Plant-based modulation of toll-like receptors: An emerging therapeutic model

Phytotherapy Research

Volumn 27, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 1423-1438

  Chahal, Dev S ^a   Sivamani, Raja K ^a   Rivkah Isseroff, R ^a,b   Dasu, Mohan R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Veterans Affairs ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

extract; inflammation; plant; receptor; Toll like

Indexed keywords

ANGELICA SINENSIS EXTRACT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ASTILBIN; CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONARIUM EXTRACT; COPTIS CHINENSIS EXTRACT; CURCUMIN; ECHINACEA PURPUREA EXTRACT; ENGELETIN; EPIGALLOCATECHIN; FLAVONOID; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GINKGOLIDE B; GINSAN; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; LARIX LEPTOLEPIS EXTRACT; MULBERRY EXTRACT; PAEONIA LACTIFLORA EXTRACT; PLANT EXTRACT; POLYSACCHARIDE; RHEUM EXTRACT; RHODIOLA IMBRICATA EXTRACT; SAFFLOWER EXTRACT; SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA EXTRACT; SEDUM SARMENTOSUM EXTRACT; SHOGAOL; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TUMOR VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; WATER;

ACUTE PANCREATITIS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BARK; CHRYSANTHEMUM; CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONARIUM; CRASSULACEAE; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG MECHANISM; ENCEPHALITIS; FLOWER; FRUIT; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INFLAMMATION; LARIX; LARIX LEPTOLEPIS; LISTERIOSIS; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE; PLANT LEAF; PLANT ROOT; PLANT SEED; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; RHEUM; RHIZOME; RHODIOLA; RHODIOLA IMBRICATA; SEDUM SARMENTOSUM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLVENT EFFECT; SOLVENT EXTRACTION;

EXTRACT; INFLAMMATION; PLANT; RECEPTOR; TOLL-LIKE;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; PHENOLS; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANT STRUCTURES; POLYSACCHARIDES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLVENTS; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS;

EID: 84885593428     PISSN: 0951418X     EISSN: 10991573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4886     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Ahn JY, Choi IS, Shim JY, et al,. 2006a. The immunomodulator ginsan induces resistance to experimental sepsis by inhibiting Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory signals. Eur J Immunol 36 (1): 37-45.
2. Ahn JY, Song JY, Yun YS, Jeong G, Choi IS,. 2006b. Protection of Staphylococcus aureus-infected septic mice by suppression of early acute inflammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 46 (2): 187-197.
3. Ando I, Tsukumo Y, Wakabayashi T, et al,. 2002. Safflower polysaccharides activate the transcription factor NF-kappa B via Toll-like receptor 4 and induce cytokine production by macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2 (8): 1155-1162.
4. Balachandran P, Pugh ND, Ma G, Pasco DS,. 2006. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent activation of monocytes by Spirulina polysaccharide and its immune enhancing action in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 6 (12): 1808-1814. (Pubitemid 44557189)
5. Chai JG, Bando T, Kobashi S, et al,. 1992. An extract of seeds from Aeginetia indica L., a parasitic plant, induces potent antigen-specific antitumor immunity in Meth A-bearing BALB/c mice. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy: CII 35 (3): 181-185.
6. Chen BJ,. 2001. Triptolide, a novel immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent purified from a Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Leuk Lymphoma 42 (3): 253-265. (Pubitemid 32725582)
7. Chen HS, Tsai YF, Lin S, et al,. 2004. Studies on the immuno-modulating and anti-tumor activities of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) polysaccharides. Bioorg Med Chem 12 (21): 5595-5601. (Pubitemid 39304059)
8. Chino A, Sakurai H, Choo MK, et al,. 2005. Juzentaihoto, a Kampo medicine, enhances IL-12 production by modulating Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways in murine peritoneal exudate macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 5 (5): 871-882. (Pubitemid 40381121)
9. Chiou WF, Chen CC, Lin IH, Chiu JH, Chen YJ,. 2011. 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4- prenylxanthone represses lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS expression via impeding posttranslational modification of IRAK-1. Biochem Pharmacol 81 (6): 752-760.
10. Chuang CC, Bumrungpert A, Kennedy A, et al,. 2011. Grape powder extract attenuates tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in primary cultures of human adipocytes. J Nutr Biochem 22 (1): 89-94.
11. Dasu MR, Ramirez S, Isseroff RR,. 2012. Toll-like receptors and diabetes: a therapeutic perspective. Clin Sci (Lond) 122 (5): 203-214.
12. Dunne A, Marshall NA, Mills KH,. 2011. TLR based therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 11 (4): 404-411.
13. El-Obeid A, Hassib A, Ponten F, Westermark B,. 2006. Effect of herbal melanin on IL-8: a possible role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 344 (4): 1200-1206.
14. Figueiredo RT, Bittencourt VC, Lopes LC, Sassaki G, Barreto-Bergter E,. 2012. Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) recognize polysaccharides of Pseudallescheria boydii cell wall. Carbohydr Res 356: 260-264.
15. Fu SL, Hsu YH, Lee PY, et al,. 2006. Dioscorin isolated from Dioscorea alata activates TLR4-signaling pathways and induces cytokine expression in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 339 (1): 137-144.
16. Ghanim H, Sia CL, Korzeniewski K, et al,. 2011. A resveratrol and polyphenol preparation suppresses oxidative and inflammatory stress response to a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 (5): 1409-1414.
17. Gill R, Tsung A, Billiar T,. 2010. Linking oxidative stress to inflammation: Toll-like receptors. Free Radic Biol Med 48 (9): 1121-1132.
18. Han SB, Yoon YD, Ahn HJ, et al,. 2003. Toll-like receptor-mediated activation of B cells and macrophages by polysaccharide isolated from cell culture of Acanthopanax senticosus. Int Immunopharmacol 3 (9): 1301-1312. (Pubitemid 36939163)
19. Hanagata N.,. 2012. Structure-dependent immunostimulatory effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their delivery system. Int J Nanomedicine 7: 2181-2195.
20. Haraguchi H, Mochida Y, Sakai S, et al,. 1996. Protection against oxidative damage by dihydroflavonols in Engelhardtia chrysolepis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60 (6): 945-948. (Pubitemid 26311230)
21. Hasegawa T, Matsuguchi T, Noda K, et al,. 2002. Toll-like receptor 2 is at least partly involved in the antitumor activity of glycoprotein from Chlorella vulgaris. Int Immunopharmacol 2 (4): 579-589. (Pubitemid 34169752)
22. Hayden MS, Ghosh S,. 2004. Signaling to NF-kappaB. Genes Dev 18 (18): 2195-2224.
23. He X, Liu RH,. 2008. Phytochemicals of Apple Peels: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Their Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities. J Agric Food Chem 56 (21): 9905-9910.
24. Hseu YC, Chou CW, Senthil Kumar KJ, et al,. 2012. Ellagic acid protects human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells against UVA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through the upregulation of the HO-1 and Nrf-2 antioxidant genes. Food Chem Toxicol 50 (5): 1245-1255.
25. Hsu HY, Jeyashoke N, Yeh CH, et al,. 2010. Immunostimulatory bioactivity of algal polysaccharides from Chlorella pyrenoidosa activates macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4. J Agric Food Chem 58 (2): 927-936.
26. Huang H, Chang EJ, Lee Y, et al,. 2008. A genome-wide microarray analysis reveals anti-inflammatory target genes of paeonol in macrophages. Inflamm Res 57 (4): 189-198.
27. Huang H, Cheng Z, Shi H, et al,. 2011. Isolation and characterization of two flavonoids, engeletin and astilbin, from the leaves of Engelhardia roxburghiana and their potential anti-inflammatory properties. J Agric Food Chem 59 (9): 4562-4569.
28. Ibusuki K, Minamishima Y,. 1990. Effect of Chlorella vulgaris extracts on murine cytomegalovirus infections. Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul 9 (2): 121-128. (Pubitemid 20141714)
29. Igarashi K, Uchida Y, Murakami N, Mizutani K, Masuda H,. 1996. Effect of astilbin in tea processed from leaves of Engelhardtia chrysolepis on the serum and liver lipid concentrations and on the erythrocyte and liver antioxidative enzyme activities of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60 (3): 513-515. (Pubitemid 126460942)
30. Jung TY, Pham TN, Umeyama A, et al,. 2010. Ursolic acid isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla activates human dendritic cells via TLR2 and/or TLR4 and induces the production of IFN-gamma by CD4+ naive T cells. Eur J Pharmacol 643 (2-3): 297-303.
31. Kanuri G, Weber S, Volynets V, et al,. 2009. Cinnamon extract protects against acute alcohol-induced liver steatosis in mice. J Nutr 139 (3): 482-487.
32. Kawai T, Akira S,. 2010. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 11 (5): 373-384.
33. Keogh B, Parker AE,. 2011. Toll-like receptors as targets for immune disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 32 (7): 435-442.
34. Kim JH, Jeong JH, Jeon ST, et al,. 2006. Decursin inhibits induction of inflammatory mediators by blocking nuclear factor-kappaB activation in macrophages. Mol Pharmacol 69 (6): 1783-1790.
35. Kim JY, Lee IK, Son MW, Kim KH,. 2009. Effects of orally administered Actinidia arguta (Hardy Kiwi) fruit extract on 2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene- induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. J Med Food 12 (5): 1004-1015.
36. Kim YJ, Jang ER, Lee JC, et al,. 2010. Diarylheptanoid hirsutenoxime inhibits toll-like receptor 4-mediated NF-kappaB activation regulated by Akt pathway in keratinocytes. Am J Chin Med 38 (6): 1207-1222.
37. Koizumi S-I, Masuko K, Wakita D, et al,. 2012. Extracts of Larix Leptolepis effectively augments the generation of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes via activation of dendritic cells in TLR-2 and TLR-4-dependent manner. Cell Immunol 276 (1-2): 153-161.
38. Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S,. 2011. Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Int Rev Immunol 30 (1): 16-34.
39. Lago-Vanzela ES, Da-Silva R, Gomes E, Garcia-Romero E, Hermosin-Gutierrez I,. 2011. Phenolic composition of the edible parts (flesh and skin) of Bordo grape (Vitis labrusca) using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem 59 (24): 13136-13146.
40. Lee YW, Lin JA, Chang CC, et al,. 2011. Ginkgo biloba extract suppresses endotoxin-mediated monocyte activation by inhibiting nitric oxide- and tristetraprolin-mediated toll-like receptor 4 expression. J Nutr Biochem 22 (4): 351-359.
41. Leung MYK, Liu C, Koon JCM, Fung KP,. 2006. Polysaccharide biological response modifiers. Immunol Lett 105 (2): 101-114. (Pubitemid 43816084)
42. Li L, Peng L, Miao J, et al,. 2011. Icariin induces the expression of toll-like receptor 9 in ana-1 murine macrophages. Phytother Res 25 (11): 1732-1735.
43. Li X, Xu W,. 2011. TLR4-mediated activation of macrophages by the polysaccharide fraction from Polyporus umbellatus(pers.) Fries. J Ethnopharmacol 135 (1): 1-6.
44. Li X, Xu W, Chen J,. 2010. Polysaccharide purified from Polyporus umbellatus (Per) Fr induces the activation and maturation of murine bone-derived dendritic cells via toll-like receptor 4. Cell Immunol 265 (1): 50-56.
45. Lian LH, Jin X, Wu YL, et al,. 2010. Hepatoprotective effects of Sedum sarmentosum on D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced murine fulminant hepatic failure. J Pharmacol Sci 114 (2): 147-157.
46. Liang Q, Wu Q, Jiang J, et al,. 2011. Characterization of sparstolonin B, a Chinese herb-derived compound, as a selective Toll-like receptor antagonist with potent anti-inflammatory properties. J Biol Chem 286 (30): 26470-26479.
47. Lin FY, Chen YH, Chen YL, et al,. 2007. Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits endotoxin-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation via suppression of toll-like receptor 4 expression and NADPH oxidase activation. J Agric Food Chem 55 (5): 1977-1984.
48. Liu JY, Yang FL, Lu CP, et al,. 2008. Polysaccharides from Dioscorea batatas induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion via Toll-like receptor 4-mediated protein kinase signaling pathways. J Agric Food Chem 56 (21): 9892-9898.
49. Liu X, Cheng J, Zheng X, et al,. 2009. Targeting CpG DNA to screen and isolate anti-sepsis fraction and monomers from traditional Chinese herbs using affinity biosensor technology. Int Immunopharmacol 9 (9): 1021-1031.
50. Liu X, Zheng J, Zhou H,. 2011. TLRs as pharmacological targets for plant-derived compounds in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 11 (10): 1451-1456.
51. Lyss G, Knorre A, Schmidt TJ, Pahl HL, Merfort I,. 1998. The anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone helenalin inhibits the transcription factor NF-kappaB by directly targeting p65. J Biol Chem 273 (50): 33508-33516. (Pubitemid 29005734)
52. Maitra I, Marcocci L, Droy-Lefaix MT, Packer L,. 1995. Peroxyl radical scavenging activity of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Biochem Pharmacol 49 (11): 1649-1655.
53. Mishra KP, Ganju L, Chanda S, Karan D, Sawhney RC,. 2009. Aqueous extract of Rhodiola imbricata rhizome stimulates Toll-like receptor 4, granzyme-B and Th1 cytokines in vitro. Immunobiology 214 (1): 27-31.
54. Mita Y, Dobashi K, Shimizu Y, Nakazawa T, Mori M,. 2002. Surface expression of toll-like receptor 4 on THP-1 cells is modulated by Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang and Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 24 (2): 67-70. (Pubitemid 34310985)
55. Monobe M, Ema K, Tokuda Y, Maeda-Yamamoto M,. 2010. Enhancement of the phagocytic activity of macrophage-like cells with a crude polysaccharide derived from green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 74 (6): 1306-1308.
56. Monobe M, Ogino A, Ema K, Tokuda Y, Maeda-Yamamoto M,. 2012. A crude extract from immature green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves promotes Toll-like receptor 7-mediated interferon-α production in human macrophage-like cells. Cytotechnology 64 (2): 145-148.
57. Nakaya TA, Kita M, Kuriyama H, Iwakura Y, Imanishi J,. 2004. Panax ginseng induces production of proinflammatory cytokines via toll-like receptor. J Interferon Cytokine Res 24 (2): 93-100. (Pubitemid 38253636)
58. Oberg F, Haseeb A, Ahnfelt M, et al,. 2009. Herbal melanin activates TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Phytomedicine 16 (5): 477-484.
59. Okamoto M, Oh EG, Oshikawa T, et al,. 2004. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates the antitumor host response induced by a 55-kilodalton protein isolated from Aeginetia indica L., a parasitic plant. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11 (3): 483-495. (Pubitemid 38661414)
60. Pannacci M, Lucini V, Colleoni F, et al,. 2006. Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer G115 modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mice throughout the increase of macrophage toll-like receptor 4 expression during physical stress. Brain Behav Immun 20 (6): 546-551. (Pubitemid 44528950)
61. Park SJ, Youn HS,. 2010. Suppression of homodimerization of toll-like receptor 4 by isoliquiritigenin. Phytochemistry 71 (14-15): 1736-1740.
62. Peng LN, Li L, Qiu YF, et al,. 2011. Glycyrrhetinic acid extracted from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. induces the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in Ana-1 murine macrophages. J Asian Nat Prod Res 13 (10): 942-950.
63. Queiroz ML, Rodrigues AP, Bincoletto C, Figueiredo CA, Malacrida S,. 2003. Protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris in lead-exposed mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Int Immunopharmacol 3 (6): 889-900. (Pubitemid 36629454)
64. Ranjith-Kumar CT, Lai Y, Sarisky RT, Cheng Kao C,. 2010. Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, suppresses signaling by the dsRNA innate immune receptor RIG-I. PLoS One 5 (9): e12878.
65. Remichkova M, Dimitrova P, Philipov S, Ivanovska N,. 2009. Toll-like receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory action of glaucine and oxoglaucine. Fitoterapia 80 (7): 411-414.
66. Rhule A, Rase B, Smith JR, Shepherd DM,. 2008. Toll-like receptor ligand-induced activation of murine DC2.4 cells is attenuated by Panax notoginseng. J Ethnopharmacol 116 (1): 179-186.
67. Rong Y, Geng Z, Lau BH,. 1996. Ginkgo biloba attenuates oxidative stress in macrophages and endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 20 (1): 121-127. (Pubitemid 26014327)
68. Salminen A, Lehtonen M, Suuronen T, Kaarniranta K, Huuskonen J,. 2008. Terpenoids: natural inhibitors of NF-kappaB signaling with anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential. Cellular and molecular life sciences: CMLS 65 (19): 2979-2999.
69. Shoham S, Huang C, Chen JM, Golenbock DT, Levitz SM,. 2001. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates intracellular signaling without TNF-alpha release in response to Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule. J Immunol 166 (7): 4620-4626. (Pubitemid 32233748)
70. Siponen M, Kauppila JH, Soini Y, Salo T,. in press. TLR4 and TLR9 are induced in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012. 01169.x
71. Sivamani RK, Maibach HI,. 2009. Fruits are rich in antioxidants and ripe for topical therapy. J Dermatolog Treat 20 (4): 186-189.
72. Spirig R, Tsui J, Shaw S,. 2012. The Emerging Role of TLR and Innate Immunity in Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiol Res Pract 2012: 181394.
73. Sullivan AM, Laba JG, Moore JA, Lee TD,. 2008. Echinacea-induced macrophage activation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 30 (3): 553-574.
74. Tanaka K, Yamada A, Noda K, et al,. 1998. A novel glycoprotein obtained from Chlorella vulgaris strain CK22 shows antimetastatic immunopotentiation. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy: CII 45 (6): 313-320. (Pubitemid 28088240)
75. Tanaka S, Koizumi S, Makiuchi N, et al,. 2011a. The extract of Japanese soybean, Kurosengoku activates the production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma by DC or NK1.1(+) cells in a TLR4- and TLR2-dependent manner. Cell Immunol 266 (2): 135-142.
76. Tanaka S, Koizumi S, Masuko K, et al,. 2011b. Toll-like receptor-dependent IL-12 production by dendritic cells is required for activation of natural killer cell-mediated Type-1 immunity induced by Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Int Immunopharmacol 11 (2): 226-232.
77. Unitt J, Hornigold D,. 2011. Plant lectins are novel Toll-like receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 81 (11): 1324-1328.
78. Willis LM, Bielinski DF, Fisher DR, Matthan NR, Joseph JA,. 2010. Walnut extract inhibits LPS-induced activation of BV-2 microglia via internalization of TLR4: possible involvement of phospholipase D2. Inflammation 33 (5): 325-333.
79. Wolfe K, Wu X, Liu RH,. 2003. Antioxidant Activity of Apple Peels. J Agric Food Chem 51 (3): 609-614.
80. Wu XN, Yu CH, Cai W, et al,. 2011. Protective effect of a polyphenolic rich extract from Magnolia officinalis bark on influenza virus-induced pneumonia in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 134 (1): 191-194.
81. Xiping Z, Dijiong W, Jianfeng L, et al,. 2009. Effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae on ICAM-1, TLR4, NF-kappaB and Bax proteins expression in multiple organs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis or obstructive jaundice. Inflammation 32 (4): 218-232.
82. Xu CQ, Liu BJ, Wu JF, et al,. 2010. Icariin attenuates LPS-induced acute inflammatory responses: involvement of PI3K/Akt and NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 642 (1-3): 146-153.
83. Xu Q, Yajima T, Li W, et al,. 2006. Levan (beta-2, 6-fructan), a major fraction of fermented soybean mucilage, displays immunostimulating properties via Toll-like receptor 4 signalling: induction of interleukin-12 production and suppression of T-helper type 2 response and immunoglobulin E production. Clin Exp Allergy 36 (1): 94-101.
84. Yang X, Zhao Y, Wang H, Mei Q,. 2007. Macrophage activation by an acidic polysaccharide isolated from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. J Biochem Mol Biol 40 (5): 636-643. (Pubitemid 47572827)
85. Yang XY, Park GS, Lee MH, et al,. 2009. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated immunoregulation by the aqueous extract of Mori Fructus. Phytother Res 23 (12): 1713-1720.
86. Yoon YD, Han SB, Kang JS, et al,. 2003. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of macrophages by polysaccharide isolated from the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum. Int Immunopharmacol 3 (13-14): 1873-1882. (Pubitemid 37421270)
87. Youn HS, Kim YS, Park ZY, et al,. 2010. Sulforaphane suppresses oligomerization of TLR4 in a thiol-dependent manner. J Immunol 184 (1): 411-419.
88. Youn HS, Lee JY, Saitoh SI, et al,. 2006a. Suppression of MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways of toll-like receptor by (-)-epigallocatechin- 3-gallate, a polyphenol component of green tea. Biochem Pharmacol 72 (7): 850-859. (Pubitemid 44313886)
89. Youn HS, Lim HJ, Lee HJ, et al,. 2008. Garlic (Allium sativum) extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced Toll-like receptor 4 dimerization. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72 (2): 368-375. (Pubitemid 351353671)
90. Youn HS, Saitoh SI, Miyake K, Hwang DH,. 2006b. Inhibition of homodimerization of Toll-like receptor 4 by curcumin. Biochem Pharmacol 72 (1): 62-69. (Pubitemid 43810172)
91. Yu C, Shan T, Feng A, et al,. 2011a. Triptolide ameliorates Crohn's colitis is associated with inhibition of TLRs/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Fitoterapia 82 (4): 709-715.
92. Yu T, Ahn HM, Shen T, et al,. 2011b. Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract derived from Phaseolus angularis beans. J Ethnopharmacol 137 (3): 1197-1206.
93. Yu WH, Dong XQ, Hu YY, Huang M, Zhang ZY,. in press. Ginkgolide B reduces neuronal cell apoptosis in the traumatic rat brain: possible involvement of toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Phytother Res. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4662
94. Zang N, Xie X, Deng Y, et al,. 2011. Resveratrol-mediated gamma interferon reduction prevents airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in respiratory syncytial virus-infected immunocompromised mice. J Virol 85 (24): 13061-13068.
95. Zhang Q, Piao XL, Piao XS, et al,. 2011. Preventive effect of Coptis chinensis and berberine on intestinal injury in rats challenged with lipopolysaccharides. Food Chem Toxicol 49 (1): 61-69.
96. Zhang X, Liu D, Wu D, et al,. 2009. Effect of salvia miltiorrhizae on the expressions of TLR4 protein in the liver of rats with SAP or OJ. Inflammation 32 (3): 151-162.
97. Zhao L, Lee JY, Hwang DH,. 2011. Inhibition of pattern recognition receptor-mediated inflammation by bioactive phytochemicals. Nutr Rev 69 (6): 310-320.