Biological aspects of early osteoarthritis

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 407-422

  Madry, Henning ^a   Luyten, Frank P ^b   Facchini, Andrea ^c  

^a SAARLAND UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^c RIZZOLI ORTHOPAEDIC INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Articular cartilage; Articular chondrocytes; Early OA

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; COLLAGEN; INTERLEUKIN DERIVATIVE; PROTEOGLYCAN;

ANIMAL; ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; BIOMECHANICS; BONE; CARTILAGE CELL; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MODEL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HUMAN; KNEE MENISCUS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SYNOVIUM;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; BONE AND BONES; CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR; CHEMOKINES; CHONDROCYTES; COLLAGEN; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INTERLEUKINS; MENISCI, TIBIAL; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PROTEOGLYCANS; SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE;

EID: 84857445490     PISSN: 09422056     EISSN: 14337347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1705-8     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. Aaboe J, Bliddal H, Messier SP, Alkjaer T, Henriksen M (2011) Effects of an intensive weight loss program on knee joint loading in obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 19(7): 822-828.
2. Aagaard H, Verdonk R (1999) Function of the normal meniscus and consequences of meniscal resection. Scand J Med Sci Sports 9(3): 134-140.
3. Adams ME, Brandt KD (1991) Hypertrophic repair of canine articular cartilage in osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament transection. J Rheumatol 18(3): 428-435.
4. Aigner T, Cook JL, Gerwin N, Glasson SS, Laverty S, Little CB, McIlwraith W, Kraus VB (2010) Histopathology atlas of animal model systems-overview of guiding principles. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18(Suppl 3): S2-S6.
5. Aigner T, Soder S, Gebhard PM, McAlinden A, Haag J (2007) Mechanisms of disease: role of chondrocytes in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis-structure, chaos and senescence. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 3(7): 391-399.
6. Ameye LG, Young MF (2006) Animal models of osteoarthritis: lessons learned while seeking the "Holy Grail". Curr Opin Rheumatol 18(5): 537-547.
7. Aoki H, Nagao Y, Ishii S, Masuda T, Beppu M (2010) Acetabular and proximal femoral alignment in patients with osteoarthritis of the dysplastic hip and its influence on the progression of disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br 92(12): 1703-1709.
8. Attur MG, Dave M, Akamatsu M, Katoh M, Amin AR (2002) Osteoarthritis or osteoarthrosis: the definition of inflammation becomes a semantic issue in the genomic era of molecular medicine. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10(1): 1-4.
9. Attur MG, Dave MN, Tsunoyama K, Akamatsu M, Kobori M, Miki J, Abramson SB, Katoh M, Amin AR (2002) "A system biology" approach to bioinformatics and functional genomics in complex human diseases: arthritis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 4(4): 129-146.
10. Becerra J, Andrades JA, Guerado E, Zamora-Navas P, Lopez-Puertas JM, Reddi AH (2011) Articular cartilage: structure and regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 16(6): 617-627.
11. Bellido M, Lugo L, Roman-Blas JA, Castaneda S, Caeiro JR, Dapia S, Calvo E, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G (2010) Subchondral bone microstructural damage by increased remodelling aggravates experimental osteoarthritis preceded by osteoporosis. Arthritis Res Ther 12(4): R152.
12. Bellido M, Lugo L, Roman-Blas JA, Castaneda S, Calvo E, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G (2011) Improving subchondral bone integrity reduces progression of cartilage damage in experimental osteoarthritis preceded by osteoporosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 19(10): 1228-1236.
13. Bertrand J, Cromme C, Umlauf D, Frank S, Pap T (2010) Molecular mechanisms of cartilage remodelling in osteoarthritis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 42(10): 1594-1601.
14. Beyer C, Schett G (2010) Pharmacotherapy: concepts of pathogenesis and emerging treatments. Novel targets in bone and cartilage. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 24(4): 489-496.
15. Bijkerk C, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Valkenburg HA, Meulenbelt I, Hofman A, Breedveld FC, Pols HA, van Duijn CM, Slagboom PE (1999) Heritabilities of radiologic osteoarthritis in peripheral joints and of disc degeneration of the spine. Arthritis Rheum 42(8): 1729-1735.
16. Bijlsma JW, Berenbaum F, Lafeber FP (2011) Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice. Lancet 377(9783): 2115-2126.
17. Blanco FJ, Guitian R, Vazquez-Martul E, de Toro FJ, Galdo F (1998) Osteoarthritis chondrocytes die by apoptosis. A possible pathway for osteoarthritis pathology. Arthritis Rheum 41(2): 284-289.
18. Bliddal H, Christensen R (2009) The treatment and prevention of knee osteoarthritis: a tool for clinical decision-making. Expert Opin Pharmacother 10(11): 1793-1804.
19. Bliddal H, Leeds AR, Stigsgaard L, Astrup A, Christensen R (2011) Weight loss as treatment for knee osteoarthritis symptoms in obese patients: 1-year results from a randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 70(10): 1798-1803.
20. Borzi RM, Mazzetti I, Cattini L, Uguccioni M, Baggiolini M, Facchini A (2000) Human chondrocytes express functional chemokine receptors and release matrix-degrading enzymes in response to C-X-C and C-C chemokines. Arthritis Rheum 43(8): 1734-1741.
21. Borzi RM, Mazzetti I, Macor S, Silvestri T, Bassi A, Cattini L, Facchini A (1999) Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular chemokines in chondrocytes in vivo: constitutive expression and enhancement in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. FEBS Lett 455(3): 238-242.
22. Borzi RM, Mazzetti I, Magagnoli G, Paoletti S, Uguccioni M, Gatti R, Orlandini G, Cattini L, Facchini A (2002) Growth-related oncogene alpha induction of apoptosis in osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 46(12): 3201-3211.
23. Borzi RM, Mazzetti I, Marcu KB, Facchini A (2004) Chemokines in cartilage degradation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 427(Suppl): S53-S61.
24. Botter SM, van Osch GJ, Clockaerts S, Waarsing JH, Weinans H, van Leeuwen JP (2011) Osteoarthritis induction leads to early and temporal subchondral plate porosity in the tibial plateau of mice: An in vivo micro CT study. Arthritis Rheum. doi: 10. 1002/art. 30307.
25. Brandt KD (1998) The importance of nonpharmacologic approaches in management of osteoarthritis. Am J Med 105(1B): 39S-44S.
26. Brandt KD (2000) The role of analgesics in the management of osteoarthritis pain. Am J Ther 7(2): 75-90.
27. Brandt KD, Dieppe P, Radin EL (2009) Commentary: is it useful to subset "primary" osteoarthritis? A critique based on evidence regarding the etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39(2): 81-95.
28. Brouwer GM, van Tol AW, Bergink AP, Belo JN, Bernsen RM, Reijman M, Pols HA, Bierma-Zeinstra SM (2007) Association between valgus and varus alignment and the development and progression of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 56(4): 1204-1211.
29. Buckland-Wright C (2004) Subchondral bone changes in hand and knee osteoarthritis detected by radiography. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12(Suppl A): S10-S19.
30. Buckwalter JA, Mankin HJ (1998) Articular cartilage: degeneration and osteoarthritis, repair, regeneration, and transplantation. Instr Course Lect 47: 487-504.
31. Buckwalter JA, Mankin HJ, Grodzinsky AJ (2005) Articular cartilage and osteoarthritis. Instr Course Lect 54: 465-480.
32. Bullough PG (1998) Disorders of bone, cartilage and connective tissue. Osteoarthritis and related disorders. Patholohy. In: Klippel JH, Huston DP (ed) Rheumatology, 2nd edn. Mosby, London, pp 8. 1-8. 8.
33. Bullough PG (2004) The role of joint architecture in the etiology of arthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil 12(Suppl A): S2-S9.
34. Burr DB, Radin EL (2003) Microfractures and microcracks in subchondral bone: are they relevant to osteoarthrosis? Rheum Dis Clin North Am 29(4): 675-685.
35. Carlson CS, Loeser RF, Jayo MJ, Weaver DS, Adams MR, Jerome CP (1994) Osteoarthritis in cynomolgus macaques: a primate model of naturally occurring disease. J Orthop Res 12(3): 331-339.
36. Carlson CS, Loeser RF, Purser CB, Gardin JF, Jerome CP (1996) Osteoarthritis in cynomolgus macaques. III: Effects of age, gender, and subchondral bone thickness on the severity of disease. J Bone Miner Res 11(9): 1209-1217.
37. Cerejo R, Dunlop DD, Cahue S, Channin D, Song J, Sharma L (2002) The influence of alignment on risk of knee osteoarthritis progression according to baseline stage of disease. Arthritis Rheum 46(10): 2632-2636.
38. Chang DG, Iverson EP, Schinagl RM, Sonoda M, Amiel D, Coutts RD, Sah RL (1997) Quantitation and localization of cartilage degeneration following the induction of osteoarthritis in the rabbit knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 5(5): 357-372.
39. Chen MI, Branch TP, Hutton WC (1996) Is it important to secure the horns during lateral meniscal transplantation? A cadaveric study. Arthroscopy 12(2): 174-181.
40. Chiba K, Ito M, Osaki M, Uetani M, Shindo H (2011) In vivo structural analysis of subchondral trabecular bone in osteoarthritis of the hip using multi-detector row CT. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 19(2): 180-185.
41. Chiba K, Uetani M, Kido Y, Ito M, Okazaki N, Taguchi K, Shindo H (2011) Osteoporotic changes of subchondral trabecular bone in osteoarthritis of the knee: a 3-T MRI study. Osteoporos Int [Epub ahead of print].
42. Chitnavis J, Sinsheimer JS, Clipsham K, Loughlin J, Sykes B, Burge PD, Carr AJ (1997) Genetic influences in end-stage osteoarthritis. Sibling risks of hip and knee replacement for idiopathic osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 79(4): 660-664.
43. Chockalingam PS, Varadarajan U, Sheldon R, Fortier E, LaVallie ER, Morris EA, Yaworsky PJ, Majumdar MK (2007) Involvement of protein kinase Czeta in interleukin-1beta induction of ADAMTS-4 and type 2 nitric oxide synthase via NF-kappaB signaling in primary human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 56(12): 4074-4083.
44. Christensen R, Bartels EM, Astrup A, Bliddal H (2007) Effect of weight reduction in obese patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 66(4): 433-439.
45. Cicuttini F, Wluka A, Hankin J, Wang Y (2004) Longitudinal study of the relationship between knee angle and tibiofemoral cartilage volume in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 43(3): 321-324.
46. Clark JM (1990) The structure of vascular channels in the subchondral plate. J Anat 171: 105-115.
47. Clockaerts S, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Runhaar J, van Osch GJ, van Offel JF, Verhaar JA, De Clerck LS, Somville J (2010) The infrapatellar fat pad should be considered as an active osteoarthritic joint tissue: a narrative review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18(7): 876-882.
48. Crema MD, Guermazi A, Li L, Nogueira-Barbosa MH, Marra MD, Roemer FW, Eckstein F, Le Graverand MP, Wyman BT, Hunter DJ (2009) The association of prevalent medial meniscal pathology with cartilage loss in the medial tibiofemoral compartment over a 2-year period. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18(3): 336-343.
49. Cucchiarini M, Orth P, Madry H (2011) Gene therapy for cartilage repair. Cartilage 2(3): 201-225.
50. Daans M, Luyten FP, Lories RJ (2011) GDF5 deficiency in mice is associated with instability-driven joint damage, gait and subchondral bone changes. Ann Rheum Dis 70(1): 208-213.
51. De Ceuninck F, Dassencourt L, Anract P (2004) The inflammatory side of human chondrocytes unveiled by antibody microarrays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 323(3): 960-969.
52. Dejour H, Walch G, Deschamps G, Chambat P (1987) Arthrosis of the knee in chronic anterior laxity. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 73(3): 157-170.
53. Dieppe P, Cushnaghan J, Young P, Kirwan J (1993) Prediction of the progression of joint space narrowing in osteoarthritis of the knee by bone scintigraphy. Ann Rheum Dis 52(8): 557-563.
54. Distel E, Cadoudal T, Durant S, Poignard A, Chevalier X, Benelli C (2009) The infrapatellar fat pad in knee osteoarthritis: an important source of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor. Arthritis Rheum 60(11): 3374-3377.
55. Drissi H, Zuscik M, Rosier R, O'Keefe R (2005) Transcriptional regulation of chondrocyte maturation: potential involvement of transcription factors in OA pathogenesis. Mol Aspects Med 26(3): 169-179.
56. Echtermeyer F, Bertrand J, Dreier R, Meinecke I, Neugebauer K, Fuerst M, Lee YJ, Song YW, Herzog C, Theilmeier G, Pap T (2009) Syndecan-4 regulates ADAMTS-5 activation and cartilage breakdown in osteoarthritis. Nat Med 15(9): 1072-1076.
57. Englund M, Guermazi A, Lohmander LS (2009) The meniscus in knee osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 35(3): 579-590.
58. Englund M, Guermazi A, Lohmander SL (2009) The role of the meniscus in knee osteoarthritis: a cause or consequence? Radiol Clin North Am 47(4): 703-712.
59. Englund M, Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Aliabadi P, Yang M, Lewis CE, Torner J, Nevitt MC, Sack B, Felson DT (2009) Meniscal tear in knees without surgery and the development of radiographic osteoarthritis among middle-aged and elderly persons: The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum 60(3): 831-839.
60. Englund M, Lohmander LS (2004) Risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis fifteen to twenty-two years after meniscectomy. Arthritis Rheum 50(9): 2811-2819.
61. Fahmy NR, Williams EA, Noble J (1983) Meniscal pathology and osteoarthritis of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 65(1): 24-28.
62. Feeley BT, Gallo RA, Sherman S, Williams RJ (2010) Management of osteoarthritis of the knee in the active patient. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 18(7): 406-416.
63. Felson DT, Couropmitree NN, Chaisson CE, Hannan MT, Zhang Y, McAlindon TE, LaValley M, Levy D, Myers RH (1998) Evidence for a Mendelian gene in a segregation analysis of generalized radiographic osteoarthritis: the Framingham Study. Arthritis Rheum 41(6): 1064-1071.
64. Felson DT, Gale DR, Elon Gale M, Niu J, Hunter DJ, Goggins J, Lavalley MP (2005) Osteophytes and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 44(1): 100-104.
65. Flemming A (2010) Target identification: HIF2alpha central player in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9(7): 517.
66. Frank CB, Beveridge JE, Huebner KD, Heard BJ, Tapper JE, O'Brien EJ, Shrive NG (2011) Complete ACL/MCL deficiency induces variable degrees of instability in sheep with specific kinematic abnormalities correlating with degrees of early osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. doi: 10. 1002/jor. 21549.
67. Funck-Brentano T, Cohen-Solal M (2011) Crosstalk between cartilage and bone: when bone cytokines matter. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 22(2): 91-97.
68. Furman BD, Olson SA, Guilak F (2006) The development of posttraumatic arthritis after articular fracture. J Orthop Trauma 20(10): 719-725.
69. Gandhi R, Takahashi M, Virtanen C, Syed K, Davey JR, Mahomed NN (2011) Microarray analysis of the infrapatellar fat pad in knee osteoarthritis: relationship with joint inflammation. J Rheumatol 38(9): 1966-1972.
70. Gauci SJ, Golub SB, Tutolo L, Little CB, Sims NA, Lee ER, Mackie EJ, Fosang AJ (2008) Modulating chondrocyte hypertrophy in growth plate and osteoarthritic cartilage. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 8(4): 308-310.
71. Gerwin N, Bendele AM, Glasson S, Carlson CS (2010) The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the rat. Osteoarthr Cartil 18(Suppl 3): S24-S34.
72. Girkontaite I, Frischholz S, Lammi P, Wagner K, Swoboda B, Aigner T, Von der Mark K (1996) Immunolocalization of type X collagen in normal fetal and adult osteoarthritic cartilage with monoclonal antibodies. Matrix Biol 15(4): 231-238.
73. Glasson SS (2007) In vivo osteoarthritis target validation utilizing genetically-modified mice. Curr Drug Targets 8(2): 367-376.
74. Goldring MB, Goldring SR (2007) Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol 213(3): 626-634.
75. Goldring MB, Goldring SR (2010) Articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1192: 230-237.
76. Goldring MB, Marcu KB (2009) Cartilage homeostasis in health and rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 11(3): 224.
77. Goldring MB, Otero M, Tsuchimochi K, Ijiri K, Li Y (2008) Defining the roles of inflammatory and anabolic cytokines in cartilage metabolism. Ann Rheum Dis 67(Suppl 3): iii75-iii82.
78. Goldring SR, Goldring MB (2010) Bone and cartilage in osteoarthritis: is what's best for one good or bad for the other? Arthritis Res Ther 12(5): 143.
79. Griffin TM, Guilak F (2005) The role of mechanical loading in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 33(4): 195-200.
80. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Hayashi D, Crema MD, Niu J, Zhang Y, Marra MD, Katur A, Lynch JA, El-Khoury GY, Baker K, Hughes LB, Nevitt MC, Felson DT (2011) Assessment of synovitis with contrast-enhanced MRI using a whole-joint semiquantitative scoring system in people with, or at high risk of, knee osteoarthritis: the MOST study. Ann Rheum Dis 70(5): 805-811.
81. Han SB, Shetty GM, Lee DH, Chae DJ, Seo SS, Wang KH, Yoo SH, Nha KW (2010) Unfavorable results of partial meniscectomy for complete posterior medial meniscus root tear with early osteoarthritis: a 5- to 8-year follow-up study. Arthroscopy 26(10): 1326-1332.
82. Hashimoto S, Ochs RL, Komiya S, Lotz M (1998) Linkage of chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degradation in human osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 41(9): 1632-1638.
83. Hayashi D, Roemer FW, Katur A, Felson DT, Yang SO, Alomran F, Guermazi A (2011) Imaging of Synovitis in Osteoarthritis: current status and outlook. Semin Arthritis Rheum [Epub ahead of print].
84. Heinegard D, Saxne T (2011) The role of the cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(1): 50-56.
85. Hellio Le Graverand MP, Vignon E, Otterness IG, Hart DA (2001) Early changes in lapine menisci during osteoarthritis development: part II: molecular alterations. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 9(1): 65-72.
86. Higgs R (2011) Osteoarthritis: concentrated efforts to detect early OA. Nat Rev Rheumatol 6(11): 616.
87. Hirsch R, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Hanson R, Scott WW Jr, Reichle R, Plato CC, Tobin JD, Hochberg MC (1998) Familial aggregation of osteoarthritis: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging. Arthritis Rheum 41(7): 1227-1232.
88. Hofmann S, Lobenhoffer P, Staubli A, van Heerwaarden R (2009) Osteotomies of the knee joint in patients with monocompartmental arthritis. Orthopade 38(8): 755-769.
89. Hunter DJ, Zhang YQ, Niu JB, Tu X, Amin S, Clancy M, Guermazi A, Grigorian M, Gale D, Felson DT (2006) The association of meniscal pathologic changes with cartilage loss in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 54(3): 795-801.
90. Hutton CW, Higgs ER, Jackson PC, Watt I, Dieppe PA (1986) 99mTc HMDP bone scanning in generalised nodal osteoarthritis. I. Comparison of the standard radiograph and four hour bone scan image of the hand. Ann Rheum Dis 45(8): 617-621.
91. Hutton CW, Higgs ER, Jackson PC, Watt I, Dieppe PA (1986) 99mTc HMDP bone scanning in generalised nodal osteoarthritis. II. The four hour bone scan image predicts radiographic change. Ann Rheum Dis 45(8): 622-626.
92. Jones MD, Tran CW, Li G, Maksymowych WP, Zernicke RF, Doschak MR (2010) In vivo microfocal computed tomography and micro-magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of antiresorptive and antiinflammatory drugs as preventive treatments of osteoarthritis in the rat. Arthritis Rheum 62(9): 2726-2735.
93. Kamekura S, Hoshi K, Shimoaka T, Chung U, Chikuda H, Yamada T, Uchida M, Ogata N, Seichi A, Nakamura K, Kawaguchi H (2005) Osteoarthritis development in novel experimental mouse models induced by knee joint instability. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13(7): 632-641.
94. Kapoor M, Martel-Pelletier J, Lajeunesse D, Pelletier JP, Fahmi H (2010) Role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(1): 33-42.
95. Karouzakis E, Neidhart M, Gay RE, Gay S (2006) Molecular and cellular basis of rheumatoid joint destruction. Immunol Lett 106(1): 8-13.
96. Kerkhof HJ, Doherty M, Arden NK, Abramson SB, Attur M, Bos SD, Cooper C, Dennison EM, Doherty SA, Evangelou E, Hart DJ, Hofman A, Javaid K, Kerna I, Kisand K, Kloppenburg M, Krasnokutsky S, Maciewicz RA, Meulenbelt I, Muir KR, Rivadeneira F, Samuels J, Sezgin M, Slagboom E, Smith AJ, Spector TD, Tamm A, Uitterlinden AG, Wheeler M, Zhai G, Zhang W, van Meurs JB, Valdes AM (2011) Large-scale meta-analysis of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist polymorphisms on risk of radiographic hip and knee osteoarthritis and severity of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 19(3): 265-271.
97. Klein-Wieringa IR, Kloppenburg M, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Yusuf E, Kwekkeboom JC, El-Bannoudi H, Nelissen RG, Zuurmond A, Stojanovic-Susulic V, van Osch GJ, Toes RE, Ioan-Facsinay A (2011) The infrapatellar fat pad of patients with osteoarthritis has an inflammatory phenotype. Ann Rheum Dis 70(5): 851-857.
98. Kohn D (1994) Meniscus replacement. Orthopade 23(2): 164-170.
99. Kohn D, Moreno B (1995) Meniscus insertion anatomy as a basis for meniscus replacement: a morphological cadaveric study. Arthroscopy 11(1): 96-103.
100. Krasnokutsky S, Belitskaya-Levy I, Bencardino J, Samuels J, Attur M, Regatte R, Rosenthal P, Greenberg J, Schweitzer M, Abramson SB, Rybak L (2011) Quantitative MRI evidence of synovial proliferation is associated with radiographic severity of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. doi: 10. 1002/art. 30471.
101. Lajeunesse D (2004) The role of bone in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil 12(Suppl A): S34-S38.
102. Lajeunesse D, Reboul P (2003) Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis: a biologic link with articular cartilage leading to abnormal remodeling. Curr Opin Rheumatol 15(5): 628-633.
103. Lanyon P, Muir K, Doherty S, Doherty M (2000) Assessment of a genetic contribution to osteoarthritis of the hip: sibling study. BMJ 321(7270): 1179-1183.
104. Lementowski PW, Zelicof SB (2008) Obesity and osteoarthritis. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 37(3): 148-151.
105. Li B, Aspden RM (1997) Mechanical and material properties of the subchondral bone plate from the femoral head of patients with osteoarthritis or osteoporosis. Ann Rheum Dis 56(4): 247-254.
106. Li S, Micheletti R (2011) Role of diet in rheumatic disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 37(1): 119-133.
107. Lim AY, Doherty M (2011) What of guidelines for osteoarthritis? Int J Rheum Dis 14(2): 136-144.
108. Lindberg H (1986) Prevalence of primary coxarthrosis in siblings of patients with primary coxarthrosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 203: 273-275.
109. Little CB, Smith MM, Cake MA, Read RA, Murphy MJ, Barry FP (2010) The OARSI histopathology initiative-recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in sheep and goats. Osteoarthr Cartil 18(Suppl 3): S80-S92.
110. Lohmander LS, Englund PM, Dahl LL, Roos EM (2007) The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries: osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med 35(10): 1756-1769.
111. Lories RJ, Luyten FP (2011) The bone-cartilage unit in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(1): 43-49.
112. Lories RJ, Peeters J, Bakker A, Tylzanowski P, Derese I, Schrooten J, Thomas JT, Luyten FP (2007) Articular cartilage and biomechanical properties of the long bones in Frzb-knockout mice. Arthritis Rheum 56(12): 4095-4103.
113. Lories RJ, Peeters J, Szlufcik K, Hespel P, Luyten FP (2009) Deletion of frizzled-related protein reduces voluntary running exercise performance in mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 17(3): 390-396.
114. Loughlin J (2011) Genetic indicators and susceptibility to osteoarthritis. Br J Sports Med 45(4): 278-282.
115. Loughlin J (2011) Osteoarthritis year 2010 in review: genetics. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 19(4): 342-345.
116. Lyons TJ, McClure SF, Stoddart RW, McClure J (2006) The normal human chondro-osseous junctional region: evidence for contact of uncalcified cartilage with subchondral bone and marrow spaces. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 7: 52.
117. Madry H (2010) The subchondral bone: a new frontier in articular cartilage repair. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18(4): 417-418.
118. Madry H, van Dijk CN, Mueller-Gerbl M (2010) The basic science of the subchondral bone. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18(4): 419-433.
119. Mankin HJ, Dorfman H, Lippiello L, Zarins A (1971) Biochemical and metabolic abnormalities in articular cartilage from osteo-arthritic human hips. II. Correlation of morphology with biochemical and metabolic data. J Bone Joint Surg Am 53(3): 523-537.
120. March L, Amatya B, Osborne RH, Brand C (2010) Developing a minimum standard of care for treating people with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 24(1): 121-145.
121. Marcu KB, Otero M, Olivotto E, Borzi RM, Goldring MB (2010) NF-kappaB signaling: multiple angles to target OA. Curr Drug Targets 11(5): 599-613.
122. Mastbergen SC, Lafeber FP (2011) Changes in subchondral bone early in the development of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 63(9): 2561-2563.
123. Matsumoto T, Cooper GM, Gharaibeh B, Meszaros LB, Li G, Usas A, Fu FH, Huard J (2009) Cartilage repair in a rat model of osteoarthritis through intraarticular transplantation of muscle-derived stem cells expressing bone morphogenetic protein 4 and soluble Flt-1. Arthritis Rheum 60(5): 1390-1405.
124. McGonagle D, Tan AL, Carey J, Benjamin M (2010) The anatomical basis for a novel classification of osteoarthritis and allied disorders. J Anat 216(3): 279-291.
125. Melchiorri C, Meliconi R, Frizziero L, Silvestri T, Pulsatelli L, Mazzetti I, Borzi RM, Uguccioni M, Facchini A (1998) Enhanced and coordinated in vivo expression of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide synthase by chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 41(12): 2165-2174.
126. Merz D, Liu R, Johnson K, Terkeltaub R (2003) IL-8/CXCL8 and growth-related oncogene alpha/CXCL1 induce chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation. J Immunol 171(8): 4406-4415.
127. Messent EA, Ward RJ, Tonkin CJ, Buckland-Wright C (2005) Cancellous bone differences between knees with early, definite and advanced joint space loss; a comparative quantitative macroradiographic study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13(1): 39-47.
128. Mistry D, Oue Y, Chambers MG, Kayser MV, Mason RM (2004) Chondrocyte death during murine osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12(2): 131-141.
129. Miyazaki T, Wada M, Kawahara H, Sato M, Baba H, Shimada S (2002) Dynamic load at baseline can predict radiographic disease progression in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 61(7): 617-622.
130. Mollenhauer JA (2011) Closing ranks: the chondrocytes' move in bad times or biomechanical job sharing? Arthritis Rheum 63(6): 1475-1476.
131. Moore EE, Bendele AM, Thompson DL, Littau A, Waggie KS, Reardon B, Ellsworth JL (2005) Fibroblast growth factor-18 stimulates chondrogenesis and cartilage repair in a rat model of injury-induced osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13(7): 623-631.
132. Mow VC, Kuei SC, Lai WM, Armstrong CG (1980) Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilage in compression? Theory and experiments. J Biomech Eng 102(1): 73-84.
133. Murphy G, Nagase H (2008) Reappraising metalloproteinases in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: destruction or repair? Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 4(3): 128-135.
134. Muthuri SG, McWilliams DF, Doherty M, Zhang W (2011) History of knee injuries and knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Osteoarthr Cartil [Epub ahead of print].
135. Myers SL, Flusser D, Brandt KD, Heck DA (1992) Prevalence of cartilage shards in synovium and their association with synovitis in patients with early and endstage osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 19(8): 1247-1251.
136. Neame RL, Muir K, Doherty S, Doherty M (2004) Genetic risk of knee osteoarthritis: a sibling study. Ann Rheum Dis 63(9): 1022-1027.
137. Neogi T, Felson D, Niu J, Lynch J, Nevitt M, Guermazi A, Roemer F, Lewis CE, Wallace B, Zhang Y (2009) Cartilage loss occurs in the same subregions as subchondral bone attrition: a within-knee subregion-matched approach from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum 61(11): 1539-1544.
138. Neogi T, Nevitt M, Niu J, Sharma L, Roemer F, Guermazi A, Lewis CE, Torner J, Javaid K, Felson D (2010) Subchondral bone attrition may be a reflection of compartment-specific mechanical load: the MOST Study. Ann Rheum Dis 69(5): 841-844.
139. Neogi T, Zhang Y (2011) Osteoarthritis prevention. Curr Opin Rheumatol 23(2): 185-191.
140. Niemeyer P, Schmal H, Hauschild O, von Heyden J, Sudkamp NP, Kostler W (2010) Open-wedge osteotomy using an internal plate fixator in patients with medial-compartment gonarthritis and varus malalignment: 3-year results with regard to preoperative arthroscopic and radiographic findings. Arthroscopy 26(12): 1607-1616.
141. Noble J, Hamblen DL (1975) The pathology of the degenerate meniscus lesion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 57(2): 180-186.
142. Noble J, Turner PG (1986) The function, pathology, and surgery of the meniscus. Clin Orthop Relat Res 210: 62-68.
143. Oakley SP, Portek I, Szomor Z, Appleyard RC, Ghosh P, Kirkham BW, Murrell GA, Lassere MN (2005) Arthroscopy-a potential "gold standard" for the diagnosis of the chondropathy of early osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13(5): 368-378.
144. Oegema T, Visco D (1999) Animal models of osteoarthritis. Animal models in orthopaedic research. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
145. Oehler S, Neureiter D, Meyer-Scholten C, Aigner T (2002) Subtyping of osteoarthritic synoviopathy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 20(5): 633-640.
146. Offit K (2011) Personalized medicine: new genomics, old lessons. Hum Genet 130(1): 3-14.
147. Olivotto E, Vitellozzi R, Fernandez P, Falcieri E, Battistelli M, Burattini S, Facchini A, Flamigni F, Santi S, Borzi RM (2007) Chondrocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis induced by GROalpha require three-dimensional interaction with the extracellular matrix and a co-receptor role of chondroitin sulfate and are associated with the mitochondrial splicing variant of cathepsin B. J Cell Physiol 210(2): 417-427.
148. Orita S, Koshi T, Mitsuka T, Miyagi M, Inoue G, Arai G, Ishikawa T, Hanaoka E, Yamashita K, Yamashita M, Eguchi Y, Toyone T, Takahashi K, Ohtori S (2011) Associations between proinflammatory cytokines in the synovial fluid and radiographic grading and pain-related scores in 47 consecutive patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 12: 144.
149. Patra D, Sandell LJ (2011) Recent advances in biomarkers in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 23(5): 465-470.
150. Pauli C, Grogan SP, Patil S, Otsuki S, Hasegawa A, Koziol J, Lotz MK, D'Lima DD (2011) Macroscopic and histopathologic analysis of human knee menisci in aging and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. doi: 10. 1016/j. joca. 2011. 05. 008.
151. Penzo M, Massa PE, Olivotto E, Bianchi F, Borzi RM, Hanidu A, Li X, Li J, Marcu KB (2009) Sustained NF-kappaB activation produces a short-term cell proliferation block in conjunction with repressing effectors of cell cycle progression controlled by E2F or FoxM1. J Cell Physiol 218(1): 215-227.
152. Poole R, Blake S, Buschmann M, Goldring S, Laverty S, Lockwood S, Matyas J, McDougall J, Pritzker K, Rudolphi K, van den Berg W, Yaksh T (2010) Recommendations for the use of preclinical models in the study and treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil 18(Suppl 3): S10-S16.
153. Pritzker KP, Gay S, Jimenez SA, Ostergaard K, Pelletier JP, Revell PA, Salter D, van den Berg WB (2006) Osteoarthritis cartilage histopathology: grading and staging. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 14(1): 13-29.
154. Radin EL, Paul IL, Rose RM (1972) Role of mechanical factors in pathogenesis of primary osteoarthritis. Lancet (7749): 519-522.
155. Radin EL, Paul IL, Tolkoff MJ (1970) Subchondral bone changes in patients with early degenerative joint disease. Arthritis Rheum 13(4): 400-405.
156. Radin EL, Rose RM (1986) Role of subchondral bone in the initiation and progression of cartilage damage. Clin Orthop Relat Res (213): 34-40.
157. Riyami M, Rolf C (2009) Evaluation of microfracture of traumatic chondral injuries to the knee in professional football and rugby players. J Orthop Surg Res 4: 13.
158. Rolauffs B, Rothdiener M, Bahrs C, Badke A, Weise K, Kuettner KE, Kurz B, Aurich M, Grodzinsky AJ, Aicher WK (2011) Onset of preclinical osteoarthritis: the angular spatial organization permits early diagnosis. Arthritis Rheum 63(6): 1637-1647.
159. Roos EM, Herzog W, Block JA, Bennell KL (2011) Muscle weakness, afferent sensory dysfunction and exercise in knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(1): 57-63.
160. Roos H, Adalberth T, Dahlberg L, Lohmander LS (1995) Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 3(4): 261-267.
161. Rupp S, Seil R, Kohn D (2002) Meniscus lesions. Orthopade 31(8): 812-828.
162. Sagar DR, Staniaszek LE, Okine BN, Woodhams S, Norris LM, Pearson RG, Garle MJ, Alexander SP, Bennett AJ, Barrett DA, Kendall DA, Scammell BE, Chapman V (2010) Tonic modulation of spinal hyperexcitability by the endocannabinoid receptor system in a rat model of osteoarthritis pain. Arthritis Rheum 62(12): 3666-3676.
163. Saito T, Fukai A, Mabuchi A, Ikeda T, Yano F, Ohba S, Nishida N, Akune T, Yoshimura N, Nakagawa T, Nakamura K, Tokunaga K, Chung UI, Kawaguchi H (2010) Transcriptional regulation of endochondral ossification by HIF-2alpha during skeletal growth and osteoarthritis development. Nat Med 16(6): 678-686.
164. Sambrook PN, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD (1999) Genetic influences on cervical and lumbar disc degeneration: a magnetic resonance imaging study in twins. Arthritis Rheum 42(2): 366-372.
165. Schaffler MB, Radin EL, Burr DB (1989) Mechanical and morphological effects of strain rate on fatigue of compact bone. Bone 10(3): 207-214.
166. Segal NA, Torner JC, Felson D, Niu J, Sharma L, Lewis CE, Nevitt M (2009) Effect of thigh strength on incident radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in a longitudinal cohort. Arthritis Rheum 61(9): 1210-1217.
167. Sellam J, Berenbaum F (2010) The role of synovitis in pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 6(11): 625-635.
168. Shane Anderson A, Loeser RF (2010) Why is osteoarthritis an age-related disease? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 24(1): 15-26.
169. Sharma L, Kapoor D, Issa S (2006) Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol 18(2): 147-156.
170. Sharma L, Song J, Felson DT, Cahue S, Shamiyeh E, Dunlop DD (2001) The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. JAMA 286(2): 188-195.
171. Slemenda C, Heilman DK, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Mazzuca SA, Braunstein EM, Byrd D (1998) Reduced quadriceps strength relative to body weight: a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis in women? Arthritis Rheum 41(11): 1951-1959.
172. Sokoloff L (1993) Microcracks in the calcified layer of articular cartilage. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117(2): 191-195.
173. Sommerlath K (1989) The importance of the meniscus in unstable knees. A comparative study. Am J Sports Med 17(6): 773-777.
174. Stecher RM (1941) Heberden's nodes: heredity in hypertrophic arthritis of the finger joints. Am J Med Sci 201: 801-809.
175. Strassle BW, Mark L, Leventhal L, Piesla MJ, Jian Li X, Kennedy JD, Glasson SS, Whiteside GT (2010) Inhibition of osteoclasts prevents cartilage loss and pain in a rat model of degenerative joint disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18(10): 1319-1328.
176. Taljanovic MS, Graham AR, Benjamin JB, Gmitro AF, Krupinski EA, Schwartz SA, Hunter TB, Resnick DL (2008) Bone marrow edema pattern in advanced hip osteoarthritis: quantitative assessment with magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with clinical examination, radiographic findings, and histopathology. Skeletal Radiol 37(5): 423-431.
177. Tanamas S, Hanna FS, Cicuttini FM, Wluka AE, Berry P, Urquhart DM (2009) Does knee malalignment increase the risk of development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review. Arthritis Rheum 61(4): 459-467.
178. Thambyah A, Broom N (2009) On new bone formation in the pre-osteoarthritic joint. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 17(4): 456-463.
179. Valdes AM, Doherty M, Spector TD (2008) The additive effect of individual genes in predicting risk of knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 67(1): 124-127.
180. Valdes AM, Spector TD (2009) The contribution of genes to osteoarthritis. Med Clin North Am 93(1): 45-66.
181. Valdes AM, Spector TD (2010) The clinical relevance of genetic susceptibility to osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 24(1): 3-14.
182. Valdes AM, Spector TD (2010) Genetic epidemiology of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(1): 23-32.
183. Valdes AM, Spector TD (2010) The genetic epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 22(2): 139-143.
184. Valdes AM, Spector TD (2011) Genetic epidemiology of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(1): 23-32.
185. van den Berg WB (2011) Osteoarthritis year 2010 in review: pathomechanisms. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 19(4): 338-341.
186. van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB (2008) Osteoarthritis in the context of ageing and evolution. Loss of chondrocyte differentiation block during ageing. Ageing Res Rev 7(2): 106-113.
187. van Meurs JB, Uitterlinden AG, Stolk L, Kerkhof HJ, Hofman A, Pols HA, Bierma-Zeinstra SM (2009) A functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene is associated with osteoarthritis-related pain. Arthritis Rheum 60(2): 628-629.
188. Vanden Berg-Foels WS, Schwager SJ, Todhunter RJ, Reeves AP (2011) Femoral head shape differences during development may identify hips at risk of degeneration. Ann Biomed Eng. doi: 10. 1007/s10439-011-0393-3.
189. Vener MJ, Thompson RC Jr, Lewis JL, Oegema TR Jr (1992) Subchondral damage after acute transarticular loading: an in vitro model of joint injury. J Orthop Res 10(6): 759-765.
190. Venkatesan N, Barre L, Magdalou J, Mainard D, Netter P, Fournel-Gigleux S, Ouzzine M (2009) Modulation of xylosyltransferase I expression provides a mechanism regulating glycosaminoglycan chain synthesis during cartilage destruction and repair. FASEB J 23(3): 813-822.
191. Verma P, Dalal K (2011) ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5: key enzymes in osteoarthritis. J Cell Biochem. doi: 10. 1002/jcb. 23298.
192. Vignon E, Arlot M, Hartmann D, Moyen B, Ville G (1983) Hypertrophic repair of articular cartilage in experimental osteoarthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 42(1): 82-88.
193. Vignon E, Bejui J, Mathieu P, Hartmann JD, Ville G, Evreux JC, Descotes J (1987) Histological cartilage changes in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 14(Spec No): 104-106.
194. Vincenti MP, Brinckerhoff CE (2002) Transcriptional regulation of collagenase (MMP-1, MMP-13) genes in arthritis: integration of complex signaling pathways for the recruitment of gene-specific transcription factors. Arthritis Res 4(3): 157-164.
195. Vogel WF, Abdulhussein R, Ford CE (2006) Sensing extracellular matrix: an update on discoidin domain receptor function. Cell Signal 18(8): 1108-1116.
196. von der Mark K, Kirsch T, Nerlich A, Kuss A, Weseloh G, Gluckert K, Stoss H (1992) Type X collagen synthesis in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Indication of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Arthritis Rheum 35(7): 806-811.
197. Wang SX, Laverty S, Dumitriu M, Plaas A, Grynpas MD (2007) The effects of glucosamine hydrochloride on subchondral bone changes in an animal model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 56(5): 1537-1548.
198. Wang Y, Dempsey AR, Lloyd DG, Mills PM, Wrigley T, Bennell KL, Metcalf B, Hanna F, Cicuttini FM (2011) Patellofemoral and tibiofemoral articular cartilage and subchondral bone health following arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. doi: 10. 1007/s00167-011-1681-z.
199. Wieland HA, Michaelis M, Kirschbaum BJ, Rudolphi KA (2005) Osteoarthritis-an untreatable disease? Nat Rev Drug Discov 4(4): 331-344.
200. Xu L, Servais J, Polur I, Kim D, Lee PL, Chung K, Li Y (2010) Attenuation of osteoarthritis progression by reduction of discoidin domain receptor 2 in mice. Arthritis Rheum 62(9): 2736-2744.
201. Zhang Y, Jordan JM (2008) Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 34(3): 515-529.
202. Zhang Y, Jordan JM (2010) Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Clin Geriatr Med 26(3): 355-369.