Functional O-GlcNAc modifications: Implications in molecular regulation and pathophysiology

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 140-163

  Vaidyanathan, Krithika ^a   Durning, Sean ^a   Wells, Lance ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Cancer; Cardiac disease; Cellular differentiation; Chromatin; O GlcNAc; O GlcNAc transferase; O GlcNAcase

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; MONOSACCHARIDE; O LINKED BETA N ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BREAST CANCER; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHROMATIN; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; EPIGENETICS; GENE CONTROL; HEART DISEASE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; MEMORY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION;

ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES; CHROMATIN; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; METABOLIC DISEASES; N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINYLTRANSFERASES; NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL; PROTEINS;

EID: 84896322689     PISSN: 10409238     EISSN: 15497798     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.884535     Document Type: Review

References (309)

1. Ahmad A, Wang Z, Kong D, et al. (2010). FoxM1 down-regulation leads to inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells through the modulation of extra-cellular matrix degrading factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 122:337-46.
2. Akimoto Y, Hart GW, Hirano H, Kawakami H. (2005). O-GlcNAc modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins and diabetes. Med Mol Morphol 38:84-91.
3. Alfaro JF, Gong CX, Monroe ME et al. (2012). Tandem mass spectrometry identifies many mouse brain O-GlcNAcylated proteins including EGF domain-specific O-GlcNAc transferase targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:7280-5.
4. Allfrey VG, Faulkner R, Mirsky AE. (1964). Acetylation and methyla-tion of histones and their possible role in the regulation of RNA synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 51:786-94.
5. Allison DF, Wamsley JJ, Kumar M, et al. (2012). Modification of RelA by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine links glucose metabolism to NF-kappaB acetylation and transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:16888-93.
6. Alonso AD, Zaidi T, Novak M, et al. (2001). Hyperphosphorylation induces self-assembly of tau into tangles of paired helical filaments/straight filaments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:6923-8.
7. Ande SR, Moulik S, Mishra S. (2009). Interaction between O-GlcNAc modification and tyrosine phosphorylation of prohibitin: implication for a novel binary switch. PLoS One 4:e4586.
8. Anderton BH. (1997). Changes in the ageing brain in health and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 352:1781-92.
9. Andres-Bergos J, Tardio L, Larranaga-Vera A et al. (2012). The increase in O-Linked N-acetylglucosamine protein modification stimulates chondrogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 287:33615-28.
10. Araki W, Kitaguchi N, Tokushima Y, et al. (1991). Trophic effect of beta-amyloid precursor protein on cerebral cortical neurons in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 181:265-71.
11. Arany Z, Novikov M, Chin S, et al. (2006). Transverse aortic constriction leads to accelerated heart failure in mice lacking PPAR-gamma coactivator 1alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:10086-91.
12. Armstrong L. (2012). Epigenetic control of embryonic stem cell differentiation. Stem Cell Rev 8:67-77.
13. Balasubramanian D, Akhtar-Zaidi B, Song L, et al. (2012). H3K4me3 inversely correlates with DNA methylation at a large class of non-CpG-island-containing start sites. Genome Med 4:47. doi:10.1186/gm346.
14. Bao H, Daniels RW, Macleod GT, et al. (2005). AP180 maintains the distribution of synaptic and vesicle proteins in the nerve terminal and indirectly regulates the efficacy of Ca2+-triggered exocytosis. J Neurophysiol 94:1888-903.
15. Bensaad K, Vousden KH. (2007). p53: new roles in metabolism. Trends Cell Biol 17:286-91.
16. Berkes CA, Tapscott SJ. (2005). MyoD and the transcriptional control of myogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 16:585-95.
17. Bernardi P, Vassanelli S, Veronese P, et al. (1992). Modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Effect of protons and divalent cations. J Biol Chem 267:2934-9.
18. Brochhausen C, Lehmann M, Zehbe R, et al. (2009). Tissue engineering of cartilage and bone: growth factors and signaling molecules. Orthopade 38:1053-62.
19. Buse MG. (2006). Hexosamines, insulin resistance, and the complications of diabetes: current status. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E1-8.
20. Busse R, Mulsch A. (1990). Induction of nitric oxide synthase by cytokines in vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett 275:87-90.
21. Butkinaree C, Park K, Hart GW. (2010). O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc): extensive crosstalk with phos-phorylation to regulate signaling and transcription in response to nutrients and stress. Biochim Biophys Acta 1800:96-106.
22. Caldwell SA, Jackson SR, Shahriari KS, et al. (2010). Nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase regulates breast cancer tumorigenesis through targeting of the oncogenic transcription factor FoxM1. Oncogene 29: 2831-42.
23. Capotosti F, Guernier S, Lammers F, et al. (2011). O-GlcNAc transferase catalyzes site-specific proteolysis of HCF-1. Cell 144: 376-88.
24. Carneiro FS, Nunes KP, Giachini FR, et al. (2008). Activation of the ET-1/ETA pathway contributes to erectile dysfunction associated with mineralocorticoid hypertension. J Sex Med 5:2793-807.
25. Carpenter MK, Rosler E, Rao MS. (2003). Characterization and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Cloning Stem Cells 5:79-88.
26. Carr DB, Goate A, Phil D, Morris JC. (1997). Current concepts in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med 103:3S-10S.
27. Carretero OA, Oparil S. (2000). Essential hypertension. Part I: definition and etiology. Circulation 101:329-35.
28. Champattanachai V, Marchase RB, Chatham JC. (2008). Glucosamine protects neonatal cardiomyocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury via increased protein O-GlcNAc and increased mitochondrial Bcl-2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 294:C1509-20.
29. Chen Q, Chen Y, Bian C, et al. (2013). TET2 promotes histone O-GlcNAcylation during gene transcription. Nature 493:561-4.
30. Chen YT, Stewart DB, Nelson WJ. (1999). Coupling assembly of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex to efficient endoplasmic reticulum exit and basal-lateral membrane targeting of E-cadherin in polarized MDCK cells. J Cell Biol 144:687-99.
31. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. (2003). Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 42:1206-52.
32. Chou TY, Dang CV, Hart GW. (1995a). Glycosylation of the c-Myc transactivation domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:4417-21.
33. Chou TY, Hart GW, Dang CV. (1995b). c-Myc is glycosylated at threonine 58, a known phosphorylation site and a mutational hot spot in lymphomas. J Biol Chem 270:18961-5.
34. Christy RJ, Kaestner KH, Geiman DE, Lane MD. (1991). CCAAT/enhancer binding protein gene promoter: binding of nuclear factors during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:2593-7.
35. Chrivia JC, Kwok RP, Lamb N, et al. (1993). Phosphorylated CREB binds specifically to the nuclear protein CBP. Nature 365: 855-9.
36. Chu IM, Hengst L, Slingerland JM. (2008). The Cdk inhibitor p27 in human cancer: prognostic potential and relevance to anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 8:253-67.
37. Cole RN, Hart GW. (2001). Cytosolic O-glycosylation is abundant in nerve terminals. J Neurochem 79:1080-9.
38. Comer FI, Hart GW. (2001). Reciprocity between O-GlcNAc and O-phosphate on the carboxyl terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Biochemistry 40:7845-52.
39. Conkright MD, Canettieri G, Screaton R, et al. (2003). TORCs: transducers of regulated CREB activity. Mol Cell 12:413-23.
40. Crompton M. (1999). The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death. Biochem J 341:233-49.
41. Dang CV, Semenza GL. (1999). Oncogenic alterations of metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci 24:68-72.
42. Darley-Usmar VM, Ball LE, Chatham JC. (2012). Protein O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine: a novel effector of cardiomyocyte metabolism and function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 52:538-49.
43. De Strooper B. (2005). Nicastrin: gatekeeper of the gamma-secretase complex. Cell 122:318-20.
44. De Strooper B, Saftig P, Craessaerts K, et al. (1998). Deficiency of presenilin-1 inhibits the normal cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. Nature 391:387-90.
45. Dehennaut V, Lefebvre T, Sellier C, et al. (2007). O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase inhibition prevents G2/M transition in Xenopus laevis oocytes. J Biol Chem 282:12527-36.
46. Deplus R, Delatte B, Schwinn MK, et al. (2013). TET2 and TET3 regulate GlcNAcylation and H3K4 methylation through OGT and SET1/COMPASS. EMBO J 32:645-55.
47. Dong DL, Hart GW. (1994). Purification and characterization of an O-GlcNAc selective N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase from rat spleen cytosol. J Biol Chem 269:19321-30.
48. Dong L, Xu CW. (2004). Carbohydrates induce mono-ubiquitination of H2B in yeast. J Biol Chem 279:1577-80.
49. Dorfmueller HC, Borodkin VS, Schimpl M, et al. (2006). GlcNAcstatin: a picomolar, selective O-GlcNAcase inhibitor that modulates intracellular O-glcNAcylation levels. J Am Chem Soc 128: 16484-5.
50. Downes M, Ordentlich P, Kao HY, et al. (2000). Identification of a nuclear domain with deacetylase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 10330-5.
51. Drougat L, Olivier-Van Stichelen S, Mortuaire M, et al. (2012). Characterization of O-GlcNAc cycling and proteomic identification of differentially O-GlcNAcylated proteins during G1/S transition. Biochim Biophys Acta 1820:1839-48.
52. Dunlap JC. (1999). Molecular bases for circadian clocks. Cell 96: 271-90.
53. Duran A, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J. (2003). Essential role of RelA Ser311 phosphorylation by zetaPKC in NF-kappaB transcriptional activation. EMBO J 22:3910-8.
54. Eberharter A, Becker PB. (2002). Histone acetylation: a switch between repressive and permissive chromatin. Second in review series on chromatin dynamics. EMBO Rep 3:224-9.
55. Ehrensberger AH, Svejstrup JQ. (2012). Reprogramming chromatin. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 47:464-82.
56. Eilers M, Eisenman RN. (2008). Myc's broad reach. Genes Dev 22: 2755-66.
57. Facundo HT, Brainard RE, Watson LJ, et al. (2012). O-GlcNAc signaling is essential for NFAT-mediated transcriptional reprogram-ming during cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Am J Physiol-Heart Circulat Physiol 302:H2122-30.
58. Federici M, Menghini R, Mauriello A, et al. (2002). Insulin-dependent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is impaired by O-linked glycosylation modification of signaling proteins in human coronary endothelial cells. Circulation 106:466-72.
59. Fehm HL, Kern W, Peters A. (2006). The selfish brain: competition for energy resources. Prog Brain Res 153:129-40.
60. Ferreras C, Hernandez ED, Martinez-Costa OH, Aragon JJ. (2009). Subunit interactions and composition of the fructose 6-phosphate catalytic site and the fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate allosteric site of mammalian phosphofructokinase. J Biol Chem 284:9124-31.
61. Fischle W, Wang Y, Allis CD. (2003). Histone and chromatin cross-talk. Curr Opin Cell Biol 15:172-83.
62. Fleckenstein A, Janke J, Davies RE, Krebs HA. (1954). Chemistry of muscle contraction; contraction of muscle without fission of adeno-sine triphosphate or creatine phosphate. Nature 174:1081-3.
63. Fliss H, Gattinger D. (1996). Apoptosis in ischemic and reperfused rat myocardium. Circ Res 79:949-56.
64. Fong JJ, Nguyen BL, Bridger R, et al. (2012). beta-N-Acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a novel regulator of mitosis-specific phosphorylations on histone H3. J Biol Chem 287:12195-203.
65. Francisco H, Kollins K, Varghis N, et al. (2009). O-GlcNAc post-translational modifications regulate the entry of neurons into an axon branching program. Develop Neurobiol 69:162-73.
66. Fujiki R, Chikanishi T, Hashiba W, et al. (2009). GlcNAcylation of a histone methyltransferase in retinoic-acid-induced granulopoiesis. Nature 459:455-9.
67. Fujiki R, Hashiba W, Sekine H, et al. (2011). GlcNAcylation of histone H2B facilitates its monoubiquitination. Nature 480:557-60.
68. Fulop N, Marchase RB, Chatham JC. (2007). Role of protein O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine in mediating cell function and survival in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res 73:288-97.
69. Gambetta MC, Oktaba K, Muller J. (2009). Essential role of the glycosyltransferase sxc/Ogt in polycomb repression. Science 325: 93-6.
70. Gao Y, Wells L, Comer FI, et al. (2001). Dynamic O-glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins: cloning and characterization of a neutral, cytosolic beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from human brain. J Biol Chem 276:9838-45.
71. Ghosh S, Karin M. (2002). Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle. Cell 109:S81-96.
72. Gloster TM, Vocadlo DJ. (2010). Mechanism, structure, and inhibition of O-GlcNAc processing enzymes. Curr Signal Transduct Ther 5:74-91.
73. Golks A, Tran TT, Goetschy JF, Guerini D. (2007). Requirement for O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in lymphocytes activation. EMBO J 26:4368-79.
74. Goodman Y, Mattson MP. (1994). Secreted forms of beta-amyloid precursor protein protect hippocampal neurons against amyloid beta-peptide-induced oxidative injury. Exp Neurol 128:1-12.
75. Goossens V, Grooten J, Devos K, Fiers W. (1995). Direct evidence for tumor necrosis factor-Induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen intermediates and their involvement in cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:8115-19.
76. Gottlieb RA, Burleson KO, Kloner RA, et al. (1994). Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest 94: 1621-8.
77. Graham ME, Thaysen-Andersen M, Bache N, et al. (2011). A novel post-translational modification in nerve terminals: O-linked N-acetylglucosamine phosphorylation. J Proteome Res 10:2725-33.
78. Gregory PD, Wagner K, Horz W. (2001). Histone acetylation and chromatin remodeling. Exp Cell Res 265:195-202.
79. Griffith LS, Mathes M, Schmitz B. (1995). Beta-amyloid precursor protein is modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine. J Neurosci Res 41:270-8.
80. Gross BJ, Kraybill BC, Walker S. (2005). Discovery of O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 127:14588-9.
81. Gu Y, Mi W, Ge Y, et al. (2010). GlcNAcylation plays an essential role in breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 70:6344-51.
82. Guinez C, Mir AM, Dehennaut V, et al. (2008). Protein ubiquitination is modulated by O-GlcNAc glycosylation. FASEB J 22:2901-11.
83. Guo K, Gan L, Zhang S, et al. (2012). Translocation of HSP27 into liver cancer cell nucleus may be associated with phosphorylation and O-GlcNAc glycosylation. Oncol Rep 28:494-500.
84. Haltiwanger RS, Blomberg MA, Hart GW. (1992). Glycosylation of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Purification and characterization of a uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. J Biol Chem 267:9005-13.
85. Haltiwanger RS, Grove K, Philipsberg GA. (1998). Modulation of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine levels on nuclear and cytoplas-mic proteins in vivo using the peptide O-GlcNAc-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase inhibitor O-(2-acetamido-2- deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate. J Biol Chem 273: 3611-17.
86. Hamacher-Brady A, Brady NR, Logue SE, et al. (2007). Response to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury involves Bnip3 and autophagy. Cell Death Differentiation 14:146-57.
87. Hammond CM, Shi Y, White D, et al. (2009). The B-cell calcium sensor predicts progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 23: 426-9.
88. Hamroun D, Kato S, Ishioka C, et al. (2006). The UMD TP53 database and website: update and revisions. Hum Mutat 27:14-20.
89. Hanover JA, Yu S, Lubas WB, et al. (2003). Mitochondrial and nucleocytoplasmic isoforms of O-linked GlcNAc transferase encoded by a single mammalian gene. Arch Biochem Biophys 409:287-97.
90. Hardin PE. (2011). Molecular genetic analysis of circadian timekeeping in Drosophila. Adv Genet 74:141-73.
91. Hausenloy DJ, Maddock HL, Baxter GF, Yellon DM. (2002). Inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening: a new paradigm for myocardial preconditioning? Cardiovasc Res 55:534-43.
92. Hayakawa K, Hirosawa M, Tabei Y, et al. (2013). Epigenetic switching by the metabolism-sensing factors in the generation of orexin neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 288:17099-110.
93. Hayden MS, Ghosh S. (2004). Signaling to NF-kappaB. Genes Dev 18: 2195-224.
94. Heiss WD, Szelies B, Kessler J, Herholz K. (1991). Abnormalities of energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease studied with PET. Ann N Y Acad Sci 640:65-71.
95. Hilgers RH, Xing D, Gong K, et al. (2012). Acute O-GlcNAcylation prevents inflammation-induced vascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 303:H513-22.
96. Hirose K, Tsutsumi YM, Tsutsumi R, et al. (2011). Role of the O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine in the cardioprotection induced by isoflur-ane. Anesthesiology 115:955-62.
97. Hough R, Pratt G, Rechsteiner M. (1987). Purification of two high molecular weight proteases from rabbit reticulocyte lysate. J Biol Chem 262:8303-13.
98. Hough R, Rechsteiner M. (1986). Ubiquitin-lysozyme conjugates. Purification and susceptibility to proteolysis. J Biol Chem 261: 2391-9.
99. Housley MP, Rodgers JT, Udeshi ND, et al. (2008). O-GlcNAc regulates FoxO activation in response to glucose. J Biol Chem 283:16283-92.
100. Howerton CL, Morgan CP, Fischer DB, Bale TL. (2013). O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) as a placental biomarker of maternal stress and reprogramming of CNS gene transcription in development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:5169-74.
101. Hsieh TJ, Lin T, Hsieh PC, et al. (2012). Suppression of Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-1 inhibits adipo-genesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Cell Physiol 227:108-15.
102. Husnjak K, Elsasser S, Zhang NX, et al. (2008). Proteasome subunit Rpn13 is a novel ubiquitin receptor. Nature 453:481-8.
103. Hutchison MR, Bassett MH, White PC. (2007). Insulin-like growth factor-I and fibroblast growth factor, but not growth hormone, affect growth plate chondrocyte proliferation. Endocrinology 148:3122-30.
104. Ii K, Ito H, Tanaka K, Hirano A. (1997). Immunocytochemical co-localization of the proteasome in ubiquitinated structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the elderly. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56:125-31.
105. Ikegami K, Ohgane J, Tanaka S, et al. (2009). Interplay between DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling in stem cells and during development. Int J Dev Biol 53:203-14.
106. Iqbal K, Alonso AD, Gong CX, et al. (1998). Mechanisms of neurofibrillary degeneration and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. J Neural Transm Suppl 53:169-80.
107. Ishihara K, Takahashi I, Tsuchiya Y, et al. (2010). Characteristic increase in nucleocytoplasmic protein glycosylation by O-GlcNAc in 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 398: 489-94.
108. Issad T, Masson E, Pagesy P. (2010). O-GlcNAc modification, insulin signaling and diabetic complications. Diabetes Metab 36: 423-35.
109. Itkonen HM, Minner S, Guldvik IJ, et al. (2013). O-GlcNAc transferase integrates metabolic pathways to regulate the stability of c-MYC in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 73:5277-87.
110. Ito S, Shen L, Dai Q, et al. (2011). Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Science 333:1300-3.
111. Jacob A, Jing J, Lee J, et al. (2013). Rab40b regulates MMP2 and MMP9 trafficking during invadopodia formation and breast cancer cell invasion. J Cell Sci 126:4647-58.
112. Jacobsen KT, Iverfeldt K. (2011). O-GlcNAcylation increases non-amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 404:882-6.
113. Jang H, Kim TW, Yoon S, et al. (2012). O-GlcNAc regulates pluripotency and reprogramming by directly acting on core components of the pluripotency network. Cell Stem Cell 11:62-74.
114. Jeon JH, Suh HN, Kim MO, Han HJ. (2013). Glucosamine-induced reduction of integrin beta4 and plectin complex stimulates migration and proliferation in mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 22: 2975-89.
115. Jones SP, Zachara NE, Ngoh GA, et al. (2008). Cardioprotection by N-acetylglucosamine linkage to cellular proteins. Circulation 117: 1172-82.
116. Ju Y, Hua J, Sakamoto K, et al. (2008). Modulation of TNF-alpha-induced endothelial cell activation by glucosamine, a naturally occurring amino monosaccharide. Int J Mol Med 22:809-15.
117. Kalin TV, Ustiyan V, Kalinichenko VV. (2011). Multiple faces of FoxM1 transcription factor: lessons from transgenic mouse models. Cell Cycle 10:396-405.
118. Kang MJ, Kim C, Jeong H, et al. (2013). Synapsin-1 and tau reciprocal O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation sites in mouse brain synapto-somes. Exp Mol Med 45:e29.
119. Karin M, Ben-Neriah Y. (2000). Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NF-[kappa]B activity. Annu Rev Immunol 18:621-63.
120. Karin M, Greten FR. (2005). NF-kappaB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nat Rev Immunol 5:749-59.
121. Kawauchi K, Araki K, Tobiume K, Tanaka N. (2008). p53 regulates glucose metabolism through an IKK-NF-kappaB pathway and inhibits cell transformation. Nat Cell Biol 10:611-18.
122. Kawauchi K, Araki K, Tobiume K, Tanaka N. (2009). Loss of p53 enhances catalytic activity of IKKbeta through O-linked beta-N-acetyl glucosamine modification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 3431-6.
123. Kelly WG, Dahmus ME, Hart GW. (1993). RNA polymerase II is a glycoprotein. Modification of the COOH-terminal domain by O-GlcNAc. J Biol Chem 268:10416-24.
124. Kelly WG, Hart GW. (1989). Glycosylation of chromosomal proteins: localization of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine in Drosophila chroma-tin. Cell 57:243-51.
125. Kersten JR, Schmeling TJ, Pagel PS, et al. (1997). Isoflurane mimics ischemic preconditioning via activation of K(ATP) channels: reduction of myocardial infarct size with an acute memory phase. Anesthesiology 87:361-70.
126. Kessler P, Bauersachs J, Busse R, Schini-Kerth VB. (1997). Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase restores endothelium-dependent relaxations in proinflammatory mediator-induced blood vessels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:1746-55.
127. Khidekel N, Ficarro SB, Clark PM, et al. (2007). Probing the dynamics of O-GlcNAc glycosylation in the brain using quantitative proteomics. Nature Chemical Biology 3:339-48.
128. Kida S, Josselyn SA, Pena De Ortiz S, et al. (2002). CREB required for the stability of new and reactivated fear memories. Nat Neurosci 5: 348-55.
129. Kim C, Nam DW, Park SY, et al. (2013). O-linked beta-N- acetylglucosaminidase inhibitor attenuates beta-amyloid plaque and rescues memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 34:275-85.
130. Kim EY, Jeong EH, Park S, et al. (2012). A role for O-GlcNAcylation in setting circadian clock speed. Genes Dev 26:490-502.
131. Kim HS, Park SY, Choi YR, et al. (2009). Excessive O-GlcNAcylation of proteins suppresses spontaneous cardiogenesis in ES cells. FEBS Lett 583:2474-8.
132. Kitzmann M, Fernandez A. (2001). Crosstalk between cell cycle regulators and the myogenic factor MyoD in skeletal myoblasts. Cell Mol Life Sci 58:571-9.
133. Klement E, Lipinszki Z, Kupihar Z, et al. (2010). Enrichment of O-GlcNAc modified proteins by the periodate oxidation-hydrazide resin capture approach. J Proteome Res 9:2200-6.
134. Kornfeld S, Kornfeld R, Neufeld EF, O'brien PJ. (1964). The feedback control of sugar nucleotide biosynthesis in liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 52:371-9.
135. Krebs EG. (1993). Nobel Lecture. Protein phosphorylation and cellular regulation I. Biosci Rep 13:127-42.
136. Kreppel LK, Blomberg MA, Hart GW. (1997). Dynamic glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins. Cloning and characterization of a unique O-GlcNAc transferase with multiple tetratricopeptide repeats. J Biol Chem 272:9308-15.
137. Kreppel LK, Hart GW. (1999). Regulation of a cytosolic and nuclear O-GlcNAc transferase. Role of the tetratricopeptide repeats. J Biol Chem 274:32015-22.
138. Kroemer G, Pouyssegur J. (2008). Tumor cell metabolism: cancer's Achilles' heel. Cancer Cell 13:472-82.
139. Kronenberg HM. (2003). Developmental regulation of the growth plate. Nature 423:332-6.
140. Kuhl DE, Metter EJ, Riege WH, Phelps ME. (1982). Effects of human aging on patterns of local cerebral glucose utilization determined by the [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose method. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2: 163-71.
141. Laczy B, Marsh SA, Brocks CA, et al. (2009). Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase in perfused rat hearts by NAG-thiazolines at the time of reperfusion is cardioprotective in an O-GlcNAc dependent manner. FASEB J 23:H1715-27.
142. Lam YA, Pickart CM, Alban A, et al. (2000). Inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:9902-6.
143. Lee TI, Young RA. (2000). Transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes. Annu Rev Genet 34:77-137.
144. Lefebvre T, Guinez C, Dehennaut V, et al. (2005). Does O-GlcNAc play a role in neurodegenerative diseases? Expert Rev Proteomics 2: 265-75.
145. Li Q, Zhang N, Jia Z, et al. (2009a). Critical role and regulation of transcription factor FoxM1 in human gastric cancer angiogenesis and progression. Cancer Res 69:3501-9.
146. Li X, Molina H, Huang H, et al. (2009b). O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification on CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta: role during adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 284:(1924)8-54.
147. Libby P. (2001). What have we learned about the biology of atherosclerosis? The role of inflammation. Am J Cardiol 88: 3J-6J.
148. Lim JM, Sherling D, Teo CF, et al. (2008). Defining the regulated secreted proteome of rodent adipocytes upon the induction of insulin resistance. J Proteome Res 7:1251-63.
149. Lima VV, Giachini FR, Carneiro FS, et al. (2010). O-GlcNAcylation contributes to augmented vascular reactivity induced by endothelin 1. Hypertension 55:180-8.
150. Lima VV, Giachini FRC, Choi H, et al. (2009). Impaired vasodilator activity in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension is associated with increased protein O-GlcNAcylation. Hypertension 53:166-74.
151. Liptay S, Weber CK, Ludwig L, et al. (2003). Mitogenic and antiapoptotic role of constitutive NF-kappaB/Rel activity in pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 105:735-46.
152. Liu F, Shi J, Tanimukai H, et al. (2009). Reduced O-GlcNAcylation links lower brain glucose metabolism and tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 132:1820-32.
153. Liu K, Paterson AJ, Zhang FX, et al. (2004). Accumulation of protein O-GlcNAc modification inhibits proteasomes in the brain and coincides with neuronal apoptosis in brain areas with high O-GlcNAc metabolism. J Neurochem 89:1044-55.
154. Liu Y, Li X, Yu Y, et al. (2012). Developmental regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation, O-GlcNAc transferase, and O-GlcNAcase in mammalian brain. PLoS One 7:e43724.
155. Lonze BE, Ginty DD. (2002). Function and regulation of CREB family transcription factors in the nervous system. Neuron 35:605-23.
156. Lonze BE, Riccio A, Cohen S, Ginty DD. (2002). Apoptosis, axonal growth defects, and degeneration of peripheral neurons in mice lacking CREB. Neuron 34:371-85.
157. Love DC, Hanover JA. (2005). The hexosamine signaling pathway: deciphering the "O-GlcNAc code". Sci STKE (2005):re13.
158. Love DC, Kochan J, Cathey RL, et al. (2003). Mitochondrial and nucleocytoplasmic targeting of O-linked GlcNAc transferase. J Cell Sci 116:647-54.
159. Lu L, Zhou D, Jiang X, et al. (2012). Loss of E-cadherin in multidrug resistant breast cancer cell line MCF-7/Adr: possible implication in the enhanced invasive ability. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 16:1271-9.
160. Lubas WA, Frank DW, Krause M, Hanover JA. (1997). O-Linked GlcNAc transferase is a conserved nucleocytoplasmic protein containing tetratricopeptide repeats. J Biol Chem 272:9316-24.
161. Lucas A. (1998). Programming by early nutrition: an experimental approach. J Nutr 128:401S-6S.
162. Lunde IG, Aronsen JM, Kvaloy H, et al. (2012). Cardiac O-GlcNAc signaling is increased in hypertrophy and heart failure. Physiological Genomics 44:162-72.
163. Lynch TP, Ferrer CM, Jackson SR, et al. (2012). Critical role of O-Linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine transferase in prostate cancer invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. J Biol Chem 287:11070-81.
164. Ma Z, Vocadlo DJ, Vosseller K. (2013). Hyper-O-GlcNAcylation is anti-apoptotic and maintains constitutive NF-kappaB activity in pancreatic cancer cells. J Biol Chem 288:15121-30.
165. Macauley MS, Whitworth GE, Debowski AW, et al. (2005). O-GlcNAcase uses substrate-assisted catalysis: kinetic analysis and development of highly selective mechanism-inspired inhibitors. J Biol Chem 280:25313-22.
166. Mahmoudi T, Verrijzer CP. (2001). Chromatin silencing and activation by Polycomb and trithorax group proteins. Oncogene 20:3055-66.
167. Maiuri MC, Zalckvar E, Kimchi A, Kroemer G. (2007). Self-eating and self-killing: crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:741-52.
168. Mandrup S, Lane MD. (1997). Regulating adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 272:5367-70.
169. Margadant C, Charafeddine RA, Sonnenberg A. (2010). Unique and redundant functions of integrins in the epidermis. FASEB J 24: 4133-52.
170. Marsh SA, Dell'italia LJ, Chatham JC. (2011). Activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and protein O-GlcNAcylation modulate hypertrophic and cell signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes from diabetic mice. Amino Acids 40:819-28.
171. Marsh SA, Powell PC, Dell'italia LJ, Chatham JC. (2013). Cardiac O-GlcNAcylation blunts autophagic signaling in the diabetic heart. Life Sci 92:648-56.
172. Marshall S, Bacote V, Traxinger RR. (1991). Discovery of a metabolic pathway mediating glucose-induced desensitization of the glucose transport system. Role of hexosamine biosynthesis in the induction of insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 266:4706-12.
173. Master E, Chan SL, Ali-Khan Z. (1997). Ubiquitin (Ub) interacts non-covalently with Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (betaPP): isolation of Ub-betaPP conjugates from brain extracts. Neuroreport 8: 2781-6.
174. Mattson MP, Cheng B, Culwell AR, et al. (1993). Evidence for excitoprotective and intraneuronal calcium-regulating roles for secreted forms of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. Neuron 10: 243-54.
175. Maury JJ, Chan KK, Zheng L, et al. (2013). Excess of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modifies human pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Stem Cell Res 11:926-37.
176. Mcclain DA, Lubas WA, Cooksey RC, et al. (2002). Altered glycan-dependent signaling induces insulin resistance and hyperleptinemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:10695-9.
177. Mcgeer EG, Mcgeer PL, Akiyama H, Harrop R. (1989). Cortical glutaminase, beta-glucuronidase and glucose utilization in Alzheimer's disease. Can J Neurol Sci 16:511-15.
178. Mcgeer EG, Mcgeer PL, Harrop R, et al. (1990). Correlations of regional postmortem enzyme activities with premortem local glucose metabolic rates in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 27: 612-19.
179. McLarty JL, Marsh SA, Chatham JC. (2013). Post-translational protein modification by O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine: its role in mediating the adverse effects of diabetes on the heart. Life Sci 92: 621-7.
180. Mi W, Gu Y, Han C, et al. (2011). O-GlcNAcylation is a novel regulator of lung and colon cancer malignancy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812: 514-19.
181. Miller AP, Feng W, Xing D, et al. (2004). Estrogen modulates inflammatory mediator expression and neutrophil chemotaxis in injured arteries. Circulation 110:1664-9.
182. Miller DJ, Gong X, Shur BD. (1993). Sperm require beta-N- acetylglucosaminidase to penetrate through the egg zona pellucida. Development 118:1279-89.
183. Minoshima S, Frey KA, Foster NL, Kuhl DE. (1995). Preserved pontine glucose metabolism in Alzheimer disease: a reference region for functional brain image (PET) analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19: 541-7.
184. Montessuit C, Thorburn A. (1999). Transcriptional activation of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in ventricular cardiac myocytes by hypertrophic agonists. J Biol Chem 274:9006-12.
185. Moore RY. (1993). Principles of synaptic transmission. Ann N Y Acad Sci 695:1-9.
186. Murry CE, Jennings RB, Reimer KA. (1986). Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation 74:1124-36.
187. Myers SA, Panning B, Burlingame AL. (2011). Polycomb repressive complex 2 is necessary for the normal site-specific O-GlcNAc distribution in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:9490-5.
188. Nagel AK, Schilling M, Comte-Walters S, et al. (2013). Identification of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-modified osteoblast proteins by electron transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry reveals proteins critical for bone formation. Mol Cell Proteomics 12: 945-55.
189. Nakai A, Yamaguchi O, Takeda T, et al. (2007). The role of autophagy in cardiomyocytes in the basal state and in response to hemodynamic stress. Nature Medicine 13:619-24.
190. Ng HH, Surani MA. (2011). The transcriptional and signalling networks of pluripotency. Nat Cell Biol 13:490-6.
191. Ngoh GA, Hamid T, Prabhu SD, Jones SP. (2009). O-GlcNAc signaling attenuates ER stress-induced cardiomyocyte death. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 297:H1711-9.
192. Not LG, Brocks CA, Vamhidy L, et al. (2010). Increased O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine levels on proteins improves survival, reduces inflammation and organ damage 24 hours after trauma-hemorrhage in rats. Crit Care Med 38:562-71.
193. Ogawa M, Mizofuchi H, Kobayashi Y, et al. (2012). Terminal differentiation program of skeletal myogenesis is negatively regulated by O-GlcNAc glycosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1820: 24-32.
194. Oka H, Shiozaki H, Kobayashi K, et al. (1993). Expression of E-cadherin cell adhesion molecules in human breast cancer tissues and its relationship to metastasis. Cancer Res 53:1696-701.
195. Olivier-Van Stichelen S, Drougat L, Dehennaut V, et al. (2012). Serum-stimulated cell cycle entry promotes ncOGT synthesis required for cyclin D expression. Oncogenesis 1:e36.
196. Pantaleon M, Tan HY, Kafer GR, Kaye PL. (2010). Toxic effects of hyperglycemia are mediated by the hexosamine signaling pathway and o-linked glycosylation in early mouse embryos. Biol Reprod 82: 751-8.
197. Papin C, Eychene A, Brunet A, et al. (1995). B-Raf protein isoforms interact with and phosphorylate Mek-1 on serine residues 218 and 222. Oncogene 10:1647-51.
198. Parker GJ, Lund KC, Taylor RP, Mcclain DA. (2003). Insulin resistance of glycogen synthase mediated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine. J Biol Chem 278:10022-7.
199. Pastor WA, Aravind L, Rao A. (2013). TETonic shift: biological roles of TET proteins in DNA demethylation and transcription. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14:341-56.
200. Pattingre S, Tassa A, Qu XP, et al. (2005). Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Cell 122:927-39.
201. Petit-Taboue MC, Landeau B, Desson JF, et al. (1998). Effects of healthy aging on the regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose assessed with statistical parametric mapping. Neuroimage 7: 176-84.
202. Pietersen AM, Van Lohuizen M. (2008). Stem cell regulation by polycomb repressors: postponing commitment. Curr Opin Cell Biol 20:201-7.
203. Piriou V, Chiari P, Gateau-Roesch O, et al. (2004). Desflurane-induced preconditioning alters calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. Anesthesiology 100:581-8.
204. Pokutta S, Weis WI. (2007). Structure and mechanism of cadherins and catenins in cell-cell contacts. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 23:237-61.
205. Prevention CFDCA. (2011). National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
206. Ranuncolo SM, Ghosh S, Hanover JA, et al. (2012). Evidence of the involvement of O-GlcNAc-modified human RNA polymerase II CTD in transcription in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 287:23549-61.
207. Rao FV, Schüttelkopf AW, Dorfmueller HC, et al. (2013). Structure of a bacterial putative acetyltransferase defines the fold of the human O-GlcNAcase C-terminal domain. Open Biol 3:130021. doi: 10.1098/rsob.130021.
208. Raychaudhuri P, Park HJ. (2011). FoxM1: a master regulator of tumor metastasis. Cancer Res 71:4329-33.
209. Rexach JE, Clark PM, Mason DE, et al. (2012). Dynamic O-GlcNAc modification regulates CREB-mediated gene expression and memory formation. Nature Chem Biol 8:253-61.
210. Rexach JE, Rogers CJ, Yu SH, et al. (2010). Quantification of O-glycosylation stoichiometry and dynamics using resolvable mass tags. Nature Chem Biol 6:645-51.
211. Rhodes SJ, Konieczny SF. (1989). Identification of MRF4: a new member of the muscle regulatory factor gene family. Genes Dev 3: 2050-61.
212. Ringrose L, Paro R. (2007). Polycomb/Trithorax response elements and epigenetic memory of cell identity. Development 134:223-32.
213. Ruan HB, Han X, Li MD, et al. (2012). O-GlcNAc transferase/host cell factor C1 complex regulates gluconeogenesis by modulating PGC-1alpha stability. Cell Metab 16:226-37.
214. Ruan HB, Nie Y, Yang X. (2013). Regulation of protein degradation by O-GlcNAcylation: crosstalk with ubiquitination. Mol Cell Proteomics 12:3489-97.
215. Sakabe K, Hart GW. (2010). O-GlcNAc transferase regulates mitotic chromatin dynamics. J Biol Chem 285:34460-8.
216. Sakabe K, Wang Z, Hart GW. (2010). Beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is part of the histone code. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:19915-20.
217. Sakurai H, Chiba H, Miyoshi H, et al. (1999). IkappaB kinases phosphorylate NF-kappaB p65 subunit on serine 536 in the transac-tivation domain. J Biol Chem 274:30353-6.
218. Sato S, Yagi S, Arai Y, et al. (2010). Genome-wide DNA methylation profile of tissue-dependent and differentially methylated regions (T-DMRs) residing in mouse pluripotent stem cells. Genes Cells 15: 607-18.
219. Sauer CG, Kappeler A, Spath M, et al. (2004). Expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and-9 in serum, core needle biopsies and tissue specimens of prostate cancer patients. Virchows Arch 444: 518-26.
220. Sayat R, Leber B, Grubac V, et al. (2008). O-GlcNAc-glycosylation of beta-catenin regulates its nuclear localization and transcriptional activity. Exp Cell Res 314:2774-87.
221. Schiffrin EL. (2005). Vascular endothelin in hypertension. Vascul Pharmacol 43:19-29.
222. Schuettengruber B, Chourrout D, Vervoort M, et al. (2007). Genome regulation by polycomb and trithorax proteins. Cell 128: 735-45.
223. Schwartz YB, Pirrotta V. (2000). Polycomb complexes and epigenetic states. Curr Opin Cell Biol 20:266-73.
224. Shafi R, Iyer SP, Ellies LG, et al. (2000). The O-GlcNAc transferase gene resides on the X chromosome and is essential for embryonic stem cell viability and mouse ontogeny. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 5735-9.
225. Shalin SC, Zirrgiebel U, Honsa KJ, et al. (2004). Neuronal MEK is important for normal fear conditioning in mice. J Neurosci Res 75: 760-70.
226. Shapira M, Zhai RG, Dresbach T, et al. (2003). Unitary assembly of presynaptic active zones from Piccolo-Bassoon transport vesicles. Neuron 38:237-52.
227. Sharma GD, Nguyen HT, Antonov AS, et al. (2002). Expression of atrial natriuretic peptide receptor-A antagonizes the mitogen-activated protein kinases (Erk2 and P38MAPK) in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biochem 233:165-73.
228. Sheng M, Thompson MA, Greenberg ME. (1991). CREB: a Ca(2+)-regulated transcription factor phosphorylated by calmodulin-depend-ent kinases. Science 252:1427-30.
229. Shi FT, Kim H, Lu W, et al. (2013). Ten-eleven translocation 1 (tet1) is regulated by o-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) for target gene repression in mouse embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 288: 20776-84.
230. Shi Y, Tomic J, Wen F, et al. (2010). Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation characterizes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 24:1588-98.
231. Shiota K. (2004). DNA methylation profiles of CpG islands for cellular differentiation and development in mammals. Cytogenet Genome Res 105:325-34.
232. Shoji M, Golde TE, Ghiso J, et al. (1992). Production of the Alzheimer amyloid beta protein by normal proteolytic processing. Science 258: 126-9.
233. Simpson P. (1985). Stimulation of hypertrophy of cultured neonatal rat-heart cells through an alpha-1-adrenergic receptor and induction of beating through an alpha-1-adrenergic and beta-1-adrenergic Receptor interaction-evidence for independent regulation of growth and beatin. Circulation Res 56:884-94.
234. Sinclair DA, Syrzycka M, Macauley MS, et al. (2009). Drosophila O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is encoded by the Polycomb group (PcG) gene, super sex combs (sxc). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 13427-32.
235. Skorobogatko YV, Deuso J, Adolf-Bryfogle J, et al. (2011). Human Alzheimer's disease synaptic O-GlcNAc site mapping and iTRAQ expression proteomics with ion trap mass spectrometry. Amino Acids 40:765-79.
236. Slawson C, Housley MP, Hart GW. (2006). O-GlcNAc cycling: how a single sugar post-translational modification is changing the way we think about signaling networks. J Cell Biochem 97:71-83.
237. Slawson C, Zachara NE, Vosseller K, et al. (2005). Perturbations in O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine protein modification cause severe defects in mitotic progression and cytokinesis. J Biol Chem 280: 32944-56.
238. Smet-Nocca C, Broncel M, Wieruszeski JM, et al. (2011). Identification of O-GlcNAc sites within peptides of the Tau protein and their impact on phosphorylation. Mol Biosyst 7:1420-9.
239. Smith GS, De Leon MJ, George AE, et al. (1992). Topography of cross-sectional and longitudinal glucose metabolic deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Pathophysiologic implications. Arch Neurol 49:1142-50.
240. Smith SM, Renden R, Von Gersdorff H. (2008). Synaptic vesicle endocytosis: fast and slow modes of membrane retrieval. Trends Neurosci 31:559-68.
241. Sola-Penna M, Da Silva D, Coelho WS, et al. (2010). Regulation of mammalian muscle type 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and its implication for the control of the metabolism. IUBMB Life 62: 791-6.
242. Song C, Zhu S, Wu C, Kang J. (2013). HDAC10 suppresses cervical cancer metastasis through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 expression. J Biol Chem 288:28021-33.
243. Stadtfeld M, Hochedlinger K. (2010). Induced pluripotency: history, mechanisms, and applications. Genes Dev 24:2239-63.
244. Tahayori B, Koceja DM. (2012). Activity-dependent plasticity of spinal circuits in the developing and mature spinal cord. Neural Plast 2012: 964843. doi: 10.1155/2012/964843.
245. Tahiliani M, Koh KP, Shen Y, et al. (2009). Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science 324:930-5.
246. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126:663-76.
247. Tan EP, Caro S, Potnis A, et al. (2013). O-linked N-acetylglucosamine cycling regulates mitotic spindle organization. J Biol Chem 288: 27085-99.
248. Tan TC, Valova VA, Malladi CS, et al. (2003). Cdk5 is essential for synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Nature Cell Biol 5:701-10.
249. Tanaka K, Ludwig LM, Kersten JR, et al. (2004). Mechanisms of cardioprotection by volatile anesthetics. Anesthesiology 100: 707-21.
250. Tarone G, Hirsch E, Brancaccio M, et al. (2000). Integrin function and regulation in development. Int J Dev Biol 44:725-31.
251. Temu TM, Wu KY, Gruppuso PA, Phornphutkul C. (2010). The mechanism of ascorbic acid-induced differentiation of ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299:E325-34.
252. Thoreson MA, Anastasiadis PZ, Daniel JM, et al. (2000). Selective uncoupling of p120(ctn) from E-cadherin disrupts strong adhesion. J Cell Biol 148:189-202.
253. Toleman C, Paterson AJ, Whisenhunt TR, Kudlow JE. (2004). Characterization of the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain of a bifunctional protein with activable O-GlcNAcase and HAT activities. J Biol Chem 279:53665-73.
254. Torres CR, Hart GW. (1984). Topography and polypeptide distribution of terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues on the surfaces of intact lymphocytes. Evidence for O-linked GlcNAc. J Biol Chem 259: 3308-17.
255. Trinidad JC, Barkan DT, Gulledge BF, et al. (2012). Global identification and characterization of both O-GlcNAcylation and phosphoryla-tion at the murine synapse. Molecular Cellular Proteomics 11:215-29.
256. Vella P, Scelfo A, Jammula S, et al. (2013). Tet proteins connect the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase Ogt to chromatin in embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell 49:645-56.
257. Vermeulen L, De Wilde G, Van Damme P, et al. (2003). Transcriptional activation of the NF-kappaB p65 subunit by mitogen-and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1). EMBO J 22:1313-24.
258. Vosseller K, Wells L, Lane MD, Hart GW. (2002). Elevated nucleocytoplasmic glycosylation by O-GlcNAc results in insulin resistance associated with defects in Akt activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:5313-18.
259. Vu TH, Shipley JM, Bergers G, et al. (1998). MMP-9/gelatinase B is a key regulator of growth plate angiogenesis and apoptosis of hyper-trophic chondrocytes. Cell 93:411-22.
260. Wang IC, Chen YJ, Hughes D, et al. (2005). Forkhead box M1 regulates the transcriptional network of genes essential for mitotic progression and genes encoding the SCF (Skp2-Cks1) ubiquitin ligase. Mol Cell Biol 25:10875-94.
261. Wang S, Huang X, Sun DN, et al. (2012). Extensive crosstalk between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation regulates akt signaling. PLoS One 7:e37427.
262. Wang W, Abbruzzese JL, Evans DB, et al. (1999). The nuclear factor-kappa B RelA transcription factor is constitutively activated in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 5: 119-27.
263. Wang Z, Banerjee S, Kong D, et al. (2007). Down-regulation of Forkhead Box M1 transcription factor leads to the inhibition of invasion and angiogenesis of pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 67: 8293-300.
264. Wang Z, Udeshi ND, O'malley M, et al. (2010). Enrichment and site mapping of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine by a combination of chemical/enzymatic tagging, photochemical cleavage, and electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 9: 153-60.
265. Waterland RA, Garza C. (2002). Early postnatal nutrition determines adult pancreatic glucose-responsive insulin secretion and islet gene expression in rats. J Nutr 132:357-64.
266. Watson LJ, Facundo HT, Ngoh GA, et al. (2010). O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine transferase is indispensable in the failing heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:17797-802.
267. Weaver CL, Espinoza M, Kress Y, Davies P. (2000). Conformational change as one of the earliest alterations of tau in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 21:719-27.
268. Webster DM, Teo CF, Sun Y, et al. (2009). O-GlcNAc modifications regulate cell survival and epiboly during zebrafish development. BMC Dev Biol 9:28.
269. Wells L, Gao Y, Mahoney JA, et al. (2002). Dynamic O-glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins: further characterization of the nucleocytoplasmic beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, O-GlcNAcase. J Biol Chem 277:1755-61.
270. Wells L, Hart GW. (2003). O-GlcNAc turns twenty: functional implications for post-translational modification of nuclear and cyto-solic proteins with a sugar. FEBS Lett 546:154-8.
271. Wells L, Vosseller K, Hart GW. (2001). Glycosylation of nucleocyto-plasmic proteins: signal transduction and O-GlcNAc. Science 291: 2376-8.
272. Wells L, Vosseller K, Hart GW. (2003a). A role for N-acetylglucosamine as a nutrient sensor and mediator of insulin resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 60:222-8.
273. Wells L, Whelan SA, Hart GW. (2003b). O-GlcNAc: a regulatory post-translational modification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 302: 435-41.
274. Whelan SA, Lane MD, Hart GW. (2008). Regulation of the O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine transferase by insulin signaling. J Biol Chem 283:21411-17.
275. Wierstra I, Alves J. (2007). FOXM1, a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor. Biol Chem 388:1257-74.
276. Williams K, Christensen J, Helin K. (2012). DNA methylation: TET proteins-guardians of CpG islands? EMBO Rep 13:28-35.
277. Wimalasundera R, Fexby S, Regan L, Hughes AD. (2003). Effect of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1 beta on endothe-lium-dependent relaxation in rat mesenteric resistance arteries in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 138:1285-94.
278. Wisniewski JR, Nagaraj N, Zougman A, et al. (2010). Brain phosphoproteome obtained by a FASP-based method reveals plasma membrane protein topology. J Proteome Res 9:3280-9.
279. Wu CC, Maccoss MJ, Howell KE, Yates JR. (2003). A method for the comprehensive proteomic analysis of membrane proteins. Nature Biotechnol 21:532-8.
280. Wu H, Zhang Y. (2011). Mechanisms and functions of Tet protein-mediated 5-methylcytosine oxidation. Genes Dev 25:2436-52.
281. Wysocka J, Myers MP, Laherty CD, et al. (2003). Human Sin3 deacetylase and trithorax-related Set1/Ash2 histone H3-K4 methyl-transferase are tethered together selectively by the cell-proliferation factor HCF-1. Genes Dev 17:896-911.
282. Xing D, Gong K, Feng W, et al. (2011). O-GlcNAc modification of NFkappaB p65 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory mediator expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 6: e24021.
283. Xing D, Miller A, Novak L, et al. (2004). Estradiol and progestins differentially modulate leukocyte infiltration after vascular injury. Circulation 109:234-41.
284. Xu R, Seger R, Pecht I. (1999). Cutting edge: extracellular signal-regulated kinase activates syk: a new potential feedback regulation of Fc epsilon receptor signaling. J Immunol 163:1110-14.
285. Yagi S, Hirabayashi K, Sato S, et al. (2008). DNA methylation profile of tissue-dependent and differentially methylated regions (T-DMRs) in mouse promoter regions demonstrating tissue-specific gene expression. Genome Res 18:1969-78.
286. Yang WH, Kim JE, Nam HW, et al. (2006). Modification of p53 with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine regulates p53 activity and stability. Nat Cell Biol 8:1074-83.
287. Yang WH, Park SY, Nam HW, et al. (2008a). NFkappaB activation is associated with its O-GlcNAcylation state under hyperglycemic conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:17345-50.
288. Yang X, Ongusaha PP, Miles PD, et al. (2008b). Phosphoinositide signalling links O-GlcNAc transferase to insulin resistance. Nature 451:964-9.
289. Yang X, Zhang F, Kudlow JE. (2002). Recruitment of O-GlcNAc transferase to promoters by corepressor mSin3A: coupling protein O-GlcNAcylation to transcriptional repression. Cell 110: 69-80.
290. Yang YR, Song M, Lee H, et al. (2012). O-GlcNAcase is essential for embryonic development and maintenance of genomic stability. Aging Cell 11:439-48.
291. Yao T, Song L, Xu W, et al. (2006). Proteasome recruitment and activation of the Uch37 deubiquitinating enzyme by Adrm1. Nat Cell Biol 8:994-1002.
292. Yeh WC, Cao Z, Classon M, Mcknight SL. (1995). Cascade regulation of terminal adipocyte differentiation by three members of the C/EBP family of leucine zipper proteins. Genes Dev 9:168-81.
293. Yehezkel G, Cohen L, Kliger A, et al. (2012). O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in primary and meta-static colorectal cancer clones and effect of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase silencing on cell phenotype and transcriptome. J Biol Chem 287:28755-69.
294. Yi W, Clark PM, Mason DE, et al. (2012). Phosphofructokinase 1 glycosylation regulates cell growth and metabolism. Science 337: 975-80.
295. Yuzwa SA, Macauley MS, Heinonen JE, et al. (2008). A potent mechanism-inspired O-GlcNAcase inhibitor that blocks phosphoryl-ation of tau in vivo. Nat Chem Biol 4:483-90.
296. Yuzwa SA, Yadav AK, Skorobogatko Y, et al. (2011). Mapping O-GlcNAc modification sites on tau and generation of a site-specific O-GlcNAc tau antibody. Amino Acids 40:857-68.
297. Zachara NE. (2012). The roles of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine in cardiovascular physiology and disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 302:H1905-18.
298. Zachara NE, O'donnell N, Cheung WD, et al. (2004). Dynamic O-GlcNAc modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins in response to stress. A survival response of mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 279: 30133-42.
299. Zaro BW, Yang YY, Hang HC, Pratt MR. (2011). Chemical reporters for fluorescent detection and identification of O-GlcNAc-modified proteins reveal glycosylation of the ubiquitin ligase NEDD4-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:8146-51.
300. Zemse SM, Chiao CW, Hilgers RHP, Webb RC. (2010). Interleukin-10 inhibits the in vivo and in vitro adverse effects of TNF-alpha on the endothelium of murine aorta. Am J Physiol Heart Circulat Physiol 299:H1160-7.
301. Zhang FX, Hu Y, Huang P, et al. (2007). Proteasome function is regulated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase through phosphor-ylation of Rpt6. J Biol Chem 282:22460-71.
302. Zhang L, Shi J, Feng J, et al. (2004). Type IV collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-2 and-9) in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 7:327-32.
303. Zhang LC, Zeng YM, Ting J, et al. (2003). The distributions and signaling directions of the cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons in the parenchyma of a rat brain. Brain Res 989:1-8.
304. Zhang S, Roche K, Nasheuer HP, Lowndes NF. (2011). Modification of histones by sugar beta-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) occurs on multiple residues, including histone H3 serine 10, and is cell cycle-regulated. J Biol Chem 286:37483-95.
305. Zhong H, Suyang H, Erdjument-Bromage H, et al. (1997). The transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB is regulated by the IkappaB-associated PKAc subunit through a cyclic AMP-independent mechanism. Cell 89:413-24.
306. Zhu HX, Tannous P, Johnstone JL, et al. (2006). Cardiac autophagy is a maladaptive response to hemodynamic stress. Circulation 114: 96-96.
307. Zhu Q, Zhou L, Yang Z, et al. (2012). O-GlcNAcylation plays a role in tumor recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation. Med Oncol 29:985-93.
308. Zhu W, Leber B, Andrews DW. (2001). Cytoplasmic O-glycosylation prevents cell surface transport of E-cadherin during apoptosis. EMBO J 20:5999-6007.
309. Zou LY, Yang SL, Champattanachai V, et al. (2009). Glucosamine improves cardiac function following trauma-hemorrhage by increased protein O-GlcNAcylation and attenuation of NF-kappa B signaling. Am J Physiol Heart Circulat Physiol 296:H515-23.