The interferons

Contemporary Targeted Therapies in Rheumatology

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 231-250

  Rönnblom, Lars ^a   Eloranta, Maija Leena ^b   Alm, Gunnar ^c  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875692833     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (137)

1. Isaacs A, Lindenmann J. Virus interference. I. The interferon. Proc R Soc B 1957; 147: 258-67.
2. Brassard DL, Grace MJ, Bordens RW. Interferon-a as an immunotherapeutic protein. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 71: 565-81.
3. Hardy MP, Owczarek CM, Jermiin LS et al.Characterization of the type I interferon locus and identification of novel genes. Genomics 2004; 84: 331-45.
4. LaFleur DW, Nardelli B, Tsareva T et al. Interferon-K, a novel type I interferon expressed in human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 39765-71.
5. Kotenko SV, Gallagher G, Baurin VV et al. IFN-Xs mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex. Nat Immunol 2003; 4: 69-77.
6. Sheppard P, Kindsvogel W, Xu W et al. IL-28, IL-29 and their class II cytokine receptor IL-28R. Nat Immunol2003; 4: 63-8.
7. Dumoutier L, Tounsi A, Michiels T et al. Role of the interleukin (IL)-28 receptor tyrosine residues for antiviral and antiproliferative activity of IL-29/interferon-X 1: similarities with type I interferon signaling. J Biol Chem2004; 279: 32269-74.
8. Honda K, Yanai H, Takaoka A et al. Regulation of the type I IFN induction: A current view. Int Immunol 2005; 17: 1367-78.
9. Malmgaard L. Induction and regulation of IFNs during viral infections. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 24: 439-54.
10. Kawai T, Akira S. TLR signaling. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13: 816-25.
11. Kawai T, Akira S. Innate immune recognition of viral infection. Nat Immunol 2006; 7: 131-7.
12. Mogensen TH, Paludan SR. Reading the viral signature by Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors. J Mol Med 2005; 83: 180-92.
13. Schoenemeyer A, Barnes BJ, Mancl ME et al. The interferon regulatory factor, IRF5, is a central mediator of Toll-like receptor 7 signaling. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 17005-12.
14. Sledz CA, Holko M, de Veer MJ et al. Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs. Nat Cell Biol 2003; 5: 834-9.
15. Ishii KJ, Coban C, Kato H et al. A Toll-like receptor-independent antiviral response induced by doublestranded B-form DNA. Nat Immunol 2006; 7: 40-8.
16. Stetson DB, Medzhitov R. Recognition of cytosolic DNA activates an IRF3-dependent innate immune response. Immunity 2006; 24: 93-103.
17. Schroder K, Hertzog PJ, Ravasi T et al. Interferon-y: An overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75: 163-89.
18. Bendriss-Vermare N, Burg S, Kanzler H et al. Virus overrides the propensity of human CD40L-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce Th2 mediators through synergistic induction of IFN-γ and Th1 chemokine production. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78: 954-66.
19. Hart OM, Athie-Morales V, O'Connor GM et al.TLR7/8-mediated activation of human NK cells results in accessory cell-dependent IFN-γ production. J Immunol 2005; 175: 1636-42.
20. Caron G, Duluc D, Fremaux I et al. Direct stimulation of human T cells via TLR5 and TLR7/8: flagellin and R-848 up-regulate proliferation and IFN-γ production by memory CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 2005; 175: 1551-7.
21. Gerosa F, Gobbi A, Zorzi P et al. The reciprocal interaction of NK cells with plasmacytoid or myeloid dendritic cells profoundly affects innate resistance functions. J Immunol 2005; 174: 727-34.
22. Hanabuchi S, Watanabe N, Wang YH et al. Human plasmacytoid predendritic cells activate NK cells through glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-ligand (GITRL). Blood 2006; 107: 3617-23.
23. Österlund P, Veckman V, Siren J et al. Gene expression and antiviral activity of alpha/beta interferons and interleukin-29 in virus-infected human myeloid dendritic cells. J Virol 2005; 79: 9608-17.
24. Siren J, Pirhonen J, Julkunen I et al. IFN-α regulates TLR-dependent gene expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-28, and IL-29. J Immunol 2005; 174: 1932-7.
25. Ito T, Amakawa R, Kaisho T et al. Interferon-a and interleukin-12 are induced differentially by Toll-like receptor 7 ligands in human blood dendritic cell subsets. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 1507-12.
26. Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature 2006; 441: 101-5.
27. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P. Natural interferon-α producing cells: The plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Biotechniques2002; 33: S16-S29.
28. Colonna M, Trinchieri G, Liu YJ. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity. Nat Immunol 2004; 5: 1219-26.
29. Dzionek A, Sohma Y, Nagafune J et al. BDCA-2, a novel plasmacytoid dendritic cell-specific type II C-type lectin, mediates antigen capture and is a potent inhibitor of interferon α/β induction. J Exp Med 2001; 194: 1823-34.
30. Båve U, Magnusson M, Eloranta ML et al. FcγRIIa is expressed on natural IFN-α-producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) and is required for the IFN-α production induced by apoptotic cells combined with lupus IgG. J Immunol 2003; 171: 3296-302.
31. Hornung V, Rothenfusser S, Britsch S et al. Quantitative expression of Toll-like receptor 1-10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J Immunol2002; 168: 4531-7.
32. Takauji R, Iho S, Takatsuka H et al. CpG-DNA-induced IFN-a production involves p38 MAPK-dependent STAT1 phosphorylation in human plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 72: 1011-19.
33. Cella M, Facchetti F, Lanzavecchia A et al.Plasmacytoid dendritic cells activated by influenza virus and CD40L drive a potent Th1 polarization. Nat Immunol 2000; 1: 305-10.
34. Krug A, Rothenfusser S, Hornung V et al. Identification of CpG oligonucleotide sequences with high induction of IFN-α/β in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31: 2154-63.
35. Ito T, Kanzler H, Duramad O et al. Specialization, kinetics, and repertoire of type 1 interferon responses by human plasmacytoid predendritic cells. Blood 2006; 107: 2423-31.
36. Ronnblom L, Eloranta ML, Alm GV. The type I interferon system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 408-20.
37. Vermi W, Riboldi E, Wittamer V et al. Role of ChemR23 in directing the migration of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells to lymphoid organs and inflamed skin. J Exp Med 2005; 201: 509-15.
38. Zabel BA, Silverio AM, Butcher EC. Chemokine-like receptor 1 expression and chemerin-directed chemotaxis distinguish plasmacytoid from myeloid dendritic cells in human blood. J Immunol 2005; 174: 244-51.
39. Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H et al. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via Toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 2004; 303: 1526-9.
40. Diebold SS, Kaisho T, Hemmi H et al. Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science 2004; 303: 1529-31.
41. Means TK, Latz E, Hayashi F et al. Human lupus autoantibody-DNA complexes activate DCs through cooperation of CD32 and TLR9. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 407-17.
42. Barrat FJ, Meeker T, Gregorio J et al. Nucleic acids of mammalian origin can act as endogenous ligands for Toll-like receptors and may promote systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 1131-9.
43. Båve U, Alm GV, Ronnblom L. The combination of apoptotic U937 cells and lupus IgG is a potent IFN-α inducer. J Immunol 2000; 165: 3519-26.
44. Lövgren T, Eloranta ML, Båve U et al. Induction of interferon-α production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by immune complexes containing nucleic acid released by necrotic or late apoptotic cells and lupus IgG. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 1861-72.
45. Båve U, Nordmark G, Lövgren T et al. Activation of the type I interferon system in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: A possible etiopathogenic mechanism. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1185-95.
46. Savarese E, Chae OW, Trowitzsch S et al. U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein immune complexes induce type I interferon in plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR7. Blood 2006; 107: 3229-34.
47. Vollmer J, Tluk S, Schmitz C et al. Immune stimulation mediated by autoantigen binding sites within small nuclear RNAs involves Toll-like receptors 7 and 8. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 1575-85.
48. Lovgren T, Eloranta ML, Kastner B et al. Induction of interferon-a by immune complexes or liposomes containing systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome autoantigen-associated RNA. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 1917-27.
49. Platanias LC. Mechanisms of type-I- and type-II-inter-feron-mediated signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5: 375-86.
50. Ank N, West H, Bartholdy C et al. Lambda interferon (IFN- X), a type III IFN, is induced by viruses and IFNs and displays potent antiviral activity against select virus infections in vivo. J Virol 2006; 80: 4501-9.
51. Wormald S, Hilton DJ. Inhibitors of cytokine signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 821-4.
52. Naka T, Fujimoto M, Tsutsui H et al. Negative regulation of cytokine and TLR signalings by SOCS and others. Adv Immunol 2005; 87: 61-122.
53. Vlotides G, Sorensen AS, Kopp F et al. SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 inhibit IFN-α-induced expression of the antiviral proteins 2,5-OAS and MxA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320: 1007-14.
54. Kunzi MS, Pitha PM. Interferon targeted genes in host defense. Autoimmunity 2003; 36: 457-61.
55. Sarkar SN, Sen GC. Novel functions of proteins encoded by viral stress-inducible genes. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 103: 245-59.
56. Pokrovskaja K, Panaretakis T, Grander D. Alternative signaling pathways regulating type I interferon-induced apoptosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 25: 799-810.
57. Liu YC, Penninger J, Karin M. Immunity by ubiquityla-tion: A reversible process of modification. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5: 941-52.
58. Romagnani C, Della Chiesa M, Kohler S et al.Activation of human NK cells by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and its modulation by CD4+ T helper cells and CD4+ CD25hi T regulatory cells. Eur J Immunol2005; 35: 2452-8.
59. Theofilopoulos AN, Baccala R, Beutler B et al. Type I interferons (α/β) in immunity and autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2005; 23: 307-35.
60. Hibbert L, Pflanz S, De Waal Malefyt R et al. IL-27 and IFN-α signal via Stat1 and Stat3 and induce T-Bet and IL-12RP2 in naive T cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res2003; 23: 513-22.
61. Siren J, Sareneva T, Pirhonen J et al. Cytokine and contact-dependent activation of natural killer cells by influenza A or Sendai virus-infected macrophages. J Gen Virol 2004; 85: 2357-64.
62. Le Bon A, Etchart N, Rossmann C et al. Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells stimulated by virus-induced type I interferon. Nat Immunol 2003; 4: 1009-15.
63. Marrack P, Kappler J, Mitchell T. Type I interferons keep activated T cells alive. J Exp Med 1999; 189: 521-30.
64. Zhang X, Sun S, Hwang I et al. Potent and selective stimulation of memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells in vivo by IL-15. Immunity 1998; 8: 591-9.
65. Jego G, Palucka AK, Blanck JP et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce plasma cell differentiation through type I interferon and interleukin 6. Immunity 2003; 19: 225-34.
66. Braun D, Caramalho I, Demengeot J. IFN-a/p enhances BCR-dependent B cell responses. Int Immunol 2002; 14: 411-19.
67. Le Bon A, Schiavoni G, D'Agostino G et al. Type I interferons potently enhance humoral immunity and can promote isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo. Immunity 2001; 14: 461-70.
68. Mitani Y, Takaoka A, Kim SH et al. Cross talk of the interferon-α/β signalling complex with gp130 for effective interleukin-6 signalling. Genes Cells 2001; 6: 631-40.
69. Takaoka A, Mitani Y, Suemori H et al. Cross talk between interferon-γ and -α/β signaling components in caveolar membrane domains. Science 2000; 288: 2357-60.
70. Sharif MN, Tassiulas I, Hu Y et al. IFN-α priming results in a gain of proinflammatory function by IL-10: implications for systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. J Immunol 2004; 172: 6476-81.
71. Baechler EC, Gregersen PK, Behrens TW. The emerging role of interferon in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Immunol 2004; 16: 801-7.
72. Peterson KS, Huang JF, Zhu J et al. Characterization of heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis of lupus nephritis from transcriptional profiles of laser-captured glomeruli. J Clin Invest 2004; 113: 1722-33.
73. Kirou KA, Lee C, George S et al. Activation of the interferon-a pathway identifies a subgroup of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with distinct serologic features and active disease. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1491-503.
74. Kirou KA, Lee C, George S et al. Coordinate overexpression of interferon-a-induced genes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 3958-67.
75. Blomberg S, Eloranta ML, Cederblad B et al. Presence of cutaneous interferon-α producing cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2001; 10: 484-90.
76. Farkas L, Beiske K, Lund-Johansen F et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (natural interferon- α/β-producing cells) accumulate in cutaneous lupus erythematosus lesions. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 237-43.
77. Wollenberg A, Wagner M, Gunther S et al.Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: A new cutaneous dendritic cell subset with distinct role in inflammatory skin diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119: 1096-102.
78. Rönnblom L, Alm GV. The natural interferon-a producing cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Immunol 2002; 63: 1181-93.
79. Cederblad B, Blomberg S, Vallin H et al. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have reduced numbers of circulating natural interferon-a-producing cells. J Autoimmun 1998; 11: 465-70.
80. Stewart TA. Neutralizing interferon alpha as a therapeutic approach to autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14: 139-54.
81. Takii Y, Nakamura M, Ito M et al. Enhanced expression of type I interferon and Toll-like receptor-3 in primary biliary cirrhosis. Lab Invest 2005; 85: 908-20.
82. Lande R, Giacomini E, Serafini B et al. Characterization and recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in synovial fluid and tissue of patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis. J Immunol 2004; 173: 2815-24.
83. van Holten J, Smeets TJ, Blankert P, Tak PP. Expression of interferon β in synovial tissue from patients wih rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with patients with osteoarthritis and reactive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis2006; 64: 1780-82.
84. Tezak Z, Hoffman EP, Lutz JL et al. Gene expression profiling in DQA1*0501+ children with untreated dermatomyositis: A novel model of pathogenesis. J Immunol 2002; 168: 4154-63.
85. Greenberg SA, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS et al. Interferon-α/β-mediated innate immune mechanisms in dermatomyositis. Ann Neurol 2005; 57: 664-78.
86. Gottenberg JE, Cagnard N, Lucchesi C et al. Activation of IFN pathways and plasmacytoid dendritic cell recruitment in target organs of primary Sjogren's syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103: 2770-5.
87. Hjelmervik TO, Petersen K, Jonassen I et al. Gene expression profiling of minor salivary glands clearly distinguishes primary Sjögren's syndrome patients from healthy control subjects. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1534-44.
88. Tan FK, Zhou X, Mayes MD et al. Signatures of differentially regulated interferon gene expression and vas-culotrophism in the peripheral blood cells of systemic sclerosis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 694-702.
89. van der Fits L, van der Wel LI, Laman JD et al. In psoriasis lesional skin the type I interferon signaling pathway is activated, whereas interferon-α sensitivity is unaltered. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122: 51-60.
90. Nestle FO, Conrad C, Tun-Kyi A et al. Plasmacytoid predendritic cells initiate psoriasis through interferon-a production. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 135-43.
91. Gota C, Calabrese L. Induction of clinical autoimmune disease by therapeutic interferon-a. Autoimmunity2003; 36: 511-18.
92. Rönnblom LE, Alm GV, Öberg KE. Autoimmunity after alpha-interferon therapy for malignant carcinoid tumors. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 178-83.
93. Ioannou Y, Isenberg DA. Current evidence for the induction of autoimmune rheumatic manifestations by cytokine therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 1431-42.
94. Raanani P, Ben-Bassat I. Immune-mediated complications during interferon therapy in hematological patients. Acta Haematol 2002; 107: 133-44.
95. Tsao BP. Update on human systemic lupus erythematosus genetics. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 16: 513-21.
96. Sigurdsson S, Nordmark G, Goring HH et al.Polymorphisms in the tyrosine kinase 2 and interferon regulatory factor 5 genes are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76: 528-37.
97. Graham RR, Kozyrev SV, Baechler EC et al. A common haplotype of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) regulates splicing and expression and is associated with increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 550-5.
98. Dean GS, Tyrrell-Price J, Crawley E et al. Cytokines and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59: 243-51.
99. Barnes BJ, Richards J, Mancl M et al. Global and distinct targets of IRF-5 and IRF-7 during innate response to viral infection. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 45194-207.
100. Santiago-Raber ML, Baccala R, Haraldsson KM et al.Type-I interferon receptor deficiency reduces lupuslike disease in NZB mice. J Exp Med 2003; 197: 777-88.
101. Braun D, Geraldes P, Demengeot J. Type I interferon controls the onset and severity of autoimmune manifestations in lpr mice. J Autoimmun 2003; 20: 15-25.
102. Hron JD, Peng SL. Type I IFN protects against murine lupus. J Immunol 2004; 173: 2134-42.
103. Baccala R, Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN. Interferons as pathogenic effectors in autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2005; 204: 9-26.
104. Preble OT, Black RJ, Friedman RM et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: presence in human serum of an unusual acid-labile leukocyte interferon. Science 1982; 216: 429-31.
105. Hooks JJ, Jordan GW, Cupps T et al. Multiple interferons in the circulation of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25: 396-400.
106. Liu J, Karypis G, Hippen KL et al. Genomic view of systemic autoimmunity in MRLlpr mice. Genes Immun 2006; 7: 156-68.
107. Jacob CO, van der Meide PH, McDevitt HO. In vivo treatment of (NZB X NZW)F1 lupus-like nephritis with monoclonal antibody to y interferon. J Exp Med1987; 166: 798-803.
108. Ozmen L, Roman D, Fountoulakis M et al. Experimental therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: The treatment of NZB/W mice with mouse soluble interferongamma receptor inhibits the onset of glomerulonephritis. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25: 6-12.
109. Xu H, Kurihara H, Ito T et al. IL-12 enhances lym-phoaccumulation by suppressing cell death of T cells in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. J Autoimmun 2001; 16: 87-95.
110. Bossu P, Neumann D, Del Giudice E et al. IL-18 cDNA vaccination protects mice from spontaneous lupuslike autoimmune disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2003; 100: 14181-6.
111. Sarvetnick N, Shizuru J, Liggitt D et al. Loss of pancreatic islet tolerance induced by β-cell expression of interferon-γ. Nature 1990; 346: 844-7.
112. Ronnblom L, Alm GV. An etiopathogenic role for the type I IFN system in SLE. Trends Immunol 2001; 22: 427-31.
113. Ronnblom L, Eloranta ML, Alm GV. Role of natural interferon-a producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) in autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2003; 36: 463-72.
114. Hunziker L, Recher M, Macpherson AJ et al.Hypergammaglobulinemia and autoantibody induction mechanisms in viral infections. Nat Immunol2003; 4: 343-9.
115. Fujinami RS, von Herrath MG, Christen U et al.Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral persistence: infections and autoimmune disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19: 80-94.
116. McClain MT, Heinlen LD, Dennis GJ et al. Early events in lupus humoral autoimmunity suggest initiation through molecular mimicry. Nat Med 2005; 11: 85-9.
117. Arbuckle MR, McClain MT, Rubertone MV et al.Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med2003; 349: 1526-33.
118. Lau CM, Broughton C, Tabor AS et al. RNA-associated autoantigens activate B cells by combined B cell antigen receptor/Toll-like receptor 7 engagement. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 1171-7.
119. Rifkin IR, Leadbetter EA, Busconi L et al. Toll-like receptors, endogenous ligands, and systemic autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 2005; 204: 27-42.
120. Gaipl US, Voll RE, Sheriff A et al. Impaired clearance of dying cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2005; 4: 189-94.
121. Kirou KA, Vakkalanka RK, Butler MJ et al. Induction of Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis by interferon-a. Clin Immunol 2000; 95: 218-26.
122. Hueber W, Zeng D, Strober S et al. Interferon-a-inducible proteins are novel autoantigens in murine lupus. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 3239-49.
123. Lang KS, Recher M, Junt T et al. Toll-like receptor engagement converts T-cell autoreactivity into overt autoimmune disease. Nat Med 2005; 11: 138-45.
124. Båve U, Vallin H, Alm GV et al. Activation of natural interferon-α producing cells by apoptotic U937 cells combined with lupus IgG and its regulation by cytokines. J Autoimmun 2001; 17: 71-80.
125. Nordmark G, Alm GV, Ronnblom L. Mechanism of disease: primary Sjögren's syndrome and the type I interferon system. Nat Clin Pract Rheum 2006; 2: 262-9.
126. Lebon P. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1-induced interferon synthesis by monoclonal antibodies against viral glycoprotein D and by lysosomotropic drugs. J Gen Virol 1985; 66: 2781-6.
127. Shodell M, Shah K, Siegal FP. Circulating human plas-macytoid dendritic cells are highly sensitive to corticosteroid administration. Lupus 2003; 12: 222-30.
128. Bennett L, Palucka AK, Arce E et al. Interferon and granulopoiesis signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus blood. J Exp Med 2003; 197: 711-23.
129. Chuntharapai A, Lai J, Huang X et al. Characterization and humanization of a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes human leukocyte interferon: A candidate therapeutic for IDDM and SLE. Cytokine 2001; 15: 250-60.
130. McKenna SD, Vergilis K, Arulanandam AR et al.Formation of human IFN-β complex with the soluble type I interferon receptor IFNAR-2 leads to enhanced IFN stability, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity in xenografted SCID mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 24: 119-29.
131. Blomberg S, Eloranta ML, Magnusson M et al.Expression of the markers BDCA-2 and BDCA-4 and production of interferon-α by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 2524-32.
132. Davis JC Jr, Manzi S, Yarboro C et al. Recombinant human DNase I (rhDNase) in patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus 1999; 8: 68-76.
133. Alarcon-Segovia D, Tumlin JA, Furie RA et al. LJP 394 for the prevention of renal flare in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 442-54.
134. Lenert PS. Targeting Toll-like receptor signaling in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and autoreactive B cells as a therapy for lupus. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8: 203.
135. Benizri E, Gugenheim J, Lasfar A et al. Prolonged allograft survival in cynomolgus monkeys treated with a monoclonal antibody to the human type I interferon receptor and low doses of cyclosporine. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18: 273-84.
136. Genin P, Morin P, Civas A. Impairment of interferon-induced IRF-7 gene expression due to inhibition of ISGF3 formation by trichostatin A. J Virol 2003; 77: 7113-19.
137. Chang HM, Paulson M, Holko M et al. Induction of interferon-stimulated gene expression and antiviral responses require protein deacetylase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 9578-83.