Antimicrobial strategies centered around reactive oxygen species - bactericidal antibiotics, photodynamic therapy, and beyond

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 37, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 955-989

  Vatansever, Fatma ^a,b   de Melo, Wanessa C M A ^a,c   Avci, Pinar ^a,b,d   Vecchio, Daniela ^a,b   Sadasivam, Magesh ^a,e   Gupta, Asheesh ^a,b,f   Chandran, Rakkiyappan ^a,e   Karimi, Mahdi ^a,g   Parizotto, Nivaldo A ^a,b,c   Yin, Rui ^a,b,h   Tegos, George P ^a,b,i,j   Hamblin, Michael R ^a,b,k  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^d SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE   (Hungary)

^e AMITY UNIVERSITY   (India)

^f DEFENCE INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES   (India)

^g TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

^h THIRD MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^k HARVARD MIT DIVISION OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Bacteria; Hydrogen peroxide; Hydroxyl radicals; Photosensitizers; Singlet oxygen; Titanium dioxide

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; ANION; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ATOMIC OXYGEN RADICAL ANION; BACTERICIDE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; GYRASE INHIBITOR; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; MYELOPEROXIDASE; NITRITE; OXYGEN; OZONE; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; POLYATOMIC OXYGEN; QUINOLINE DERIVATIVE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; RIFAMPICIN; SUPEROXIDIZED WATER; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN; WATER; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; COLD ATMOSPHERIC PLASMA; EUKARYOTIC CELL; HONEY; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; HYPERBARIC OXYGEN; LASER COAGULATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHOTOCATALYSIS; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; REVIEW;

EID: 84884984102     PISSN: 01686445     EISSN: 15746976     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12026     Document Type: Review

References (387)

1. Abhyankar SV, Venkatesh V, Karnad S, Kulkarni KP, Juneja M, Nanda BS & Saifulla T (2009) Efficacy and safety of oxum in treatment of chronic wounds. J Indian Med Assoc 107: 904-906.
2. Agostinis P, Berg K, Cengel KA et al. (2011) Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update. CA Cancer J Clin 61: 250-281.
3. Aiba H (2007) Mechanism of RNA silencing by Hfq-binding small RNAs. Curr Opin Microbiol 10: 134-139.
4. Alkawareek MY, Algwari QT, Laverty G, Gorman SP, Graham WG, O'Connell D & Gilmore BF (2012) Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma. PLoS ONE 7: e44289.
5. Altman N (2007) The Oxygen Prescription: The Miracle of Oxidative Therapies. Healing Arts Press, Rochester, VT.
6. Alzahrani HA, Alsabehi R, Boukraa L, Abdellah F, Bellik Y & Bakhotmah BA (2012) Antibacterial and antioxidant potency of floral honeys from different botanical and geographical origins. Molecules 17: 10540-10549.
7. Andel H, Felfernig M, Andel D, Blaicher W & Schramm W (1998) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in osteomyelitis. Anaesthesia 53(suppl 2): 68-69.
8. Andersen JK (2004) Oxidative stress in neurodegeneration: cause or consequence? Nat Med 10(suppl): S18-S25.
9. Anthony J, Warczak KL & Donohue TJ (2005) A transcriptional response to singlet oxygen, a toxic byproduct of photosynthesis. P Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 6502-6507.
10. Ashur I, Goldschmidt R, Pinkas I, Salomon Y, Szewczyk G, Sarna T & Scherz A (2009) Photocatalytic generation of oxygen radicals by the water-soluble bacteriochlorophyll derivative WST11, noncovalently bound to serum albumin. J Phys Chem A 113: 8027-8037.
11. Atieh MA (2010) Photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive treatment for chronic periodontitis: a meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci 25: 605-613.
12. Augusto O & Muntz Vaz S (2007) EPR spin-trapping of protein radicals to investigate biological oxidative mechanisms. Amino Acids 32: 535-542.
13. Authen RL & Davis JM (2009) Oxygen toxicity and reactive oxygen species: the devil is in the details. Pediatr Res 66: 121-127.
14. Bang LM, Buntting C & Molan P (2003) The effect of dilution on the rate of hydrogen peroxide production in honey and its implications for wound healing. J Altern Complement Med 9: 267-273.
15. Bang I, Frye JG, McClelland M, Velayudhan J & Fang FC (2005) Alternative sigma factor interactions in Salmonella: sigma and sigma promote antioxidant defences by enhancing sigma levels. Mol Microbiol 56: 811-823.
16. Banks JG, Board RG, Carter J & Dodge AD (1985) The cytotoxic and photodynamic inactivation of micro-organisms by Rose Bengal. J Appl Bacteriol 58: 391-400.
17. Bedard K, Lardy B & Krause KH (2007) NOX family NADPH oxidases: not just in mammals. Biochimie 89: 1107-1112.
18. Beisel C & Storz G (2010) Base pairing small RNAs and their roles in global regulatory networks. FEMS Microbiol Rev 34: 866-882.
19. Berakdar M, Callaway A, Eddin MF, Ross A & Willershausen B (2012) Comparison between scaling-root-planing (SRP) and SRP/photodynamic therapy: six-month study. Head Face Med 8: 12.
20. Berghoff B, Glaeser J, Sharma CM, Vogel J & Klug G (2009) Photooxidative stress-induced and abundant small RNAs in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Mol Microbiol 74: 1497-1512.
21. Berghoff B, Glaeser J, Sharma CM, Zobawa M, Lottspeich F, Vogel J & Klug G (2011) Contribution of Hfq to photooxidative stress resistance and global regulation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Mol Microbiol 80: 1479-1495.
22. Bertoloni G, Salvato B, Dall'Acqua M, Vazzoler M & Jori G (1984) Hematoporphyrin-sensitized photoinactivation of Streptococcus faecalis. Photochem Photobiol 39: 811-816.
23. Bialoszewski D (2003) The use of the intraoperative ozone - therapy as prophylaxis of infections in surgery of locomotor system with special regard to total hip plasty - a preliminary study. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil 5: 781-786.
24. Biel MA, Sievert C, Usacheva M, Teichert M & Balcom J (2011a) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy treatment of chronic recurrent sinusitis biofilms. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 1: 329-334.
25. Biel MA, Sievert C, Usacheva M et al. (2011b) Reduction of endotracheal tube biofilms using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med 43: 586-590.
26. Bitterman H (2007) Hyperbaric oxygen for invasive fungal infections. Isr Med Assoc J 9: 387-388.
27. Bocci V (2004) Ozone as Janus: this controversial gas can be either toxic or medically useful. Mediators Inflamm 13: 3-11.
28. Bocci V, Borrelli E, Travagli V & Zanardi I (2009) The ozone paradox: ozone is a strong oxidant as well as a medical drug. Med Res Rev 29: 646-682.
29. Bogdanov S, Haldimann M, Luginbuhl W & Gallmann P (2007) Minerals in honey; environmental, geographical and botanical aspects. J Apic Res Bee World 46: 269-275.
30. Bohm F, Edge R & Truscott G (2012) Interactions of dietary carotenoids with activated (singlet) oxygen and free radicals: potential effects for human health. Mol Nutr Food Res 56: 205-216.
31. Bombelli C, Bordi F, Ferro S et al. (2008) New cationic liposomes as vehicles of m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin in photodynamic therapy of infectious diseases. Mol Pharm 5: 672-679.
32. Borland CF, McGarvey DJ, Morgan AR & Truscott TG (1988) Laser flash photolysis of purpurins: novel potential photosensitizers of interest in photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol, B 2: 427-434.
33. Bradley E, Bodi K, Ismail AM & Camilli A. (2011) A genome-wide approach to discovery of small RNAs involved in regulation of virulence in Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Pathog 7: e1002126.
34. Browning D, Whitworth DE & Hodgson DA (2003) Light-induced carotenogenesis in Myxococcus xanthus: functional characterization of the ECF sigma factor CarQ and antisigma factor CarR. Mol Microbiol 48: 237-251.
35. Brudzynski K (2006) Effect of hydrogen peroxide on antibacterial activities of Canadian honeys. Can J Microbiol 52: 1228-1237.
36. Brudzynski K & Lannigan R (2012) Mechanism of honey bacteriostatic action against MRSA and VRE involves hydroxyl radicals generated from honey's hydrogen peroxide. Front Microbiol 3: 36.
37. Brudzynski K, Abubaker K, St. Laurent M & Castle A (2011) Re-examining the role of hydrogen peroxide in bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of honey. Front Microbiol 2: 213.
38. 2-induced oxidative effect on bacterial cell growth and on DNA degradation. Food Chem 133: 329-336.
39. Buettner GR (1993) The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: lipid peroxidation, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate. Arch Biochem Biophys 300: 535-543.
40. Buonocore G, Perrone S & Tataranno ML (2010) Oxygen toxicity: chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 15: 186-190.
41. Butterfield DA & Dalle-Donne I (2012) Redox proteomics. Antioxid Redox Signal 17: 1487-1489.
42. Cabrales P, Han G, Roche C, Nacharaju P, Friedman AJ & Friedman JM (2010) Sustained release nitric oxide from long-lived circulating nanoparticles. Free Radic Biol Med 49: 530-538.
43. Cao G, Sofic E & Prior RL (1997) Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: structure-activity relationships. Free Radic Biol Med 22: 749-760.
44. Carey JH, Lawrence J & Tosine HM (1976) Photodechlorination of PCB's in the presence of titanium dioxide in aqueous suspensions. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 16: 697-701.
45. Cassileth B (2009) Oxygen therapies. Oncology 23: 1182.
46. Chambers J & Bender KS (2011) The RNA chaperone Hfq is important for growth and stress tolerance in Francisella novicida. PLoS ONE 6: e19797.
47. Chaudiere J & Ferrari-Iliou R (1999) Intracellular antioxidants: from chemical to biochemical mechanisms. Food Chem Toxicol 37: 949-962.
48. Chawengkijwanich C & Hayata Y (2008) Development of TiO2 powder-coated food packaging film and its ability to inactivate Escherichia coli in vitro and in actual tests. Int J Food Microbiol 123: 288-292.
49. Chen J & Poon CS (2009) Photocatalytic construction and building materials: from fundamentals to applications. Build Environ 44: 1899-1906.
50. Chen CE, Ko JY, Fong CY & Juhn RJ (2010) Treatment of diabetic foot infection with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Foot Ankle Surg 16: 91-95.
51. Chen PR, Brugarolas P & He C (2011) Redox signaling in human pathogens. Antioxid Redox Signal 14: 1107-1118.
52. Chen C, Campbell LT, Blair SE & Carter DA (2012) The effect of standard heat and filtration processing procedures on antimicrobial activity and hydrogen peroxide levels in honey. Front Microbiol 3: 265.
53. Chiang SM & Schellhorn HE (2012) Regulators of oxidative stress response genes in Escherichia coli and their functional conservation in bacteria. Arch Biochem Biophys 525: 161-169.
54. Chirife J, Scarmato G & Herszage L (1982) Scientific basis for use of granulated sugar in treatment of infected wounds. Lancet 1: 560-561.
55. Christman M, Morgan RW, Jacobson FS & Ames BN (1985) Positive control of a regulon for defenses against oxidative stress and some heat-shock proteins in Salmonella typhimurium. Cell 41: 753-762.
56. Cimsit M, Uzun G & Yildiz S (2009) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as an anti-infective agent. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 7: 1015-1026.
57. Clark LA & Moon RE (1999) Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of life-threatening soft-tissue infections. Respir Care Clin N Am 5: 203-219.
58. Clarke TE, Romanov V, Chirgadze YN et al. (2011) Crystal structure of alkyl hydroperoxidase D like protein PA0269 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: homology of the AhpD-like structural family. BMC Struct Biol 11: 27.
59. Clayton TH & Harrison PV (2007) Photodynamic therapy for infected leg ulcers. Br J Dermatol 156: 384-385.
60. Cobb JP, Hotchkiss RS, Swanson PE et al. (1999) Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene deficiency increases the mortality of sepsis in mice. Surgery 126: 438-442.
61. Cogdell RJ, Howard TD, Bittl R, Schlodder E, Geisenheimer I & Lubitz W (2000) How carotenoids protect bacterial photosynthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 355: 1345-1349.
62. Conner EM & Grisham MB (1996) Inflammation, free radicals, and antioxidants. Nutrition 12: 274-277.
63. Coratza G & Molina AM (1978) Enhanced sensitivity to the photodynamic effect of 3, 4-benzpyrene in ethylenediaminetetraacetate-treated Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 133: 411-412.
64. Costa DC, Gomes MC, Faustino MA et al. (2012) Comparative photodynamic inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria by first and second generation cationic photosensitizers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 11: 1905-1913.
65. Couturier M, Bahassi el M & Van Melderen L (1998) Bacterial death by DNA gyrase poisoning. Trends Microbiol 6: 269-275.
66. Cushnie TP, Robertson PK, Officer S, Pollard PM, McCullagh C & Robertson JM (2009) Variables to be considered when assessing the photocatalytic destruction of bacterial pathogens. Chemosphere 74: 1374-1378.
67. Dabrowski JM, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Urbanska K, Simoes S, Stochel G & Cortes L (2012) Combined effects of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical in photodynamic therapy with photostable bacteriochlorins: evidence from intracellular fluorescence and increased photodynamic efficacy in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 52: 1188-1200.
68. Dai T, Huang YY & Hamblin MR (2009a) Photodynamic therapy for localized infections - state of the art. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 6: 170-188.
69. Dai T, Tegos GP, Lu Z et al. (2009b) Photodynamic therapy for Acinetobacter baumannii burn infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 3929-3934.
70. Das KC & Das CK (2000) Thioredoxin, a singlet oxygen quencher and hydroxyl radical scavenger: redox independent functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277: 443-447.
71. Das KC & Misra HP (2004) Hydroxyl radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching properties of polyamines. Mol Cell Biochem 262: 127-133.
72. Dave RN, Joshi HM & Venugopalan VP (2012) Biomedical evaluation of a novel nitrogen oxides releasing wound dressing. J Mater Sci Mater Med 23: 3097-3106.
73. Davies MJ (2003) Singlet oxygen-mediated damage to proteins and its consequences. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305: 761-770.
74. Davies MJ (2004) Reactive species formed on proteins exposed to singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol Sci 3: 17-25.
75. De Lay N & Gottesman S (2009) The Crp-activated small noncoding regulatory RNA CyaR (RyeE) links nutritional status to group behavior. J Bacteriol 191: 461-476.
76. Demidova TN, Gad F, Zahra T, Francis KP & Hamblin MR (2005) Monitoring photodynamic therapy of localized infections by bioluminescence imaging of genetically engineered bacteria. J Photochem Photobiol, B 81: 15-25.
77. Devasagayam TP & Kamat JP (2002) Biological significance of singlet oxygen. Indian J Exp Biol 40: 680-692.
78. Devasagayam TP, Sundquist AR, Di Mascio P, Kaiser S & Sies H (1991) Activity of thiols as singlet molecular oxygen quenchers. J Photochem Photobiol, B 9: 105-116.
79. Di Mascio P, Kaiser S & Sies H (1989) Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophys 274: 532-538.
80. Di Mascio P, Devasagayam TP, Kaiser S & Sies H (1990) Carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols as biological singlet molecular oxygen quenchers. Biochem Soc Trans 18: 1054-1056.
81. Di Paola A, Garcia-Lopez E, Marci G & Palmisano L (2012) A survey of photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation. J Hazard Mater 211-212: 3-29.
82. Diaz PI, Slakeski N, Reynolds EC, Morona R, Rogers AH & Kolenbrander PE (2006) Role of oxyR in the oral anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol 188: 2454-2462.
83. Dietrich L, Price-Whelan A, Petersen A, Whiteley M & Newman DK (2006) The phenazine pyocyanin is a terminal signalling factor in the quorum sensing network of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol 61: 1308-1321.
84. Ding H, Hidalgo E & Demple B (1996) The redox state of the 2Fe-2S clusters in SoxR protein regulates its activity as a transcription factor. J Biol Chem 271: 33173-33175.
85. Dmitrieva NA, Zyrianova NV, Grigor'ian AS & Vasilishina S (2009) Microflora dynamics in purulent skin wound in rats after ozonized perftorane applications. Stomatologiia 88: 14-16.
86. Douglass WCI (2003) Hydrogen Peroxide: Medical Miracle. Rhino Publishing, S.A., Miami, FL.
87. Drlica K & Zhao X (1997) DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61: 377-392.
88. Droge W (2002) Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 82: 47-95.
89. Dühring U, Axmann IM, Hess WR & Wilde A (2006) An internal antisense RNA regulates expression of the photosynthesis gene isiA. P Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 7054-7058.
90. Dukan S & Nystrom T (1999) Oxidative stress defense and deterioration of growth-arrested Escherichia coli cells. J Biol Chem 274: 26027-26032.
91. Dwyer DJ, Kohanski MA, Hayete B & Collins JJ (2007) Gyrase inhibitors induce an oxidative damage cellular death pathway in Escherichia coli. Mol Syst Biol 3: 91.
92. Eiserich JP, Cross CE, Jones AD, Halliwell B & van der Vliet A (1996) Formation of nitrating and chlorinating species by reaction of nitrite with hypochlorous acid. A novel mechanism for nitric oxide-mediated protein modification. J Biol Chem 271: 19199-19208.
93. Eiserich JP, Hristova M, Cross CE, Jones AD, Freeman BA, Halliwell B & van der Vliet A (1998) Formation of nitric oxide-derived inflammatory oxidants by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils. Nature 391: 393-397.
94. El-Agamey A, Lowe GM, McGarvey DJ, Mortensen A, Phillip DM, Truscott TG & Young AJ (2004) Carotenoid radical chemistry and antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 430: 37-48.
95. Elias-Arnanz M, Padmanabhan S & Murillo FJ (2010) The regulatory action of the myxobacterial CarD/CarG complex: a bacterial enhanceosome? FEMS Microbiol Rev 34: 764-778.
96. Englander L & Friedman A (2010) Nitric oxide nanoparticle technology: a novel antimicrobial agent in the context of current treatment of skin and soft tissue infection. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 3: 45-50.
97. Farley D (1994) "Career criminal" faces jail and possible deportation. FDA Consum 28: 30.
98. Finnegan M, Linley E, Denyer SP, McDonnell G, Simons C & Maillard JY (2010) Mode of action of hydrogen peroxide and other oxidizing agents: differences between liquid and gas forms. J Antimicrob Chemother 65: 2108-2115.
99. Finnen MJ, Hennessy A, McLean S, Bisset Y, Mitchell R, Megson IL & Weller R (2007) Topical application of acidified nitrite to the nail renders it antifungal and causes nitrosation of cysteine groups in the nail plate. Br J Dermatol 157: 494-500.
100. Forman HJ & Torres M (2001) Signaling by the respiratory burst in macrophages. IUBMB Life 51: 365-371.
101. Foster HA, Ditta IB, Varghese S & Steele A (2011) Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 90: 1847-1868.
102. Foti JJ, Devadoss B, Winkler JA, Collins JJ & Walker GC (2012) Oxidation of the guanine nucleotide pool underlies cell death by bactericidal antibiotics. Science 336: 315-319.
103. Frank SN & Bard AJ (1977) Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of cyanide ion in aqueous solutions at titanium dioxide powder. J Am Chem Soc 99: 303-304.
104. Freitas M, Lima JL & Fernandes E (2009) Optical probes for detection and quantification of neutrophils' oxidative burst. A review. Anal Chim Acta 649: 8-23.
105. Fricke K, Koban I, Tresp H et al. (2012) Atmospheric pressure plasma: a high-performance tool for the efficient removal of biofilms. PLoS ONE 7: e42539.
106. Fridovich I (2004) Mitochondria: are they the seat of senescence? Aging Cell 3: 13-16.
107. Friedman A, Blecher K, Sanchez D et al. (2011) Susceptibility of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria to novel nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticle technology. Virulence 2: 217-221.
108. Fujikawa M, Kobayashi K & Kozawa T (2012) Direct oxidation of the [2Fe-2S] cluster in SoxR by Superoxide: distinct differential sensitivity to superoxide-mediated signal transduction. J Biol Chem 287: 35702-35708.
109. Fujishima A & Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238: 37-38.
110. Gad F, Zahra T, Francis KP, Hasan T & Hamblin MR (2004) Targeted photodynamic therapy of established soft-tissue infections in mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci 3: 451-458.
111. Geiger PG, Korytowski W, Lin F & Girotti AW (1997) Lipid peroxidation in photodynamically stressed mammalian cells: use of cholesterol hydroperoxides as mechanistic reporters. Free Radic Biol Med 23: 57-68.
112. Giraldi TR, Santos GV, Mendonca VR, Ribeiro C & Weber IT (2011) Annealing effects on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 11: 3635-3640.
113. Glaeser J, Zobawa M, Lottspeich F & Klug G (2007) Protein synthesis patterns reveal a complex regulatory response to singlet oxygen in Rhodobacter. J Proteome Res 6: 2460-2471.
114. Glaeser J, Nuss AM, Berghoff BA & Klug G (2011) Singlet oxygen stress in microorganisms. Adv Microb Physiol 58: 141-173.
115. González-Flecha B & Demple B (2000) Genetic responses to free radicals. Homeostasis and gene control. Ann NY Acad Sci 899: 69-87.
116. Goswami M, Mangoli SH & Jawali N (2006) Involvement of reactive oxygen species in the action of ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 949-954.
117. Gow AJ, Buerk DG & Ischiropoulos H (1997) A novel reaction mechanism for the formation of S-nitrosothiol in vivo. J Biol Chem 272: 2841-2845.
118. Grandbois M, Latch DE & McNeill K (2008) Microheterogeneous concentrations of singlet oxygen in natural organic matter isolate solutions. Environ Sci Technol 42: 9184-9190.
119. Greenberg JT & Demple B (1988) Overproduction of peroxide-scavenging enzymes in Escherichia coli suppresses spontaneous mutagenesis and sensitivity to redox-cycling agents in oxyR-mutants. EMBO J 7: 2611-2617.
120. Greenwood D (1993) Honey for superficial wounds and ulcers. Lancet 341: 90-91.
121. Grossman LI (1943) Irrigation of root canal. J Am Dent Assoc 30: 1915-1917.
122. Gu M & Imlay JA (2011) The SoxRS response of Escherichia coli is directly activated by redox-cycling drugs rather than by superoxide. Mol Microbiol 79: 1136-1150.
123. Guimaraes BG, Souchon H, Honore N et al. (2005) Structure and mechanism of the alkyl hydroperoxidase AhpC, a key element of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis defense system against oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 280: 25735-25742.
124. Haigis MC & Yankner BA (2010) The aging stress response. Mol Cell 40: 333-344.
125. Halliwell B & Gutteridge JM (2010) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
126. Hamblin MR & Hasan T (2004) Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci 3: 436-450.
127. Hamblin MR, O'Donnell DA, Murthy N, Rajagopalan K, Michaud N, Sherwood ME & Hasan T (2002) Polycationic photosensitizer conjugates: effects of chain length and Gram classification on the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 49: 941-951.
128. Han G, Martinez LR, Mihu MR, Friedman AJ, Friedman JM & Nosanchuk JD (2009) Nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles are therapeutic for Staphylococcus aureus abscesses in a murine model of infection. PLoS ONE 4: e7804.
129. Han G, Nguyen LN, Macherla C, Chi Y, Friedman JM, Nosanchuk JD & Martinez LR (2012) Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles accelerate wound healing by promoting fibroblast migration and collagen deposition. Am J Pathol 180: 1465-1473.
130. Hanasaki Y, Ogawa S & Fukui S (1994) The correlation between active oxygens scavenging and antioxidative effects of flavonoids. Free Radic Biol Med 16: 845-850.
131. Harper JC, Christensen PA & Egerton TA (2000) Effect of catalyst type on the kinetics of photoelectrical disinfection of water inoculated with E. coli. J Appl Electrochem 31: 623-628.
132. Harrison R (2004) Physiological roles of xanthine oxidoreductase. Drug Metab Rev 36: 363-375.
133. Hashimoto K, Irie H & Fujishima A (2005) TiO2 photocatalysis: a historical overview and future prospects. Jpn J Appl Phys 44: 8269-8285.
134. Havaux M, Eymery F, Porfirova S, Rey P & Dormann P. (2005) Vitamin E protects against photoinhibition and photooxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 17: 3451-3469.
135. Hayashi E, Mokudai T, Yamada Y, Nakamura K, Kanno T, Sasaki K & Niwano Y (2012) In vitro and in vivo anti-Staphylococcus aureus activities of a new disinfection system utilizing photolysis of hydrogen peroxide. J Biosci Bioeng 114: 193-197.
136. He Y & Hader DP (2002) Reactive oxygen species and UV-B: effect on cyanobacteria. Photochem Photobiol Sci 1: 729-736.
137. He Q, Dolganov N, Bjorkman O & Grossman AR (2001) The high light-inducible polypeptides in Synechocystis PCC6803-expression and function in high light. J Biol Chem 276: 306-314.
138. Heinlin J, Isbary G, Stolz W et al. (2011) Plasma applications in medicine with a special focus on dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 25: 1-11.
139. Hennequin C & Forestier C (2009) oxyR, a LysR-type regulator involved in Klebsiella pneumoniae mucosal and abiotic colonization. Infect Immun 77: 5449-5457.
140. Hetrick EM, Shin JH, Paul HS & Schoenfisch MH (2009) Anti-biofilm efficacy of nitric oxide-releasing silica nanoparticles. Biomaterials 30: 2782-2789.
141. Hibbs JB Jr, Vavrin Z & Taintor RR (1987) l-arginine is required for expression of the activated macrophage effector mechanism causing selective metabolic inhibition in target cells. J Immunol 138: 550-565.
142. Hibbs JB Jr, Taintor RR, Vavrin Z & Rachlin EM (1988) Nitric oxide: a cytotoxic activated macrophage effector molecule. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 157: 87-94.
143. Ho CM, Liao KJ, Lok CN & Che CM (2011) Nitric oxide-releasing ruthenium nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 47: 10776-10778.
144. Honma K, Mishima E, Inagaki S & Sharma A (2009) The OxyR homologue in Tannerella forsythia regulates expression of oxidative stress responses and biofilm formation. Microbiology 155: 1912-1922.
145. Honn M, Lindgren H & Sjöstedt A (2012) The role of MglA for adaptation to oxidative stress of Francisella tularensis LVS. BMC Microbiol 12: 14.
146. Huang L, Huang YY, Mroz P et al. (2010) Stable synthetic cationic bacteriochlorins as selective antimicrobial photosensitizers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 3834-3841.
147. Huang L, Xuan Y, Koide Y, Zhiyentayev T, Tanaka M & Hamblin MR (2012a) Type I and Type II mechanisms of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Lasers Surg Med 44: 490-499.
148. Huang L, St. Denis TG, Xuan Y et al. (2012b) Paradoxical potentiation of methylene blue-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation by sodium azide: role of ambient oxygen and azide radicals. Free Radical Biol Med 53: 2062-2071.
149. Iizuka T, Sasaki M, Oishi K, Uemura S, Koike M & Shinozaki M (1999) Non-enzymatic nitric oxide generation in the stomachs of breastfed neonates. Acta Paediatr 88: 1053-1055.
150. Ikai H, Nakamura K, Shirato M et al. (2010) Photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, an effective disinfection system via hydroxyl radical formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 5086-5091.
151. Imlay JA (2003) Pathways of oxidative damage. Annu Rev Microbiol 57: 395-418.
152. Imlay JA (2008) Cellular defenses against superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Annu Rev Biochem 77: 755-776.
153. Imlay JA & Linn S (1988) DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity. Science 240: 1302-1309.
154. Imlay JA, Chin SM & Linn S (1988) Toxic DNA damage by hydrogen peroxide through the Fenton reaction in vivo and in vitro. Science 240: 640-642.
155. Inoue M, Sato EF, Nishikawa M, Park AM, Kira Y, Imada I & Utsumi K (2003) Mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species and its role in aerobic life. Curr Med Chem 10: 2495-2505.
156. Isbary G, Morfill G, Schmidt HU et al. (2010) A first prospective randomized controlled trial to decrease bacterial load using cold atmospheric argon plasma on chronic wounds in patients. Br J Dermatol 163: 78-82.
157. Ishikawa K, Takenaga K, Akimoto M et al. (2008) ROS-generating mitochondrial DNA mutations can regulate tumor cell metastasis. Science 320: 661-664.
158. Isidorov VA, Czyzwska U, Jankowska E & Bakier S (2011) Determination of royal jelly, acids in honey. Food Chem 124: 387-391.
159. Janssen-Heininger YM, Mossman BT, Heintz NH et al. (2008) Redox-based regulation of signal transduction: principles, pitfalls, and promises. Free Radic Biol Med 45: 1-17.
160. Jha P, Flather M, Lonn E, Farkouh M & Yusuf S (1995) The antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. A critical review of epidemiologic and clinical trial data. Ann Intern Med 123: 860-872.
161. Jiang C, Schaudinn C, Jaramillo DE, Webster P & Costerton JW (2012) In vitro antimicrobial effect of a cold plasma jet against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. ISRN Dent 2012: 295736.
162. Joaquin JC, Kwan C, Abramzon N, Vandervoort K & Brelles-Marino G (2009) Is gas-discharge plasma a new solution to the old problem of biofilm inactivation? Microbiology 155: 724-732.
163. Johnson DW, van Eps C, Mudge DW et al. (2005) Randomized, controlled trial of topical exit-site application of honey (Medihoney) versus mupirocin for the prevention of catheter-associated infections in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 1456-1462.
164. Jori G, Fabris C, Soncin M et al. (2006) Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of microbial infections: basic principles and perspective applications. Lasers Surg Med 38: 468-481.
165. Jull AB, Rodgers A & Walker N (2008) Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD005083. doi: 10.1002/14651858.
166. Kangwansupamonkon W, Lauruengtana V, Surassmo S & Ruktanonchai U (2009) Antibacterial effect of apatite-coated titanium dioxide for textiles applications. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 5: 240-249.
167. Kapur V & Marwaha AK (2011) Evaluation of effect and comparison of superoxidised solution (oxum) v/s povidone iodine (betadine). Indian J Surg 73: 48-53.
168. Kharkwal GB, Sharma SK, Huang YY, Dai T & Hamblin MR (2011) Photodynamic therapy for infections: clinical applications. Lasers Surg Med 43: 755-767.
169. Kim SY, Kim EJ & Park JW (2002) Control of singlet oxygen-induced oxidative damage in Escherichia coli. J Biochem Mol Biol 35: 353-357.
170. Kirsch M & de Groot H (2002) Formation of peroxynitrite from reaction of nitroxyl anion with molecular oxygen. J Biol Chem 277: 13379-13388.
171. Klaunig JE, Xu Y, Bachowski S & Jiang J. (1997) Free-Radical Oxygen-Induced Changes in Chemical Carcinogenesis. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 375-400.
172. Klebanoff SJ (1993) Reactive nitrogen intermediates and antimicrobial activity: role of nitrite. Free Radic Biol Med 14: 351-360.
173. Klebanoff SJ & Rosen H (1978) The role of myeloperoxidase in the microbicidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Ciba Found Symp 263-284.
174. Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Hayete B, Lawrence CA & Collins JJ (2007) A common mechanism of cellular death induced by bactericidal antibiotics. Cell 130: 797-810.
175. Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Wierzbowski J, Cottarel G & Collins JJ (2008) Mistranslation of membrane proteins and two-component system activation trigger antibiotic-mediated cell death. Cell 135: 679-690.
176. Kolodkin-Gal I & Engelberg-Kulka H (2008) The extracellular death factor: physiological and genetic factors influencing its production and response in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 190: 3169-3175.
177. Kolodkin-Gal I, Sat B, Keshet A & Engelberg-Kulka H (2008) The communication factor EDF and the toxin-antitoxin module mazEF determine the mode of action of antibiotics. PLoS Biol 6: e319.
178. Kramer GF & Ames BN (1987) Oxidative mechanisms of toxicity of low-intensity near-UV light in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 169: 2259-2266.
179. Krieger-Liszkay A (2005) Singlet oxygen production in photosynthesis. J Exp Bot 56: 337-346.
180. Krieger-Liszkay A & Trebst A (2006) Tocopherol is the scavenger of singlet oxygen produced by the triplet states of chlorophyll in the PSII reaction centre. J Exp Bot 57: 1677-1684.
181. Krieger-Liszkay A, Fufezan C & Trebst A (2008) Singlet oxygen production in photosystem II and related protection mechanism. Photosynth Res 98: 551-564.
182. Kröger C, Dillon SC, Cameron AD et al. (2012) The transcriptional landscape and small RNAs of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. P Natl Acad Sci USA 109: E1277-E1286.
183. Kruk J & Trebst A (2008) Plastoquinol as a singlet oxygen scavenger in photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777: 154-162.
184. Kuczynska-Wisnik D, Matuszewska E, Furmanek-Blaszk B, Leszczynska D, Grudowska A, Szczepaniak P & Laskowska E (2010) Antibiotics promoting oxidative stress inhibit formation of Escherichia coli biofilm via indole signalling. Res Microbiol 161: 847-853.
185. Kuhns DB, Alvord WG, Heller T et al. (2010) Residual NADPH oxidase and survival in chronic granulomatous disease. N Engl J Med 363: 2600-2610.
186. Kumsta C & Jakob U (2009) Redox-regulated chaperones. Biochemistry 48: 4666-4676.
187. Kuznetsova NA, Gretsova NS, Yuzhakova OA, Negrimovskii VM, Kaliya OL & Luk'yanets EA (2001) New reagents for determination of the quantum efficiency of singlet oxygen generation in aqueous media. Russ J Gen Chem 71: 36-41.
188. Kwakman PH & Zaat SA (2012) Antibacterial components of honey. IUBMB Life 64: 48-55.
189. Kwakman PH, Van den Akker JP, Guclu A et al. (2008) Medical-grade honey kills antibiotic-resistant bacteria in vitro and eradicates skin colonization. Clin Infect Dis 46: 1677-1682.
190. Kwakman PH, te Velde AA, de Boer L, Speijer D, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM & Zaat SA (2010) How honey kills bacteria. FASEB J 24: 2576-2582.
191. Kwakman PH, Te Velde AA, de Boer L, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM & Zaat SA (2011) Two major medicinal honeys have different mechanisms of bactericidal activity. PLoS ONE 6: e17709.
192. Lambert CR & Kochevar IE (1997) Electron transfer quenching of the rose bengal triplet state. Photochem Photobiol 66: 15-25.
193. Landa-Solis C, Gonzalez-Espinosa D, Guzman-Soriano B, Snyder M, Reyes-Teran G, Torres K & Gutierrez AA (2005) Microcyn: a novel super-oxidized water with neutral pH and disinfectant activity. J Hosp Infect 61: 291-299.
194. Lanza F (1998) Clinical manifestation of myeloperoxidase deficiency. J Mol Med (Berl) 76: 676-681.
195. Laroussi M (2005) Low temperature plasma-based sterilization: overview and state-of-the-art. Plasma Process Polym 2: 391-400.
196. Laroussi M & Lu X (2005) Room-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma plume for biomedical applications. Appl Phys Lett 87: 113902.
197. Laroussi M, Tendero C, Lu X, Alla S & Hynes WL (2006) Inactivation of bacteria by the plasma pencil. Plasma Process Polym 3: 470-473.
198. Larsson A, Engstrom M, Uusijarvi J, Kihlstrom L, Lind F & Mathiesen T (2008) Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of postoperative neurosurgical infections. Neurosurgery 62(suppl 2): 652-671.
199. Lee J & Grabowski JJ (1992) Reactions of the atomic oxygen radical anion and the synthesis of organic reactive intermediates. Chem Rev 92: 1611-1647.
200. Lehrer RI & Cline MJ (1969) Leukocyte myeloperoxidase deficiency and disseminated candidiasis: the role of myeloperoxidase in resistance to Candida infection. J Clin Invest 48: 1478-1488.
201. Li P, Wei Z, Wu T, Peng Q & Li Y (2011) Au-ZnO hybrid nanopyramids and their photocatalytic properties. J Am Chem Soc 133: 5660-5663.
202. Lilja M, Forsgren J, Welch K, Astrand M, Engqvist H & Stromme M (2012) Photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties of surgical implant coatings of titanium dioxide deposited though cathodic arc evaporation. Biotechnol Lett 34: 2299-2305.
203. Lin H, Shen Y, Chen D, Lin L, Wilson BC, Li B & Xie S (2013) Feasibility study on quantitative measurements of singlet oxygen generation using singlet oxygen sensor green. J Fluoresc 23: 41-47.
204. Lindahl M, Mata-Cabana A & Kieselbach T (2011) The disulfide proteome and other reactive cysteine proteomes: analysis and functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 14: 2581-2642.
205. Lipatov KV, Sopromadze MA, Shekhter AB, Rudenko TG & Emel'ianov A (2002) Ozone-ultrasonic therapy in the treatment of purulent wounds. Khirurgiia 1: 36-39.
206. Lonn EM & Yusuf S (1997) Is there a role for antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases? An update on epidemiological and clinical trials data. Can J Cardiol 13: 957-965.
207. Lopez-Chicon P, Paz-Cristobal MP, Rezusta A et al. (2012) On the mechanism of Candida spp. photoinactivation by hypericin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 11: 1099-1107.
208. Lourenço R & Gomes SL (2009) The transcriptional response to cadmium, organic hydroperoxide, singlet oxygen and UV-A mediated by the sigma(E)-ChrR system in Caulobacter crescentus. Mol Microbiol 72: 1159-1170.
209. Lu Z, Dai T, Huang L et al. (2010) Photodynamic therapy with a cationic functionalized fullerene rescues mice from fatal wound infections. Nanomedicine (UK) 5: 1525-1533.
210. Ma L, Moan J & Berg K (1994) Evaluation of a new photosensitizer, meso-tetra-hydroxyphenyl-chlorin, for use in photodynamic therapy: a comparison of its photobiological properties with those of two other photosensitizers. Int J Cancer 57: 883-888.
211. Ma S, Li R, Lv C, Xu W & Gou X (2011) Facile synthesis of ZnO nanorod arrays and hierarchical nanostructures for photocatalysis and gas sensor applications. J Hazard Mater 192: 730-740.
212. Macherla C, Sanchez DA, Ahmadi MS, Vellozzi EM, Friedman AJ, Nosanchuk JD & Martinez LR (2012) Nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles for treatment of Candida albicans burn infections. Front Microbiol 3: 193.
213. MacMicking J, Xie QW & Nathan C (1997) Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu Rev Immunol 15: 323-350.
214. Mahavihakanont A, Charoenlap N, Namchaiw P, Eiamphungporn W, Chattrakarn S, Vattanaviboon P & Mongkolsuk S (2012) Novel roles of SoxR, a transcriptional regulator from Xanthomonas campestris, in sensing redox-cycling drugs and regulating a protective gene that have overall implications for bacterial stress physiology and virulence on a host plant. J Bacteriol 194: 209-217.
215. Maisch T, Bosl C, Szeimies RM, Lehn N & Abels C (2005) Photodynamic effects of novel XF porphyrin derivatives on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 1542-1552.
216. Maisch T, Baier J, Franz B, Maier M, Landthaler M, Szeimies RM & Baumler W (2007) The role of singlet oxygen and oxygen concentration in photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. P Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 7223-7228.
217. Maisch T, Shimizu T, Li YF, Heinlin J, Karrer S, Morfill G & Zimmermann JL (2012) Decolonisation of MRSA, S. aureus and E. coli by cold-atmospheric plasma using a porcine skin model in vitro. PLoS ONE 7: e34610.
218. Major TA, Panmanee W, Mortensen JE, Gray LD, Hoglen N & Hassett DJ (2010) Sodium nitrite-mediated killing of the major cystic fibrosis pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Burkholderia cepacia under anaerobic planktonic and biofilm conditions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 4671-4677.
219. Malle E, Buch T & Grone HJ (2003) Myeloperoxidase in kidney disease. Kidney Int 64: 1956-1967.
220. Malle E, Furtmuller PG, Sattler W & Obinger C (2007) Myeloperoxidase: a target for new drug development? Br J Pharmacol 152: 838-854.
221. Manner H (2008) Argon plasma coagulation therapy. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 24: 612-616.
222. Mantareva V, Kussovski V, Angelov I, Wohrle D, Dimitrov R, Popova E & Dimitrov S (2011) Non-aggregated Ga(III)-phthalocyanines in the photodynamic inactivation of planktonic and biofilm cultures of pathogenic microorganisms. Photochem Photobiol Sci 10: 91-102.
223. Marletta MA, Yoon PS, Iyengar R, Leaf CD & Wishnok JS (1988) Macrophage oxidation of l-arginine to nitrite and nitrate: nitric oxide is an intermediate. Biochemistry 27: 8706-8711.
224. Martin MV & Gallagher MA (2005) An investigation of the efficacy of super-oxidised (Optident/Sterilox) water for the disinfection of dental unit water lines. Br Dent J 198: 353-354; discussion 347.
225. Martin JP & Logsdon N (1987a) Oxygen radicals are generated by dye-mediated intracellular photooxidations: a role for superoxide in photodynamic effects. Arch Biochem Biophys 256: 39-49.
226. Martin JP & Logsdon N (1987b) Oxygen radicals mediate cell inactivation by acridine dyes, fluorescein, and lucifer yellow CH. Photochem Photobiol 46: 45-53.
227. Mathieu-Nolf M (2002) Poisons in the air: a cause of chronic disease in children. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40: 483-491.
228. Matsunaga T, Tomoda R, Nakajima T & Wake H (1985) Photoelectrochemical sterilization of microbial cells by semiconductor powders. FEMS Microbiol Lett 29: 211-214.
229. Matsunaga T, Tomoda R, Nakajima T, Nakamura N & Komine T (1988) Continuous-sterilization system that uses photosemiconductor powders. Appl Environ Microbiol 54: 1330-1333.
230. Matthews EK & Cui ZJ (1990) Photodynamic action of sulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine (SALPC) on isolated rat pancreatic acini. Biochem Pharmacol 39: 1445-1457.
231. McAndrew J, Patel RP, Jo H et al. (1997) The interplay of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite with signal transduction pathways: implications for disease. Semin Perinatol 21: 351-366.
232. McCord JM & Fridovich I (1969) Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J Biol Chem 244: 6049-6055.
233. McCullagh C, Robertson JM, Bahnemann DW & Robertson PKJ (2007) The application of TiO2 photocatalysis for disinfection of water contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms: a review. Res Chem Intermed 33: 359-375.
234. Messner KR & Imlay JA (1999) The identification of primary sites of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation in the aerobic respiratory chain and sulfite reductase complex of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 274: 10119-10128.
235. Meuric V, Gracieux P, Tamanai-Shacoori Z, Perez-Chaparro J & Bonnaure-Mallet M (2008) Expression patterns of genes induced by oxidative stress in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 23: 308-314.
236. Michel K & Pistorius EK (2004) Adaptation of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in cyanobacteria to iron deficiency: the function of IdiA and IsiA. Physiol Plant 120: 36-50.
237. Mihu MR, Sandkovsky U, Han G, Friedman JM, Nosanchuk JD & Martinez LR (2010) The use of nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles as a treatment against Acinetobacter baumannii in wound infections. Virulence 1: 62-67.
238. Miki H & Funato Y (2012) Regulation of intracellular signalling through cysteine oxidation by reactive oxygen species. J Biochem 151: 255-261.
239. Miller MR & Megson IL (2007) Recent developments in nitric oxide donor drugs. Br J Pharmacol 151: 305-321.
240. Mishra V (2007) Oxidative stress and role of antioxidant supplementation in critical illness. Clin Lab 53: 199-209.
241. Mishra S & Imlay J (2012) Why do bacteria use so many enzymes to scavenge hydrogen peroxide? Arch Biochem Biophys 525: 145-160.
242. Mohsenzadegan M & Mirshafiey A (2012) The immuno-pathogenic role of reactive oxygen species in Alzheimer disease. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 11: 203-216.
243. Molan PC (1992) The antibacterial activity of honey. 1. The nature of the antibacterial activity. Bee World 73: 5-28.
244. Moncada S, Palmer RM & Higgs EA (1991) Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 43: 109-142.
245. Mongkolsuk S, Whangsuk W, Vattanaviboon P, Loprasert S & Fuangthong M (2000) A Xanthomonas alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (ahpC) mutant showed an altered peroxide stress response and complex regulation of the compensatory response of peroxide detoxification enzymes. J Bacteriol 182: 6845-6849.
246. Moore OA, Smith LA, Campbell F, Seers K, McQuay HJ & Moore RA (2001) Systematic review of the use of honey as a wound dressing. BMC Complement Altern Med 1: 2.
247. Mortensen A & Skibsted LH (1997) Relative stability of carotenoid radical cations and homologue tocopheroxyl radicals. A real time kinetic study of antioxidant hierarchy. FEBS Lett 417: 261-266.
248. Moslen MT (1994) Free Radicals in Diagnostic Medicine. Plenum Press, New York.
249. Mroz P, Pawlak A, Satti M et al. (2007) Functionalized fullerenes mediate photodynamic killing of cancer cells: Type I versus Type II photochemical mechanism. Free Radical Biol Med 43: 711-719.
250. Muzykantov VR (2010) NO gets a test ride on high-tech transporting nanodevices: a commentary on "Sustained-release nitric oxide from long-lived circulating nanoparticles". Free Radic Biol Med 49: 528-529.
251. Mylonas C & Kouretas D (1999) Lipid peroxidation and tissue damage. In Vivo 13: 295-309.
252. Nachin L, El Hassouni M, Loiseau L, Expert D & Barras F (2001) SoxR-dependent response to oxidative stress and virulence of Erwinia chrysanthemi: the key role of SufC, an orphan ABC ATPase. Mol Microbiol 39: 960-972.
253. Nakamura H, Tanaka M, Shinohara S, Gotoh M & Karube I (2007) Development of a self-sterilizing lancet coated with a titanium dioxide photocatalytic nano-layer for self-monitoring of blood glucose. Biosens Bioelectron 22: 1920-1925.
254. Nauseef WM (1986) Myeloperoxidase biosynthesis by a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line: insight into myeloperoxidase deficiency. Blood 67: 865-872.
255. Niedre M, Patterson MS & Wilson BC (2002) Direct near-infrared luminescence detection of singlet oxygen generated by photodynamic therapy in cells in vitro and tissues in vivo. Photochem Photobiol 75: 382-391.
256. Niemira BA (2012) Cold plasma decontamination of foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 3: 125-142.
257. Nitzan Y, Gutterman M, Malik Z & Ehrenberg B (1992) Inactivation of gram-negative bacteria by photosensitized porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol 55: 89-96.
258. Nuss A, Glaeser J & Klug G (2009) RpoHII activates oxidative-stress defense systems and is controlled by RpoE in the singlet oxygen-dependent response in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol 191: 220-230.
259. Nuss A, Glaeser J, Berghoff BA & Klug G (2010) Overlapping alternative sigma factor regulons in the response to singlet oxygen in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol 192: 2613-2623.
260. Nystrom T (2002) Translational fidelity, protein oxidation, and senescence: lessons from bacteria. Ageing Res Rev 1: 693-703.
261. Ohshima H, Tatemichi M & Sawa T (2003) Chemical basis of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 417: 3-11.
262. O'Regan E, Quinn T, Frye JG, Pagès JM, Porwollik S, Fedorka-Cray PJ, McClelland M & Fanning S (2010) Fitness costs and stability of a high-level ciprofloxacin resistance phenotype in Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis: reduced infectivity associated with decreased expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 367-374.
263. Ormerod AD, Shah AA, Li H, Benjamin NB, Ferguson GP & Leifert C (2011) An observational prospective study of topical acidified nitrite for killing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in contaminated wounds. BMC Res Notes 4: 458.
264. Ouchane S, Picaud M, Vernotte C & Astier C (1997) Photooxidative stress stimulates illegitimate recombination and mutability in carotenoid-less mutants of Rubrivivax gelatinosus. EMBO J 16: 4777-4787.
265. Palma M, Zurita J, Ferreras JA, Worgall S, Larone DH, Shi L, Campagne F & Quadri LE (2005) Pseudomonas aeruginosa SoxR does not conform to the archetypal paradigm for SoxR-dependent regulation of the bacterial oxidative stress adaptive response. Infect Immun 73: 2958-2966.
266. Pankey GA & Sabath LD (2004) Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 38: 864-870.
267. Paravicini TM & Touyz RM (2006) Redox signaling in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 71: 247-258.
268. Passalacqua K, Bergman NH, Lee JY, Sherman DH & Hanna PC (2007) The global transcriptional responses of Bacillus anthracis Sterne (34F2) and a Delta sodA1 mutant to paraquat reveal metal ion homeostasis imbalances during endogenous superoxide stress. J Bacteriol 189: 3996-4013.
269. Paul A, Hackbarth S, Vogt RD, Roder B, Burnison BK & Steinberg CE (2004) Photogeneration of singlet oxygen by humic substances: comparison of humic substances of aquatic and terrestrial origin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 3: 273-280.
270. Peplow M (2005) Plasma pencil sharpens up. Nature. doi:10.1038/news050919-13. Online published 23 September 2005.
271. Peters EJ, Lipsky BA, Berendt AR et al. (2012) A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions in the management of infection in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 28(suppl 1): 142-162.
272. Pichon C & Felden B (2005) Small RNA genes expressed from Staphylococcus aureus genomic and pathogenicity islands with specific expression among pathogenic strains. P Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 14249-14254.
273. Pichon C, du Merle L, Caliot ME, Trieu-Cuot P & Le Bouguénec C (2012) An in silico model for identification of small RNAs in whole bacterial genomes: characterization of antisense RNAs in pathogenic Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae strains. Nucleic Acids Res 40: 2846-2861.
274. Poggio C, Colombo M, Scribante A, Sforza D & Bianchi S (2012) In vitro antibacterial activity of different endodontic irrigants. Dent Traumatol 28: 205-209.
275. Pomposiello P & Demple B (2002) Global adjustment of microbial physiology during free radical stress. Adv Microb Physiol 46: 319-341.
276. Pourova J, Kottova M, Voprsalova M & Pour M (2010) Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in normal physiological processes. Acta Physiol 198: 15-35.
277. Praveena D & Swaminathan T (2003) Novel photoreactors for heterogeneous photocatalytic wastewater treatment. Anal Chim 93: 805-809.
278. Price M & Kessel D (2010) On the use of fluorescence probes for detecting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species associated with photodynamic therapy. J Biomed Opt 15: 051605.
279. Price JA, Sanny CG & Shevlin D (2006) Application of manual assessment of oxygen radical absorbent capacity (ORAC) for use in high throughput assay of "total" antioxidant activity of drugs and natural products. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 54: 56-61.
280. Price M, Reiners JJ, Santiago AM & Kessel D (2009) Monitoring singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical formation with fluorescent probes during photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 85: 1177-1181.
281. Prokopowicz Z, Marcinkiewicz J, Katz DR & Chain BM (2012) Neutrophil myeloperoxidase: soldier and statesman. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 60: 43-54.
282. Puppo A (1992) Effect of flavonoids on hydroxyl radical formation by Fenton-type reactions; influence of the iron chelator. Phytochemistry 31: 85-88.
283. Ragas X, Agut M & Nonell S (2010a) Singlet oxygen in Escherichia coli: new insights for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 49: 770-776.
284. Ragas X, Dai T, Tegos GP, Agut M, Nonell S & Hamblin MR (2010b) Photodynamic inactivation of Acinetobacter baumannii using phenothiazinium dyes: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Lasers Surg Med 42: 384-390.
285. Ragas X, Sanchez-Garcia D, Ruiz-Gonzalez R, Dai T, Agut M, Hamblin MR & Nonell S (2010c) Cationic porphycenes as potential photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 53: 7796-7803.
286. Ray PD, Huang BW & Tsuji Y (2012) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Cell Signal 24: 981-990.
287. Redmond RW & Gamlin JN (1999) A compilation of singlet oxygen yields from biologically relevant molecules. Photochem Photobiol 70: 391-475.
288. Regensburger J, Maisch T, Felgentrager A, Santarelli F & Baumler W (2010) A helpful technology-the luminescence detection of singlet oxygen to investigate photodynamic inactivation of bacteria (PDIB). J Biophotonics 3: 319-327.
289. Rehman S, Ullah R, Butt AM & Gohar ND (2009) Strategies of making TiO2 and ZnO visible light active. J Hazard Mater 170: 560-569.
290. Repoila F & Darfeuille F (2009) Small regulatory non-coding RNAs in bacteria: physiology and mechanistic aspects. Biol Cell 101: 117-131.
291. Repoila F, Majdalani N & Gottesman S (2003) Small non-coding RNAs, co-ordinators of adaptation processes in Escherichia coli: the RpoS paradigm. Mol Microbiol 48: 855-861.
292. Roos G & Messens J (2011) Protein sulfenic acid formation: from cellular damage to redox regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 51: 314-326.
293. Rosen H (1980) Role of hydroxyl radical in polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated bactericidal activity. Agents Actions Suppl 7: 180-184.
294. Roy P, Berger S & Schmuki P (2011) TiO2 nanotubes: synthesis and applications. Angew Chem 50: 2904-2939.
295. Rubbo H, Darley-Usmar V & Freeman BA (1996) Nitric oxide regulation of tissue free radical injury. Chem Res Toxicol 9: 809-820.
296. Runyen-Janecky L, Daugherty A, Lloyd B, Wellington C, Eskandarian H & Sagransky M (2008) Role and regulation of iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis genes in Shigella flexneri virulence. Infect Immun 76: 1083-1092.
297. Russel KM, Molan PC, Wilkins AL & Holland PT (1988) Identification of some antibacterial constituents of New Zealand Manuka honey. J Agric Food Chem 38: 10-13.
298. Rychlik I & Barrow PA (2005) Salmonella stress management and its relevance to behaviour during intestinal colonisation and infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29: 1021-1040.
299. Ryter SW & Tyrrell RM (1998) Singlet molecular oxygen ((1)O2): a possible effector of eukaryotic gene expression. Free Radic Biol Med 24: 1520-1534.
300. Rywkin S, Lenny L, Goldstein J, Geacintov NE, Margolis-Nunno H & Horowitz B (1992) Importance of type I and type II mechanisms in the photodynamic inactivation of viruses in blood with aluminum phthalocyanine derivatives. Photochem Photobiol 56: 463-469.
301. Sabbahi S, Alouini Z, Jemli M & Boudabbous A (2008) The role of reactive oxygen species in Staphylococcus aureus photoinactivation by methylene blue. Water Sci Technol 58: 1047-1054.
302. Saenkham P, Utamapongchai S, Vattanaviboon P & Mongkolsuk S (2008) Agrobacterium tumefaciens iron superoxide dismutases have protective roles against singlet oxygen toxicity generated from illuminated Rose Bengal. FEMS Microbiol Lett 289: 97-103.
303. Sakthivel S, Neppolian B, Shankar MV, Arabindoo B, Palanichamy M & Murugesan V (2003) Solar photocatalytic degradation of azo dye: comparison of photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO and TiO2. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cell 77: 65-82.
304. Schairer D, Martinez LR, Blecher K et al. (2012) Nitric oxide nanoparticles: pre-clinical utility as a therapeutic for intramuscular abscesses. Virulence 3: 62-67.
305. Schepartz AI & Subers MH (1964) The glucose oxidase of honey. I. Purification and some general properties of the enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta 85: 228-237.
306. Schlag S, Nerz C, Birkenstock TA, Altenberend F & Gotz F (2007) Inhibition of staphylococcal biofilm formation by nitrite. J Bacteriol 189: 7911-7919.
307. Schrauben JN, Hayoun R, Valdez CN, Braten M, Fridley L & Mayer JM (2012) Titanium and zinc oxide nanoparticles are proton-coupled electron transfer agents. Science 336: 1298-1301.
308. Schulz S, Rodriguez ZZ, Mutters R, Menendez S & Bette M (2003) Repetitive pneumoperitoneum with ozonized oxygen as a preventive in lethal polymicrobial sepsis in rats. Eur Surg Res 35: 26-34.
309. Segal BH, Sakamoto N, Patel M, Maemura K, Klein AS, Holland SM & Bulkley GB (2000) Xanthine oxidase contributes to host defense against Burkholderia cepacia in the p47(phox-/-) mouse model of chronic granulomatous disease. Infect Immun 68: 2374-2378.
310. Segal BH, Veys P, Malech H & Cowan MJ (2011) Chronic granulomatous disease: lessons from a rare disorder. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 17: S123-S131.
311. Segal BH, Grimm MJ, Khan AN, Han W & Blackwell TS (2012) Regulation of innate immunity by NADPH oxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 53: 72-80.
312. Sekiguchi Y, Yao Y, Ohko Y, Tanaka K, Ishido T, Fujishima A & Kubota Y (2007) Self-sterilizing catheters with titanium dioxide photocatalyst thin films for clean intermittent catheterization: basis and study of clinical use. Int J Urol 14: 426-430.
313. Selkon JB, Babb JR & Morris R (1999) Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of a new super-oxidized water, Sterilox, for the disinfection of endoscopes. J Hosp Infect 41: 59-70.
314. Sharma SK, Chiang LY & Hamblin MR (2011a) Photodynamic therapy with fullerenes in vivo: reality or a dream? Nanomedicine 6: 1813-1825.
315. Sharma SK, Dai T, Kharkwal GB et al. (2011b) Drug discovery of antimicrobial photosensitizers using animal models. Curr Pharm Des 17: 1303-1319.
316. Sherman DR, Sabo PJ, Hickey MJ et al. (1995) Disparate responses to oxidative stress in saprophytic and pathogenic mycobacteria. P Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 6625-6629.
317. Shirato M, Ikai H, Nakamura K et al. (2012) Synergistic effect of thermal energy on bactericidal action of photolysis of H(2)O(2) in relation to acceleration of hydroxyl radical generation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 295-301.
318. Shukla V, Mishra SK & Pant HC (2011) Oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2011: 572634.
319. Silva RA, Garotti JE, Silva RS, Navarini A & Pacheco AM Jr (2009) Analysis of the bactericidal effect of ozone pneumoperitoneum. Acta Cir Bras 24: 124-127.
320. Silva EF, Serpa C, Dabrowski JM et al. (2010) Mechanisms of singlet-oxygen and superoxide-ion generation by porphyrins and bacteriochlorins and their implications in photodynamic therapy. Chemistry 16: 9273-9286.
321. Slack WK, Hanson GC & Chew HE (1969) Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of gas gangrene and clostridial infection. A report of 40 patients treated in a single-person hyperbaric oxygen chamber. Br J Surg 56: 505-510.
322. Spesia MB, Rovera M & Durantini EN (2010) Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mitis by cationic zinc(II) phthalocyanines in media with blood derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 45: 2198-2205.
323. St. Denis TG, Dai T, Izikson L, Astrakas C, Anderson RR, Hamblin MR & Tegos GP (2011) All you need is light: antimicrobial photoinactivation as an evolving and emerging discovery strategy against infectious disease. Virulence 2: 509-520.
324. Stadtman ER (2006) Protein oxidation and aging. Free Radic Res 40: 1250-1258.
325. Staudinger BJ, Oberdoerster MA, Lewis PJ & Rosen H (2002) mRNA expression profiles for Escherichia coli ingested by normal and phagocyte oxidase-deficient human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 110: 1151-1163.
326. Stendahl O, Coble BI, Dahlgren C, Hed J & Molin L (1984) Myeloperoxidase modulates the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. Studies with cells from a myeloperoxidase-deficient patient. J Clin Invest 73: 366-373.
327. Storz G & Imlay JA (1999) Oxidative stress. Curr Opin Microbiol 2: 188-194.
328. Storz G, Tartaglia LA & Ames BN (1990a) Transcriptional regulator of oxidative stress-inducible genes-direct activation by oxidation. Science 248: 189-194.
329. Storz G, Tartaglia LA, Farr SB & Ames BN (1990b) Bacterial defenses against oxidative stress. Trends Genet 6: 363-368.
330. Su Z, Nakano M, Koga T et al. (2010) Hfq regulates anti-oxidative ability in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Gen Appl Microbiol 56: 181-186.
331. Subrahmanyam M (1993) Storage of skin grafts in honey. Lancet 341: 63-64.
332. Sugamura K & Keaney JF Jr (2011) Reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 51: 978-992.
333. Suh HJ, Lee HW & Jung J (2003) Mycosporine glycine protects biological systems against photodynamic damage by quenching singlet oxygen with a high efficiency. Photochem Photobiol 78: 109-113.
334. Suketa N, Sawase T, Kitaura H et al. (2005) An antibacterial surface on dental implants, based on the photocatalytic bactericidal effect. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 7: 105-111.
335. Sun BK, Tanji Y & Unno H (2006) Extinction of cells of cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis in the presence of humic acid under illumination. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 72: 823-828.
336. Sun Y, Yu S, Sun P et al. (2012) Inactivation of Candida biofilms by non-thermal plasma and its enhancement for fungistatic effect of antifungal drugs. PLoS ONE 7: e40629.
337. Sureshkumar A, Sankar R, Mandal M & Neogi S (2010) Effective bacterial inactivation using low temperature radio frequency plasma. Int J Pharm 396: 17-22.
338. Tan HT, Rahman RA, Gan SH, Halim AS, Hassan SA, Sulaiman SA & Kirnpal-Kaur B (2009) The antibacterial properties of Malaysian tualang honey against wound and enteric microorganisms in comparison to manuka honey. BMC Complement Altern Med 9: 34.
339. Tarr M & Valenzeno DP (2003) Singlet oxygen: the relevance of extracellular production mechanisms to oxidative stress in vivo. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2: 355-361.
340. Tavares A, Dias SR, Carvalho CM et al. (2011) Mechanisms of photodynamic inactivation of a gram-negative recombinant bioluminescent bacterium by cationic porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 10: 1659-1669.
341. Tegos GP, Anbe M, Yang C et al. (2006) Protease-stable polycationic photosensitizer conjugates between polyethyleneimine and chlorin(e6) for broad-spectrum antimicrobial photoinactivation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 1402-1410.
342. Telfer A (2005) Too much light? How beta-carotene protects the photosystem II reaction centre. Photochem Photobiol Sci 4: 950-956.
343. Thabet SS, Thabet HS & Atalla SS (2007) Efficacy of medical ozone in attenuation of murine Schistosomiasis mansoni infection morbidity. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 37: 915-944.
344. Tomo T, Kusakabe H, Nagao R et al. (2012) Luminescence of singlet oxygen in photosystem II complexes isolated from cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 containing monovinyl or divinyl chlorophyll a. Biochim Biophys Acta 1817: 1299-1305.
345. Trachootham D, Alexandre J & Huang P (2009) Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: a radical therapeutic approach? Nat Rev Drug Discov 8: 579-591.
346. Trebst A (2003) Function of beta-carotene and tocopherol in photosystem II. Z Naturforsch C 58: 609-620.
347. Tseng S, Abramzon N, Jackson JO & Lin WJ (2012) Gas discharge plasmas are effective in inactivating Bacillus and Clostridium spores. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 93: 2563-2570.
348. Tsukagoshi K, Fukumoto K, Noda K, Nakajima R, Yamashita K & Maeda H (2006) Chemiluminescence from singlet oxygen under laminar flow condition in a micro-channel. Anal Chim Acta 570: 202-206.
349. Vakrat-Haglili Y, Weiner L, Brumfeld V et al. (2005) The microenvironment effect on the generation of reactive oxygen species by Pd-bacteriopheophorbide. J Am Chem Soc 127: 6487-6497.
350. Valacchi G, Fortino V & Bocci V (2005) The dual action of ozone on the skin. Br J Dermatol 153: 1096-1100.
351. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M & Telser J (2007) Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39: 44-84.
352. Vallance P & Charles I (1998) Nitric oxide as an antimicrobial agent: does NO always mean NO? [comment]. Gut 42: 313-314.
353. van der Straaten T, Zulianello L, van Diepen A, Granger DL, Janssen R & van Dissel JT (2004) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium RamA, intracellular oxidative stress response, and bacterial virulence. Infect Immun 72: 996-1003.
354. van der Veen BS, de Winther MP & Heeringa P (2009) Myeloperoxidase: molecular mechanisms of action and their relevance to human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 11: 2899-2937.
355. Van der Weyden EA (2003) The use of honey for the treatment of two patients with pressure ulcers. Br J Community Nurs 8: S14-S20.
356. Viebahn-Haensler R (1999) The Use of Ozone in Medicine. Medicina Biologica, Portland, OR.
357. Villamena FA & Zweier JL (2004) Detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by EPR spin trapping. Antioxid Redox Signal 6: 619-629.
358. Vogel J (2009) A rough guide to the non-coding RNA world of Salmonella. Mol Microbiol 71: 1-11.
359. Von Tappenier H (1900) Uber die Wirkung fluoreszierender Stoffe auf Infusorien nach Versuchen von O. Raab. Munch Med Wochenschr 47: 5.
360. Wainwright M, Phoenix DA, Marland J, Wareing DR & Bolton FJ (1997) A study of photobactericidal activity in the phenothiazinium series. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 19: 75-80.
361. Wang L, Gong L, Zhao E, Yu Z, Torimoto Y, Sadakata M & Li QX (2007) Inactivation of Escherichia coli by O-water. Lett Appl Microbiol 45: 200-205.
362. Wang G, Wang H, Ling Y et al. (2011) Hydrogen-treated TiO2 nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett 11: 3026-3033.
363. Watanabe S, Kita A, Kobayashi K & Miki K (2008) Crystal structure of the [2Fe-2S] oxidative-stress sensor SoxR bound to DNA. P Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 4121-4126.
364. Watt BE, Proudfoot AT & Vale JA (2004) Hydrogen peroxide poisoning. Toxicol Rev 23: 51-57.
365. Wennstrom JL, Heijl L, Dahlen G & Grondahl K (1987) Periodic subgingival antimicrobial irrigation of periodontal pockets (I). Clinical observations. J Clin Periodontol 14: 541-550.
366. White JW Jr & Subers MH (1963) Studies on honey inhibine. 1. A chemical assay. J Apic Res 2: 93-100.
367. White JW Jr, Subers MH & Schepartz AI (1963) The identification of inhibine, the antibacterial factor in honey, as hydrogen peroxide and its origin in a honey glucose-oxidase system. Biochim Biophys Acta 73: 57-70.
368. Wilkinson D & Doolette D (2004) Hyperbaric oxygen treatment and survival from necrotizing soft tissue infection. Arch Surg 139: 1339-1345.
369. Winterbourn CC (2008) Reconciling the chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species. Nat Chem Biol 4: 278-286.
370. Winterbourn CC & Hampton MB (2008) Thiol chemistry and specificity in redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 45: 549-561.
371. Winterbourn CC, Hampton MB, Livesey JH & Kettle AJ (2006) Modeling the reactions of superoxide and myeloperoxidase in the neutrophil phagosome: implications for microbial killing. J Biol Chem 281: 39860-39869.
372. Wu J, Lin X & Xie H (2008) OxyRis involved in coordinate regulation of expression of fimA and sod genes in Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 282: 188-195.
373. Wu H, Sun P, Feng H et al. (2012) Reactive oxygen species in a non-thermal plasma microjet and water system: generation, conversion, and contributions to bacteria inactivation-an analysis by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Plasma Process Polym 9: 417-424.
374. Xu J, Xu X & Verstraete W (2001) The bactericidal effect and chemical reactions of acidified nitrite under conditions simulating the stomach. J Appl Microbiol 90: 523-529.
375. Xu X, Zhai T, Shao M & Huang J (2012) Anodic formation of anatase TiO(2) nanotubes with rod-formed walls for photocatalysis and field emitters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14: 16371-16376.
376. Yamada Y, Mokudai T, Nakamura K et al. (2012) Topical treatment of oral cavity and wounded skin with a new disinfection system utilizing photolysis of hydrogen peroxide in rats. J Toxicol Sci 37: 329-335.
377. Yang H, Inokuchi H & Adler J (1995) Phototaxis away from blue-light by an Escherichia coli mutant accumulating protoporphyrin IX. P Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 7332-7336.
378. Yang H, Sasarman A, Inokuchi H & Adler J (1996) Non-iron porphyrins cause tumbling to blue light by an Escherichia coli mutant defective in hemG. P Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 2459-2463.
379. Yang B, Chen J, Yu Q et al. (2011) Oral bacterial deactivation using a low-temperature atmospheric argon plasma brush. J Dent 39: 48-56.
380. Yoon SJ, Park JE, Yang JH & Park JW (2002) OxyR regulon controls lipid peroxidation-mediated oxidative stress in Escherichia coli. J Biochem Mol Biol 35: 297-301.
381. Zeina B, Zohra BI & al-assad S (1997) The effects of honey on Leishmania parasites: an in vitro study. Trop Doct 27(suppl 1): 36-38.
382. Zhang H, Zhao H, Zhang S & Quan X (2008) Photoelectrochemical manifestation of photoelectron transport properties of vertically aligned nanotubular TiO2 photoanodes. ChemPhysChem 9: 117-123.
383. Zhang M, An T, Liu X, Hu X, Sheng G & Fu J (2010) Preparation of a high-activity ZnO/TiO2 photocatalyst via homogeneous hydrolysis method with low temperature crystallization. Mater Lett 64: 1883-1886.
384. Zhang N, Liu S & Xu YJ (2012) Recent progress on metal core@semiconductor shell nanocomposites as a promising type of photocatalyst. Nanoscale 4: 2227-2238.
385. Ziegelhoffer EC & Donohue TJ (2009) Bacterial responses to photo-oxidative stress. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 856-863.
386. Zumft WG (1997) Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61: 533-616.
387. Zumla A & Lulat A (1989) Honey-a remedy rediscovered. J R Soc Med 82: 384-385.