Cell polarization in budding and fission yeasts

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 228-253

  Martin, Sophie G ^a   Arkowitz, Robert A ^b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D'AZUR   (France)

^c CENTRE DE BIOCHIMIE   (France)

^d INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

Cytoskeleton; Fungi; Membrane trafficking; Polarization; Rho GTPases; Yeast

Indexed keywords

GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPID; RHO GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; SCAFFOLD PROTEIN; SPHINGOLIPID; STEROL;

ARTICLE; CELL COMPARTMENTALIZATION; CELL SHAPE; CYTOSKELETON; ENDOCYTOSIS; EXOCYTOSIS; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FUNGAL CELL; FUNGUS GROWTH; LIPID MEMBRANE; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; POLARIZATION; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE;

ASCOMYCOTA; FUNGI; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SACCHAROMYCETALES; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCETACEAE;

CYTOSKELETON; FUNGI; MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING; POLARIZATION; RHO GTPASES; YEAST;

CELL POLARITY; CELL SHAPE; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES;

EID: 84896724363     PISSN: 01686445     EISSN: 15746976     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12055     Document Type: Article

References (292)

1. Adams AE, Johnson DI, Longnecker RM, Sloat BF & Pringle JR (1990) CDC42 and CDC43, two additional genes involved in budding and the establishment of cell polarity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 111: 131-142.
2. Almonacid M, Moseley JB, Janvore J, Mayeux A, Fraisier V, Nurse P & Paoletti A (2009) Spatial control of cytokinesis by Cdr2 kinase and Mid1/anillin nuclear export. Curr Biol 19: 961-966.
3. Alvarez-Tabares I, Grallert A, Ortiz JM & Hagan IM (2007) Schizosaccharomyces pombe protein phosphatase 1 in mitosis, endocytosis and a partnership with Wsh3/Tea4 to control polarised growth. J Cell Sci 120: 3589-3601.
4. Arellano M, Duran A & Perez P (1996) Rho 1 GTPase activates the (1-3)beta-D-glucan synthase and is involved in Schizosaccharomyces pombe morphogenesis. EMBO J 15: 4584-4591.
5. Arellano M, Niccoli T & Nurse P (2002) Tea3p is a cell end marker activating polarized growth in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Curr Biol 12: 751-756.
6. Audhya A & Emr SD (2002) Stt4 PI 4-kinase localizes to the plasma membrane and functions in the Pkc1-mediated MAP kinase cascade. Dev Cell 2: 593-605.
7. Ayscough KR, Stryker J, Pokala N, Sanders M, Crews P & Drubin DG (1997) High rates of actin filament turnover in budding yeast and roles for actin in establishment and maintenance of cell polarity revealed using the actin inhibitor latrunculin-A. J Cell Biol 137: 399-416.
8. Bagnat M & Simons K (2002) Cell surface polarization during yeast mating. P Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 14183-14188.
9. Bahler J & Pringle JR (1998) Pom1p, a fission yeast protein kinase that provides positional information for both polarized growth and cytokinesis. Genes Dev 12: 1356-1370.
10. Balasubramanian MK, Helfman DM & Hemmingsen SM (1992) A new tropomyosin essential for cytokinesis in the fission yeast S. pombe. Nature 360: 84-87.
11. Barral Y, Mermall V, Mooseker MS & Snyder M (2000) Compartmentalization of the cell cortex by septins is required for maintenance of cell polarity in yeast. Mol Cell 5: 841-851.
12. Bauer Y, Knechtle P, Wendland J, Helfer H & Philippsen P (2004) A Ras-like GTPase is involved in hyphal growth guidance in the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. Mol Biol Cell 15: 4622-4632.
13. Beh CT & Rine J (2004) A role for yeast oxysterol-binding protein homologs in endocytosis and in the maintenance of intracellular sterol-lipid distribution. J Cell Sci 117: 2983-2996.
14. Bender L, Lo HS, Lee H, Kokojan V, Peterson V & Bender A (1996) Associations among PH and SH3 domain-containing proteins and Rho-type GTPases in Yeast. J Cell Biol 133: 879-894.
15. Bendezu FO & Martin SG (2011) Actin cables and the exocyst form two independent morphogenesis pathways in the fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 22: 44-53.
16. Bendezu FO & Martin SG (2012) Cdc42 oscillations in yeasts. Sci Signal 5: pe53.
17. Bendezu FO & Martin SG (2013) Cdc42 explores the cell periphery for mate selection in fission yeast. Curr Biol 23: 42-47.
18. Bendezu FO, Vincenzetti V & Martin SG (2012) Fission yeast Sec3 and Exo70 are transported on actin cables and localize the exocyst complex to cell poles. PLoS One 7: e40248.
19. Berlin A, Paoletti A & Chang F (2003) Mid2p stabilizes septin rings during cytokinesis in fission yeast. J Cell Biol 160: 1083-1092.
20. Berro J, Sirotkin V & Pollard TD (2010) Mathematical modeling of endocytic actin patch kinetics in fission yeast: disassembly requires release of actin filament fragments. Mol Biol Cell 21: 2905-2915.
21. Bertin A, McMurray MA, Grob P, et al. (2008) Saccharomyces cerevisiae septins: supramolecular organization of heterooligomers and the mechanism of filament assembly. P Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 8274-8279.
22. Bertin A, McMurray MA, Thai L, et al. (2010) Phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate promotes budding yeast septin filament assembly and organization. J Mol Biol 404: 711-731.
23. Bertin A, McMurray MA, Pierson J, et al. (2012) Three-dimensional ultrastructure of the septin filament network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 23: 423-432.
24. Bhatia P, Hachet O, Hersch M, Rincon SA, Berthelot-Grosjean M, Dalessi S, Basterra L, Bergmann S, Paoletti A & Martin SG (2014) Distinct levels in Pom1 gradients limit Cdr2 activity and localization to time and position division. Cell Cycle 13. PMID: 24316795.
25. Bi E & Park HO (2012) Cell polarization and cytokinesis in budding yeast. Genetics 191: 347-387.
26. Bicho CC, Kelly DA, Snaith HA, Goryachev AB & Sawin KE (2010) A catalytic role for Mod5 in the formation of the Tea1 cell polarity landmark. Curr Biol 20: 1752-1757.
27. Bieling P, Laan L, Schek H, et al. (2007) Reconstitution of a microtubule plus-end tracking system in vitro. Nature 450: 1100-1105.
28. Bohnert KA & Gould KL (2012) Cytokinesis-based constraints on polarized cell growth in fission yeast. PLoS Genet 8: e1003004.
29. Bose I, Irazoqui JE, Moskow JJ, Bardes ES, Zyla TR & Lew DJ (2001) Assembly of scaffold-mediated complexes containing Cdc42p, the exchange factor Cdc24p, and the effector Cla4p required for cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of Cdc24p. J Biol Chem 276: 7176-7186.
30. Busch KE & Brunner D (2004) The microtubule plus end-tracking proteins mal3p and tip1p cooperate for cell-end targeting of interphase microtubules. Curr Biol 14: 548-559.
31. Busch KE, Hayles J, Nurse P & Brunner D (2004) Tea2p kinesin is involved in spatial microtubule organization by transporting tip1p on microtubules. Dev Cell 6: 831-843.
32. Butty AC, Pryciak PM, Huang LS, Herskowitz I & Peter M (1998) The role of Far1p in linking the heterotrimeric G protein to polarity establishment proteins during yeast mating. Science 282: 1511-1516.
33. Butty AC, Perrinjaquet N, Petit A, et al. (2002) A positive feedback loop stabilizes the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Cdc24 at sites of polarization. EMBO J 21: 1565-1576.
34. Byers B & Goetsch L (1976) A highly ordered ring of membrane-associated filaments in budding yeast. J Cell Biol 69: 717-721.
35. Calonge TM, Arellano M, Coll PM & Perez P (2003) Rga5p is a specific Rho1p GTPase-activating protein that regulates cell integrity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Microbiol 47: 507-518.
36. Casamayor A & Snyder M (2003) Molecular dissection of a yeast septin: distinct domains are required for septin interaction, localization, and function. Mol Cell Biol 23: 2762-2777.
37. Caviston JP, Longtine M, Pringle JR & Bi E (2003) The role of Cdc42p GTPase-activating proteins in assembly of the septin ring in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 14: 4051-4066.
38. Celton-Morizur S, Racine V, Sibarita JB & Paoletti A (2006) Pom1 kinase links division plane position to cell polarity by regulating Mid1p cortical distribution. J Cell Sci 119: 4710-4718.
39. Chang EC, Barr M, Wang Y, Jung V, Xu HP & Wigler MH (1994) Cooperative interaction of S. pombe proteins required for mating and morphogenesis. Cell 79: 131-141.
40. Chant J & Herskowitz I (1991) Genetic control of bud site selection in yeast by a set of gene products that constitute a morphogenetic pathway. Cell 65: 1203-1212.
41. Chant J & Pringle JR (1995) Patterns of bud-site selection in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 129: 751-765.
42. Chant J, Corrado K, Pringle JR & Herskowitz I (1991) Yeast BUD5, encoding a putative GDP-GTP exchange factor, is necessary for bud site selection and interacts with bud formation gene BEM1. Cell 65: 1213-1224.
43. Chardin P, Boquet P, Madaule P, Popoff MR, Rubin EJ & Gill DM (1989) The mammalian G protein rhoC is ADP-ribosylated by Clostridium botulinum exoenzyme C3 and affects actin microfilaments in Vero cells. EMBO J 8: 1087-1092.
44. Chen T, Hiroko T, Chaudhuri A, et al. (2000) Multigenerational cortical inheritance of the Rax2 protein in orienting polarity and division in yeast. Science 290: 1975-1978.
45. Chen H, Kuo CC, Kang H, Howell AS, Zyla TR, Jin M & Lew DJ (2012) Cdc42p regulation of the yeast formin Bni1p mediated by the effector Gic2p. Mol Biol Cell 23: 3814-3826.
46. Chesarone M, Gould CJ, Moseley JB & Goode BL (2009) Displacement of formins from growing barbed ends by bud14 is critical for actin cable architecture and function. Dev Cell 16: 292-302.
47. Choi E, Lee K & Song K (2006) Function of rax2p in the polarized growth of fission yeast. Mol Cells 22: 146-153.
48. Cid VJ, Adamikova L, Sanchez M, Molina M & Nombela C (2001) Cell cycle control of septin ring dynamics in the budding yeast. Microbiology 147: 1437-1450.
49. Coelho M, Dereli A, Haese A, et al. (2013) Fission Yeast Does Not Age under Favorable Conditions, but Does So after Stress. Curr Biol 23: 1844-1852.
50. Coll PM, Trillo Y, Ametzazurra A & Perez P (2003) Gef1p, a new guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Cdc42p, regulates polarity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Biol Cell 14: 313-323.
51. Cosma MP (2004) Daughter-specific repression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HO: Ash1 is the commander. EMBO Rep 5: 953-957.
52. Cottrell SF, Getz GS & Rabinowitz M (1981) Phospholipid accumulation during the cell cycle in synchronous cultures of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 256: 10973-10978.
53. Cullen PJ & Sprague GF Jr (2002) The Glc7p-interacting protein Bud14p attenuates polarized growth, pheromone response, and filamentous growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 1: 884-894.
54. Daga RR & Nurse P (2008) Interphase microtubule bundles use global cell shape to guide spindle alignment in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 121: 1973-1980.
55. Das M, Wiley DJ, Medina S, Vincent HA, Larrea M, Oriolo A & Verde F (2007) Regulation of cell diameter, For3p localization, and cell symmetry by fission yeast Rho-GAP Rga4p. Mol Biol Cell 18: 2090-2101.
56. Das A, Slaughter BD, Unruh JR, Bradford WD, Alexander R, Rubinstein B & Li R (2012a) Flippase-mediated phospholipid asymmetry promotes fast Cdc42 recycling in dynamic maintenance of cell polarity. Nat Cell Biol 14: 304-310.
57. Das M, Drake T, Wiley DJ, Buchwald P, Vavylonis D & Verde F (2012b) Oscillatory dynamics of Cdc42 GTPase in the control of polarized growth. Science 337: 239-243.
58. DeMay BS, Bai X, Howard L, et al. (2011) Septin filaments exhibit a dynamic, paired organization that is conserved from yeast to mammals. J Cell Biol 193: 1065-1081.
59. Desrivieres S, Cooke FT, Parker PJ & Hall MN (1998) MSS4, a phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase required for organization of the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 273: 15787-15793.
60. Dobbelaere J & Barral Y (2004) Spatial coordination of cytokinetic events by compartmentalization of the cell cortex. Science 305: 393-396.
61. Dobbelaere J, Gentry MS, Hallberg RL & Barral Y (2003) Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of septin dynamics during the cell cycle. Dev Cell 4: 345-357.
62. Dodgson J, Chessel A, Yamamoto M, et al. (2013) Spatial segregation of polarity factors into distinct cortical clusters is required for cell polarity control. Nat Commun 4: 1834.
63. Dong Y, Pruyne D & Bretscher A (2003) Formin-dependent actin assembly is regulated by distinct modes of Rho signaling in yeast. J Cell Biol 161: 1081-1092.
64. Drgonova J, Drgon T, Tanaka K, et al. (1996) Rho1p, a yeast protein at the interface between cell polarization and morphogenesis. Science 272: 277-279.
65. Endo M, Shirouzu M & Yokoyama S (2003) The Cdc42 binding and scaffolding activities of the fission yeast adaptor protein Scd2. J Biol Chem 278: 843-852.
66. Evangelista M, Blundell K, Longtine MS, et al. (1997) Bni1p, a yeast formin linking cdc42p and the actin cytoskeleton during polarized morphogenesis. Science 276: 118-122.
67. Fairn GD, Hermansson M, Somerharju P & Grinstein S (2011) Phosphatidylserine is polarized and required for proper Cdc42 localization and for development of cell polarity. Nat Cell Biol 13: 1424-1430.
68. Fay JC & Benavides JA (2005) Evidence for domesticated and wild populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 1: 66-71.
69. Feierbach B & Chang F (2001) Roles of the fission yeast formin for3p in cell polarity, actin cable formation and symmetric cell division. Curr Biol 11: 1656-1665.
70. Feierbach B, Verde F & Chang F (2004) Regulation of a formin complex by the microtubule plus end protein tea1p. J Cell Biol 165: 697-707.
71. Frazier JA, Wong ML, Longtine MS, Pringle JR, Mann M, Mitchison TJ & Field C (1998) Polymerization of purified yeast septins: evidence that organized filament arrays may not be required for septin function. J Cell Biol 143: 737-749.
72. Freisinger T, Klunder B, Johnson J, et al. (2013) Establishment of a robust single axis of cell polarity by coupling multiple positive feedback loops. Nat Commun 4: 1807.
73. Friant S, Lombardi R, Schmelzle T, Hall MN & Riezman H (2001) Sphingoid base signaling via Pkh kinases is required for endocytosis in yeast. EMBO J 20: 6783-6792.
74. Fujita A, Oka C, Arikawa Y, Katagai T, Tonouchi A, Kuhara S & Misumi Y (1994) A yeast gene necessary for bud-site selection encodes a protein similar to insulin-degrading enzymes. Nature 372: 567-570.
75. Fujita A, Lord M, Hiroko T, et al. (2004) Rax1, a protein required for the establishment of the bipolar budding pattern in yeast. Gene 327: 161-169.
76. Fujiwara T, Tanaka K, Mino A, Kikyo M, Takahashi K, Shimizu K & Takai Y (1998) Rho1p-Bni1p-Spa2p interactions: implication in localization of Bni1p at the bud site and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 9: 1221-1233.
77. Fukui Y & Yamamoto M (1988) Isolation and characterization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants phenotypically similar to ras1. Mol Gen Genet 215: 26-31.
78. Fukui Y, Kozasa T, Kaziro Y, Takeda T & Yamamoto M (1986) Role of a ras homolog in the life cycle of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell 44: 329-336.
79. Gachet Y, Tournier S, Millar JB & Hyams JS (2001) A MAP kinase-dependent actin checkpoint ensures proper spindle orientation in fission yeast. Nature 412: 352-355.
80. Galletta BJ & Cooper JA (2009) Actin and endocytosis: mechanisms and phylogeny. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21: 20-27.
81. Gao L & Bretscher A (2009) Polarized growth in budding yeast in the absence of a localized formin. Mol Biol Cell 20: 2540-2548.
82. Garcia P, Tajadura V, Garcia I & Sanchez Y (2006) Rgf1p is a specific Rho1-GEF that coordinates cell polarization with cell wall biogenesis in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 17: 1620-1631.
83. Garcia P, Garcia I, Marcos F, de Garibay GR & Sanchez Y (2009) Fission yeast rgf2p is a rho1p guanine nucleotide exchange factor required for spore wall maturation and for the maintenance of cell integrity in the absence of rgf1p. Genetics 181: 1321-1334.
84. Garrenton LS, Stefan CJ, McMurray MA, Emr SD & Thorner J (2010) Pheromone-induced anisotropy in yeast plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate distribution is required for MAPK signaling. P Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 11805-11810.
85. Gehlen LR, Nagai S, Shimada K, Meister P, Taddei A & Gasser SM (2011) Nuclear geometry and rapid mitosis ensure asymmetric episome segregation in yeast. Curr Biol 21: 25-33.
86. Gladfelter AS, Moskow JJ, Zyla TR & Lew DJ (2001) Isolation and characterization of effector-loop mutants of CDC42 in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 12: 1239-1255.
87. Gladfelter AS, Bose I, Zyla TR, Bardes ES & Lew DJ (2002) Septin ring assembly involves cycles of GTP loading and hydrolysis by Cdc42p. J Cell Biol 156: 315-326.
88. Gladfelter AS, Zyla TR & Lew DJ (2004) Genetic interactions among regulators of septin organization. Eukaryot Cell 3: 847-854.
89. Goryachev AB & Pokhilko AV (2008) Dynamics of Cdc42 network embodies a Turing-type mechanism of yeast cell polarity. FEBS Lett 582: 1437-1443.
90. Grallert A, Patel A, Tallada VA, et al. (2013) Centrosomal MPF triggers the mitotic and morphogenetic switches of fission yeast. Nat Cell Biol 15: 88-95.
91. Guillas I, Vernay A, Vitagliano JJ & Arkowitz RA (2013) Phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate is required for invasive growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 126: 3602-3614.
92. Gulli MP, Jaquenoud M, Shimada Y, Niederhauser G, Wiget P & Peter M (2000) Phosphorylation of the Cdc42 exchange factor Cdc24 by the PAK-like kinase Cla4 may regulate polarized growth in yeast. Mol Cell 6: 1155-1167.
93. Guo W, Tamanoi F & Novick P (2001) Spatial regulation of the exocyst complex by Rho1 GTPase. Nat Cell Biol 3: 353-360.
94. Guo Y, Au WC, Shakoury-Elizeh M, Protchenko O, Basrai M, Prinz WA & Philpott CC (2010) Phosphatidylserine is involved in the ferrichrome-induced plasma membrane trafficking of Arn1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 285: 39564-39573.
95. Hachet O, Berthelot-Grosjean M, Kokkoris K, Vincenzetti V, Moosbrugger J & Martin SG (2011) A phosphorylation cycle shapes gradients of the DYRK family kinase Pom1 at the plasma membrane. Cell 145: 1116-1128.
96. Hallett MA, Lo HS & Bender A (2002) Probing the importance and potential roles of the binding of the PH-domain protein Boi1 to acidic phospholipids. BMC Cell Biol 3: 16.
97. Hannich JT, Umebayashi K & Riezman H (2011) Distribution and functions of sterols and sphingolipids. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol 3. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004762.
98. Harkins HA, Page N, Schenkman LR, De Virgilio C, Shaw S, Bussey H & Pringle JR (2001) Bud8p and Bud9p, proteins that may mark the sites for bipolar budding in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 12: 2497-2518.
99. He B, Xi F, Zhang X, Zhang J & Guo W (2007) Exo70 interacts with phospholipids and mediates the targeting of the exocyst to the plasma membrane. EMBO J 26: 4053-4065.
100. Heckman DS, Geiser DM, Eidell BR, Stauffer RL, Kardos NL & Hedges SB (2001) Molecular evidence for the early colonization of land by fungi and plants. Science 293: 1129-1133.
101. Heese-Peck A, Pichler H, Zanolari B, Watanabe R, Daum G & Riezman H (2002) Multiple functions of sterols in yeast endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 13: 2664-2680.
102. Hofken T & Schiebel E (2002) A role for cell polarity proteins in mitotic exit. EMBO J 21: 4851-4862.
103. Homma K, Terui S, Minemura M, Qadota H, Anraku Y, Kanaho Y & Ohya Y (1998) Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase localized on the plasma membrane is essential for yeast cell morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 273: 15779-15786.
104. Howell AS, Jin M, Wu CF, Zyla TR, Elston TC & Lew DJ (2012) Negative feedback enhances robustness in the yeast polarity establishment circuit. Cell 149: 322-333.
105. Huang Y, Chew TG, Ge W & Balasubramanian MK (2007) Polarity determinants Tea1p, Tea4p, and Pom1p inhibit division-septum assembly at cell ends in fission yeast. Dev Cell 12: 987-996.
106. Huckaba TM, Gay AC, Pantalena LF, Yang HC & Pon LA (2004) Live cell imaging of the assembly, disassembly, and actin cable-dependent movement of endosomes and actin patches in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 167: 519-530.
107. Huffaker TC, Thomas JH & Botstein D (1988) Diverse effects of beta-tubulin mutations on microtubule formation and function. J Cell Biol 106: 1997-2010.
108. Imamura H, Tanaka K, Hihara T, et al. (1997) Bni1p and Bnr1p: downstream targets of the Rho family small G-proteins which interact with profilin and regulate actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 16: 2745-2755.
109. Irazoqui JE, Gladfelter AS & Lew DJ (2003) Scaffold-mediated symmetry breaking by Cdc42p. Nat Cell Biol 5: 1062-1070.
110. Irazoqui JE, Howell AS, Theesfeld CL & Lew DJ (2005) Opposing roles for actin in Cdc42p polarization. Mol Biol Cell 16: 1296-1304.
111. Iwaki T, Iefuji H, Hiraga Y, Hosomi A, Morita T, Giga-Hama Y & Takegawa K (2008) Multiple functions of ergosterol in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Microbiology 154: 830-841.
112. Iwamoto K, Kobayashi S, Fukuda R, Umeda M, Kobayashi T & Ohta A (2004) Local exposure of phosphatidylethanolamine on the yeast plasma membrane is implicated in cell polarity. Genes Cells 9: 891-903.
113. Iwase M, Luo J, Nagaraj S, et al. (2006) Role of a Cdc42p effector pathway in recruitment of the yeast septins to the presumptive bud site. Mol Biol Cell 17: 1110-1125.
114. Jacobs CW, Adams AE, Szaniszlo PJ & Pringle JR (1988) Functions of microtubules in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. J Cell Biol 107: 1409-1426.
115. Jin H, McCaffery JM & Grote E (2008) Ergosterol promotes pheromone signaling and plasma membrane fusion in mating yeast. J Cell Biol 180: 813-826.
116. Johnson ES & Blobel G (1999) Cell cycle-regulated attachment of the ubiquitin-related protein SUMO to the yeast septins. J Cell Biol 147: 981-994.
117. Johnson ES & Gupta AA (2001) An E3-like factor that promotes SUMO conjugation to the yeast septins. Cell 106: 735-744.
118. Johnson DI & Pringle JR (1990) Molecular characterization of CDC42, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene involved in the development of cell polarity. J Cell Biol 111: 143-152.
119. Johnston GC, Prendergast JA & Singer RA (1991) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae MYO2 gene encodes an essential myosin for vectorial transport of vesicles. J Cell Biol 113: 539-551.
120. Jose M, Tollis S, Nair D, Sibarita JB & McCusker D (2013) Robust polarity establishment occurs via an endocytosis-based cortical corralling mechanism. J Cell Biol 200: 407-418.
121. Kadota J, Yamamoto T, Yoshiuchi S, Bi E & Tanaka K (2004) Septin ring assembly requires concerted action of polarisome components, a PAK kinase Cla4p, and the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 15: 5329-5345.
122. Kang PJ, Sanson A, Lee B & Park HO (2001) A GDP/GTP exchange factor involved in linking a spatial landmark to cell polarity. Science 292: 1376-1378.
123. Kang PJ, Angerman E, Nakashima K, Pringle JR & Park HO (2004) Interactions among Rax1p, Rax2p, Bud8p, and Bud9p in marking cortical sites for bipolar bud-site selection in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 15: 5145-5157.
124. Kang PJ, Beven L, Hariharan S & Park HO (2010) The Rsr1/Bud1 GTPase interacts with itself and the Cdc42 GTPase during bud-site selection and polarity establishment in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 21: 3007-3016.
125. Kang PJ, Angerman E, Jung CH & Park HO (2012) Bud4 mediates the cell-type-specific assembly of the axial landmark in budding yeast. J Cell Sci 125: 3840-3849.
126. Kang PJ, Hood-Degrenier JK & Park HO (2013) Coupling of septins to the axial landmark by Bud4 in budding yeast. J Cell Sci 126: 1218-1226.
127. Karpova TS, Reck-Peterson SL, Elkind NB, Mooseker MS, Novick PJ & Cooper JA (2000) Role of actin and Myo2p in polarized secretion and growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 11: 1727-1737.
128. Kelly FD & Nurse P (2011a) Spatial control of Cdc42 activation determines cell width in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 22: 3801-3811.
129. Kelly FD & Nurse P (2011b) De novo growth zone formation from fission yeast spheroplasts. PLoS One 6: e27977.
130. Khmelinskii A, Meurer M, Knop M & Schiebel E (2011) Artificial tethering to nuclear pores promotes partitioning of extrachromosomal DNA during yeast asymmetric cell division. Curr Biol 21: R17-R18.
131. Klar AJ (2007) Lessons learned from studies of fission yeast mating-type switching and silencing. Annu Rev Genet 41: 213-236.
132. Knaus M, Cameroni E, Pedruzzi I, Tatchell K, De Virgilio C & Peter M (2005) The Bud14p-Glc7p complex functions as a cortical regulator of dynein in budding yeast. EMBO J 24: 3000-3011.
133. Knaus M, Pelli-Gulli MP, van Drogen F, Springer S, Jaquenoud M & Peter M (2007) Phosphorylation of Bem2p and Bem3p may contribute to local activation of Cdc42p at bud emergence. EMBO J 26: 4501-4513.
134. Kohno H, Tanaka K, Mino A, et al. (1996) Bni1p implicated in cytoskeletal control is a putative target of Rho1p small GTP binding protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 15: 6060-6068.
135. Kono K, Nogami S, Abe M, Nishizawa M, Morishita S, Pellman D & Ohya Y (2008) G1/S cyclin-dependent kinase regulates small GTPase Rho1p through phosphorylation of RhoGEF Tus1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 19: 1763-1771.
136. Kozminski KG, Beven L, Angerman E, Tong AH, Boone C & Park HO (2003) Interaction between a Ras and a Rho GTPase couples selection of a growth site to the development of cell polarity in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 14: 4958-4970.
137. Kozubowski L, Saito K, Johnson JM, Howell AS, Zyla TR & Lew DJ (2008) Symmetry-breaking polarization driven by a Cdc42p GEF-PAK complex. Curr Biol 18: 1719-1726.
138. Krappmann AB, Taheri N, Heinrich M & Mosch HU (2007) Distinct domains of yeast cortical tag proteins Bud8p and Bud9p confer polar localization and functionality. Mol Biol Cell 18: 3323-3339.
139. Krause SA, Cundell MJ, Poon PP, McGhie J, Johnston GC, Price C & Gray JV (2012) Functional specialisation of yeast Rho1 GTP exchange factors. J Cell Sci 125: 2721-2731.
140. Kume K, Koyano T, Kanai M, Toda T & Hirata D (2011) Calcineurin ensures a link between the DNA replication checkpoint and microtubule-dependent polarized growth. Nat Cell Biol 13: 234-242.
141. Layton AT, Savage NS, Howell AS, Carroll SY, Drubin DG & Lew DJ (2011) Modeling vesicle traffic reveals unexpected consequences for Cdc42p-mediated polarity establishment. Curr Biol 21: 184-194.
142. Lee N & Kronstad JW (2002) ras2 Controls morphogenesis, pheromone response, and pathogenicity in the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis. Eukaryot Cell 1: 954-966.
143. Leeuw T, Fourest-Lieuvin A, Wu C, et al. (1995) Pheromone response in yeast: association of Bem1p with proteins of the MAP kinase cascade and actin. Science 270: 1210-1213.
144. Lew DJ & Reed SI (1993) Morphogenesis in the yeast cell cycle: regulation by Cdc28 and cyclins. J Cell Biol 120: 1305-1320.
145. Lin MC, Galletta BJ, Sept D & Cooper JA (2010) Overlapping and distinct functions for cofilin, coronin and Aip1 in actin dynamics in vivo. J Cell Sci 123: 1329-1342.
146. Lippincott J, Shannon KB, Shou W, Deshaies RJ & Li R (2001) The Tem1 small GTPase controls actomyosin and septin dynamics during cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 114: 1379-1386.
147. Lo Presti L, Chang F & Martin SG (2012) Myosin Vs organize actin cables in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 23: 4579-4591.
148. Lo WC, Lee ME, Narayan M, Chou CS & Park HO (2013) Polarization of diploid daughter cells directed by spatial cues and GTP hydrolysis of cdc42 in budding yeast. PLoS One 8: e56665.
149. Luedeke C, Frei SB, Sbalzarini I, Schwarz H, Spang A & Barral Y (2005) Septin-dependent compartmentalization of the endoplasmic reticulum during yeast polarized growth. J Cell Biol 169: 897-908.
150. Luo J, Matsuo Y, Gulis G, Hinz H, Patton-Vogt J & Marcus S (2009) Phosphatidylethanolamine is required for normal cell morphology and cytokinesis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Eukaryot Cell 8: 790-799.
151. Malathi K, Higaki K, Tinkelenberg AH, et al. (2004) Mutagenesis of the putative sterol-sensing domain of yeast Niemann Pick C-related protein reveals a primordial role in subcellular sphingolipid distribution. J Cell Biol 164: 547-556.
152. Manning BD, Padmanabha R & Snyder M (1997) The Rho-GEF Rom2p localizes to sites of polarized cell growth and participates in cytoskeletal functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 8: 1829-1844.
153. Marco E, Wedlich-Soldner R, Li R, Altschuler SJ & Wu LF (2007) Endocytosis optimizes the dynamic localization of membrane proteins that regulate cortical polarity. Cell 129: 411-422.
154. Marston AL, Chen T, Yang MC, Belhumeur P & Chant J (2001) A localized GTPase exchange factor, Bud5, determines the orientation of division axes in yeast. Curr Biol 11: 803-807.
155. Martin SG & Berthelot-Grosjean M (2009) Polar gradients of the DYRK-family kinase Pom1 couple cell length with the cell cycle. Nature 459: 852-856.
156. Martin SG & Chang F (2005) New end take off: regulating cell polarity during the fission yeast cell cycle. Cell Cycle 4: 1046-1049.
157. Martin SG & Chang F (2006) Dynamics of the formin for3p in actin cable assembly. Curr Biol 16: 1161-1170.
158. Martin SG, McDonald WH, Yates JR 3rd & Chang F (2005) Tea4p links microtubule plus ends with the formin for3p in the establishment of cell polarity. Dev Cell 8: 479-491.
159. Martin SG, Rincon SA, Basu R, Perez P & Chang F (2007) Regulation of the formin for3p by cdc42p and bud6p. Mol Biol Cell 18: 4155-4167.
160. Martin-Cuadrado AB, Morrell JL, Konomi M, et al. (2005) Role of septins and the exocyst complex in the function of hydrolytic enzymes responsible for fission yeast cell separation. Mol Biol Cell 16: 4867-4881.
161. Mata J & Nurse P (1997) tea1 and the microtubular cytoskeleton are important for generating global spatial order within the fission yeast cell. Cell 89: 939-949.
162. Matsui Y, Matsui R, Akada R & Toh-e A (1996) Yeast src homology region 3 domain-binding proteins involved in bud formation. J Cell Biol 133: 865-878.
163. Matsuo Y, Fisher E, Patton-Vogt J & Marcus S (2007) Functional characterization of the fission yeast phosphatidylserine synthase gene, pps1, reveals novel cellular functions for phosphatidylserine. Eukaryot Cell 6: 2092-2101.
164. McCusker D, Denison C, Anderson S, Egelhofer TA, Yates JR 3rd, Gygi SP & Kellogg DR (2007) Cdk1 coordinates cell-surface growth with the cell cycle. Nat Cell Biol 9: 506-515.
165. McCusker D, Royou A, Velours C & Kellogg D (2012) Cdk1-dependent control of membrane-trafficking dynamics. Mol Biol Cell 23: 3336-3347.
166. McMurray MA, Bertin A, Garcia G 3rd, Lam L, Nogales E & Thorner J (2011) Septin filament formation is essential in budding yeast. Dev Cell 20: 540-549.
167. Meadows JC & Millar J (2008) Latrunculin A delays anaphase onset in fission yeast by disrupting an Ase1-independent pathway controlling mitotic spindle stability. Mol Biol Cell 19: 3713-3723.
168. Meinhardt H & Gierer A (1974) Applications of a theory of biological pattern formation based on lateral inhibition. J Cell Sci 15: 321-346.
169. Meitinger F, Richter H, Heisel S, Hub B, Seufert W & Pereira G (2013) A safeguard mechanism regulates Tho GTPases to coordinate cytokinesis with the establishment of cell polarity. PLoS Biol 11: e1001495.
170. Miller PJ & Johnson DI (1994) Cdc42p GTPase is involved in controlling polarized cell growth in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Cell Biol 14: 1075-1083.
171. Minc N, Boudaoud A & Chang F (2009a) Mechanical forces of fission yeast growth. Curr Biol 19: 1096-1101.
172. Minc N, Bratman SV, Basu R & Chang F (2009b) Establishing new sites of polarization by microtubules. Curr Biol 19: 83-94.
173. Mitchison JM & Nurse P (1985) Growth in cell length in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Cell Sci 75: 357-376.
174. Moffat J & Andrews B (2004) Late-G1 cyclin-CDK activity is essential for control of cell morphogenesis in budding yeast. Nat Cell Biol 6: 59-66.
175. Mollinedo F (2012) Lipid raft involvement in yeast cell growth and death. Front Oncol 2: 140.
176. Mortensen EM, McDonald H, Yates J 3rd & Kellogg DR (2002) Cell cycle-dependent assembly of a Gin4-septin complex. Mol Biol Cell 13: 2091-2105.
177. Moseley JB, Mayeux A, Paoletti A & Nurse P (2009) A spatial gradient coordinates cell size and mitotic entry in fission yeast. Nature 459: 857-860.
178. Motegi F, Arai R & Mabuchi I (2001) Identification of two type V myosins in fission yeast, one of which functions in polarized cell growth and moves rapidly in the cell. Mol Biol Cell 12: 1367-1380.
179. Munemitsu S, Innis MA, Clark R, McCormick F, Ullrich A & Polakis P (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of a G25K cDNA, the human homolog of the yeast cell cycle gene CDC42. Mol Cell Biol 10: 5977-5982.
180. Munn AL, Heese-Peck A, Stevenson BJ, Pichler H & Riezman H (1999) Specific sterols required for the internalization step of endocytosis in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 10: 3943-3957.
181. Mutoh T, Nakano K & Mabuchi I (2005) Rho1-GEFs Rgf1 and Rgf2 are involved in formation of cell wall and septum, while Rgf3 is involved in cytokinesis in fission yeast. Genes Cells 10: 1189-1202.
182. Nakano K, Arai R & Mabuchi I (1997) The small GTP-binding protein Rho1 is a multifunctional protein that regulates actin localization, cell polarity, and septum formation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genes Cells 2: 679-694.
183. Nakano K, Mutoh T & Mabuchi I (2001) Characterization of GTPase-activating proteins for the function of the Rho-family small GTPases in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genes Cells 6: 1031-1042.
184. Nakano K, Imai J, Arai R, Toh EA, Matsui Y & Mabuchi I (2002) The small GTPase Rho3 and the diaphanous/formin For3 function in polarized cell growth in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 115: 4629-4639.
185. Nakano K, Toya M, Yoneda A, et al. (2011) Pob1 ensures cylindrical cell shape by coupling two distinct rho signaling events during secretory vesicle targeting. Traffic 12: 726-739.
186. Nakase M, Tani M, Morita T, et al. (2010) Mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide is a major sphingolipid component and is required for proper localization of plasma-membrane proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Cell Sci 123: 1578-1587.
187. Nern A & Arkowitz RA (1999) A Cdc24p-Far1p-Gbetagamma protein complex required for yeast orientation during mating. J Cell Biol 144: 1187-1202.
188. Nern A & Arkowitz RA (2000) Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the Cdc42p exchange factor Cdc24p. J Cell Biol 148: 1115-1122.
189. Oh Y & Bi E (2011) Septin structure and function in yeast and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 21: 141-148.
190. Okada S, Leda M, Hanna J, Savage NS, Bi E & Goryachev AB (2013) Daughter cell identity emerges from the interplay of Cdc42, septins, and exocytosis. Dev Cell 26: 148-161.
191. Oliferenko S & Balasubramanian MK (2002) Astral microtubules monitor metaphase spindle alignment in fission yeast. Nat Cell Biol 4: 816-820.
192. Onishi M, Koga T, Hirata A, et al. (2010) Role of septins in the orientation of forespore membrane extension during sporulation in fission yeast. Mol Cell Biol 30: 2057-2074.
193. Orlando K, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yue P, Chiang T, Bi E & Guo W (2008) Regulation of Gic2 localization and function by phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate during the establishment of cell polarity in budding yeast. J Biol Chem 283: 14205-14212.
194. Orlando K, Sun X, Zhang J, Lu T, Yokomizo L, Wang P & Guo W (2011) Exo-endocytic trafficking and the septin-based diffusion barrier are required for the maintenance of Cdc42p polarization during budding yeast asymmetric growth. Mol Biol Cell 22: 624-633.
195. Ozaki K, Tanaka K, Imamura H, et al. (1996) Rom1p and Rom2p are GDP/GTP exchange proteins (GEPs) for the Rho1p small GTP binding protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 15: 2196-2207.
196. Ozbudak EM, Becskei A & van Oudenaarden A (2005) A system of counteracting feedback loops regulates Cdc42p activity during spontaneous cell polarization. Dev Cell 9: 565-571.
197. Padte NN, Martin SG, Howard M & Chang F (2006) The cell-end factor pom1p inhibits mid1p in specification of the cell division plane in fission yeast. Curr Biol 16: 2480-2487.
198. Park HO, Chant J & Herskowitz I (1993) BUD2 encodes a GTPase-activating protein for Bud1/Rsr1 necessary for proper bud-site selection in yeast. Nature 365: 269-274.
199. Park HO, Bi E, Pringle JR & Herskowitz I (1997) Two active states of the Ras-related Bud1/Rsr1 protein bind to different effectors to determine yeast cell polarity. P Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 4463-4468.
200. Park HO, Sanson A & Herskowitz I (1999) Localization of Bud2p, a GTPase-activating protein necessary for programming cell polarity in yeast to the presumptive bud site. Genes Dev 13: 1912-1917.
201. Park HO, Kang PJ & Rachfal AW (2002) Localization of the Rsr1/Bud1 GTPase involved in selection of a proper growth site in yeast. J Biol Chem 277: 26721-26724.
202. Paterson HF, Self AJ, Garrett MD, Just I, Aktories K & Hall A (1990) Microinjection of recombinant p21rho induces rapid changes in cell morphology. J Cell Biol 111: 1001-1007.
203. Pearson CG & Bloom K (2004) Dynamic microtubules lead the way for spindle positioning. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5: 481-492.
204. Pelham RJ Jr & Chang F (2001) Role of actin polymerization and actin cables in actin-patch movement in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nat Cell Biol 3: 235-244.
205. Pereira G & Yamashita YM (2011) Fly meets yeast: checking the correct orientation of cell division. Trends Cell Biol 21: 526-533.
206. Peterson J, Zheng Y, Bender L, Myers A, Cerione R & Bender A (1994) Interactions between the bud emergence proteins Bem1p and Bem2p and Rho-type GTPases in yeast. J Cell Biol 127: 1395-1406.
207. Philips J & Herskowitz I (1998) Identification of Kel1p, a kelch domain-containing protein involved in cell fusion and morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 143: 375-389.
208. Piel M & Tran PT (2009) Cell shape and cell division in fission yeast. Curr Biol 19: R823-R827.
209. Pruyne DW, Schott DH & Bretscher A (1998) Tropomyosin-containing actin cables direct the Myo2p-dependent polarized delivery of secretory vesicles in budding yeast. J Cell Biol 143: 1931-1945.
210. Qadota H, Python CP, Inoue SB, et al. (1996) Identification of yeast Rho1p GTPase as a regulatory subunit of 1, 3-beta-glucan synthase. Science 272: 279-281.
211. Richman TJ, Toenjes KA, Morales SE, et al. (2004) Analysis of cell-cycle specific localization of the Rdi1p RhoGDI and the structural determinants required for Cdc42p membrane localization and clustering at sites of polarized growth. Curr Genet 45: 339-349.
212. Rincon SA, Ye Y, Villar-Tajadura MA, Santos B, Martin SG & Perez P (2009) Pob1 participates in the Cdc42 regulation of fission yeast actin cytoskeleton. Mol Biol Cell 20: 4390-4399.
213. Robinson LC, Bradley C, Bryan JD, Jerome A, Kweon Y & Panek HR (1999) The Yck2 yeast casein kinase 1 isoform shows cell cycle-specific localization to sites of polarized growth and is required for proper septin organization. Mol Biol Cell 10: 1077-1092.
214. Rodal AA, Kozubowski L, Goode BL, Drubin DG & Hartwig JH (2005) Actin and septin ultrastructures at the budding yeast cell cortex. Mol Biol Cell 16: 372-384.
215. Roemer T, Madden K, Chang J & Snyder M (1996) Selection of axial growth sites in yeast requires Axl2p, a novel plasma membrane glycoprotein. Genes Dev 10: 777-793.
216. Roh DH, Bowers B, Schmidt M & Cabib E (2002) The septation apparatus, an autonomous system in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 13: 2747-2759.
217. Rubin EJ, Gill DM, Boquet P & Popoff MR (1988) Functional modification of a 21-kilodalton G protein when ADP-ribosylated by exoenzyme C3 of Clostridium botulinum. Mol Cell Biol 8: 418-426.
218. Sahin A, Daignan-Fornier B & Sagot I (2008) Polarized growth in the absence of F-actin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exiting quiescence. PLoS One 3: e2556.
219. Saito K, Fujimura-Kamada K, Hanamatsu H, Kato U, Umeda M, Kozminski KG & Tanaka K (2007) Transbilayer phospholipid flipping regulates Cdc42p signaling during polarized cell growth via Rga GTPase-activating proteins. Dev Cell 13: 743-751.
220. Sanders SL & Herskowitz I (1996) The BUD4 protein of yeast, required for axial budding, is localized to the mother/BUD neck in a cell cycle-dependent manner. J Cell Biol 134: 413-427.
221. Sawin KE & Nurse P (1998) Regulation of cell polarity by microtubules in fission yeast. J Cell Biol 142: 457-471.
222. Sawin KE & Snaith HA (2004) Role of microtubules and tea1p in establishment and maintenance of fission yeast cell polarity. J Cell Sci 117: 689-700.
223. Sawin KE & Tran PT (2006) Cytoplasmic microtubule organization in fission yeast. Yeast 23: 1001-1014.
224. Schenkman LR, Caruso C, Page N & Pringle JR (2002) The role of cell cycle-regulated expression in the localization of spatial landmark proteins in yeast. J Cell Biol 156: 829-841.
225. Schmelzle T, Helliwell SB & Hall MN (2002) Yeast protein kinases and the RHO1 exchange factor TUS1 are novel components of the cell integrity pathway in yeast. Mol Cell Biol 22: 1329-1339.
226. Schmidt A, Bickle M, Beck T & Hall MN (1997) The yeast phosphatidylinositol kinase homolog TOR2 activates RHO1 and RHO2 via the exchange factor ROM2. Cell 88: 531-542.
227. Schmidt A, Schmelzle T & Hall MN (2002) The RHO1-GAPs SAC7, BEM2 and BAG7 control distinct RHO1 functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 45: 1433-1441.
228. Schmidt M, Varma A, Drgon T, Bowers B & Cabib E (2003) Septins, under Cla4p regulation, and the chitin ring are required for neck integrity in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 14: 2128-2141.
229. Seiler S & Justa-Schuch D (2010) Conserved components, but distinct mechanisms for the placement and assembly of the cell division machinery in unicellular and filamentous ascomycetes. Mol Microbiol 78: 1058-1076.
230. Seshan A, Bardin AJ & Amon A (2002) Control of Lte1 localization by cell polarity determinants and Cdc14. Curr Biol 12: 2098-2110.
231. Shcheprova Z, Baldi S, Frei SB, Gonnet G & Barral Y (2008) A mechanism for asymmetric segregation of age during yeast budding. Nature 454: 728-734.
232. Sheu YJ, Santos B, Fortin N, Costigan C & Snyder M (1998) Spa2p interacts with cell polarity proteins and signaling components involved in yeast cell morphogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 18: 4053-4069.
233. Shimada Y, Gulli MP & Peter M (2000) Nuclear sequestration of the exchange factor Cdc24 by Far1 regulates cell polarity during yeast mating. Nat Cell Biol 2: 117-124.
234. Shinjo K, Koland JG, Hart MJ, Narasimhan V, Johnson DI, Evans T & Cerione RA (1990) Molecular cloning of the gene for the human placental GTP-binding protein Gp (G25K): identification of this GTP-binding protein as the human homolog of the yeast cell-division-cycle protein CDC42. P Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 9853-9857.
235. Shui G, Guan XL, Low CP, Chua GH, Goh JS, Yang H & Wenk MR (2010) Toward one step analysis of cellular lipidomes using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry: application to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe lipidomics. Mol Biosyst 6: 1008-1017.
236. Sirotkin V, Berro J, Macmillan K, Zhao L & Pollard TD (2010) Quantitative analysis of the mechanism of endocytic actin patch assembly and disassembly in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 21: 2894-2904.
237. Slaughter B & Li R (2006) Toward a molecular interpretation of the surface stress theory for yeast morphogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 18: 47-53.
238. Slaughter BD, Das A, Schwartz JW, Rubinstein B & Li R (2009) Dual modes of cdc42 recycling fine-tune polarized morphogenesis. Dev Cell 17: 823-835.
239. Slaughter BD, Unruh JR, Das A, Smith SE, Rubinstein B & Li R (2013) Non-uniform membrane diffusion enables steady-state cell polarization via vesicular trafficking. Nat Commun 4: 1380.
240. Smith AE, Zhang Z, Thomas CR, Moxham KE & Middelberg AP (2000) The mechanical properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. P Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 9871-9874.
241. Snaith HA & Sawin KE (2003) Fission yeast mod5p regulates polarized growth through anchoring of tea1p at cell tips. Nature 423: 647-651.
242. Snaith HA, Samejima I & Sawin KE (2005) Multistep and multimode cortical anchoring of tea1p at cell tips in fission yeast. EMBO J 24: 3690-3699.
243. Sopko R, Huang D, Smith JC, Figeys D & Andrews BJ (2007) Activation of the Cdc42p GTPase by cyclin-dependent protein kinases in budding yeast. EMBO J 26: 4487-4500.
244. Spira F, Mueller NS, Beck G, von Olshausen P, Beig J & Wedlich-Soldner R (2012) Patchwork organization of the yeast plasma membrane into numerous coexisting domains. Nat Cell Biol 14: 640-648.
245. Stimpson HE, Toret CP, Cheng AT, Pauly BS & Drubin DG (2009) Early-arriving Syp1p and Ede1p function in endocytic site placement and formation in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 20: 4640-4651.
246. Sun Y & Drubin DG (2012) The functions of anionic phospholipids during clathrin-mediated endocytosis site initiation and vesicle formation. J Cell Sci 125: 6157-6165.
247. Sun Y, Carroll S, Kaksonen M, Toshima JY & Drubin DG (2007) PtdIns(4, 5)P2 turnover is required for multiple stages during clathrin- and actin-dependent endocytic internalization. J Cell Biol 177: 355-367.
248. Tajadura V, Garcia B, Garcia I, Garcia P & Sanchez Y (2004) Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rgf3p is a specific Rho1 GEF that regulates cell wall beta-glucan biosynthesis through the GTPase Rho1p. J Cell Sci 117: 6163-6174.
249. Takahashi S & Pryciak PM (2008) Membrane localization of scaffold proteins promotes graded signaling in the yeast MAP kinase cascade. Curr Biol 18: 1184-1191.
250. Takeda T & Chang F (2005) Role of fission yeast myosin I in organization of sterol-rich membrane domains. Curr Biol 15: 1331-1336.
251. Takeda T, Kawate T & Chang F (2004) Organization of a sterol-rich membrane domain by cdc15p during cytokinesis in fission yeast. Nat Cell Biol 6: 1142-1144.
252. Takizawa PA, DeRisi JL, Wilhelm JE & Vale RD (2000) Plasma membrane compartmentalization in yeast by messenger RNA transport and a septin diffusion barrier. Science 290: 341-344.
253. Tasto JJ, Morrell JL & Gould KL (2003) An anillin homologue, Mid2p, acts during fission yeast cytokinesis to organize the septin ring and promote cell separation. J Cell Biol 160: 1093-1103.
254. Tatebe H, Shimada K, Uzawa S, Morigasaki S & Shiozaki K (2005) Wsh3/Tea4 is a novel cell-end factor essential for bipolar distribution of Tea1 and protects cell polarity under environmental stress in S. pombe. Curr Biol 15: 1006-1015.
255. Tatebe H, Nakano K, Maximo R & Shiozaki K (2008) Pom1 DYRK regulates localization of the Rga4 GAP to ensure bipolar activation of Cdc42 in fission yeast. Curr Biol 18: 322-330.
256. Taylor JW & Berbee ML (2006) Dating divergences in the Fungal Tree of Life: review and new analyses. Mycologia 98: 838-849.
257. Terenna CR, Makushok T, Velve-Casquillas G, et al. (2008) Physical mechanisms redirecting cell polarity and cell shape in fission yeast. Curr Biol 18: 1748-1753.
258. Tiedje C, Holland DG, Just U & Hofken T (2007) Proteins involved in sterol synthesis interact with Ste20 and regulate cell polarity. J Cell Sci 120: 3613-3624.
259. Tolic-Norrelykke IM, Sacconi L, Thon G & Pavone FS (2004) Positioning and elongation of the fission yeast spindle by microtubule-based pushing. Curr Biol 14: 1181-1186.
260. Tong Z, Gao XD, Howell AS, Bose I, Lew DJ & Bi E (2007) Adjacent positioning of cellular structures enabled by a Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein-mediated zone of inhibition. J Cell Biol 179: 1375-1384.
261. Toya M, Iino Y & Yamamoto M (1999) Fission yeast Pob1p, which is homologous to budding yeast Boi proteins and exhibits subcellular localization close to actin patches, is essential for cell elongation and separation. Mol Biol Cell 10: 2745-2757.
262. Tran PT, Marsh L, Doye V, Inoue S & Chang F (2001) A mechanism for nuclear positioning in fission yeast based on microtubule pushing. J Cell Biol 153: 397-411.
263. Umesono K, Toda T, Hayashi S & Yanagida M (1983) Cell division cycle genes nda2 and nda3 of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe control microtubular organization and sensitivity to anti-mitotic benzimidazole compounds. J Mol Biol 168: 271-284.
264. Valdez-Taubas J & Pelham HR (2003) Slow diffusion of proteins in the yeast plasma membrane allows polarity to be maintained by endocytic cycling. Curr Biol 13: 1636-1640.
265. van der Rest ME, Kamminga AH, Nakano A, Anraku Y, Poolman B & Konings WN (1995) The plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: structure, function, and biogenesis. Microbiol Rev 59: 304-322.
266. Vernay A, Schaub S, Guillas I, Bassilana M & Arkowitz RA (2012) A steep phosphoinositide bis-phosphate gradient forms during fungal filamentous growth. J Cell Biol 198: 711-730.
267. Villar-Tajadura MA, Coll PM, Madrid M, Cansado J, Santos B & Perez P (2008) Rga2 is a Rho2 GAP that regulates morphogenesis and cell integrity in S. pombe. Mol Microbiol 70: 867-881.
268. Vogel SK, Raabe I, Dereli A, Maghelli N & Tolic-Norrelykke I (2007) Interphase microtubules determine the initial alignment of the mitotic spindle. Curr Biol 17: 438-444.
269. Wachtler V, Rajagopalan S & Balasubramanian MK (2003) Sterol-rich plasma membrane domains in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Cell Sci 116: 867-874.
270. Wang T & Bretscher A (1995) The rho-GAP encoded by BEM2 regulates cytoskeletal structure in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 6: 1011-1024.
271. Watanabe D, Abe M & Ohya Y (2001) Yeast Lrg1p acts as a specialized RhoGAP regulating 1, 3-beta-glucan synthesis. Yeast 18: 943-951.
272. Wedlich-Soldner R, Altschuler S, Wu L & Li R (2003) Spontaneous cell polarization through actomyosin-based delivery of the Cdc42 GTPase. Science 299: 1231-1235.
273. Wedlich-Soldner R, Wai SC, Schmidt T & Li R (2004) Robust cell polarity is a dynamic state established by coupling transport and GTPase signaling. J Cell Biol 166: 889-900.
274. Wheatley E & Rittinger K (2005) Interactions between Cdc42 and the scaffold protein Scd2: requirement of SH3 domains for GTPase binding. Biochem J 388: 177-184.
275. Win TZ, Gachet Y, Mulvihill DP, May KM & Hyams JS (2001) Two type V myosins with non-overlapping functions in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Myo52 is concerned with growth polarity and cytokinesis, Myo51 is a component of the cytokinetic actin ring. J Cell Sci 114: 69-79.
276. Winey M & Bloom K (2012) Mitotic spindle form and function. Genetics 190: 1197-1224.
277. Winters MJ & Pryciak PM (2005) Interaction with the SH3 domain protein Bem1 regulates signaling by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae p21-activated kinase Ste20. Mol Cell Biol 25: 2177-2190.
278. Woldringh CL, Huls PG & Vischer NO (1993) Volume growth of daughter and parent cells during the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae a/alpha as determined by image cytometry. J Bacteriol 175: 3174-3181.
279. Wood E & Nurse P (2013) Pom1 and cell size homeostasis in fission yeast. Cell Cycle 12: 3228-3236.
280. Wu H, Turner C, Gardner J, Temple B & Brennwald P (2010a) The Exo70 subunit of the exocyst is an effector for both Cdc42 and Rho3 function in polarized exocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 21: 430-442.
281. Wu JQ, Ye Y, Wang N, Pollard TD & Pringle JR (2010b) Cooperation between the septins and the actomyosin ring and role of a cell-integrity pathway during cell division in fission yeast. Genetics 186: 897-915.
282. Yakir-Tamang L & Gerst JE (2009) A phosphatidylinositol-transfer protein and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase control Cdc42 to regulate the actin cytoskeleton and secretory pathway in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 20: 3583-3597.
283. Yamamoto T, Mochida J, Kadota J, Takeda M, Bi E & Tanaka K (2010) Initial polarized bud growth by endocytic recycling in the absence of actin cable-dependent vesicle transport in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 21: 1237-1252.
284. Yamochi W, Tanaka K, Nonaka H, Maeda A, Musha T & Takai Y (1994) Growth site localization of Rho1 small GTP-binding protein and its involvement in bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 125: 1077-1093.
285. Yang P, Qyang Y, Bartholomeusz G, Zhou X & Marcus S (2003) The novel Rho GTPase-activating protein family protein, Rga8, provides a potential link between Cdc42/p21-activated kinase and Rho signaling pathways in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 278: 48821-48830.
286. Yu JH, Crevenna AH, Bettenbuhl M, Freisinger T & Wedlich-Soldner R (2011) Cortical actin dynamics driven by formins and myosin V. J Cell Sci 124: 1533-1541.
287. Zahner JE, Harkins HA & Pringle JR (1996) Genetic analysis of the bipolar pattern of bud site selection in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 16: 1857-1870.
288. Zanolari B, Friant S, Funato K, Sutterlin C, Stevenson BJ & Riezman H (2000) Sphingoid base synthesis requirement for endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 19: 2824-2833.
289. Zhang Y, Sugiura R, Lu Y, et al. (2000) Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase Its3 and calcineurin Ppb1 coordinately regulate cytokinesis in fission yeast. J Biol Chem 275: 35600-35606.
290. Zhang X, Bi E, Novick P, Du L, Kozminski KG, Lipschutz JH & Guo W (2001) Cdc42 interacts with the exocyst and regulates polarized secretion. J Biol Chem 276: 46745-46750.
291. Zhang X, Orlando K, He B, Xi F, Zhang J, Zajac A & Guo W (2008) Membrane association and functional regulation of Sec3 by phospholipids and Cdc42. J Cell Biol 180: 145-158.
292. Zimmerman S, Daga RR & Chang F (2004) Intra-nuclear microtubules and a mitotic spindle orientation checkpoint. Nat Cell Biol 6: 1245-1246.