Taste receptors of the gut: Emerging roles in health and disease

Gut

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 179-190

  Depoortere, Inge ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; CARRIER PROTEIN; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE; GLUCOSE; GLUTAMIC ACID; NEUROTRANSMITTER; SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACID; SOTAGLIFLOZIN;

ARTICLE; CELIAC DISEASE; COLON; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIGESTION; DRUG TARGETING; DUODENUM; DYSPEPSIA; ENERGY METABOLISM; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GLUTEN FREE DIET; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; ILEUM; INTESTINE; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM; IRRITABLE COLON; JEJUNUM; MORBID OBESITY; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT UPTAKE; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SENSORY NERVE; SMALL INTESTINE; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; STOMACH; STOMACH BYPASS; TASTE; TASTE BUD;

DIETARY FACTORS; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GASTRIC BYPASS; GASTRIC MUCOSA; HUMANS; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME; OBESITY; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED; TASTE BUDS;

EID: 84889637546     PISSN: 00175749     EISSN: 14683288     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305112     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Roper SD. Taste buds as peripheral chemosensory processors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013;24:71-9.
2. Nelson G, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, et al. Mammalian sweet taste receptors. Cell 2001;106:381-90. (Pubitemid 32772621)
3. Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, et al. An amino-acid taste receptor. Nature 2002;416:199-202. (Pubitemid 34246480)
4. Zhao GQ, Zhang Y, Hoon MA, et al. The receptors for mammalian sweet and umami taste. Cell 2003;115:255-66. (Pubitemid 37487700)
5. Clark AA, Liggett SB, Munger SD. Extraoral bitter taste receptors as mediators of off-target drug effects. Faseb J 2012;26:4827-31.
6. Chandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Hoon MA, et al. T2Rs function as bitter taste receptors. Cell 2000;100:703-11.
7. Meyerhof W, Batram C, Kuhn C, et al. The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors. Chem Senses 2010;35:157-70.
8. Behrens M, Meyerhof W. Bitter taste receptors and human bitter taste perception. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006;63:1501-9. (Pubitemid 44156747)
9. Chaudhari N, Pereira E, Roper SD. Taste receptors for umami: the case for multiple receptors. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:738S-42S.
10. Bystrova MF, Romanov RA, Rogachevskaja OA, et al. Functional expression of the extracellular-Ca2+-sensing receptor in mouse taste cells. J Cell Sci 2010;123:972-82.
11. Janssen S, Depoortere I. Nutrient sensing in the gut: new roads to therapeutics? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013;24:92-100.
12. Cartoni C, Yasumatsu K, Ohkuri T, et al. Taste preference for fatty acids is mediated by GPR40 and GPR120. J Neurosci 2010;30:8376-82.
13. Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Ryba NJ, et al. The receptors and cells for mammalian taste. Nature 2006;444:288-94. (Pubitemid 44764097)
14. Dotson CD, Geraedts MC, Munger SD. Peptide regulators of peripheral taste function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013;24:232-9.
15. Geraedts MC, Munger SD. Gustatory stimuli representing different perceptual qualities elicit distinct patterns of neuropeptide secretion from taste buds. J Neurosci 2013;33:7559-64.
16. Kawai K, Sugimoto K, Nakashima K, et al. Leptin as a modulator of sweet taste sensitivities in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:11044-9.
17. Janssen P, Vanden Berghe P, Verschueren S, et al. Review article: the role of gastric motility in the control of food intake. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33:880-94.
18. Andrews CN, Verschueren S, Janssen P, et al. The bitter taste receptor agonist denatonium benzoate alters intragastric pressure profiles during nutrient drink test in healthy volunteers. Gastroenterology 2013;144(suppl 1):S-549.
19. Avau B, Thijs T, Laermans J, et al. Endocrine and smooth muscle responses of the bitter agonist, denatonium benzoate, in the stomach. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;24:153, A378.
20. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, et al. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999;402:656-60. (Pubitemid 129516334)
21. Foster-Schubert KE, Overduin J, Prudom CE, et al. Acyl and total ghrelin are suppressed strongly by ingested proteins, weakly by lipids, and biphasically by carbohydrates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1971-9. (Pubitemid 351656546)
22. Janssen S, Laermans J, Verhulst PJ, et al. Bitter taste receptors and alpha-gustducin regulate the secretion of ghrelin with functional effects on food intake and gastric emptying. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:2094-9.
23. Janssen S, Laermans J, Iwakura H, et al. Sensing of fatty acids for octanoylation of ghrelin involves a gustatory G-protein. PLoS One 2012;7:e40168.
24. Hass N, Schwarzenbacher K, Breer H. T1R3 is expressed in brush cells and ghrelin-producing cells of murine stomach. Cell Tissue Res 2010;339:493-504.
25. Saffouri B, DuVal JW, Makhlouf GM. Stimulation of gastrin secretion in vitro by intraluminal chemicals: regulation by intramural cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons. Gastroenterology 1984;87:557-61. (Pubitemid 14061407)
26. Haid D, Widmayer P, Voigt A, et al. Gustatory sensory cells express a receptor responsive to protein breakdown products (GPR92). Histochem Cell Biol 2013;140:137-45.
27. Haid DC, Jordan-Biegger C, Widmayer P, et al. Receptors responsive to protein breakdown products in g-cells and d-cells of mouse, swine and human. Front Physiol 2012;3:65.
28. Haid D, Widmayer P, Breer H. Nutrient sensing receptors in gastric endocrine cells. J Mol Histol 2011;42:355-64.
29. Feng J, Petersen CD, Coy DH, et al. Calcium-sensing receptor is a physiologic multimodal chemosensor regulating gastric G-cell growth and gastrin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:17791-6.
30. Busque SM, Kerstetter JE, Geibel JP, et al. L-type amino acids stimulate gastric acid secretion by activation of the calcium-sensing receptor in parietal cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005;289:G664-9. (Pubitemid 41377172)
31. Gielkens HA, van den Biggelaar A, Vecht J, et al. Effect of intravenous amino acids on interdigestive antroduodenal motility and small bowel transit time. Gut 1999;44:240-5. (Pubitemid 29119368)
32. Deloose E, Corsetti M, Van Oudenhove L, et al. In man intragastric administration of the bitter compound denatonium benzoate decreases hunger and the occurence of gastric phase III in the fasting state. Gastroenterology 2013;144(suppl 1):S-548.
33. Deloose E, Janssens J, Lannoo M, et al. Obesity causes a switch in the origin of phase III contractions of the migrating complex to reduce hunger feelings. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;24:31.
34. Gibbs J, Maddison SP, Rolls ET. Satiety role of the small intestine examined in sham-feeding rhesus monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1981;95:1003-15.
35. Broberger C, Holmberg K, Shi TJ, et al. Expression and regulation of cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin receptors in rat nodose and dorsal root ganglia. Brain Res 2001;903:128-40. (Pubitemid 32904615)
36. Blackshaw LA, Grundy D. Effects of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) on two classes of gastroduodenal vagal afferent fibre. J Auton Nerv Syst 1990;31:191-201.
37. Gaisano GG, Park SJ, Daly DM, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits voltage-gated potassium currents in mouse nodose ganglion neurons. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22:470-9, e111.
38. Zittel TT, Glatzle J, Kreis ME, et al. C-fos protein expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract correlates with cholecystokinin dose injected and food intake in rats. Brain Res 1999;846:1-11. (Pubitemid 29486437)
39. Baggio LL, Huang Q, Brown TJ, et al. A recombinant human glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1-albumin protein (albugon) mimics peptidergic activation of GLP-1 receptor-dependent pathways coupled with satiety, gastrointestinal motility, and glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 2004;53:2492-500. (Pubitemid 39145610)
40. Abbott CR, Monteiro M, Small CJ, et al. The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway. Brain Res 2005;1044:127-31. (Pubitemid 40616060)
41. Crawley JN, Kiss JZ, Mezey E. Bilateral midbrain transections block the behavioral effects of cholecystokinin on feeding and exploration in rats. Brain Res 1984;322:316-21. (Pubitemid 15209389)
42. Tanaka T, Katsuma S, Adachi T, et al. Free fatty acids induce cholecystokinin secretion through GPR120. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008;377:523-7.
43. Shah BP, Liu P, Yu T, et al. TRPM5 is critical for linoleic acid-induced CCK secretion from the enteroendocrine cell line, STC-1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012;302:C210-9.
44. Edfalk S, Steneberg P, Edlund H. Gpr40 is expressed in enteroendocrine cells and mediates free fatty acid stimulation of incretin secretion. Diabetes 2008;57:2280-7.
45. Liou AP, Lu X, Sei Y, et al. The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR40 directly mediates long-chain fatty acid-induced secretion of cholecystokinin. Gastroenterology 2011;140:903-12.
46. Ballinger AB, Clark ML. L-phenylalanine releases cholecystokinin (CCK) and is associated with reduced food intake in humans: evidence for a physiological role of CCK in control of eating. Metabolism 1994;43:735-8. (Pubitemid 24181201)
47. Daly K, Al-Rammahi M, Moran A, et al. Sensing of amino acids by the gut-expressed taste receptor T1R1-T1R3 stimulates CCK secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013;304:G271-82.
48. Hira T, Nakajima S, Eto Y, et al. Calcium-sensing receptor mediates phenylalanine-induced cholecystokinin secretion in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells. Febs J 2008;275:4620-6.
49. Liou AP, Sei Y, Zhao X, et al. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is required for cholecystokinin secretion in response to L-phenylalanine in acutely isolated intestinal I cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;300:G538-46.
50. Wang Y, Chandra R, Samsa LA, et al. Amino acids stimulate cholecystokinin release through the Ca2+-sensing receptor. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;300:G528-37.
51. Choi S, Lee M, Shiu AL, et al. GPR93 activation by protein hydrolysate induces CCK transcription and secretion in STC-1 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007;292:G1366-75. (Pubitemid 47084655)
52. Jeon TI, Zhu B, Larson JL, et al. SREBP-2 regulates gut peptide secretion through intestinal bitter taste receptor signaling in mice. J Clin Invest 2008;118:3693-700.
53. Chen MC, Wu SV, Reeve JR Jr., et al. Bitter stimuli induce Ca2+ signaling and CCK release in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells: role of L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006;291:C726-39. (Pubitemid 44497598)
54. Gerspach AC, Steinert RE, Schonenberger L, et al. The role of the gut sweet taste receptor in regulating GLP-1, PYY, and CCK release in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011;301:E317-25.
55. Steinert RE, Gerspach AC, Gutmann H, et al. The functional involvement of gut-expressed sweet taste receptors in glucose-stimulated secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Clin Nutr 2011;30:524-32.
56. Jang HJ, Kokrashvili Z, Theodorakis MJ, et al. Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:15069-74. (Pubitemid 47619594)
57. Rozengurt N, Wu SV, Chen MC, et al. Colocalization of the alpha-subunit of gustducin with PYY and GLP-1 in L cells of human colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;291:G792-802. (Pubitemid 44772005)
58. Geraedts MC, Takahashi T, Vigues S, et al. Transformation of postingestive glucose responses after deletion of sweet taste receptor subunits or gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012;303:E464-74.
59. Margolskee RF, Dyer J, Kokrashvili Z, et al. T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:15075-80. (Pubitemid 47619595)
60. Reimann F, Gribble FM. Glucose-sensing in glucagon-like peptide-1-secreting cells. Diabetes 2002;51:2757-63. (Pubitemid 34970929)
61. Reimann F, Habib AM, Tolhurst G, et al. Glucose sensing in L cells: a primary cell study. Cell Metab 2008;8:532-9.
62. Nielsen LB, Ploug KB, Swift P, et al. Co-localisation of the Kir6.2/SUR1 channel complex with glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide expression in human ileal cells and implications for glycaemic control in new onset type 1 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;156:663-71. (Pubitemid 46952536)
63. Gorboulev V, Schurmann A, Vallon V, et al. Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 is pivotal for intestinal glucose absorption and glucose-dependent incretin secretion. Diabetes 2012;61:187-96.
64. Gribble FM, Williams L, Simpson AK, et al. A novel glucose-sensing mechanism contributing to glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the GLUTag cell line. Diabetes 2003;52:1147-54. (Pubitemid 36523349)
65. Parker HE, Adriaenssens A, Rogers G, et al. Predominant role of active versus facilitative glucose transport for glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Diabetologia 2012;55:2445-55.
66. Mace OJ, Affleck J, Patel N, et al. Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2. J Physiol 2007;582:379-92. (Pubitemid 46993582)
67. Daly K, Al-Rammahi M, Arora DK, et al. Expression of sweet receptor components in equine small intestine: relevance to intestinal glucose transport. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012;303:R199-208.
68. Li X, Li W, Wang H, et al. Pseudogenization of a sweet-receptor gene accounts for cats' indifference toward sugar. PLoS Genet 2005;1:27-35.
69. Buddington RK, Chen JW, Diamond JM. Dietary regulation of intestinal brush-border sugar and amino acid transport in carnivores. Am J Physiol 1991;261:R793-801.
70. Hirasawa A, Tsumaya K, Awaji T, et al. Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120. Nat Med 2005;11:90-4. (Pubitemid 40215843)
71. Dotson CD, Zhang L, Xu H, et al. Bitter taste receptors influence glucose homeostasis. PloS one 2008;3:e3974.
72. Oya M, Kitaguchi T, Pais R, et al. The G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 subtype A (GPRC6A) receptor is involved in amino acid-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from GLUTag cells. J Biol Chem 2013;288:4513-21.
73. Brown AJ, Goldsworthy SM, Barnes AA, et al. The Orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. J Biol Chem 2003;278:11312-19. (Pubitemid 36792688)
74. Karaki S, Tazoe H, Hayashi H, et al. Expression of the short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, in the human colon. J Mol Histol 2008;39:135-42. (Pubitemid 351422023)
75. Karaki S, Mitsui R, Hayashi H, et al. Short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, is expressed by enteroendocrine cells and mucosal mast cells in rat intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2006;324:353-60. (Pubitemid 43673476)
76. Tazoe H, Otomo Y, Karaki S, et al. Expression of short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR41 in the human colon. Biomed Res 2009;30:149-56.
77. Li Y, Kokrashvili Z, Mosinger B, et al. Gustducin couples fatty acid receptors to GLP-1 release in colon. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013;304:E651-60.
78. Tolhurst G, Heffron H, Lam YS, et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes 2012;61:364-71.
79. Young RL, Chia B, Isaacs NJ, et al. Disordered control of intestinal sweet taste receptor expression and glucose absorption in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2013;62:3532-41.
80. Young RL, Sutherland K, Pezos N, et al. Expression of taste molecules in the upper gastrointestinal tract in humans with and without type 2 diabetes. Gut 2009;58:337-46.
81. Ford HE, Peters V, Martin NM, et al. Effects of oral ingestion of sucralose on gut hormone response and appetite in healthy normal-weight subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011;65:508-13.
82. Steinert RE, Frey F, Topfer A, et al. Effects of carbohydrate sugars and artificial sweeteners on appetite and the secretion of gastrointestinal satiety peptides. Br J Nutr 2011;105:1320-8.
83. Ma J, Bellon M, Wishart JM, et al. Effect of the artificial sweetener, sucralose, on gastric emptying and incretin hormone release in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009;296:G735-9.
84. Rubino F, Schauer PR, Kaplan LM, et al. Metabolic surgery to treat type 2 diabetes: clinical outcomes and mechanisms of action. Annu Rev Med 2010;61:393-411.
85. Jurowich CF, Rikkala PR, Thalheimer A, et al. Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Improves Glycemia and Decreases SGLT1-Mediated Glucose Absorption in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes. Ann Surg 2013;258:89-97.
86. Yan S, Sun F, Li Z, et al. Reduction of intestinal electrogenic glucose absorption after duodenojejunal bypass in a mouse mγδodel. Obes Surg 2013;23:1361-9.
87. Bueter M, Miras AD, Chichger H, et al. Alterations of sucrose preference after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Physiol Behav 2011;104:709-21.
88. Zambrowicz B, Ding ZM, Ogbaa I, et al. Effects of LX4211, a dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor, plus sitagliptin on postprandial active GLP-1 and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Clin Ther 2013;35:273-85, e7.
89. Powell DR, Smith M, Greer J, et al. LX4211 increases serum glucagon-like peptide1 and peptide YY levels by reducing sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)-mediated absorption of intestinal glucose. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013;345:250-9.
90. Miras AD, le Roux CW. Bariatric surgery and taste: novel mechanisms of weight loss. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010;26:140-5.
91. Batterham RL, ffytche DH, Rosenthal JM, et al. PYY modulation of cortical and hypothalamic brain areas predicts feeding behaviour in humans. Nature 2007;450:106-9. (Pubitemid 350070563)
92. Martin B, Dotson CD, Shin YK, et al. Modulation of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 signaling in taste buds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009;1170:98-101.
93. Scholtz S, Miras AD, Chhina N, et al. Obese patients after gastric bypass surgery have lower brain-hedonic responses to food than after gastric banding. Gut Published Online First: 20 Aug 2013. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305008.
94. Monsbakken KW, Vandvik PO, Farup PG. Perceived food intolerance in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome- etiology, prevalence and consequences. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006;60:667-72. (Pubitemid 43922887)
95. Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: guidelines for effective dietary management. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:1631-9. (Pubitemid 44415593)
96. Shepherd SJ, Parker FC, Muir JG, et al. Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:765-71.
97. Barrett JS, Gearry RB, Muir JG, et al. Dietary poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates increase delivery of water and fermentable substrates to the proximal colon. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:874-82.
98. Ong DK, Mitchell SB, Barrett JS, et al. Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25:1366-73.
99. Yajima T. Luminal propionate-induced secretory response in the rat distal colon in vitro. J Physiol 1988;403:559-75.
100. Ruppin H, Bar-Meir S, Soergel KH, et al. Absorption of short-chain fatty acids by the colon. Gastroenterology 1980;78:1500-7. (Pubitemid 10116160)
101. Binder HJ, Mehta P. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate active sodium and chloride absorption in vitro in the rat distal colon. Gastroenterology 1989;96:989-96. (Pubitemid 19091111)
102. Tazoe H, Otomo Y, Kaji I, et al. Roles of short-chain fatty acids receptors, GPR41 and GPR43 on colonic functions. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008;59(Suppl 2):251-62.
103. Cherbut C, Aube AC, Blottiere HM, et al. Effects of short-chain fatty acids on gastrointestinal motility. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1997;222:58-61. (Pubitemid 27196262)
104. Fukumoto S, Tatewaki M, Yamada T, et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate colonic transit via intraluminal 5-HT release in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003;284:R1269-76. (Pubitemid 36457570)
105. Sykaras AG, Demenis C, Case RM, et al. Duodenal enteroendocrine I-cells contain mRNA transcripts encoding key endocannabinoid and fatty acid receptors. PLoS One 2012;7:e42373.
106. Mitsui R, Ono S, Karaki S, et al. Neural and non-neural mediation of propionate-induced contractile responses in the rat distal colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005;17:585-94. (Pubitemid 41076001)
107. Ford AC, Brandt LJ, Young C, et al. Efficacy of 5-HT3 antagonists and 5-HT4 agonists in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1831-43; quiz 44.
108. Cremon C, Carini G, Wang B, et al. Intestinal serotonin release, sensory neuron activation, and abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:1290-8.
109. Van Der Veek PP, Biemond I, Masclee AA. Proximal and distal gut hormone secretion in irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006;41:170-7. (Pubitemid 43247199)
110. Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gast roenterol 2000;95:3503-6.
111. Vanner S. The small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Irritable bowel syndrome hypothesis: implications for treatment. Gut 2008;57:1315-21.
112. Posserud I, Stotzer PO, Bjornsson ES, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2007;56:802-8. (Pubitemid 46854194)
113. van der Schaar PJ, van Hoboken E, Ludidi S, et al. Effect of cholecystokinin on rectal motor and sensory function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy controls. Colorectal Dis 2013;15:e29-34.
114. Kellow JE, Phillips SF, Miller LJ, et al. Dysmotility of the small intestine in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1988;29:1236-43.
115. Kaji I, Karaki S, Tanaka R, et al. Density distribution of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2)-expressing and GLP-1-producing enteroendocrine L cells in human and rat lower intestine, and increased cell numbers after ingestion of fructo-oligosaccharide. J Mol Histol 2011;42:27-38.
116. Cherbut C, Ferrier L, Roze C, et al. Short-chain fatty acids modify colonic motility through nerves and polypeptide YY release in the rat. Am J Physiol 1998;275: G1415-22.
117. Samuel BS, Shaito A, Motoike T, et al. Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:16767-72.
118. Bindels LB, Dewulf EM, Delzenne NM. GPR43/FFA2: physiopathological relevance and therapeutic prospects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013;34:226-32.
119. Sina C, Gavrilova O, Forster M, et al. G protein-coupled receptor 43 is essential for neutrophil recruitment during intestinal inflammation. J Immunol 2009;183:7514-22.
120. Barone S, Fussell SL, Singh AK, et al. Slc2a5 (Glut5) is essential for the absorption of fructose in the intestine and generation of fructose-induced hypertension. J Biol Chem 2009;284:5056-66.
121. Biesiekierski JR, Newnham ED, Irving PM, et al. Gluten causes gastrointestinal symptoms in subjects without celiac disease: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:508-14; quiz 15.
122. Biesiekierski JR, Peters SL, Newnham ED, et al. No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates. Gastroenterology 2013;145:320-8, e3.
123. Vazquez-Roque MI, Camilleri M, Smyrk T, et al. A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function. Gastroenterology 2013;144:903-11, e3.
124. Reeds PJ, Burrin DG, Stoll B, et al. Intestinal glutamate metabolism. J Nutr 2000;130:978S-82S. (Pubitemid 30173628)
125. Toyomasu Y, Mochiki E, Yanai M, et al. Intragastric monosodium L-glutamate stimulates motility of upper gut via vagus nerve in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010;298:R1125-35.
126. Zai H, Kusano M, Hosaka H, et al. Monosodium L-glutamate added to a high-energy, high-protein liquid diet promotes gastric emptying. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:431-5.
127. Boutry C, Matsumoto H, Airinei G, et al. Monosodium glutamate raises antral distension and plasma amino acid after a standard meal in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;300:G137-45.
128. Uneyama H, Niijima A, San Gabriel A, et al. Luminal amino acid sensing in the rat gastric mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;29 1:G1163-70. (Pubitemid 44904171)
129. Kondoh T, Torii K. Brain activation by umami substances via gustatory and visceral signaling pathways, and physiological significance. Biol Pharm Bull 2008;31:1827-32.
130. Page AJ, Young RL, Martin CM, et al. Metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibit mechanosensitivity in vagal sensory neurons. Gastroenterology 2005;128:402-10. (Pubitemid 40431092)
131. Simren M, Mansson A, Langkilde AM, et al. Food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 2001;63:108-15. (Pubitemid 32221204)
132. Bisschops R, Karamanolis G, Arts J, et al. Relationship between symptoms and ingestion of a meal in functional dyspepsia. Gut 2008;57:1495-503.
133. Mullan A, Kavanagh P, O'Mahony P, et al. Food and nutrient intakes and eating patterns in functional and organic dyspepsia. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:97-105. (Pubitemid 24063149)
134. Pilichiewicz AN, Feltrin KL, Horowitz M, et al. Functional dyspepsia is associated with a greater symptomatic response to fat but not carbohydrate, increased fasting and postprandial CCK, and diminished PYY. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2613-23.
135. Chua AS, Keeling PW. Cholecystokinin hyperresponsiveness in functional dyspepsia. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:2688-93. (Pubitemid 43796477)
136. Barbera R, Feinle C, Read NW. Abnormal sensitivity to duodenal lipid infusion in patients with functional dyspepsia. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;7:1051-7. (Pubitemid 26014460)
137. Raben A, Richelsen B. Artificial sweeteners: a place in the field of functional foods? Focus on obesity and related metabolic disorders. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012;15:597-604.