Camel Milk

Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition: Production, Composition and Health

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 578-593

  Fukuda, Kenji ^a  

^a OBIHIRO UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Breed variation; Camelus bactrianus ferus; Camelus dromedarius; Colostrum; Lactic acid bacteria; Milk constituents; Nomads; Traditional dairy products; Yeasts

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888730478     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118534168.ch26     Document Type: Chapter

References (123)

1. Abdelgadir, W., Nielsen, D.S., Hamad, S. & Jakobsen, M. (2008) A traditional Sudanese fermented camel's milk product, Gariss, as a habitat of Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius International Journal of Food Microbiology 127, 215-219
2. Abu-Lehia, I.H. (1987) Composition of camel milk Milchwissenschaft 42, 368-371
3. Abu-Lehia, I.H. (1989) Physical and chemical characteristics of camel milk fat and its fractions. Food Chemistry 34, 261-271
4. Abu-Lehia, I.H., Almohizea, I.S. & Elbehry, M. (1989) Studies on the production of ice-cream from camel milk-products Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 44, 31-34
5. Abu-Tarboush, H.M. (1996) Comparison of associative growth and proteolytic activity of yogurt starters in whole milk from camels and cows. Journal of Dairy Science 79, 366-371
6. Abu-Tarboush, H.M., Al-Dagal, M.M. & Al-Royli, M.A (1998) Growth, viability, and proteolytic activity of bifidobacteria in whole camel milk. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 354-361
7. Agrawal, R.P., Budania, S., Sharma, P., Gupta, R. & Kochar, D.K. (2007) Zero prevalence of diabetes in camel milk consuming Raica community of northwest Rajasthan, India Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 76, 290-296
8. Al haj, O.A. & Al Kanhal, H.A. (2010) Compositional, technological and nutritional aspects of dromedary camel milk International Dairy Journal 20, 811-821
9. Al-Hammadi, S., El-Hassan, T. & Al-Reyami, L. (2010) Anaphylaxis to camel milk in an atopic child. Allergy 65, 1623-1625
10. Al-Majali, A.M., Ismail, Z.B., Al-Hami, Y. & Nour, A.Y (2007) Lactoferrin concentration in milk from camels (Camelus dromedarius) with and without subclinical mastitis International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 5, 120-124
11. Anon. (2009) Camel fact sheet. ww.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/ invasive/publications/camel-factsheet.html
12. Arbabi Ghahroudi, M., Desmyter, A., Wyns, L., Hamers, R. & Muyldermans, S. (1997) Selection and identification of single domain antibody fragments from camel heavy-chain antibodies. FEBS Letters 414, 521-526
13. Ashmaig, A., Hasan, A. & El Gaali, E. (2009) Identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Sudanese fermented camel's milk (Gariss). African Journal of Microbiology Research 3, 451-457
14. Benkerroum, N. (2010) Antimicrobial peptides generated from milk proteins: a survey and prospects for application in the food industry. A review. International Journal of Dairy Technology 63, 320-338
15. Benkerroum, N., Boughdadi, A., Bennani, N. & Hidane, K. (2003) Microbiological quality assessment of Moroccan camel's milk and identification of predominating lactic acid bacteria. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 19, 645-648
16. Bonizzi, I., Buffoni, J.N. & Feligini, M. (2009) Quantification of bovine casein fractions by direct chromatographic analysis of milk. Approaching the application to a real production context. Journal of Chromatography A 1216, 165-168
17. Browning, W. (1886) IV. Lactic acid as a destroyer of pathogenic tissue. Annals of Surgery 3, 231-232
18. Byerley, L.O. & Kirksey, A. (1985) Effects of different levels of vitamin C intake on the vitamin C concentration in human milk and the vitamin C intakes of breast-fed infants American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 665-671
19. Cashman, K.D. (2011) Trace elements, nutritional significance In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 3, pp. 933-940 Academic Press, London
20. Conesa, C., Sanchez, L., Rota, C., Perez, M.D., Calvo, M., Farnaud, S. & Evans, R.W. (2008) Isolation of lactoferrin from milk of different species: calorimetric and antimicrobial studies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 150, 131-139
21. Cooperman, J.M., Dweck, H.S., Newman, L.J., Garbarino, C & Lopez, R. (1982) The folate in human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 576-580
22. Dorea, J.G. (2000) Iron and copper in human milk. Nutrition 16, 209-220
23. Dreiucker, J. & Vetter, W. (2011) Fatty acids patterns in camel, moose, cow, and human milk as determined with GC/MS after silver ion solid phase extraction. Food Chemistry 126, 762-771
24. Drici, H., Gilbert, C., Kihal, M. & Atlan, D. (2010) Atypical citrate-fermenting Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from dromedary's milk. Journal of Applied Microbiology 108, 647-657
25. Dubach, M., Indra, R., Enkh-Amgalan, Ts., Batsukh, Ts. & Govisaikhan, M. (2007) Mongolian Camel. The Pride of the Great Gobi. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC, Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia
26. Ehlayel, M.S., Hazeima, K.A., Al-Mesaifri, F. & Bener, A (2011) Camel milk: an alternative for cow's milk allergy in children. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 32, 255-258
27. El-Agamy, E.I. (2006) Camel milk. In: Handbook of Milk of Non-bovine Mammals (eds Y.W. Park & G.F.W. Haenlein), pp. 297-344. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, IA
28. El-Agamy, E.I. (2009) Bioactive components in camel milk In: Handbook of Milk of Non-bovine Mammals (eds Y.W Park & G.F.W. Haenlein), pp.159-194. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, IA
29. El-Agamy, E.I., Abou-Shloue, Z.I. & Abdel-Kader, Y.I (1998) Gel electrophoresis of proteins, physicochemical characterization and vitamin C content of milk of different species. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 57-70
30. El-Agamy, E.I., Nawar, M., Shamsia, S.M., Awad, S. & Haenlein, G.F.W. (2009) Are camel milk proteins convenient to the nutrition of cow milk allergic children? Small Ruminant Research 82, 1-6
31. Elamin, F.M. & Wilcox, C.J. (1992) Milk composition of Majaheim camels. Journal of Dairy Science 75, 3155-3157
32. El-Hatmi, H., Levieux, A. & Levieux, D. (2006) Camel (Camelus dromedarius) immunoglobulin G, 〈 -lactalbumin, serum albumin and lactoferrin in colostrum and milk during the early post partum period. Journal of Dairy Research 73, 288-293
33. El-Hatmi, H., Girardet, J.-M., Gaillard, J.-L., Yahyaoui, M.H & Attia, H. (2007) Characterization of whey proteins of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk and colostrum. Small Ruminant Research 70, 267-271
34. El Zubeir, I.E.M. & Jabreel, S.O. (2008) Fresh cheese from camel milk coagulated with Camifloc. International Journal of Dairy Technology 61, 90-95
35. Ereifej, K.I., Alu'datt, M.H., AlKhalidy, H.A., Alli, I. & Rababah, T. (2011) Comparison and characterisation of fat and protein composition for camel milk from eight Jordanian locations. Food Chemistry 127, 282-289
36. FAO (2008) Camel milk. Available at www.fao.org/ag/ againfo/themes/en/dairy/camel.html
37. Farah, Z. (2011) Camel milk. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H McSweeney), Vol. 3, pp. 512-517. Academic Press, London
38. Farah, Z. & Farah-Riesen, M. (1985) Separation and characterization of major components of camel milk casein Milchwissenschaft 40, 669-671
39. Farah, Z., Streiff, T. & Bachmann, M.R. (1989) Manufacture and characterization of camel milk butter. Milchwissenschaft Milk Science International 44, 412-414
40. Faye, B., Konuspayeva, G., Messad, S. & Loiseau, G. (2008) Discriminant milk components of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and hybrids Dairy Science and Technology 88, 607-617
41. Fukuda, K., Yamamoto, A., Ganzorig, K., Khuukhenbaatar, J., Senda, A., Saito, T. & Urashima, T. (2010) Chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) milk and colostrum. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 5572-5587
42. Gaucheron, F. (2011) Milk salts. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H McSweeney), Vol. 3, pp. 908-916. Academic Press, London
43. Gill, H.S., Doull, F., Rutherfurd, K.J. & Cross, M.L. (2000) Immunoregulatory peptides in bovine milk. British Journal of Nutrition 84, S111-S117
44. Gittleman, I.F. & Pincus, J.B. (1951) Influence of diet on the occurrence of hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia in the newborn infant. Pediatrics 8, 778-787
45. Gnan, S.O. & Sheriha, A.M. (1986) Composition of Libyan camel's milk. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 41, 33-35
46. Gorban A.M.S. & Izzeldin, O.M. (1999) Study on cholesteryl ester fatty acids in camel and cow milk lipid. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 34, 229-234
47. Haddad, I., Mozzon, M., Strabbioli, R. & Frega, N.G. (2011) Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of triacylglycerols molecular species in camel milk (Camelus dromedarius). International Dairy Journal 21, 119-127
48. Haddadin, M.S., Gammoh, S.I. & Robinson, R.K. (2008) Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of camel milk in Jordan. Journal of Dairy Research 75, 8-12
49. Hamad, E.M., Abdel-Rahim E.A. & Romeih, E.A. (2011) Beneficial effect of camel milk on liver and kidneys func26 / Camel Milk 591 tion in diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. International Journal of Dairy Science 6, 190-197
50. Hamers-Casterman, C., Atarhouch, T., Muyldermans, S., Robinson, G., Hammers, C., Bajyana Songa, E., Bendahman, N & Hammers, R. (1993) Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains. Nature 363, 446-448
51. Hare, J. (2008) Camelus ferus. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, version 2011.2. Available at www.iucnredlist.org/
52. Hashim, I.B., Khalil, A.H. & Habib, H. (2009) Quality and acceptability of a set-type yogurt made from camel milk Journal of Dairy Science 92, 857-862
53. Haskell, M.J. & Brown, K.H. (1999) Maternal vitamin A nutriture and the vitamin A content of human milk. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 4, 243-257
54. Hassaine, O., Zadi-Karam, H. & Nour-Eddine, K. (2007) Technologically important properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw milk of three breeds of Algerian dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). African Journal of Biotechnology 6, 1720-1727
55. Hassan, A.H., Hagrass, A.I., Soryal, K.A. & El-Shabrawy, S.A. (1987) Physicochemical properties of camel milk during lactation period in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Food Science 15, 1-14
56. Hill, T.R. & Morrissey, P.A. (2011) Vitamin K. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 661-666 Academic Press, London
57. Hirata, M. (2008) The realm of milk utilization culture and the history of development of fermented milk processing in the Asian continent. In: Fermented Milk in the World (ed. N Ishige), pp. 174-197. Harushobo, Tokyo, Japan
58. Indra, R. & Erdenbaatar, B. (1998) Camel's milk processing and its consumption patterns in Mongolia. In: Dromadaires et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers/Dromedaries and Camels, Milking Animals (ed. P. Bonnet), pp. 257-261. CIRAD, Montpellier, France
59. Ishii, S. & Samejima, K. (2006) Products made from camel's milk by Mongolian nomads. Milk Science 55, 79-84
60. Jirimutu, Li, J.C., Alam, M.S., Li, H.P., Guo, M.R. & Zhang, H.P. (2010) Fatty acid and protein profiles, and mineral content of milk from the wild Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus) in Mongolia. Milchwissenschaft Milk Science International 65, 21-25
61. Kacem, M. & Karam, N.-E. (2006) Physicochemical and microbiological study of "shmen", a traditional butter made from camel milk in the Sahara (Algeria): isolation and identification of lactic and bacteria and yeasts. Grasas y Aceites 57, 198-204
62. Kacem, M. & Meriem, K.-H. (2008) Probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum strains from traditional butter made from camel milk in arid regions (Sahara) of Algeria Grasas y Aceites 59, 218-224
63. Kappeler, S.R., Farah, Z. & Puhan, Z. (2003) 5'-flanking regions of camel milk genes are highly similar to homologue regions of other species and can be divided into two distinct groups. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 498-508
64. Khaskheli, M., Arain, M.A., Chaudhry, S., Soomro, A.H. & Qureshi, T.A. (2005) Physico-chemical quality of camel milk Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences 2, 164-166
65. Khedid, K., Faid, M., Mokhtari, A., Soulaymani, A. & Zinedine, A. (2009) Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the one humped camel milk produced in Morocco. Microbiological Research 164, 81-91
66. Klaenhammer, T.R. (1988) Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria Biochimie 70, 337-349
67. Konuspayeva, G., Loiseau, G. & Faye, B. (2004) The health added value of raw and fermented camel milk: the case of Kazakhstan. Rencontres Autour des Recherches sur les Ruminants 11, 47-50
68. Konuspayeva, G., Faye, B., Loiseau, G. & Levieux, D. (2007) Lactoferrin and immunoglobulin contents in camel's milk (Camelus bactrianus, Camelus dromedarius, and hybrids) from Kazakhstan. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 38-46
69. Konuspayeva, G., Lemarie, E., Faye, B., Loiseau, G. & Montet, D. (2008) Fatty acid and cholesterol composition of camel's (Camelus bactrianus, Camelus dromedarius, and hybrids) milk in Kazakhstan. Dairy Science and Technology 88, 327-340
70. Konuspayeva, G., Faye, B. & Loiseau, G. (2009) The composition of camel milk: a meta-analysis of the literature data Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 22, 95-101
71. Konuspayeva, G., Faye, B., Loiseau, G., Narmuratova, M., Ivashchenko, A., Meldebekova, A. & Davletov, S. (2010) Physiological change in camel milk composition (Camelus dromedarius). 2. Physico-chemical composition of colostrum Tropical Animal Health and Production 42, 501-505
72. Korchazhkina, O., Jones, E., Czauderna, M., Spencer, S.A. & Kowalczyk, J. (2006) HPLC with UV detection for measurement of vitamin E in human milk. Acta Chromatographica 16, 48-57
73. Kudoh, Y., Matsuda, S., Igoshi, K. & Oki, T. (2001) Antioxidative peptide from milk fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus IFO13953 Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 48, 44-50
74. Lakdawala, D.R. & Widdowson, E.M. (1977) Vitamin-D in human milk. Lancet i, 167-168
75. LeBlanc, J.G., Matar, C., Valdez, J.C., LeBlanc, J. & Perdigon, G. (2002) Immunomodulating effects of peptidic fractions issued from milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2733-2742
76. Lore, T.A., Mbugua, S.K. & Wangoh, J. (2005) Enumeration and identification of microflora in suusac, a Kenyan traditional fermented camel milk product. LWT-Food Science and Technology 38, 125-130
77. Magjeed, N.A. (2005) Corrective effect of milk camel on some cancer biomarkers in blood of rats intoxicated with aflatoxin B1. Journal of the Saudi Chemical Society 9, 253-263
78. Marino, K., Lane, J.A., Abrahams, J.L., Struwe, W.B., Harvey, D.J., Marotta, M., Hickey, R.M. & Rudd, P.M. (2011) Method for milk oligosaccharide profiling by 2-aminobenzamide labeling and hydrophilic interaction chromatography Glycobiology 21, 1317-1330
79. Marnila, P. & Korhonen, H. (2011) Immunoglobulins. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 3, pp. 807-815 Academic Press, London
80. Mehaia, M.A. (1993) Fresh soft white cheese (Domiati-type) from camel milk: consumption, yield, and sensory evaluation Journal of Dairy Science 76, 2845-2855
81. Mehaia, M.A., Hablas, M.A., Abdel-Rahman, K.M. & El-Mougy, S.A. (1995) Milk composition of Majaheim, Wadah and Hamra camels in Saudi Arabia. Food Chemistry 52, 115-122
82. Merin, U., Bernstein, S., Bloch-Damti, A., Yagil, R., van Creveld, C., Lindner, P. & Gollop, N. (2001) A comparative study of milk serum proteins in camel (Camelus dromedarius) and bovine colostrum. Livestock Production Science 67, 297-301
83. Mohamed, H.E., Mousa, H.M. & Beynen, A.C. (2005) Ascorbic acid concentrations in milk from Sudanese camels. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 89, 35-37
84. Morrissey, P.A. & Hill, T.R. (2011a) Vitamin E. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 652-660 Academic Press, London
85. Morrissey, P.A. & Hill, T.R. (2011b) Vitamin C. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 667-674 Academic Press, London
86. Nakamura, Y., Yamamoto, N., Sakai, K., Okubo, A., Yamazaki, S. & Takano, T. (1995) Purification and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from sour milk Journal of Dairy Science 78, 777-783
87. Nanda, D.K., Tomar, S.K., Singh, R., Mal, G., Singh, P., Arora, D.K., Joshi, B.K., Chaudhary, R. & Kumar, D (2011) Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Lactobacilli isolated from camel cheese produced in India International Journal of Dairy Technology 64, 437-443
88. Nohr, D., Biesalski, H.K. & Back, E.I. (2011a) Vitamin B12 In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 675- 677. Academic Press, London
89. Nohr, D., Biesalski, H.K. & Back, E.I. (2011b) Biotin (Vitamin B7). In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 687- 689. Academic Press, London
90. Nohr, D., Biesalski, H.K. & Back, E.I. (2011c) Niacin. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 690-693 Academic Press, London
91. Nohr, D., Biesalski, H.K. & Back, E.I. (2011d) Pantothenic Acid. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 694-696 Academic Press, London
92. Nohr, D., Biesalski, H.K. & Back, E.I. (2011e) Vitamin B6 In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 697-700 Academic Press, London
93. Nohr, D., Biesalski, H.K. & Back, E.I. (2011f) Thiamine. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 701-703 Academic Press, London
94. Nohr, D., Biesalski, H.K. & Back, E.I. (2011g) Riboflavin. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 704-706 Academic Press, London
95. Ochirkhuyag, B., Chobert, J.M., Dalgalarrondo, M., Choiset, Y. & Haertle, T. (1997) Characterization of caseins from Mongolian yak, khainak, and bactrian camel. Lait 77, 601-613
96. Ochirkhuyag, B., Chobert, J.-M., Dalgalarrondo, M., Choiset, Y. & Haertle, T. (1998) Characterization of whey proteins from Mongolian yak, khainak, and bactrian camel. Journal of Food Biochemistry 22, 105-124
97. Quan, S., Tsuda, H. & Miyamoto, T. (2008) Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in skim milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus 130B4 from camel milk in Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88, 2688-2692
98. Rahman, N., Xiaohong, C., Meiqin, F. & Mingsheng, D (2009) Characterization of the dominant microflora in naturally fermented camel milk shubat. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25, 1941-1946
99. Reading, R.P., Mix, H., Lhagvasuren, B. & Blumer, E.S (1999) Status of wild Bactrian camels and other large ungulates in south-western Mongolia. Oryx 33, 247-255
100. Restani, P., Gaiaschi, A., Plebani, A., Beretta, B., Cavagni, G., Fiocchi, A., Poiesi, C., Velona, T., Ugazio, A.G. & Galli, C.L. (1999) Cross-reactivity between milk proteins from different animal species. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 29, 997-1004
101. Saito, T. (2008) Antihypertensive peptides derived from bovine casein and whey proteins. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 606, 295-317
102. Salami, M., Yousefi, R., Ehsani, M.R., Dalgalarrondo, M., Chobert, J.-M., Haertle, T., Razavi, S.H., Saboury, A.A., Niasari-Naslaji, A. & Moosavi-Movahedi, A.A. (2008) Kinetic characterization of hydrolysis of camel and bovine milk proteins by pancreatic enzymes. International Dairy Journal 18, 1097-1102
103. Salami, M., Yousefi, R., Ehsania, M.R., Razavi, S.H., Chobert, J.-M., Haertle, T., Saboury, A.A., Atri, M.S., Niasari-Naslaji, A., Ahmad, F., Moosavi-Movahedi, A.A. (2009) Enzymatic digestion and antioxidant activity of the native and molten globule states of camel 〈 -lactalbumin: possible significance for use in infant formula. International Dairy Journal 19, 518-523
104. Sauvant, P., Graulet, B., Martin, B., Grolier, P. & Azais-Braesco, V. (2011) Vitamin A. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 639-645. Academic Press, London
105. Sawaya, W.N., Khalil, J.K., Al-Shalhat, A. & Al-Mohammad, H. (1984) Chemical composition and nutritional quality of camel milk. Journal of Food Science 49, 744-747
106. Shuangquan, Burentegusi & Miyamoto, T. (2004) Microflora in traditional fermented camel's milk from Inner Mongolia, China. Milchwissenschaft 59, 649-652
107. Shuangquan, Tsuda, H. & Miyamoto, T. (2008) Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in skim milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus 130B4 from camel milk Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88, 2688-2692
108. Stahl, T., Sallmann, H.P., Duehlmeier, R. & Wernery, U (2006) Selected vitamins and fatty acid patterns in dromedary milk and colostrums. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 13, 53-57
109. Sulieman, A.M.E.H., Ilayan, A.A. & El Faki, A.E.A. (2006) Chemical and microbiological quality of Garris, Sudanese fermented camel's milk product. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 41, 321-328
110. Takeda, S., Yamasaki, K., Takeshita, M., Kikuchi, Y., Tsend-Ayush, C., Dashnyam, B., Ahhmed, A.M., Kawahara, S. & Muguruma, M. (2011) The investigation of probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Mongolian dairy products. Animal Science Journal 82, 571-579
111. Tulgat, R. & Schaller, G.B. (1992) Status and distribution of wild Bactrian camels Camelus bactrianus ferus. Biological Conservation 62, 11-19
112. Urashima, T., Kitaoka, M., Asakuma, S. & Messer, M. (2009) Milk oligosaccharides. In: Advanced Dairy Chemistry (eds P.L.H. McSweeney & P.F. Fox), Vol. 3, pp. 295-349 Springer Science and Business Media, New York
113. Urashima, T., Asakuma, S., Kitaoka, M. & Messer, M. (2011) Indigenous oligosacchairdes in milk. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H McSweeney), Vol. 3, pp. 241-273. Academic Press, London
114. van Staveren, W.A. & de Groot, L.C.P.M.G. (2011) Vitamin D In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 646-651 Academic Press, London
115. Watanabe, K., Fujimoto, J., Sasamoto, M., Dugersuren, J., Tumursuh, T. & Demberel, S. (2008) Diversity of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in Airag and Tarag, traditional fermented milk products of Mongolia. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 24, 1313-1325
116. Witthoft, C.M. (2011) Folates. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2nd edn (eds J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox & P.L.H McSweeney), Vol. 4, pp. 678-686. Academic Press, London
117. Yagil, R. (1982) Camels and camel milk. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 26, pp. 1-67. FAO, Rome
118. Yagil, R. & Etzion, Z. (1980) The effect of drought conditions on the quality of camels' milk. Journal of Dairy Research 47, 159-166
119. Yagil, R., Saran, A. & Etzion, Z. (1984) Camels milk: for drinking only. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 78, 263-266
120. Yamamoto, N. (1997) Antihypertensive peptides derived from food proteins. Biopolymers 43, 129-134
121. Yamawaki, N., Yamada, M., Kan-no, T., Kojima, T., Kaneko, T. & Yonekubo, A. (2005) Macronutrient, mineral and trace element composition of breast milk from Japanese women. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 19, 171-181
122. Zhang, H., Yao, J., Zhao, D., Liu, H., Li, J. & Guo, M. (2005) Changes in chemical composition of Alxa bactrian camel milk during lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 3402-3410
123. Zinger-Yosovich, K.D., Sudakevitz, D., Iluz, D. & Gilboa-Garber, N. (2011) Analyses of diverse mammals' milk and lactoferrin glycans using five pathogenic bacterial lectins Food Chemistry 124, 1335-1342