Singlet molecular oxygen (1O2): A possible effector of eukaryotic gene expression

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

Volumn 24, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 1520-1534

  Ryter, Stefan W ^a   Tyrrell, Rex M ^b  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Free radical; Gene expression; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitizer; Singlet oxygen; Stress proteins; Ultraviolet radiation

Indexed keywords

FREE RADICAL; OXYGEN; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

ANIMAL CELL; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NONHUMAN; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION;

ANIMALS; EUKARYOTIC CELLS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; OXYGEN; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SINGLET OXYGEN;

ANIMALIA; EUKARYOTA;

EID: 0031811520     PISSN: 08915849     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00461-9     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J. The chemistry of oxygen radicals and other oxygen derived species. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J. Free radicals in biology and medicine. 1990;22-85 Oxford University Press, New York.
2. Foote C. S. Light, oxygen, and toxicity. Autor A. Pathology of oxygen. 1982;21-44 Academic Press, New York.
3. Foote C. S. Mechanisms of photosensitized oxidation. Science. 162:1968;963-970.
4. Tyrrell R. M. The molecular and cellular pathology of solar ultraviolet radiation. Baum H. Molecular aspects of medicine. 1994;1-77 Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
5. Tyrrell R. M. UVA (320-380) radiation as an oxidative stress. Sies H. Oxidative stress oxidants and antioxidants . 1991;57-83 Academic Press, London.
6. Miyachi Y. Reactive oxygen species in photodermatology. Hayaishi O., Imamura S., Miyachi Y. The biological role of reactive oxygen species in skin. 1987;37-41 Elsevier, New York.
7. Weishaupt K., Gomer C. J., Dougherty T. The identification of singlet oxygen as the cytotoxic agent in the photo-inactivation of a murine tumor. Cancer Res. 36:1976;2326-2329.
8. Gomer C. J., Ferrario A., Hayashi N., Rucker N., Szirth B., Murphree A. L. Molecular, cellular, and tissue responses following photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 8:1988;450-463.
9. Gomer C. J., Rucker N., Ferrario A., Wong S. Properties and applications of photodynamic therapy. Radiat. Res. 120:1989;1-18.
10. Henderson B., Dougherty T. How does photodynamic therapy work? Photochem. Photobiol. 55:1992;145-157.
11. Moan J., Berg K. Photochemotherapy of cancer Experimental research . Photochem. Photobiol. 55:1992;931-948.
12. Cadenas E. Biochemistry of oxygen toxicity. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58:1989;79-110.
13. Krinsky N. Biological roles of singlet oxygen. Wasserman H. H., Murray R. Singlet oxygen. 1979;597-641 Academic Press, New York.
14. Ryter S.W., Ferrario A., Fisher A., Luna M., Rucker N., Wong S., Gomer C. J. Photooxidative stress and photodynamic therapy. Davies K. J. A. Oxidative damage and repair. 1991;300-310 Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY.
15. Ryter S.W., Ferrario A., Fisher A., Luna M., Rucker N., Wong S., Gomer C. J. Cellular stress responses to photodynamic therapy. Henderson B., Dougherty T. Photodynamic therapy. 1991;55-62 Marcel Dekker, New York.
16. Tyrrell R. M. UV activation of mammalian stress proteins. Feige U., Morimoto R. I., Yahara I., Polla B. Stress inducible cellular responses. 1996;255-271 Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
17. Gomer C. J., Ryter S. W., Ferrario A., Rucker N., Wong S., Fisher A. Photodynamic therapy-mediated oxidative stress can induce expression of heat shock proteins. Cancer Res. 56:1996;2355-2360.
18. Gomer C. J., Ferrario A., Rucker N., Wong S., Luna M., Lee A. S. Glucose regulated protein induction and cellular resistance to oxidative stress mediated by porphyrin photosensitization. Cancer Res. 51:1991;6574-6579.
19. Curry P., Levy J. Stress protein expression in murine tumor cells following photodynamic therapy with benzoporphyrin derivative. Photochem. Photobiol. 58:1993;374-378.
20. Gomer C. J., Luna M., Ferrario A., Rucker N. Increased transcription and translation of heme oxygenase in Chinese hamster fibroblasts following photodynamic stress or photofrin II incubation. Photochem. Photobiol. 53:1991;275-279.
21. Basu-Modak S., Tyrrell R. M. Singlet oxygen A primary effector in the ultraviolet A/near-visible light induction of the human heme oxygenase gene . Cancer Res. 53:1993;4505-4510.
22. Luna M., Wong S., Gomer C. J. Photodynamic therapy mediated induction of early response genes. Cancer Res. 54:1994;1374-1380.
23. Kick G., Messer G., Plewig G., Goetz A. Strong and prolonged induction of c-jun and c-fos protooncogenes by photodynamic therapy. Br. J. Cancer. 74:1996;30-36.
24. Sharffetter K., Wlaschek M., Hogg A., Bolsen K., Schothorst A., Goerz G., Kreig T., Plewig G. UVA irradiation induces collagenase in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 283:1991;506-511.
25. Scharffetter-Kochanek K., Wlaschek M., Briviba K., Sies H. Singlet oxygen induces collagenase expression in human skin fibroblasts. FEBS Lett. 331:1993;304-306.
26. Wlaschek M., Briviba K., Stricklin G. P., Sies H., Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Singlet oxygen may mediate the ultraviolet A-induced synthesis of interstitial collagenase. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104:1995;194-198.
27. Grether-Beck S., Olaizola-Horn S., Schmitt H., Grewe M., Jahnke A., Johnson J., Briviba K., Sies H., Krutmann J. Activation of transcription factor AP-2 mediates UVA radiation-and singlet oxygen-induced expression of the human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;14586-14591.
28. Krutmann J., Grewe M. Involvement of cytokines, DNA damage, and reactive oxygen intermediates in ultraviolet radiation induced modulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105:(Suppl.):1995;67S-70S.
29. Kick G., Messer G., Goetz A., Plewig G., Kind P. Photodynamic therapy induces expression of interleukin-6 by activation of AP-1 but not NF-κB binding. Cancer Res. 55:1995;2373-2379.
30. Wlaschek, M.; Brenneisen, P.; Wenk, J.; Briviba, K.; Schwarz, A.; Sies, H.; Scharfetter-Kochanek, K. Cytokine dependant UV activation of interstitial collagenase in human dermal fibroblasts is mediated by singlet oxygen [Abstract]. Photochem. Photobiol. 65S:TPMH5, 72S; 1997.
31. Tao J., Sanghera J. S., Pelech S. L., Wong G., Levy J. G. Stimulation of stress-activated protein kinase and p38 HOG1 kinase in murine keratinocytes following photodynamic therapy with benzoporphyrin derivative. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;27107-27115.
32. Klotz L. O., Briviba K., Sies H. Singlet oxygen mediates the activation of JNK by UVA radiation in human skin fibroblasts. FEBS Lett. 408:1997;289-291.
33. Ryter S. W., Gomer C. J. Nuclear factor κB binding activity in mouse L1210 cells following photofrin-II mediated photosensitization. Photochem. Photobiol. 58:1993;753-756.
34. Vile G. F., Tanew-Illitschew A., Tyrrell R. M. Activation of NFκB in human skin fibroblasts by the oxidative stress generated from UVA irradiation. Photochem. Photobiol. 62:1995;463-468.
35. Schreck R., Albermann K., Baeuerle P. A. Nuclear factor κB An oxidative stress responsive transcription factor in eukaryotic cells . Free Radic. Res. Commun. 17:1992;221-237.
36. Piette J., Legrand-Poels S. HIV-1 reactivation after an oxidative stress mediated by different reactive oxygen species. Chem. Biol. Interact. 91:1994;79-89.
37. Legrand-Poels S., Hoebeke M., Vaira D., Rentier B., Piette J. HIV-1 promoter activation following an oxidative stress mediated by singlet oxygen. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B - Biol. 17:1993;229-237.
38. Djavaheri-Mergny M., Mergny J. L., Bertrand F., Santus R., Maziere C., Dubertret L., Mazière J. C. Ultraviolet-A induces activation of AP-1 in cultured human keratinocytes. FEBS lett. 384:1996;92-96.
39. Wlaschek M., Heinen G., Poswig A., Schwarz A., Krieg T., Scharffetter-Kochanek K. UVA-induced autocrine stimulation of fibroblast-derived collagenase/MMP-1 by interrelated loops of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. Photochem. Photobiol. 59:1994;550-556.
40. Rasch, M.; Ouwens, D. M.; Maasen, J. A.; Dubbelman, T. M. A. R.; VanSteveninck, J. Photodynamic treatment of CHO cells activated p21-ras and MAP kinase [Abstract]. Photochem. Photobiol. 59s:57s; 1994.
41. Keyse S., Emslie E. Oxidative stress and heat shock induce a human gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Nature. 359:1992;644-647.
42. Keyse S. M. An emerging family of dual specificity MAP-kinase phosphatases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1265:1995;152-160.
43. Alam J., Camhi S., Choi A. Identification of a second region upstream of the mouse heme oxygenase-1 gene that functions as a basal level and inducer dependent transcriptional enhancer. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;11977-11984.
44. Symons M. Inorganic radicals relevant to biological systems. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B. 311:1985;593-603.
45. Kasha M., Brabham D. Singlet oxygen electronic structure and photosensitization. Wasserman H. H., Murray R. Singlet oxygen. 1979;1-33 Academic Press, New York.
46. 2 volume 4: polymers and biomolecules . 1985;91-143 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
47. Gollnick K. Type II photooxygenation reactions in solution. Advan. Photochem. 6:1968;1-122.
48. Foote, C .S. Chemical mechanisms of photodynamic action. In: Future directions and applications in photodynamic therapy. SPIE Institute Series, Vol IS 6:115-126; 1990.
49. Giulivi C., Sarcansky M., Rosenfeld E., Boveris A. The photodynamic effect of rose bengal on proteins of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Photochem. Photobiol. 52:1990;745-751.
50. Merkel P., Nilsson R., Kearns D. R. Deuterium effects on singlet oxygen lifetime in solutions. A new test of singlet oxygen reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94:1972;1030-1031.
51. 2 physical and chemical aspects . 1985;179-187 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
52. Foote C. S. Quenching of singlet oxygen. Wasserman H. H., Murray R. W. Singlet oxygen. 1979;139-173 Academic Press, New York.
53. Kulig M., Smith M. Sterol metabolism XXV Cholesterol oxidation by singlet molecular oxygen . J. Org. Chem. 38:1973;3639-3652.
54. Foote C. S. Photosensitized oxidation and singlet oxygen Consequences in biological systems . Pryor W. A. Free radicals in biology. 1976;85-133 Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY.
55. Foote C. S. Definition of Type I and Type II photosensitized oxidation. Photochem. Photobiol. 54:1991;659.
56. Foote C. S. Mechanisms of photooxygenation. Doiron D., Gomer C. J. Porphyrin localization and the treatment of tumors. 1984;3-22 Alan R. Liss, New York.
57. Midden R., Wang S. Y. Singlet oxygen generation for solution kinetics pure and simple . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105:1983;4129-4135.
58. Spikes J. Photosensitization. Smith K. C. The science of photobiology. 1989;79-110 Plenum Press, New York.
59. Figge F., Wieland G., Mangiello L. Cancer detection and therapy affinity of neoplastic, embryonic and traumatized tissue for porphyrins and metalloporphyrins . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 168:1948;640-641.
60. Dougherty T. Studies on the structure of porphyrins contained in Photofrin II. Photochem. Photobiol. 46:1987;569-573.
61. Gomer C. J. Preclinical examination of first and second generation of photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy. Photochem. Photobiol. 54:1991;1093-1107.
62. Spikes, J. D. Historical review. Photodynamic action: From paramecium to photochemotherapy. Photochem. Photobiol. 65S:142S-147S; 1997.
63. Dahl T., Midden W., Hartman P. Pure singlet oxygen cytotoxicity for bacteria. Photochem. Photobiol. 46:1987;345-352.
64. Freeman R. G. Data on the action spectrum for ultraviolet carcinogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55:1975;1119-1121.
65. Tyrrell R. M. Activation of mammalian gene expression by the UV component of sunlight-from models to reality. Bioessays. 18:1996;139-148.
66. Danpure H., Tyrrell R. M. Oxygen dependence of near UV (365 nm) lethality and the interaction of near UV and x-rays in two mammalian cell lines. Photochem. Photobiol. 23:1976;171-177.
67. Morlière P., Moysan A., Santus R., Huppe G., Maziére J. C., Dubertret L. UVA-induced lipid peroxidation in cultured human fibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1084:1991;261-268.
68. Vile G. F., Tyrrell R. M. UVA radiation-induced oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in vitro and in human skin fibroblasts is dependent on iron and singlet oxygen. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 18:1995;721-730.
69. Tyrrell R. M., Werfelli P., Moraes E. C. Lethal action of ultraviolet and visible (blue-violet) radiations at defined wavelengths on human lymphoblastoid cells Action spectra and interaction sites . Photochem. Photobiol. 39:1984;183-189.
70. Tyrrell R. M., Pidoux M. Action spectra for human skin cells Estimates of the relative cytotoxicity of the middle ultraviolet, near ultraviolet, and violet regions of sunlight on epidermal keratinocytes . Cancer Res. 47:1987;1825-1829.
71. Tyrrell R. M., Pidoux M. Singlet oxygen involvement in the inactivation of cultured human fibroblasts by UVA (334 nm, 365 nm) and near-visible (405 nm) radiations. Photochem. Photobiol. 49:1989;407-412.
72. Tyrrell R. M., Pidoux M. Correlation between endogenous glutathione content and sensitivity of cultured human skin cells to radiation at defined wavelengths in the solar ultraviolet range. Photochem. Photobiol. 47:1988;405-412.
73. Khan A. U., Kasha M. Red chemiluminescence of molecular oxygen in aqueous solution. J. Chem. Phys. 39:1963;2105-2106.
74. Borg D. Oxygen free radicals and tissue injury, a reference outline. Tarr M., Samson F. Oxygen free radicals in tissue damage. 1993;12-45 Birkhauser, Boston.
75. Khan A. U., Kasha M. Singlet molecular oxygen in the Haber-Weiss reaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;12365-12367.
76. Applegate L. A., Luscher P., Tyrrell R. M. Induction of heme oxygenase: A general response to oxidant stress in cultured mammalian cells. Cancer Res. 51:1991;974-978.
77. Keyse S. M., Tyrrell R. M. Both near ultraviolet radiation and the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide induce a 32-kDa stress protein in normal human skin fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 262:1987;14821-14825.
78. Ryter S. W., Tyrrell R. M. The role of heme oxygenase-1 in the mammalian stress response Molecular aspects of regulation and function . Forman H. J., Cadenas E. Oxidative stress and signal transduction. 1997;Chapman and Hall, New York.
79. Basu-Modak S., Luscher P., Tyrrell R. M. Lipid metabolite involvement in the activation of the human heme oxygenase-1 gene. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20:1996;887-897.
80. Lautier D., Luscher P., Tyrrell R. M. Endogenous glutathione levels modulate both constitutive and UVA radiation/ hydrogen peroxide inducible expression of the human heme oxygenase-1 gene. Carcinogenesis. 13:1992;227-232.
81. Keyse S., Applegate L. A., Tromvoukis Y., Tyrrell R. M. Oxidant stress leads to a transcriptional activation of the human heme oxygenase gene in cultured skin fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1990;4967-4969.
82. Keyse S. M., Tyrrell R. M. Heme oxygenase is the major 32-kDa stress protein induced in human skin fibroblasts by UVA radiation, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium arsenite. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;99-103.
83. Herrmann G., Wlaschek M., Lange T. S., Prenzel K., Goerz G., Scharffetter-Kochanek K. UVA irradiation stimulates the synthesis of various matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) in cultured human fibroblasts. Exp. Dermatol. 2:1993;92-97.
84. Herrmann G., Wlaschek M., Bolsen K., Prenzel K., Goerz G., Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Photosensitization of uroporphyrin augments the ultraviolet A-induced synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases in human dermal fibroblasts. J. Invest. Dermatol. 107:1996;398-403.
85. Xue L.Y., Agarwal M. L., Varnes M. E. Elevation of GRP-78 and loss of HSP-70 following photodynamic treatment of V79 cells sensitization by nigericin . Photochem. Photobiol. 62:1995;135-143.
86. Evans S., Mathews W., Perry R., Fraker D., Norton J., Pass H. Effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82:1990;34-39.
87. Piret B., Legrand-Poels S., Sappey C., Piette J. NF-kappa B transcription factor and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activation by methylene blue photosensitization. Eur. J. Biochem. 228:1995;447-455.
88. Legrand-Poels S., Bours V., Piret B., Pflaum M., Epe B., Rentier B., Piette J. Transcription factor NF-kappa B is activated by photosensitization generating oxidative DNA damages. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;6925-6934.
89. Separovic D., He J., Oleinick N. Ceramide generation in response to photodynamic treatment of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Cancer Res. 57:1997;1717-1721.
90. Hanson D., DeLeo V. Long wave ultraviolet light induces phospholipase activation in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 95:1990;158-163.
91. Agarwal M., Larkin H., Zaidi S., Mukhtar H., Oleinick N. Phospholipase activation triggers apoptosis in photosensitized mouse lymphoma cells. Cancer Res. 53:1993;5897-5902.
92. Hanson D., DeLeo V. Long wave ultraviolet radiation stimulates arachidonic acid release and cyclooxygenase activity in mammalian cells in culture. Photochem. Photobiol. 49:1989;423-430.
93. 2 from cells by photodynamic treatment in vitro. Cancer Res. 49:1989;6896-6900.
94. Reed M. J., Wieman T. J., Doak K., Pietsch C., Schuschke D. A. The microvascular effects of photodynamic therapy evidence for a possible role of cyclooxygenase products . Photochem. Photobiol. 50:1989;419-423.
95. Arakane K., Ryu A., Takarada K., Masunaga T., Shinmoto K., Kobayashi R., Mashiko S., Nagano T., Hirobe M. Measurement of 1268 nm emission for comparison of singlet oxygen (1 delta g) production efficiency of various dyes. Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull. 44:1996;1-4.
96. Gollnick K., Franken T., Schade G., Dorhofer G. Photosensitized oxygenation as a function of the triplet energy of sensitizers. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 171:1970;89-107.
97. Vidoczy T., Elzemzam S., Gal D. Physico-chemical modeling of the role of free radicals in photodynamic therapy. I. utilization of the quantum yield data of singlet oxygen formation for the study of the interaction between excited photosensitizer and stable free radicals. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189:1992;1548-1552.
98. Spikes J., Bommer J. Photosensitizing properties of mono-L aspartyl chlorin e6. A candidate sensitizer for the photodynamic therapy of tumors. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 17:1993;135-143.
99. Aveline B., Hasan T., Redmond R. Photophysical and photosensitizing properties of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA). Photochem. Photobiol. 59:1994;328-335.
100. Tenhunen R., Marver H., Schmid R. Microsomal heme oxygenase, characterization of the enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 244:1969;6388-6394.
101. Maines M. D. Heme oxygenase: clinical applications and functions. 1992;CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
102. Kennedy J. C., Pottier R. H. Endogenous protoporphyrin IX, a clinically useful photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 14:1992;275-292.
103. Bressoud D., Jomini V., Tyrrell R. M. Dark induction of haem oxygenase messenger mRNA by haematoporphyrin derivative and zinc phthalocyanine; agents for photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 14:1992;311-318.
104. Valduga G., Nonell S., Reddi E., Jori G., Braslavsky S.E. The production of singlet molecular oxygen by zinc(II) phthalocyanine in ethanol and in unilamellar vesicles. Chemical quenching and phosphorescence studies. Photochem. Photobiol. 48:1988;1-5.
105. Mitani K., Fujita H., Fukada Y., Kappas A., Sassa S. The role of inorganic metals and metalloporphyrins in the induction of heme oxygenase and heat shock protein 70 in human hepatoma cells. Biochem. J. 290:1993;819-825.
106. Lindquist S. The heat shock response. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55:1986;1151-1191.
107. Li G., Li L., Liu R., Rehman M., Lee W. Heat shock protein hsp70 protects cells from thermal stress even after deletion of its ATP binding domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;2036-2040.
108. Kroegger P. E., Morimoto R. The heat shock transcriptional response. Baeuerle P. A. Inducible gene expression. 1995;25-61 Birkhauser, Boston.
109. Kessel D. Sites of photosensitization by derivatives of hematoporphyrin. Photochem. Photobiol. 44:1986;489-494.
110. Roberts W. G., Liaw L. H., Berns M.W. In vivo photosensitization an electron microscopy study of cellular destruction with mono-L aspartyl chlorin e6 and Photofrin . Laser Surg. Med. 9:1989;102-108.
111. Kessel, D. Use of fluorescence probes for characterizing sites of photodamage. The Spectrum 6:1-5. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Press; 1993.
112. Bruce J., Price B., Coleman N., Calderwood S. Oxidative injury rapidly activates the heat shock transcription factor but fails to increase levels of heat shock proteins. Cancer Res. 53:1992;12-15.
113. Welch W. The mammalian stress response cell physiology and biochemistry of the stress response . Morimoto R., Tissiers C., Georgeopoulous C. Stress proteins in biology and medicine. 1990;223-278 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
114. Lee A. S. Coordinated regulation of a set of genes by glucose and calcium ionophores in mammalian cells. Trends Biochem. Sci. 12:1987;20-23.
115. Little E., Ramakrishnan M., Roy B., Gazit G., Lee A. S. The glucose regulated proteins (GRP78 and GRP94) Functions, gene regulation, and applications . Crit. Rev. Euk. Gene Exp. 4:1994;1-18.
116. Kozutsumi Y., Segal M., Normington K., Gething M., Sambrook J. The presence of malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum signals the induction of the glucose regulated proteins. Nature. 332:1988;462-464.
117. Munro S., Pelham H. An HSP-like protein in the ER, identity with the 78 kd glucose regulated protein and immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein. Cell. 46:1986;291-300.
118. Grewe M., Gyufki K., Krutmann J. Interleukin-10 production by cultured human keratinocytes: regulation by ultraviolet B and ultraviolet-A1 radiation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104:1995;3-6.
119. Angel P., Karin M. The role of jun, fos, and the AP-I complex in cell proliferation and transformation. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1072:1991;129-157.
120. Curran T., Franza B. R. Fos and jun, the AP-1 connection. Cell. 55:1988;395-397.
121. Abate C., Patel L., Rauscher F., Curran T. Redox regulation of fos and jun DNA binding activity in vitro. Science. 249:1990;1157-1161.
122. Angel P. The role and regulation of the Jun proteins in response to phorbol ester and UV light. Baeuerle P. Inducible gene expression. 1995;62-92 Birkhauser, Boston.
123. Angel P., Imagawa M., Chiu R., Stein B., Imbra R., Rahmsdorf H., Jonat C., Herrlich P., Karin M. Phorbol ester inducible genes contain a common element recognized by a TPA modulated trans acting factor. Cell. 49:1987;729-739.
124. Baeuerle P., Baltimore D. Molecular aspects of cellular regulation. Cohen P., Foulkes J. G. Hormonal control, regulation of gene transcription. 1991;409-432 North Holland, Amsterdam.
125. Siebenlist U., Brown K., Franzoso G. NFκB A mediator of pathogen and stress responses . Baeuerle P. Environmental stresses and nutrients. 1995;93-141 Birkhauser, Boston.
126. Shreck R., Rieber P., Baeuerle P. A. Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used intermediates in the activation of the NFκB transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J. 10:1991;2247-2258.
127. Moore P. K. Prostanoids: pharmacological, physiological and clinical relevance. 1985;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
128. Fingar V. H., Siegel K. A., Wieman J., Doak K. The effects of thromboxane inhibitors on the microvascular and tumor response to photodynamic therapy. Photochem. Photobiol. 58:1993;393-399.
129. Shen J., Hughes C., Chao C., Cai J., Bartels C., Gessner T., Subjeck J. Coinduction of glucose regulated proteins and doxorubicin resistance in Chinese hamster cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;3278-3282.
130. Vile G. F., Basu-Modak S., Waltner C., Tyrrell R. M. Heme oxygenase-1 mediates an adaptive response to oxidative stress in human skin fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;2607-2610.
131. Vile G. F., Tyrrell R. M. Oxidative stress resulting from ultraviolet A irradiation of human skin fibroblasts leads to a heme oxygenase-dependent increase in ferritin. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;14678-14681.
132. Aust S.D., Morehouse L.A., Thomas C.E. Role of metals in oxygen radical reactions. J. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1:1985;3-25.
133. Haas S., Kaina B. c-Fos is involved in the cellular defence against the genotoxic effect of UV radiation. Carcinogenesis. 16:1995;985-991.
134. Buettner G., Need M. Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl free radical production by hematoporphyrin derivative, ascorbate, and light. Cancer Lett. 25:1985;297-304.