Honey as a topical treatment for wounds

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2015, Issue 3, 2015, Pages

  Jull, Andrew B ^a   Cullum, Nicky ^b   Dumville, Jo C ^b   Westby, Maggie J ^b   Deshpande, Sohan ^c   Walker, Natalie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c KLEIJNEN SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS LTD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; EUSOL; NATURAL PRODUCT; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SULFADIAZINE SILVER; WOUND HEALING PROMOTING AGENT;

BURN; CHRONIC WOUND; DIABETIC FOOT; DRUG EFFECT; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FOURNIER GANGRENE; FULL THICKNESS BURN; HONEY; HUMAN; INFECTION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LACERATION; LEG ULCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN LEISHMANIASIS; SKIN TRANSPLANTATION; SURGICAL INFECTION; SURGICAL WOUND; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ULCER; WOUND HEALING; APITHERAPY; BURNS; META ANALYSIS; PRESSURE ULCER; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; VARICOSE ULCER; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

ADMINISTRATION, TOPICAL; APITHERAPY; BURNS; HONEY; HUMANS; LEG ULCER; PRESSURE ULCER; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION; VARICOSE ULCER; WOUND HEALING; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 84942763843     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005083.pub4     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Al-Waili NS, Saloom KY. Effects of topical honey on post-operative wound infections due to gram positive and gram negative bacteria following caesarean sections and hysterectomies. European Journal of Medical Research 1999;4(3):126-30.
2. Baghel PS, Shukla S, Mathur RK, Randa R. A comparative study to evaluate the effect of honey dressing and silver sulfadiazene dressing on wound healing in burn patients. Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 2009;42(2):176-81.
3. Gethin G. Manuka honey versus hydrogel - a prospective, open label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial to compare desloughing efficacy and healing outcomes in venous ulcers. Unpublished PhD thesis 2007.
4. Gethin G, Cowman S. Bacteriological changes in sloughy venous leg ulcers treated with manuka honey or hydrogel: an RCT. Journal of Wound Care 2008;17(6):241-7.
5. Gethin G, Cowman S. Manuka honey versus hydrogel to deslough venous leg ulcers: a randomised controlled trial. 17th European Wound Management Association conference, Glasgow, 2-4 May. 2007:29.
6. Gethin G, Cowman S. Manuka honey vs. hydrogel - a prospective, open label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial to compare desloughing efficacy and healing outcomes in venous ulcers. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2009;18(3):466-74.
7. Gulati S, Qureshi A, Srivastava A, Kataria K, Kumar P, Balakrishna Ji A. A prospective randomized study to compare the effectiveness of honey dressings vs. povidone iodine dressing in chronic wound healing. Indian J Surg 2014;76(3):193-198.
8. Ingle R, Levin J, Polinder K. Wound healing with honey - a randomised controlled trial. South African Medical Journal 2006;96(9):831-5.
9. Jull A. Honey and venous leg ulceration: a systematic review and randomised controlled trial. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Auckland 2007.
10. Jull A, Walker N, Parag V, Molan P, Rodgers A, on behalf of the Honey as Adjuvant Leg Ulcer Therapy trial collaborators. Randomized clinical trial of honey-impregnated dressings for venous leg ulcers. British Journal of Surgery 2008;95(2):175-82.
11. Jull A, Walker N, Rodgers A, Bennett D, Molan P, Arroll B, et al. Honey for leg ulcers - The HALT Trial. [Poster]. 2nd World Union of Wound Healing Societies Meeting, Paris, 8-13 July. 2004:88.
12. Kamaratos AV, Tzirogiannis KN, Iraklianou SA, Panoutsopoulos GI, Kanellos IE, Melidonis AI. Manuka honey-impregnated dressings in the treatment of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. International Wound Journal 2014;3:259-263.
13. Marshall C, Queen J, Manjooran J. Honey vs povidine iodine following toenail surgery. Wounds UK 2005;1(1):10-8.
14. Mashhood AA, Khan TA, Sami AN. Honey compared with 1% silver sulfadiazine cream in the treatment of superficial and partial thickness burns. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists 2006;16(1):14-9.
15. Marshall CD, Thomson C. The effect of honey dressings on post-operative healing following toenail surgery: a randomised controlled study. 2nd World Union of Wound Healing Societies Meeting, Paris, 8-13 July. 2004:A 012 (page 8 oral).
16. McIntosh CD, Thomson CE. Honey dressing versus paraffin tulle gras following toenail surgery. Journal of Wound Care 2006;15(3):133-6.
17. Memon AR, Tahir SM, Khushk IA, Ali Memon G. Therapeutic effects of honey versus silver sulfadiazine in the management of burn injuries. Journal of Liaquat University Medicine and Health Sciences 2005;4(3):100-4.
18. Mphande ANG, Killow C, Phalira S, Wynn Jones H, Harrison WJ. Effects of honey and sugar dressings on wound healing. Journal of Wound Care 2007;16(7):317-9.
19. Nilforoushzadeh MA, Jaffary F, Moradi S, Derakhshan R, Haftbaradaran H. Effect of topical honey application along with intralesional injection of glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007;7:13.
20. Robson V, Dodd S, Thomas S. Standardized antibacterial honey (Medihoney) with standard therapy in wound care: randomized clinical trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2009;65(3):565-75.
21. Shukrimi A, Sulaiman AR, Halim AY, Azril A. A comparative study between honey and povidone iodine as dressing solution for Wagner type II diabetic foot ulcers. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2008;63(1):44-6.
22. Subrahmanyam M. Topical application of honey in treatment of burns. British Journal of Surgery 1991;78(4):497-8.
23. Subrahmanyam M. Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSite) in the treatment of burns - a prospective randomised study. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 1993;46(4):322-3.
24. Subrahmanyam M. Honey as a surgical dressing for burns and ulcers. Indian Journal of Surgery 1993;55(9):468-73.
25. Subrahmanyam M. Honey-impregnated gauze versus amniotic membrane in the treatment of burns. Burns 1994;20(4):331-3.
26. Subrahmanyam M. Honey dressing for burns - an appraisal. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters 1996;IX(1):33-5.
27. Subrahmanyam M. Honey dressing versus boiled potato peel in the treatment of burns: a prospective randomized study. Burns 1996;22(6):491-3.
28. Subrahmanyam M. A prospective randomised clinical and histological study of superficial burn wound healing with honey and silver sulfadiazine. Burns 1998;24(2):157-61.
29. Subrahmanyam M. Early tangential excision and skin grafting of moderate burns is superior to honey dressing: a prospective randomised trial. Burns 1999;25(8):729-31.
30. Subrahmanyam M, Sahapure AG, Nagane NS, Bhagwat VR, Ganu JV. Effects of topical application of honey on burn wound healing. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters 2001;XIV(3):143-5.
31. Subrahmanyam M, Ugane SP. Honey dressing beneficial in treatment of Fournier's gangrene. Indian Journal of Surgery 2004;66(2):75-7.
32. Weheida SM, Nagubib HH, El-Banna HM, Marzouk S. Comparing the effects of two dressing techniques on healing of low grade pressure ulcers. Journal of the Medical Research Institute 1991;12(2):259-78.
33. Abdelatif M, Yakoot M, Etmaan M. Safety and efficacy of a new honey ointment on diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective pilot study. Journal of Wound Care 2008;17(3):108-10.
34. Ahmed AKJ, Hoekstra MJ, Hage JJ, Karim RB. Honey-medicated dressing: transformation of an ancient remedy. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2003;50(2):143-8.
35. Albietz JM, Lenton LM. Effect of antibacterial honey on the ocular flora in tear deficiency and Meibomian gland disease. Cornea 2006;25(9):1012-9.
36. Al Waili NS. Topical application of natural honey, beeswax and olive oil mixture for atopic dermatitis or psoriasis: partially controlled, single-blinded study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2003;11(4):226-34.
37. Al-Waili NS. Investigating the antimicrobial activity of natural honey and its effects on the pathogenic bacterial infections of surgical wounds and conjunctiva. Journal of Medicinal Food 2004;7(2):210-22.
38. Al-Waili NS. Effect of honey on antibody production against thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens in primary and secondary immune responses. Journal of Medicinal Food 2004;7(4):491-4.
39. Al-Waili NS. Topical honey application vs. acyclovir for the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex lesions. Medical Science Monitor 2004;10(8):MT94-8.
40. Al Waili NS. Clinical and mycological benefits of topical application of honey, olive oil and beeswax in diaper dermatitis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2005;11(2):160-3.
41. Bangroo AK, Ramji K, Smita C. Honey dressing in pediatric burns. Journal of the Indian Association Pediatric Surgeons 2005;10(2):172-5.
42. Berchtold E, Maibach R, Muller U. Reduction of side effects from rush-immunotherapy with honey bee venom by pretreatment with terfenadine. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 1992;22(1):59-65.
43. Biswal BM, Zakaria A, Ahmad NM. Topical application of honey in the management of radiation mucositis. A preliminary study. Support Care Cancer 2003;11:242-8.
44. Bose B. Honey or sugar in treatment of infected wounds?. Lancet 1982;1(8278):963.
45. Calderon Espina LE. Use of honey in surgical wound dehiscence after surgery of obstetric patients [Uso de miel de abeja en heridas operatorias dehiscentes en pacientes post-cirugía obstétrica]. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala 1989.
46. Chokotho L, van Hasselt E. The use of tannins in the local treatment of burn wounds - a pilot study. Malawi Medical Journal 2005;17:19-20.
47. Dunford CE, Hanano R. Acceptability to patients of a honey dressing for non-healing venous leg ulcers. Journal of Wound Care 2004;13:193-7.
48. Freeman A, May K, Wraight P. Honey: the bee's knees for diabetic foot ulcers?. Wound Practice and Research 2010;18(3):144-7.
49. Gad ESM, Ali MA, Sherif ME, Hamdy HE. The use of honey in dressing of septic wounds versus cetrimide 15%+ chlorhexidine gluconate 1.5% (Savlon): randomized controlled clinical trial. Medical Journal of Cairo University 1988;56:257-64.
50. Gethin G, Cowman S. Case series of manuka honey in leg ulceration. International Wound Journal 2005;2:10-5.
51. Heidari T, Roozbahani N, Amiri Farahani L, Attarha M, Akbari Torkestani N, Jamilian M, Bekhradi R. Does Iranian Astragalus gossypinus honey assist in healing caesarean wounds and scars?. European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2013;5(3):226-233.
52. Jeffery S. A honey-based dressing for diabetic foot ulcers: A controlled study. Diabetic Foot Journal 2008;11(2):87-91.
53. Johnson DW, Van Eps C, Mudge DW, Wiggins KJ, Armstrong K, Hawley CM, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of topical exit-site application of honey (MediHoney) versus mupirocin for the prevention of catheter-associated infections in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Nephrology 2005;16(5):1456-62.
54. Lund-Nielsen B, Adamsen L, Gottrup F, Rorth M, Tolver A, Kolmos HJ. Qualitative bacteriology in malignant wounds - a prospective, randomized, clinical study to compare the effect of honey and silver dressings. Ostomy Wound Management 2011;57(7):28-36.
55. Lund-Nielsen B, Adamsen L, Kolmos HJ, Rorth M, Tolver A, Gottrup F. The effect of honey-coated bandages compared with silver-coated bandages on treatment of malignant wounds-a randomized study. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2011;19(6):664-70.
56. Lusby PE. Honey: a potent agent for wound healing?. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2002;29(6):295-300.
57. Malik KI, Malik MAN, Aslam A. Honey compared with silver sulphadiazine in the treatment of superficial partial-thickness burns. International Wound Journal 2010;7(5):413-7.
58. Marshall C. The use of honey in wound care: a review article. British Journal of Podiatry 2002;52(2):47-9.
59. Mat Lazim N, Abdullah B, Salim R. The effect of Tualang honey in enhancing post tonsillectomy healing process. An open labelled prospective clinical trial. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2013;77(4):457-461.
60. Mayer A, Slezak V, Takac P, Olejnik J, Majtan J. Treatment of non-healing leg ulcers with honeydew honey. Journal of Tissue Viability 2014;23(3):94-97.
61. Misirlioglu A, Eroglu S, Karacaglan N, Akan M, Akoz T, Yildirim S. Use of honey as an adjunct in the healing of split-thickness skin graft donor site. Dermatologic Surgery 2003;29(2):168-72.
62. Moghazy AM, Shams ME, Adly OA, Abbas AH, El-Badawy MA, Elsakka DM, Hassan SA, Abdelmohsen WS, Ali OS, Mohamed BA. The clinical and cost effectiveness of bee honey dressing in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010;29(3):303-9.
63. Molan PC. Re-introducing honey in the management of wounds and ulcers - theory and practice. Ostomy/Wound Management 2002;48(11):28-40.
64. Molan PC. The evidence supporting the use of honey as a wound dressing. International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds 2006;5(1):40-54.
65. Muller U, Lanner A, Schmid P, Bischof M, Dreborg S, Hoigne R. A double blind study on immunotherapy with chemically modified honey bee venom: monomethoxy polyethylene glycol-coupled versus crude honey bee venom. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 1985;77(1-2):201-3.
66. Mwipatayi BP, Angel D, Norrish J, Hamilton MJ, Scott A, Sieunarine K. The use of honey in chronic leg ulcers: a literature review. Primary Intention 2004;12(3):107-12.
67. Nagane NS, Ganu JV, Bhagwat VR, Subramanium M. Efficacy of topical honey therapy against silver sulphadiazine treatment in burns: a biochemical study. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 2004;19(2):173-6.
68. Okeniyi JAO, Olubanjo OO, Ogunlesi TA, Oyelami OA. Comparison of healing of incised abscess wounds with honey and EUSOL dressing. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2005;11(3):511-3.
69. Oluwatosin OM, Olabanji JK, Oluwatosin OA, Tijani LA, Onyechi HU. A comparison of topical honey and phenytoin in the treatment of chronic leg ulcers. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Science 2000;29:31-4.
70. Pascoe EM, Lo S, Scaria A, Badve SV, Beller EM, Cass A, Hawley CM, Johnson DW. The HONEYPOT Randomized Controlled Trial Statistical Analysis Plan. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2013;33(4):426-435.
71. Quadri KHM, Tanimu DZ, Iqbal A, Bachand R, Al Saggabi AA, Abu Romeh S, et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial of topical honey versus povidine iodine in the prevention of hemodialysis catheter related sepsis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998;9:180-1A.
72. Quadri KHM, Huraib SO. Manuka honey for central vein catheter exit site care. Seminars in Dialysis 1999;12:397-8.
73. Rivero Varona T. Therapeutic use of honey in the treatment of alveolitis [Uso terapéutico de la miel en el tratamiento de las alveolitis]. Revista Archivo Médico de Camagüey 1999;3:43-7.
74. Robson V. Leptospermum honey used as a debriding agent. Nurse 2 Nurse 2002;2:66-8.
75. Robson V, Yorke J, Sen RA, Lowe D, Rogers SN. Randomised controlled feasibility trial on the use of medical grade honey following microvascular free tissue transfer to reduce the incidence of wound infection. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2012;50(4):321-327.
76. Rogers S, Robson V, Barrow S, Sen R, Lowe D, York J. The feasibility of a randomised control trial on the use of medical grade honey to reduce the incidence of wound infection following free tissue transfer in head and neck cancer. Clinical Oncology 2010;22:900.
77. Planinsek Rucigaj T. Comparative effects of honey based and silver/charcoal based dressings on the healing of venous leg ulcers: a randomized clinical study. 17th Conference of the European Wound Management Association; 2007, 2-4 May; Glasgow, Scotland. 2007.
78. Planinsek Rucigaj T. Comparative effects of polyhydrated ionogens/honey based dressings and silver based dressings on the healing of venous leg ulcers. Proceedings of 16th Annual Meeting of the European Tissue Repair Society, Pisa, 13-16 September. 2006.
79. Saha A, Chattopadhyay S, Azam Md, Sur P. The role of honey in healing of bedsores in cancer patients. South Asian Journal of Cancer 2012;1(2):66-71.
80. Schumacher HH. Use of medical honey in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers after split-skin grafting. Journal of Wound Care 2004;13:451-2.
81. Somaratne K, Banagala A, Senanayake K, Seneviratne T, Thelikorala S, Tissera W. Controlled trial on the use of bee's honey on wounds where methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureas (MRSA) is isolated. 4th Congress of the World Union of Wound Healing Societies, September 2012, Yokohama, Japan. 2012.
82. Subrahmanyam M. Storage of skin grafts in honey. Lancet 1993;341(8836):63-4.
83. Subrahmanyam M. Addition of antioxidants and polyethylene glycol 4000 enhances the healing property of honey in burns. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters 1996;IX(2):93-5.
84. Subrahmanyam M, Hemmady A, Pawar S. Antibacterial activity of honey on bacteria isolated from wounds. Annals of Burns and Fire Disaster 2001;XIV:22-4.
85. Subrahmanyam M, Shahapure AG, Nagane NS, Bhagwat VR, Ganu JV. Free radical control - the main mechanism of the action of honey in burns. Annals of Burns and Fire Disaster 2003;XVI:135-7.
86. Thurnheer U, Muller U, Stoller R, Lanner A, Hoigne R. Venom immunotherapy in hymenoptera sting allergy. Comparison of rush and conventional hyposensitization and observations during long-term treatment. Allergy 1983;38(7):465-75.
87. Tostes ROG, Leite FE. New insights about topical sugar and honey treatment of wounds [Novas consideraçöes sobre o uso tópico de açúcar e mel em feridas]. Revista Médica de Minas Gerais 1994;4:35-9.
88. Ur-Rehman E, Afzal MO, Ali A, Qureshi A-RZ-U-R, Rashid M. Comparison between honey and povidone-iodine/normal saline dressing for management of Wagner's grade I & II diabetic foot ulcers. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2013;7(4):1082-1085.
89. Vijaya KK, Nishteswar K. Wound healing activity of honey: a pilot study. Ayu 2012;33(3):374-377.
90. Visscher P, Vetter R, Camazine S. Removing bee stings. Lancet 1996;348(9023):301-2.
91. Yapucu Gunes U, Eser I. Effectiveness of a honey dressing for healing pressure ulcers. Journal of Wound Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2007;34(2):184-90.
92. Askarpour S, Rashidi I, Daei SS, Mahmoodi M. Effect of honey in wound repair in patients whom underwent laparotomy. Internet Journal of Surgery 2010;23:2.
93. Jan WA, Shah H, Khan M, Fayaz M, Ullah N. Comparison of conventional pyodine dressing with honey dressing for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute 2012;26(4):402-407.
94. Maghsoudi H, Salehi F, Khosrowshahi MK, Baghaei M, Nasirzadeh M, Shams R. Comparison between topical honey and mafenide acetate in treatment of burn wounds. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters 2011;24(3):132-7.
95. Adams F. The genuine works of Hippocrates. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1939.
96. Bergman A, Yanai J, Weiss J, Bell D, David MP. Acceleration of wound healing by topical application of honey. An animal model. American Journal of Surgery 1983;145:374-6.
97. Blomfield R. Honey for decubitis ulcers. JAMA 1973;224(6):905.
98. Breasted JH. The Edwin Smith papyrus: published in facsimile and hieroglyphic transliteration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930.
99. Brennan SS, Leaper DJ. The effect of antiseptics on wound healing: a study using the rabbit ear chamber. British Journal of Surgery 1985;72(10):780-2.
100. Cutting KF, White RJ. Criteria for identifying wound infection. Ostomy/Wound Management 2005;51(1):28-34.
101. Efem SEE. Clinical observations on the wound healing properties of honey. British Journal of Surgery 1988;75:679-81.
102. Fu X, Wang Z, Sheng Z. Advances in wound healing research in China: from antiquity to present. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2001;9:2-10.
103. Hajar R. Honey from folklore to medical marvel. Heart Views 2002;3:180-8.
104. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
105. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
106. Hróbjartsson A, Thomsen AS, Emanuelsson F, Tendal B, Hilden J, Boutron I, Ravaud P, Brorson S. Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors. BMJ 2012;344:1119. [DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e1119]
107. Ioannidis J, Patsopoulos N, Rothstein H. Reasons or excuses for avoiding meta-analysis in forest plots. BMJ 2008;336:1413-5.
108. Johnson A. A short history of wound dressings: from animal grease and lint to hydorcolloids and alginates. Ostomy/Wound Management 1992;38:36-40.
109. Jull AB, Rodgers A, Walker N. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005083]
110. Jull AB, Rodgers A, Walker N. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005083.pub2]
111. Langendam MW, Aki EA, Dahm P, Glasziou P, Guyatt G, Schunemann HJ. Assessing and presenting summaries of evidence in Cochrane Reviews. Systematic Reviews 2013;2(81):doi:10.1186/2046-4053-2-81.
112. Lazarus GS, Cooper DM, Knighton DR, Margolis DJ, Pecoraro RE, Rodeheaver G, et al. Definitions and guidelines for assessment of wounds and evaluation of healing. Archives of Dermatology 1994;130(4):489-93.
113. Leaper DJ, Simpson RA. The effect of antiseptics and topical antimicrobials on wound healing. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1986;17(2):135-7.
114. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J, on behalf of the Cochrane Information Retrieval Methods Group. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
115. Mavric E, Wittmann S, Barth G, Henle T. Identification and quantification of methylglyoxal as the dominant antibacterial constituent of Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honeys from New Zealand. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 2008;52(4):483-9.
116. Molan PC. Why honey is effective as a medicine. 1. Its use in modern medicine. Bee World 1999;80:80-92.
117. Molan PC. Why honey is effective as medicine. 2. The scientific explanation of its effects. Bee World 2001;82:22-40.
118. Moore OA, Smith LA, Campbell F, Seers K, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Systematic review of the use of honey as a wound care dressing. BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine 2001;1(2):http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/1/2.
119. Ndayisaba G, Bazira L, Habonimana E, Muteganya D. Clinical and bacteriological results in wounds treated with honey. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 1993;7(2):202-4.
120. New Zealand Guidelines Group. Management of burns and scalds in primary care. Evidence-based practice guideline. Wellington: Accident Compensation Corporation, 2007.
121. Oryan A, Zaker SR. Effects of topical application of honey on cutaneous wound healing in rabbits. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 1998;45(3):181-3.
122. Postmes TJ, Bosch MMC, Dutrieux R, van Baare J, Hoekstra MJ. Speeding up healing of burns with honey. An experimental study with histological assessment of wound biopsies. In: Mizrahi A, Lensky Y editor(s). Bee Products: Properties, Applications and Apitherapy. New York: Plenum Press, 1997.
123. Riddle JM. Dioscorides on pharmacy and medicine. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985.
124. Rüttermann M, Maier-Hasselmann A, Nink-Grebe B, Burckhardt M. Local treatment of chronic wounds: in patients with peripheral vascular disease, chronic venous insufficiency, and diabetes. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 2013;110(3):25-31. [DOI: doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0025]
125. Sato T, Miyata G. The nutraceutical benefit, part III: honey. Nutritional Pharmaceuticals 2000;16(6):468-9.
126. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, for the CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010;340:c332. [DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c332]
127. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Search filters. http://www.sign.ac.uk/methodology/filters.html#random (accessed 27 May 2008).
128. Trevisanato SI. Treatments for burns in the London Medical Papyrus show the first seven biblical plagues of Egypt are coherent with Santorini's volcanic fallout. Medical Hypotheses 2006;66(1):193-6.
129. Vandamme L, Heyneman A, Hoeksema H, Verbelen J, Monstrey S. Honey in modern wound care: a systematic review. Burns 2013;39(8):1514-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.06.014.]
130. Wasiak J, Cleland H, Campbell F, Spinks A. Dressings for superficial and partial thickness burns. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858]