.K. Arden et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: part III: Changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009 Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18 2010 476 499
180. F. Zhang, K. Su, X. Yang, D.B. Bowe, A.J. Paterson, and J.E. Kudlow O-GlcNAc modification is an endogenous inhibitor of the proteasome Cell 115 2003 715 725 (Pubitemid 38030300)
181. E. Zoidis, C. Ghirlanda-Keller, and C. Schmid Stimulation of glucose transport in osteoblastic cells by parathyroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor I Mol Cell Biochem 348 2011 33 42
182. L. Zou, S. Yang, V. Champattanachai, S. Hu, I.H. Chaudry, and R.B. Marchase et al. Glucosamine improves cardiac function following trauma-hemorrhage by increased protein O-GlcNAcylation and attenuation of NF-{kappa}B signaling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296 2009 H515 H523