Molecular bases for circadian clocks

Cell

Volumn 96, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 271-290

  Dunlap, Jay C ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CYANOBACTERIUM; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GENE CONTROL; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA TRANSLATION;

EID: 0033593306     PISSN: 00928674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80566-8     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Ahmad, M., Jarillo, J., Smirnova, O., and Cashmore, A.R. (1998). The CRY1 blue light photoreceptor of Arabidopsis interacts with phytochrome A in vitro. Mol. Cell 7, 939-948.
2. Albrecht, U., Sun, Z., Eichele, G., and Lee, C. (1997). A differential response of two putative mammalian circadian regulators, mper1 and mper2, to light. Cell 91, 1055-1064.
3. Allada, R., White, N.E., So, W.V., Hall, J.C., and Rosbash, M. (1998). A mutant Drosophila homolog of mammalian CLOC/Cdisiupts circadian rhythms and transcription of period and timeless. Cell 93, 805-814.
4. Antoch, M., Soog, E., Chang, A., Vitaterna, M., Zhao, Y., Wilsbacher, L., Sangoram, A., King, D., Pinto, L., and Takahashi, J. (1997). Functional identification of the mouse circadian CLOCK gene by transgenic BAC rescue. Cell 89, 655-667.
5. Aronson, B., Johnson, K., Loros, J.J., and Dunlap, U.C. (1994a). Negative feedback defining a circadian clock: autoregulation in the clock gene frequency. Science 263, 1578-1584.
6. Aronson, B.D., Johnson, K.A., and Dunlap, J.C. (1994b). The circadian clock locus frequency, a single ORF defines period length and temperature compensation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7683-7687.
7. Bae, K., Lee, C., Sidote, D., Chuang, K.-Y., and Edery, I. (1998). Circadian regulation of a Drosophila homolog of the mammalian Clock gene: PER and TIM function as positive regulators. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 6142-6151.
8. Ballario, P., and Macino, G. (1997). White collar proteins: PASsing the light signal in Neurospora crassa. Trends M icrobiol. 5, 458-462.
9. Ballario, P., Talora, C., Galli, D., Linden, H., and Macino, G. (1998). Roles in dimerization and blue light photoresponse of the PAS and LOV domains of Neurospora crassa WHITE COLLAR proteins. Mol. M icrobiol. 29, 719-729.
10. Balsalobre, A., Damiola, F., and Schibier, U. (1998). A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian culture cells. Cell 93, 929-937.
11. Baranaga, M. (1998). New timepiece has a familiar ring. Science 287, 1429-1430.
12. Bell-Pedersen, D., Dunlap, J.C., and Loros, J.J. (1992). The Neurospora circadian clock-controlled gene, ccg-2, is allelic to eas and encodes a fungal hydrophobin required for formation of the conidial rodlet layer. Genes Dev. 6, 2382-2394.
13. Bell-Pedersen, D., Dunlap, J.C., and Loros, J.J. (1996a). Distinct cisacting elements mediate clock, light, and developmental regulation of the Neurospora crassa eas (ccg-2) gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 513-521.
14. Bell-Pedersen, D., Shinohara, M., Loros, J., and Dunlap, J.C. (1996b). Circadian clock-controlled genes isolated from Neurospora crassa are late night to early morning specific. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 13096-13101.
15. Best, J.D., Maywood, E.S., Smith, K.L., and Hastings, M.H. (1999). Rapid resetting of the mammalian circadian clock. J. Neurosci., in press.
16. Block, G.D., Geusz, M., Khalsa, S., and Michel, S. (1995). A clockwork Bulla: cellular study of a model circadian system. Semin. Neurosci. 7, 37-42.
17. Bunning, E. (1973). The Physiological Clock, revised third edition (New York: Springer-Verlag).
18. Campbell, S.S., and Murphy, P.J. (1998). Extraocular circadian phototransduction in humans. Science 279, 396-399.
19. Carré, I. (1996). Biological timing in plants. Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol. 7, 2039-2051.
20. Carré, I., and Kay, S. (1995). Multiple DNA-protein interactions at a circadian-regulated promoter element. Plant Cell 7, 3039-3051.
21. Chang, B., and Nakashima, H. (1998). Isolation of temperature sensitive rhythm mutant in Neurospora crassa. Genes Genet. Syst. 73, 71-73.
22. Cheng, Y., and Hardin, P.E. (1998). Drosophila photoreceptors contain an autonomous circadian oscillator that can function without period mRNA cycling. J. Neurosci. 18, 741-750.
23. Cheng, Y., Gvakharia, B., and Hardin, P.E. (1998). Two alternatively spliced transcripts from Drosophila period gene rescue rhythms having different molecular and behavioral characteristics. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 6505-6514.
24. Citri, Y., Colot, H.V., Jacquier, A.C., Yu, Q., Hall, J.C., Baltimore, D., and Rosbash, M. (1987). A family of unusually spliced and biologically active transcripts encoded by a Drosophila clock gene. Nature 326, 42-47.
25. Crews, S. (1998). Control of cell lineage-specific development and transcription by bHLH-PAS proteins. Genes Dev. 12, 607-620.
26. Crosthwaite, S.C., Loros, J.J., and Dunlap, U.C. (1995). Light-Induced resetting of a circadian clock is mediated by a rapid increase in frequencytranscript. Cell 81, 1003-1012.
27. Crosthwaite, S.C., Dunlap, U.C., and Loros, J.J. (1997). Neurospora wc-1 and we-2: transcription, photoresponses, and the origins of circadian rhythmicity. Science 276, 763-769.
28. Curtin, K., Huang, J., and Rosbash, M. (1995). Temporally regulated entry of the Drosophila period protein contributes to the circadian clock. Neuron 14, 365-372.
29. Darlington, T.K., Wager-Smith, K., Ceriani, M.F., Stankis, D., Gekakis, N., Sleeves, T., Weitz, C.J., Takahashi, J., and Kay, S.A. (1998). Closing the circadian loop: CLOCK induced transcription of its own inhibitors, per and tim. Science 280, 1599-1603.
30. Dembinska, M., Stanewsky, Ft., Hall, J., and Rosbash, M. (1997). Circadian cycling of a period-lacZ fusion protein in Drosophila: evidence for an instability cycling element in PER. J. Biol. Rhythms 12, 157-172.
31. Dieckmann, C., and Brody, S. (1980). Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: oligomycin-resistant mutations affect periodicity. Science 207, 896-898.
32. Dunlap, U.C. (1996). Genetic and molecular analysis of circadian rhythms. Annu. Rev. Genetics 30, 579-601.
33. Dunlap, U.C. (1998a). Common threads in eukaryotic circadian systems. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8, 400-406.
34. Dunlap, U.C. (1998b). An end in the beginning. Science 280, 1548-1549.
35. Dunlap, J.C., Loros, J.J., Crosthwaite, S., Liu, Y., Garceau, N.Y., Bell-Pedersen, D., Shinohara, M., Luo, C., Collett, M., Cole, A., and Heintzen, C. (1998). The circadian regulatory system in Neurospora. In Light and Time in Microbial Systems, D. Roberts, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), pp. 279-294.
36. Dunlap, U.C., Loros, J.J., Crosthwaite, S., and Liu, Y. (1999). Eukaryotic circadian systems: cycles in common. Genes Cells, in press.
37. Edery, I., Zweibel, L, Dembinska, M., and Rosbash, M. (1994). Temporal phosphorylation of the Drosophila period protein. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 2260-2264.
38. Emery, P., So, V., Kaneko, M., Hall, J.C., and Rosbash, M. (1998). CRY, a Drosophila clock and light-regulated cryptochrome, is a major contributor to circadian rhythm resetting and photosensitivity. Cell 95, 669-679.
39. Feldman, J.F., and Hoyle, M. (1973). Isolation of circadian clock mutants of Neurospora crassa. Genetics 75, 605-613.
40. Fleissner, G., and Fleissner, G. (1992). Feedback loops in the circadian system. Disc. Neurosci. 8, 79-84.
41. Foster, R.G. (1998). Shedding light on the biological clock. Neuron 20, 829-833.
42. Foulkes, N.S., Borjigin, J., Snyder, S.H., and Sassone-Corsi, P. (1996). Transcriptional control of circadian hormone synthesis via the CREM feedback loop. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14140-14145.
43. Francis, C., and Sargent, M.L. (1979). Effects of temperature perturbations on circadian conidiation in Neurospora. Plant Physiol. 64, 1000-1009.
44. Frisch, B., Hardin, P.E., Hamblen-Coyle, M.J., Rosbash, M., and Hall, U.C. (1994). A promoter less period gene mediates behavioral rhythmicity and cyclical per expression in a restricted subset of the Drosophila nervous system. Neuron 12, 555-570.
45. Garceau, N., Liu, Y., Loros, J.J., and Dunlap, U.C. (1997). Alternative initiation of translation and time-specific phosphorylation yield multiple forms of the essential clock protein FREQUENCY. Cell 89, 469-476.
46. Gekakis, N., Stankis, D., Nguyen, H.B., Davis, F.C., Wilsbacher, L.D., King, O.P., Takahashi, J.S., and Weitz, C.J. (1998). Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism. Science 280, 1564-1569.
47. Golden, S., Ishiura, M., Johnson, C.H., and Kondo, T. (1997). Cyanobacterial circadian rhythms. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48, 327-354.
48. Golden, S., Johnson, C.H., and Kondo, T. (1998). The cyanobacterial circadian system: A clock apart. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 7, 693-697.
49. Hall, U.C. (1995). Tripping along the trail to the molecular mechanisms of biological clocks. Trends Neurosci. 18, 230-240.
50. Hall, U.C. (1998). Genetics of biological rhythms in Drosophila. Adv. Genet. 33, 135-184.
51. Hall, J.C., and Sassone-Corsi, P. (1998). Molecular Clocks. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (London: Current Biology Publ.).
52. Hamblen, M.J., White, N.E., Emery, P.T., Kaiser, K., and Hall, J.C. (1998). Molecular and behavioral analysis of four period mutants in Drosophila melanogasterencompassing extreme short, novel long, and unorthodox arrhythmic types. Genetics 149, 165-178.
53. Hao, H., Allen, D.L., and Hardin, P.E. (1997). A cycling element in the per promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 3687-3693.
54. Hardin, P.E., Hall, U.C., and Rosbash, M. (1990). Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels. Nature 343, 536-540.
55. Hastings, J.W., and Schweiger, H.-G. (1976). The Molecular Basis of Circadian Rhythms (Berlin: Dahlem Konferenzen).
56. Hege, D.M., Stanewsky, R., Hall, U.C., and Giebultowicz, J.M. (1997). Rhythmic expression of a PER-reporter in the Malpighian tubules of decapitated Drosophila: evidence for a brain independent circadian clock. J. Biol. Rhythms 12, 300-308.
57. Heintzen, C., Nater, M., Apel, K., and Staiger, D. (1997). AIGRP7, a nuclear RNA-binding protein as a component of a circadian-regulated negative feedback loop in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8515-8520.
58. Herzog, E., Takahashi, J., and Block, G. (1998). Clock controls circadian period in isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Nature Neurosci. 1, 708-713.
59. Hicks, K., Millar, A., Carré, I., Somers, D., Straume, M., Meeks-Wagner, R., and Kay, S. (1996). Conditional circadian dysfunction in the Arabidopsis early-flowering 3 mutant. Science 274, 790-792.
60. Hogenesch, J.B., Gu, Y.-Z., Jain, S., and Bradfield, C.A. (1998). The basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS orphan MOP3 forms transcriptionally active complexes with circadian and hypoxia factors. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5474-5479.
61. Honma, S., Ikeda, M., Abe, H., Tanahashi, Y., Narmihira, M., Honma, K., and Normura, M. (1998). Circadian oscillation of BM AL1, a partner of a mammalian clock gene Clock, in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm. 250, 83-87.
62. Hunter-Ensor, M., Ousley, A., and Sehgal, A. (1996). Regulation of the Drosophila protein TIMELESS suggests a mechanism for resetting the circadian clock by light. Cell 84, 677-685.
63. Ishiura, M., Kutsuna, S., Aoki, S., Iwasaki, H., Andersson, C.R., Tanabe, A., Golden, S.S., Johnson, C.J., and Kondo, T. (1998). Expression of a clock gene cluster kaiABCas a circadian feedback process in cyanobacteria. Science 287, 1519-1523.
64. Jin, X., Shearman, L, Weaver, D., Zylka, M., DeVries, G., and Reppert, S. (1999). A molecular mechanism regulating output from the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Cell 96, 57-68.
65. Katagiri, S., Onai, K., and Nakashima, H. (1998). Spermidine determines the sensitivity to the calmodulin antagonist, chlorpromazine, for the circadian conidiation rhythm but not for the mycelial growth in Neurospora crassa. J. Biol. Rhythms 13, 452-460.
66. King, D., Vitaterna, M., Chang, A., Dive, W., Pinto, L, Turek, F., and Takahashi, J. (1997a). The mouse Clock mutation behaves as an antimorph and maps within the W19H deletion, distal of Kit. Genetics 746, 1049-1060.
67. King, D., Zhao, Y., Sangoram, A., Wilsbacher, L., Tanaka, M., Antoch, M., Sleeves, T., Vitaterna, M., Kornhauser, J., Lowrey, P., Turek, F., and Takahashi, J. (1997b). Positional cloning of the mouse circadian CLOCK gene. Cell 89, 641-653.
68. Kloss, B., Price, J.L, Saez, L, Blau, J., Rothenfluh, A., Wesley, C.S. and Young, M.W. (1998). The Drosophila clock gene double-time encodes a protein closely related to human casein kinase IE. Cell 94, 97-107.
69. Kondo, T., Tsinoremas, N., Golden, S., Johnson, C.H., Kutsuna, S., and Ishiura, M. (1994). Circadian clock mutants of cyanobacteria. Science 266, 1233-1236.
70. Kutsana, S., Kondo, T., Aoki, S., and Ishiura, M. (1998). A period extender gene pexthat extends the period of the circadian clock in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. J. Bacteriol. 780, 2167-2174.
71. Lakin-Thomas, P. (1998). Choline depletion, frq mutations, and temperature compensation of the circadian rhythm in Neurospora crassa. J. Biol. Rhythms 13, 268-277.
72. Lakin-Thomas, P., Brody, S., and Cote, G. (1997). Temperature compensation and membrane composition in Neurospora crassa. Chronobiol. Int. 14, 445-454.
73. Lee, K., and Ebbole, D.U. (1998a). Analysis of two transcriptional activation elements in the promoter of the developmentally regulated con-to gene of Neurospora crassa. Fung. Genet. Biol. 23, 259-268.
74. Lee, K., and Ebbole, D.J. (1998b). Tissue-specific repression of starvation and stress responses of the Neurospora crassa con-10 gene is mediated by RCO1. Fung. Genet. Biol. 23, 268-278.
75. Lee, C., Parikh, V., Itsukaichi, T., Bae, K., and Edery, I. (1996). Resetting the Drosophila clock by photic regulation of PER and a PERTIM complex. Science 277, 1740-1744.
76. Lee, C., Bae, K., and Edery, I. (1998). The Drosophila CLOCK protein undergoes daily rhythms in abundance, phosphorylation, and interactions with the PER-TIM complex. Neuron 21, 857-867.
77. Liu, Q., and Dunlap, U.C. (1996). Isolation and analysis of the arg13 gene of Neurospora crassa. Genetics 742, 1163-1174.
78. Liu, Y., Tsinoremas, N., Johnson, C., Lebdeva, N., Golden, S., Ishiura, M., and Kondo, T. (1995). Circadian orchestration of gene expression in cyanobacteria. Genes Dev. 9, 1469-1478.
79. Liu, Y., Tsinoremas, N., Golden, S., Kondo, T., and Johnson, C. (1996). Circadian expression of genes involved in the purine biosynthetic pathway of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. Mol. Microbiol. 20, 1071-1081.
80. Liu, C., Weaver, D., Strogatz, S., and Reppert, S. (1997a). Cellular construction of a circadian clock: period determination in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell 97, 855-860.
81. Liu, Y., Garceau, N., Loros, J.J., and Dunlap, J.C. (1997b). Thermally regulated translational control mediates an aspect of temperature compensation in the Neurospora circadian clock. Cell 89, 477-486.
82. Liu, Y., Merrow, M., Loros, J.J., and Dunlap, J.C. (1998). How temperature changes reset a circadian oscillator. Science 281, 825-829.
83. Lopez-Molina, L, Conquet, F., Dubois-Dauphin, M., and Schibler, U. (1997). The DBP gene is expressed according to a circadian rhythm in the SCN and influences circadian behavior. EM BO J. 76, 6762-6771.
84. Loros, J. J. (1998). Time at the end of the millennium: the Neurospora clock. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 7, 698-706.
85. Loros, J.J., Denome, S.A., and Dunlap, J.C. (1989). Molecular cloning of genes under the control of the circadian clock in Neurospora. Science 243, 385-388.
86. Luo, C., Loros, J.J., and Dunlap, J.C. (1998). Nuclear localization is required for function of the essential clock protein FREQUENCY. EM BO J. 77, 1228-1235.
87. Mattern, D.L., Forman, L.R., and Brody, S. (1982). Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: a mutation affecting temperature compensation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 825-829.
88. McClung, C.R. (1997). Regulation of catalases in Arabidopsis. Free Radie. Biol. Med. 23, 489-496.
89. McNeil, G.P., Zhang, X., Genova, G., and Jackson, F.R. (1998). A molecular rhythm mediating circadian clock output in Drosophila. Neuron 20, 297-303.
90. Mencken, H.L. (1919). The criticism of criticism of criticism. In Prejudices-First Series, H.L. Mencken, ed. (New York: Knopf), pp. 308-316.
91. Merrow, M., Garceau, N., and Dunlap, J.C. (1997). Dissection of a circadian oscillation into discrete domains. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3877-3882.
92. Millar, A. (1998). Molecular intrigue between phototransduction and the circadian clock. Ann. Bot. 87, 581-587.
93. Millar, A.J., and Kay, S.A. (1996). Integration of circadian and phototransduction pathways in the network controlling CAB gene transcription in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 15491-15496.
94. Millar, A., and Kay, S.A. (1997). Genetics of phototransduction and circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis. Bioessays 19, 209-214.
95. Millar, A., Carré, I.A., Strayer, C.S., Chua, N.-H., and Kay, S. (1995). Circadian clock mutants in Arabidopsis identified by luciferase imaging. Science 267, 1161-1163.
96. Mittag, M., Eckerskorn, C., Strupat, K., and Hastings, J.W. (1997). Differential translational initiation of Ibp mRNA is caused by a 5' upstream open reading frame. FEBS Lett. 411, 245-250.
97. Miyamoto, Y., and Sancar, A. (1998). Vitamin B-2-based blue light photoreceptors in the retinohypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals. Science 95, 6087-6102.
98. Morgan, L, and Feldman, J. (1997). Isolation and characterization of a temperature-sensitive circadian clock mutant in Neurospora crassa. Genetics 746, 525-530.
99. Morris, M.E., Viswanathan, N., Kuhlman, S., Davis, F., and Weitz, C.J. (1998). A screen for genes induced in the SCN by light. Science 279, 1544-1547.
100. Mrosovsky, N., Reebs, S.G., Honrado, G.I., and Salmon, P.A. (1989). Behavioral entrainment of circadian rhythms. Experientia 45, 696-702.
101. Myers, M., Wager-Smith, K., Rothenfluh-Hilfiker, A., and Young, M. (1996). Light-induced degradation of TIM ELESS and entrainment of the Drosophila circadian clock. Science 277, 1736-1740.
102. Nakashima, H., and Onai, K. (1996). The circadian conidiation rhythm in Neurospora crassa. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 7, 765-774.
103. Newby, L.M., and Jackson, F.R. (1993). A new biological rhythm mutant of Drosophila melanogaster that identifies a gene with an essential embryonic function. Genetics 135, 1077-1096.
104. Newby, L, and Jackson, F.R. (1996). Regulation of a specific circadian clock output pathway by lark, a putative RNA binding protein with represser activity. J. Neurobiol. 31, 117-128.
105. Obrietan, K., Impey, S., and Storm, D. (1998). Light and circadian rhythmicity regulate MAK kinase activation in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Nature Neurosci. 7, 693-700.
106. Oishi, K., Sakamoto, K., Okada, T., Nagase, T., and Ishida, N. (1998). Humoral signals mediate the circadian expression of rat period homolog rPer2 mRNA in peripheral tissues. Neurosci. Lett. 258, in press.
107. Oishi, K., Sakamoto, K., Okada, T., Nagase, T., and Ishida, N. (1999). Antiphase circadian expression between BMAL1 and period homolog mRNA in the SCN. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 260, in press.
108. Onai, K., and Nakashima, H. (1997). Mutation of the cys-9 gene, which encodes thioredoxin reductase, affects the circadian conidiation rhythm in Neurospora crassa. Genetics 746, 101-110.
109. Onai, K., Katagiri, S., Akiyama, M., and Nakashima, H. (1998). Mutation of the gene for the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase I prolongs the period length of the circadian conidiation rhythm in Neurospora crassa. Mol. Gen. Genet. 259, 264-271.
110. Ouyang, Y., Andersson, C.R., Kondo, T., Golden, S.S., and Johnson, C.H. (1998). Resonating circadian clocks enhance fitness in cyanobacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 8660-8664.
111. Peixoto, A., Hennessy, J., Townson, I., Hasan, G., Rosbash, M., Costa, R., and Kyriacou, C.P. (1998). Molecular coevolution within a Drosophila clock gene. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 4475-4480.
112. Pittendrigh, C.S. (1961). On temporal organization in living systems. The Harvey Lectures 56, 93-125.
113. Pittendrigh, C.S., Bruce, V.G., Rosenzweig, N.S., and Rubin, M.L. (1959). A biological clock in Neurospora. Nature 784, 169-170.
114. Plautz, J.D., Kaneko, M., Hall, J.C., and Kay, S.F. (1997a). Independent photoreceptive circadian clocks throughout Drosophila. Science 278, 1632-1635.
115. Plautz, J.D., Straume, M., Stanewsky, R., Jamison, C.F., Brandes, C., Dowse, H.B., Hall, J.C., and Kay, S.F. (1997b). Quantitative analysis of Drosophila period gene transcription in living animals. J. Biol. Rhythms 72, 204-217.
116. Price, J.L, Blau, J., Rothenfluh, A., Adodeely, M., Kloss, B., and Young, M.W. (1998). double-time is a new Drosophila clock gene that regulates PERIOD protein accumulation. Cell 94, 83-95.
117. Reppert, S. (1995). Melatonin madness. Cell 83, 1059-1062.
118. Reppert, S.M. (1998). A clockwork explosion! Neuron 21, 1-4.
119. Roenneberg, Y., and Merrow, M. (1998). Molecular circadian oscillators: an alternative hypothesis. J. Biol. Rhythms 13, 167-179.
120. Rosbash, M., Allada, R., Dembinska, M., Guo, W.Q., Le, M., Marrus, S., Qian, Z., Rutila, J., Yaglom, J., and Zeng, H. (1996). A Drosophila circadian clock. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 61,265-278.
121. Ruoff, P., Mohsenzadeh, S., and Rensing, L (1996). Circadian rhythms and protein turnover: the influence of temperature on the period length of clock mutants simulated by the Goodwin oscillator. Naturwissenschaften 83, 514-517.
122. Rutila, J.E., Suri, V., Le, M., So, W.V., Rosbash, M., and Hall, J.C. (1998). CYCLE is a second bHLH-PAS clock protein essential for circadian rhythmicity and transcription of Drosophila period and timeless. Cell 93, 805-813.
123. Saez, L, and Young, M .W. (1996). Regulation of nuclear entry of the Drosophila clock proteins Period and Timeless. Neuron 17,911-920.
124. Sakamoto, K., Nagase, T., Fukui, H., Horikawa, K., Okada, T., Tana ka, H., Sato, K., Miyake, Y., Ohara, O., Kako, K., and Ishida, N. (1998). M ultitissue circadian expression of rat period homolog (Per?) mRNA is governed by the mammalian circadian clock, the SCN in the brain. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27039-27042.
125. Sangoram, A., Saez, L., Antoch, M., Gekakis, N., Stankis, D., Whiteley, A., Fruechte, E., Vitaterna, M., Shimomura, K., King, D., Young, M., Weitz, C., and Takahashi, J. (1998). Mammalian circadian autoregulatory loop: a Timeless ortholog and mPER1 interact and negatively regulate CLOCK-BMALI-induced transcription. Neuron 21, 1101-1113.
126. Sauman, I., and Reppert, S. (1996). Circadian clock neurons in the silkmoth Anthereapernyi: novel mechanisms of period protein regulation. Neuron 17, 889-900.
127. Sawyer, L.A., Hennessy, J.M., Peixoto, A.A., Rosato, E., Parkinson, H., Costa, R., and Kyriacou, C.P. (1997). Natural variation in a Drosophila clock gene and temperature compensation. Science 278, 2117-2120.
128. Schaffer, R., Ramsay, N., Samach, A.C.S., Putterill, J., Carré, I.A., and Coupland, G. (1998). The late elongated hypocotyl mutation of Arabidopsis disrupts circadian rhythms and the photoperiodic control of flowering. Cell 93, 1219-1229.
129. Schwartz, W., Aronin, N., Takeuchi, J., Bennett, M., and Peters, R. (1995). Towards a molecular biology of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: photic and temporal regulation of c-tos gene expression. Semin. Neurosci. 7, 53-60.
130. Sehgal, A., Rothenfluh-Hilfiker, A., Hunter-Ensor, M., Chen, Y., Myers, M.P., and Young, M.W. (1995). Rhythmic expression of timeless: a basis for promoting circadian cycles in period gene autoregulation. Science 270, 808-810.
131. Shearman, L.P., and Weaver, D.R. (1999). Photic induction of Period gene expression is reduced in Clock mutant mice. NeuroReport, in press.
132. Shearman, L., Zylka, M., Weaver, D., Kolakowski, L., and Reppert, S. (1997). Two period homologs: circadian expression and photic regulation in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Neuron 19, 1261-1269.
133. Shigeyoshi, Y., Taguchi, K., Yamamoto, S., Takeida, S., Yan, L., Tei, H., Moriya, S., Shibata, S., Loros, J.J., Dunlap, U.C., and Okamura, H. (1997). Light-induced resetting of a mammalian circadian clock is associated with rapid induction of the mPer1 transcript. Cell 91, 1043-1053.
134. Shinohara, M., Loros, J.J., and Dunlap, U.C. (1998). Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase is regulated on a daily basis by the circadian clock. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 446-452.
135. Sidote, D., Majercak, J., Parikh, V., and Edery, I. (1998). Differential effects of light and heat on the Drosophila circadian clock proteins PER and TIM. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 2004-2013.
136. Siwicki, K.K., Eastman, C., Petersen, G., Rosbash, M., and Hall, U.C. (1988). Antibodies to the period gene product of Drosophila reveal diverse tissue distribution and rhythmic changes in the visual system. Neuron 1, 141-150.
137. So, W., and Rosbash, M. (1997). Post-transcriptional regulation contributes to Drosophila clock gene mRNA cycling. EM BO J. 16, 7146-7155.
138. Sogin, M.L (1994). The origin of eukaryotes and evolution into major kingdoms. In Early Life on Earth. Nobel Symposium No. 84, S. Bengston, ed. (New York: Columbia Univ. Press), pp. 181-192.
139. Somers, D., Devlin, P., and Kay, S.A. (1998a). Phytochromes and cryptochromes in the entrainment of the Arabidopsis circadian clock. Science 282, 488-490.
140. Somers, D., Webb, A.A., Pearson, M., and Kay, S.A. (1998b). The short period mutant tod-1 alters circadian clock regulation of multiple outputs throughout development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 725, 485-494.
141. Stanewsky, R., Jamison, C., Plautz, J., Kay, S., and Hall, J.C. (1997). Multiple circadian-regulated elements contribute to cycling period gene expression in Drosophila. EM BO J. 16, 5006-5018.
142. b mutation identifies cryptochrome as a circadian photoreceptor in Drosophila. Cell 95, 681-692.
143. Sugano, S., Andronis, C., Green, R., Wang, Z., and Tobin, E. (1998). Protein kinase CK2 interacts with and phosphorylates the Arabidopsis circadian clock-associated gene 1 protein. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 11020-11025.
144. Sun, S., Aisbrecht, U., Zhuchenko, O., Bailey, J., Eichele, G., and Lee, C. (1997). RIGUI, a putative mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila period gene. Cell 90, 1003-1011.
145. Suri, V., Qian, Z., Hall, J., and Rosbash, M. (1998). Evidence that the TIM light response is relevant to light-induced phase shifts in Drosophila melanogaster. Neuron 27, 225-234.
146. Susuki, S., Katagiri, S., and Nakashima, H. (1996). Mutants with altered sensitivity to a calmodulin antagonist affect the circadian clock in Neurospora. Genetics 743, 1175-1180.
147. Sweeney, B.M. (1987). Rhythmic Phenomena in Plants (San Diego, Academic Press).
148. Takumi, T., Matsubara, C., Shigeyoshi, Y., Taguchi, K., Yagita, K., Maebayashi, Y., Sakakida, Y., Okumura, K., Takashima, N., and Okamura, H. (1998a). A new mammalian period gene predominantly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Cells 3,167-176.
149. Takumi, T., Nagamine, Y., Miyake, S., Matsubara, C., Taguchi, K., Takekida, S., Sakakida, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Yagita, K., Nishikawa, K., et al. (1999). A mammalian homolog of Drosophila timeless, highly expressed in the SCN and retina, forms a complex with mPER1. Genes Cells, in press.
150. Takumi, T., Taguchi, K., Miyake, S., Sakakida, Y., Takashima, N., Matsubara, C., Maebayashi, Y., Okumura, K., Takekida, S., Yamamoto, S., et al. (1998b). A light-independent oscillatory gene mPer3 in mouse SCN and OVLT. EM BO J. 77, 4753-4759.
151. Tei, H., Okamura, H., Shigeyoshi, Y., Fukuhara, C., Ozawa, R., Hirose, M., and Sakaki, Y. (1997). Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila period gene. Nature 389, 512-516.
152. Thresher, R.J., Vitaterna, M.H., Miyamoto, Y., Hsu, D.S., Kazantsev, A., Petit, C., Selby, C.P., Dawut, L, Smithies, O., Takahashi, J.S., and Sancar, A. (1998). Role of mouse cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptor mediates circadian photoresponses in the mouse. Science 282, 1490-1494.
153. Tomioka, K., Sakamoto, M., Harui, Y., Matsumoto, N., and Matsumoto, A. (1998). Light and temperature cooperate to regulate the circadian locomotor rhythm of wild type and period mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol. 44, 587-596.
154. Tosini, G., and Menaker, M. (1998). The faumutation affects temperature compensation of hamster retinal circadian oscillators. NeuroReport 9, 1001-1005.
155. Tsinoremus, N., Schaefer, M., and Golden, S. (1994). Blue and red light reversibly control psbA expression in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 16143-16147.
156. Tsinoremas, N., Ishiura, M., Kondo, T., Andersson, C.R., Tanaka, K., Takahashi, H., Johnson, C.H., and Golden, S. (1996). A sigma factor that modifies the circadian expression of a subset of genes in cyanobacteria. EM BO J. 15, 2488-2495.
157. Vosshall, L.B., and Young, M.W. (1995). Circadian rhythms in Drosophila can be driven by period expression in a restricted group of central brain cells. Neuron 15, 345-360.
158. Wang, Z.Y., and Tobin, E.M. (1998). Constitutive expression of the CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1) gene disrupts circadian rhythms and suppresses its own expression. Cell 93, 1207-1217.
159. Wang, Z.Y., Kenigsbuch, D., and Tobin, E.M. (1997). A myb-related transcription factor is involved in the phytochrome regulation of an Arabidopsis Lhcb gene. Plant Cell 9, 491-499.
160. Welsh, O.K., Logothetis, D.E., Meister, M., and Reppert, S.M. (1995). Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms. Neuron 14, 697-706.
161. Wheeler, D.A., Hamblen-Coyle, M., Dushay, M., and Hall, U.C. (1993). Behavior in light-dark cycles of Drosophila mutants that are blind, arrhythmic, or both. J. Biol. Rhythms 8, 67-94.
162. Whitmore, D., Foulkes, N., Strahle, U., and Sassone-Corsi, P. (1998). Zebrafish Clock rhythmic expression reveals independent peripheral circadian oscillators. Nature Neurosci. 1, 701-707.
163. Winfree, A. (1972). Acute temperature sensitivity of the circadian rhythm in Drosophila. J. Insect Physiol. 18, 181-185.
164. Wuarin, J., and Schibier, U. (1990). Expression of the liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein DBP follows a stringent circadian rhythm. Cell 63, 1257-1266.
165. Yang, Z., Emerson, M., Su, H., and Sehgal, A. (1998). Response of the TIMELESS protein to light correlates with be havioralentrainment and suggests a nonvisual pathway for circadian photoreception. Neuron 27, 215-223.
166. Young, M. (1998). The molecular control of circadian behavioral rhythms and their entrainment in Drosophila. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67, 135-152.
167. Zeng, H., Qian, Z., Myers, M., and Rosbash, M. (1996). A lightentrainment mechanism for the Drosophila circadian clock. Nature 380, 129-135.
168. Zheng, C.C., Porat, R., Lu, P., and O'Neill, S.D. (1998). PNZIP is a novel mesophyll-specific cDNA that is regulated by phytochrome and the circadian rhythm and encodes a protein with a leucine zipper motif. Plant Physiol. 776, 27-35.
169. Zimmerman, W.F., Pittendrigh, C.S., and Pavlidis, T. (1968). Temperature compensation of the circadian oscillator in Drosophila pseudoobscura and its entrainment by temperature cycles. J. Insect Physiol. 14, 669-684.
170. Zylka, M., Shearman, L, Jin, X., Levine, J., Weaver, D., and Reppert, S. (1998a). Molecular analysis of mammalian Timeless. Neuron 21, 1115-1122.
171. Zylka, M., Shearman, L, Weaver, D., and Reppert, S. (1998b). Three period homologs in mammals: differential light responses in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock and oscillating transcripts outside the brain. Neuron 20, 1103-1110.