The eye as a model of ageing in translational research - Molecular, epigenetic and clinical aspects

Ageing Research Reviews

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 490-508

  Pathai, Sophia ^a   Shiels, Paul G ^b   Lawn, Stephen D ^a,c   Cook, Colin ^d   Gilbert, Clare ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b WESTERN INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Epigenetics; Eye; Ophthalmology; Translational research

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; CRYSTALLIN; MICRORNA;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CATARACT; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DEATH; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; COLOR VISION; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; CORNEA ENDOTHELIUM; DEMOGRAPHY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DNA DAMAGE; DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENETICS; EYE; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; GLAUCOMA; HEALTH STATUS; HISTONE MODIFICATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERTENSION; MICROGLIA; MITOCHONDRION; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OPHTHALMOLOGY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHENOTYPE; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; RETINA CELL; RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER THICKNESS; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; TELOMERE; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; VISUAL ACUITY; VITREOUS BODY;

AGING; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OPHTHALMOLOGICAL; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; EPIGENOMICS; GENETIC THERAPY; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OCULAR PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; STEM CELL RESEARCH; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TRANSLATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH; VISION, OCULAR;

EID: 84873271721     PISSN: 15681637     EISSN: 18729649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.11.002     Document Type: Review

References (310)

1. AREDS The age-related eye disease study (AREDS) system for classifying cataracts from photographs: AREDS report no. 4. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2001, 131:167-175.
2. Abraham L., Kuriakose T., Sivanandam V., Venkatesan N., Thomas R., Muliyil J. Amplitude of Accommodation and its Relation to Refractive Errors 2005.
3. Abraham L., Kuriakose T., Sivanandam V., Venkatesan N., Thomas R., Muliyil J. Correlation Between Ocular Parameters and Amplitude of Accommodation 2010.
4. Abu-Amero K.K., Morales J., Bosley T.M. Mitochondrial abnormalities in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2006, 47:2533-2541.
5. Adamis A.P., Shima D.T., Tolentino M.J., Gragoudas E.S., Ferrara N., Folkman J., D'Amore P.A., Miller J.W. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor prevents retinal ischemia-associated iris neovascularization in a nonhuman primate. Archives of Ophthalmolology 1996, 114:66-71.
6. Ahmed M.U., Thorpe S.R., Baynes J.W. Identification of N epsilon-carboxymethyllysine as a degradation product of fructoselysine in glycated protein. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1986, 261:4889-4894.
7. Aiello L.P., Pierce E.A., Foley E.D., Takagi H., Chen H., Riddle L., Ferrara N., King G.L., Smith L.E. Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using soluble VEGF-receptor chimeric proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1995, 92:10457-10461.
8. Albon J., Karwatowski W.S., Avery N., Easty D.L., Duance V.C. Changes in the collagenous matrix of the aging human lamina cribrosa. The British Journal of Ophthalmology 1995, 79:368-375.
9. Almer Z., Klein K.S., Marsh L., Gerstenhaber M., Repka M.X. Ocular motor and sensory function in Parkinson's disease. Ophthalmology 2012, 119(1):178-182. 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.040.
10. Amann J., Holley G.P., Lee S.B., Edelhauser H.F. Increased endothelial cell density in the paracentral and peripheral regions of the human cornea. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2003, 135:584-590.
11. Andley U.P. The lens epithelium: focus on the expression and function of the alpha-crystallin chaperones. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 2008, 40:317-323.
12. Andley U.P., Song Z., Wawrousek E.F., Bassnett S. The molecular chaperone alphaA-crystallin enhances lens epithelial cell growth and resistance to UVA stress. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998, 273:31252-31261.
13. Armstrong R.A. Visual symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's Disease 2011, 2011:908306. 10.4061/2011/908306.
14. Arrigo A.P., Simon S. Expression and functions of heat shock proteins in the normal and pathological mammalian eye. Current Molecular Medicine 2010, 10:776-793.
15. Autere J., Moilanen J.S., Finnila S., Soininen H., Mannermaa A., Hartikainen P., Hallikainen M., Majamaa K. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms as risk factors for Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia. Human Genetics 2004, 115:29-35.
16. Babizhayev M.A., Vishnyakova K.S., Yegorov Y.E. Telomere-dependent senescent phenotype of lens epithelial cells as a biological marker of aging and cataractogenesis: the role of oxidative stress intensity and specific mechanism of phospholipid hydroperoxide toxicity in lens and aqueous. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 2011, 25:139-162.
17. Babizhayev M.A., Yegorov Y.E. Telomere attrition in lens epithelial cells - a target for N-acetylcarnosine therapy. Frontiers in Bioscience: A Journal and Virtual Library 2010, 15:934-956.
18. Bailey I.L., Bullimore M.A., Raasch T.W., Taylor H.R. Clinical grading and the effects of scaling. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1991, 32:422-432.
19. Bainbridge J.W.B., Smith A.J., Barker S.S., Robbie S., Henderson R., Balaggan K., Viswanathan A., Holder G.E., Stockman A., Tyler N., Petersen-Jones S., Bhattacharya S.S., Thrasher A.J., Fitzke F.W., Carter B.J., Rubin G.S., Moore A.T., Ali R.R. Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber's congenital amaurosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2008, 358:2231-2239.
20. Baker G.T., Sprott R.L. Biomarkers of aging. Experimental Gerontology 1988, 23:223-239.
21. Barreau E., Brossas J.Y., Courtois Y., Treton J.A. Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions in human retina during aging. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1996, 37:384-391.
22. Basta G., Schmidt A.M., De Caterina R. Advanced glycation end products and vascular inflammation: implications for accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes. Cardiovascular Research 2004, 63:582-592.
23. Beal M.F. Mitochondria take center stage in aging and neurodegeneration. Annals of Neurology 2005, 58:495-505.
24. Beebe D.C., Holekamp N.M., Siegfried C., Shui Y.B. Vitreoretinal influences on lens function and cataract. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 2011, 366:1293-1300.
25. Berdyshev G.D., Korotaev G.K., Boiarskikh G.V., Vaniushin B.F. [Nucleotide composition of DNA and RNA from somatic tissues of humpback and its changes during spawning]. Biokhimiia 1967, 32:988-993.
26. Bergman H., Ferrucci L., Guralnik J., Hogan D.B., Hummel S., Karunananthan S., Wolfson C. Frailty: an emerging research and clinical paradigm - issues and controversies. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2007, 62:731-737.
27. Berisha F., Feke G.T., Trempe C.L., McMeel J.W., Schepens C.L. Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2007, 48:2285-2289.
28. Bernardes R., Serranho P., Lobo C. Digital ocular fundus imaging: a review. Ophthalmologica 2011, 226:161-181.
29. Bierhaus A., Schiekofer S., Schwaninger M., Andrassy M., Humpert P.M., Chen J., Hong M., Luther T., Henle T., Kloting I., Morcos M., Hofmann M., Tritschler H., Weigle B., Kasper M., Smith M., Perry G., Schmidt A.M., Stern D.M., Haring H.U., Schleicher E., Nawroth P.P. Diabetes-associated sustained activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Diabetes 2001, 50:2792-2808.
30. Blatter C., Klein T., Grajciar B., Schmoll T., Wieser W., Andre R., Huber R., Leitgeb R.A. Ultrahigh-speed non-invasive widefield angiography. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2012, 17:070505.
31. Boekhoorn S.S., Vingerling J.R., Witteman J.C., Hofman A., de Jong P.T. C-reactive protein level and risk of aging macula disorder: The Rotterdam Study. Archives of Ophthalmolology 2007, 125:1396-1401.
32. Booij J.C., Baas D.C., Beisekeeva J., Gorgels T.G., Bergen A.A. The dynamic nature of Bruch's membrane. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2010, 29:1-18.
33. Bourne W.M., McLaren J.W. Clinical responses of the corneal endothelium. Experimental Eye Research 2004, 78:561-572.
34. Bourne W.M., Nelson L.R., Hodge D.O. Central corneal endothelial cell changes over a ten-year period. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1997, 38:779-782.
35. Brennan L.A., Kantorow M. Mitochondrial function and redox control in the aging eye: role of MsrA and other repair systems in cataract and macular degenerations. Experimental Eye Research 2009, 88:195-203.
36. Brennan L.A., Lee W., Kantorow M. TXNL6 is a novel oxidative stress-induced reducing system for methionine sulfoxide reductase a repair of alpha-crystallin and cytochrome C in the eye lens. PLoS One 2010, 5:e15421.
37. Brennan L.A., McGreal R.S., Kantorow M. Oxidative stress defense and repair systems of the ocular lens. Frontiers in Bioscience: A Journal and Virtual Library 2012, 4:141-155.
38. Brody B.L., Gamst A.C., Williams R.A., Smith A.R., Lau P.W., Dolnak D., Rapaport M.H., Kaplan R.M., Brown S.I. Depression, visual acuity, comorbidity, and disability associated with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2001, 108:1893-1900. discussion 1900-1891.
39. Brown D.M., Kaiser P.K., Michels M., Soubrane G., Heier J.S., Kim R.Y., Sy J.P., Schneider S. Ranibizumab versus Verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. New England Journal of Medicine 2006, 355:1432-1444.
40. Calvanese V., Lara E., Kahn A., Fraga M.F. The role of epigenetics in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Research Reviews 2009, 8:268-276.
41. Calvin H.I., Medvedovsky C., David J.C., Broglio T.M., Hess J.L., Fu S.C., Worgul B.V. Rapid deterioration of lens fibers in GSH-depleted mouse pups. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1991, 32:1916-1924.
42. Campbell J.P., Leder H.A., Sepah Y.J., Gan T., Dunn J.P., Hatef E., Cho B., Ibrahim M., Bittencourt M., Channa R., Dunn V.D., Nguyen Q.D. Wide-field retinal imaging in the management of noninfectious posterior uveitis. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2012, 154(5). 908-911.e2. 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.05.019.
43. Candiello J., Balasubramani M., Schreiber E.M., Cole G.J., Mayer U., Halfter W., Lin H. Biomechanical properties of native basement membranes. The FEBS Journal 2007, 274:2897-2908.
44. Candiello J., Cole G.J., Halfter W. Age-dependent changes in the structure, composition and biophysical properties of a human basement membrane. Matrix Biology: Journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology 2010, 29:402-410.
45. Canter J.A., Haas D.W., Kallianpur A.R., Ritchie M.D., Robbins G.K., Shafer R.W., Clifford D.B., Murdock D.G., Hulgan T. The mitochondrial pharmacogenomics of haplogroup T: MTND2*LHON4917G and antiretroviral therapy-associated peripheral neuropathy. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 2008, 8:71-77.
46. Caramoy A., Fauser S., Kirchhof B. Fundus autofluorescence and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings suggesting tissue remodelling in retinal pigment epithelium tear. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2012, 96:1211-1216.
47. Carrero J.J., Stenvinkel P., Fellström B., Qureshi A.R., Lamb K., Heimbürger O., Bárány P., Radhakrishnan K., Lindholm B., Soveri I., Nordfors L., Shiels P.G. Telomere attrition is associated with inflammation, low fetuin-A levels and high mortality in prevalent haemodialysis patients. Journal of Internal Medicine 2008, 263:302-312.
48. Chakravarthy U., Wong T.Y., Fletcher A., Piault E., Evans C., Zlateva G., Buggage R., Pleil A., Mitchell P. Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmology 2010, 10:31.
49. Chen M., Muckersie E., Forrester J.V., Xu H. Immune activation in retinal aging: a gene expression study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2010, 51:5888-5896.
50. Chen P.-L., Cheng Y.-W., Chiang C.-C., Tseng S.H., Chau P.S., Tsai Y.-Y. Hypermethylation of the p16 gene promoter in pterygia and its association with the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3b. Molecular Vision 2006, 12:1411-1416.
51. Cherecheanu A.P., Garhofer G., Schmidl D., Werkmeister R., Schmetterer L. Ocular perfusion pressure and ocular blood flow in glaucoma. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2012, 13(1):36-42.
52. Chi Q.M., Tomita G., Inazumi K., Hayakawa T., Ido T., Kitazawa Y. Evaluation of the effect of aging on the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness using scanning laser polarimetry. Journal of Glaucoma 1995, 4:406-413.
53. Chylack L.T., Wolfe J.K., Singer D.M., Leske M.C., Bullimore M.A., Bailey I.L., Friend J., McCarthy D., Wu S.Y. The lens opacities classification system III. The longitudinal study of Cataract Study Group. Archives of Ophthalmolology 1993, 111:831-836.
54. Curcio C.A., Drucker D.N. Retinal ganglion cells in Alzheimer's disease and aging. Annals of Neurology 1993, 33:248-257.
55. Cvekl A., Mitton K.P. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in vertebrate eye development and disease. Heredity (Edinb) 2010, 105:135-151.
56. Damani M.R., Zhao L., Fontainhas A.M., Amaral J., Fariss R.N., Wong W.T. Age-related alterations in the dynamic behavior of microglia. Aging Cell 2011, 10:263-276.
57. de Jong F.J., Schrijvers E.M., Ikram M.K., Koudstaal P.J., de Jong P.T., Hofman A., Vingerling J.R., Breteler M.M. Retinal vascular caliber and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Neurology 2011, 76:816-821.
58. Deeks S.G. Immune dysfunction, inflammation, and accelerated aging in patients on antiretroviral therapy. Topics in HIV Medicine: A Publication of the International AIDS Society, USA 2009, 17:118-123.
59. Deeks S.G., Phillips A.N. HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related morbidity. British Medical Journal 2009, 338:a3172.
60. Deng C.X. SIRT1, is it a tumor promoter or tumor suppressor?. International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009, 5:147-152.
61. Despriet D.D., Klaver C.C., Witteman J.C., Bergen A.A., Kardys I., de Maat M.P., Boekhoorn S.S., Vingerling J.R., Hofman A., Oostra B.A., Uitterlinden A.G., Stijnen T., van Duijn C.M., de Jong P.T. Complement factor H polymorphism, complement activators, and risk of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 2006, 296:301-309.
62. Dherani M., Murthy G.V., Gupta S.K., Young I.S., Maraini G., Camparini M., Price G.M., John N., Chakravarthy U., Fletcher A.E. Blood levels of vitamin C, carotenoids and retinol are inversely associated with cataract in a North Indian population. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2008, 49:3328-3335.
63. Diebold Y., Calonge M. Applications of nanoparticles in ophthalmology. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2010, 29:596-609.
64. Donmez G., Guarente L. Aging and disease: connections to sirtuins. Aging Cell 2010, 9:285-290.
65. Doran P., Gannon J., O'Connell K., Ohlendieck K. Aging skeletal muscle shows a drastic increase in the small heat shock proteins alphaB-crystallin/HspB5 and cvHsp/HspB7. European Journal of Cell Biology 2007, 86:629-640.
66. Ecroyd H., Carver J.A. The effect of small molecules in modulating the chaperone activity of alphaB-crystallin against ordered and disordered protein aggregation. The FEBS Journal 2008, 275:935-947.
67. Edwards A.O., Ritter R., Abel K.J., Manning A., Panhuysen C., Farrer L.A. Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science (New York, N. Y.) 2005, 308:421-424.
68. Egan C.A., Savre-Train I., Shay J.W., Wilson S.E., Bourne W.M. Analysis of telomere lengths in human corneal endothelial cells from donors of different ages. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1998, 39:648-653.
69. Ehrlich R., Kheradiya N.S., Winston D.M., Moore D.B., Wirostko B., Harris A. Age-related ocular vascular changes. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2009, 247:583-591.
70. Elliott D.B., Whitaker D. How useful are contrast sensitivity charts in optometric practice? Case reports. Optometry and Vision Science: Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry 1992, 69:378-385.
71. Esteller M. Epigenetics in cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine 2008, 358:1148-1159.
72. Faria E.A.T.E., Garcia C.R., Mello P.A., Muccioli C. Structural and functional assessment in HIV-infected patients using optical coherence tomography and frequency-doubling technology perimetry. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2010, 149:571-576. e572.
73. Farrer L.A., Cupples L.A., Haines J.L., Hyman B., Kukull W.A., Mayeux R., Myers R.H., Pericak-Vance M.A., Risch N., van Duijn C.M. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 1997, 278:1349-1356.
74. Feher J., Kovacs I., Artico M., Cavallotti C., Papale A., Balacco Gabrieli C. Mitochondrial alterations of retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration. Neurobiology of Aging 2006, 27:983-993.
75. Feil R., Fraga M.F. Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications. Nature Reviews. Genetics 2011, 13:97-109.
76. Ferris F.L., Bailey I. Standardizing the measurement of visual acuity for clinical research studies: Guidelines from the Eye Care Technology Forum. Ophthalmology 1996, 103:181-182.
77. Fraga M.F., Ballestar E., Paz M.F., Ropero S., Setien F., Ballestar M.L., Heine-Suner D., Cigudosa J.C., Urioste M., Benitez J., Boix-Chornet M., Sanchez-Aguilera A., Ling C., Carlsson E., Poulsen P., Vaag A., Stephan Z., Spector T.D., Wu Y.Z., Plass C., Esteller M. Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102:10604-10609.
78. Fraga M.F., Esteller M. Epigenetics and aging: the targets and the marks. Trends in Genetics: TIG 2007, 23:413-418.
79. Franco O.H., Karnik K., Osborne G., Ordovas J.M., Catt M., van der Ouderaa F. Changing course in ageing research: The Healthy Ageing Phenotype. Maturitas 2009, 63:13-19.
80. Franco O.H., Kirkwood T.B., Powell J.R., Catt M., Goodwin J., Ordovas J.M., van der Ouderaa F. Ten commandments for the future of ageing research in the UK: a vision for action. BMC Geriatrics 2007, 7:10.
81. Franke S., Dawczynski J., Strobel J., Niwa T., Stahl P., Stein G. Increased levels of advanced glycation end products in human cataractous lenses. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2003, 29:998-1004.
82. Fried L.P., Tangen C.M., Walston J., Newman A.B., Hirsch C., Gottdiener J., Seeman T., Tracy R., Kop W.J., Burke G., McBurnie M.A. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001, 56:M146-M156.
83. Frye R.A. Phylogenetic classification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic Sir2-like proteins. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2000, 273:793-798.
84. Fulop T., Larbi A., Witkowski J., McElhaney J., Loeb M., Mitnitski A., Pawelec G. Aging, frailty and age-related diseases. Biogerontology 2010, 11:547-563.
85. Garcia-Martin E., Satue M., Fuertes I., Otin S., Alarcia R., Herrero R., Bambo M.P., Fernandez J., Pablo L.E. Ability and reproducibility of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography to detect retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy in Parkinson's Disease. Ophthalmology 2012, 119(10):2161-2167.
86. Garlick R.L., Mazer J.S., Chylack L.T., Tung W.H., Bunn H.F. Nonenzymatic glycation of human lens crystallin. Effect of aging and diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1984, 74:1742-1749.
87. Georgi S.A., Reh T.A. Dicer is required for the transition from early to late progenitor state in the developing mouse retina. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30:4048-4061.
88. Glasser A., Campbell M.C. Biometric, optical and physical changes in the isolated human crystalline lens with age in relation to presbyopia. Vision Research 1999, 39:1991-2015.
89. Glenn J.V., Mahaffy H., Wu K., Smith G., Nagai R., Simpson D.A.C., Boulton M.E., Stitt A.W. Advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation on Bruch's membrane: links to age-related RPE dysfunction. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2008, 50:441-451.
90. Glenn J.V., Stitt A.W. The role of advanced glycation end products in retinal ageing and disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2009, 1790:1109-1116.
91. Graw J. Genetics of crystallins: cataract and beyond. Experimental Eye Research 2009, 88:173-189.
92. Graw J., Welzl G., Ahmad N., Klopp N., Heier M., Wulff A., Heinrich J., Döring A., Karrasch S., Nowak D., Schulz H., Rathmann W., Illig T., Peters A., Holle R., Meisinger C., Wichmann H.E. The KORA Eye Study: a population-based study on eye diseases in Southern Germany (KORA F4). Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 2011, 52:7778-7786.
93. Greiss S., Hall J., Ahmed S., Gartner A. C. elegans SIR-2.1 translocation is linked to a proapoptotic pathway parallel to cep-1/p53 during DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Genes & Development 2008, 22:2831-2842.
94. Grewal D.S., Brar G.S., Grewal S.P. Correlation of nuclear cataract lens density using Scheimpflug images with Lens Opacities Classification System III and visual function. Ophthalmology 2009, 116:1436-1443.
95. Gupta N., Greenberg G., de Tilly L.N., Gray B., Polemidiotis M., Yücel Y.H. Atrophy of the lateral geniculate nucleus in human glaucoma detected by magnetic resonance imaging. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2009, 93:56-60.
96. Haines J.L., Hauser M.A., Schmidt S., Scott W.K., Olson L.M., Gallins P., Spencer K.L., Kwan S.Y., Noureddine M., Gilbert J.R., Schnetz-Boutaud N., Agarwal A., Postel E.A., Pericak-Vance M.A. Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2005, 308:419-421.
97. Hajee M.E., March W.F., Lazzaro D.R., Wolintz A.H., Shrier E.M., Glazman S., Bodis-Wollner I.G. Inner retinal layer thinning in Parkinson disease. Archives of Ophthalmolology 2009, 127:737-741.
98. Hammes H.P., Hoerauf H., Alt A., Schleicher E., Clausen J.T., Bretzel R.G., Laqua H. N(epsilon)(carboxymethyl)lysin and the AGE receptor RAGE colocalize in age-related macular degeneration. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1999, 40:1855-1859.
99. Hammond C.J., Duncan D.D., Snieder H., de Lange M., West S.K., Spector T.D., Gilbert C.E. The heritability of age-related cortical cataract: the twin eye study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2001, 42:601-605.
100. Hammond C.J., Snieder H., Spector T.D., Gilbert C.E. Genetic and environmental factors in age-related nuclear cataracts in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000, 342:1786-1790.
101. Hammond C.J., Webster A.R., Snieder H., Bird A.C., Gilbert C.E., Spector T.D. Genetic influence on early age-related maculopathy: a twin study. Ophthalmology 2002, 109:730-736.
102. Harman D. The biologic clock: the mitochondria. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1972, 20:145-147.
103. Harman D. Origin and evolution of the free radical theory of aging: a brief personal history, 1954-2009. Biogerontology 2009, 10:773-781.
104. Hashemi H., Khabazkhoob M., Jafarzadehpur E., Emamian M.H., Shariati M., Fotouhi A. Contrast sensitivity evaluation in a population-based study in shahroud, Iran. Ophthalmology 2012, 119:541-546.
105. Hashemian M.N., Moghimi S., Fard M.A., Fallah M.R., Mansouri M.R. Corneal endothelial cell density and morphology in normal Iranian eyes. BMC Ophthalmology 2006, 6:9.
106. Hee M.R., Izatt J.A., Swanson E.A., Huang D., Schuman J.S., Lin C.P., Puliafito C.A., Fujimoto J.G. Optical coherence tomography of the human retina. Archives of Ophthalmolology 1995, 113:325-332.
107. Heiba I.M., Elston R.C., Klein B.E., Klein R. Evidence for a major gene for cortical cataract. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1995, 36:227-235.
108. Hennis A., Wu S.Y., Li X., Nemesure B., Leske M.C. Lens opacities and mortality: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology 2001, 108:498-504. Barbados Eye Study Group.
109. Henrich P.B., Monnier C.A., Halfter W., Haritoglou C., Strauss R.W., Lim R.Y., Loparic M. Nanoscale topographic and biomechanical studies of the human inner limiting membrane. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2012, 53(6):2561-2570.
110. Hipkiss A.R. Accumulation of altered proteins and ageing: causes and effects. Experimental Gerontology 2006, 41:464-473.
111. Hodge W.G., Whitcher J.P., Satariano W. Risk factors for age-related cataracts. Epidemiologic Reviews 1995, 17:336-346.
112. Hofman A., Breteler M.M.B., Duijn C.M., Janssen H.L.A., Krestin G.P., Kuipers E.J., Stricker B.H.C., Tiemeier H., Uitterlinden A.G., Vingerling J.R., Witteman J.C.M. The Rotterdam Study: 2010 objectives and design update. European Journal of Epidemiology 2009, 24:553-572.
113. Horwitz J. The function of alpha-crystallin in vision. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 2000, 11:53-60.
114. Howes K.A., Liu Y., Dunaief J.L., Milam A., Frederick J.M., Marks A., Baehr W. Receptor for advanced glycation end products and age-related macular degeneration. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2004, 45:3713-3720.
115. Huang C.Q., Dong B.R., Lu Z.C., Yue J.R., Liu Q.X. Chronic diseases and risk for depression in old age: a meta-analysis of published literature. Ageing Research Reviews 2010, 9:131-141.
116. Huang K.M., Dentchev T., Stambolian D. MiRNA expression in the eye. Mammalian Genome: Official Journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 2008, 19:510-516.
117. Hunter A., Spechler P.A., Cwanger A., Song Y., Zhang Z., Ying G.-s., Hunter A.K., deZoeten E., Dunaief J.L. DNA methylation is associated with altered gene expression in AMD. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2012, 53:2089-2105.
118. Ikram M.K., de Jong F.J., Vingerling J.R., Witteman J.C., Hofman A., Breteler M.M., de Jong P.T. Are retinal arteriolar or venular diameters associated with markers for cardiovascular disorders? The Rotterdam Study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2004, 45:2129-2134.
119. Ikram M.K., Witteman J.C., Vingerling J.R., Breteler M.M., Hofman A., de Jong P.T. Retinal vessel diameters and risk of hypertension: the Rotterdam Study. Hypertension 2006, 47:189-194.
120. Isas J.M., Luibl V., Johnson L.V., Kayed R., Wetzel R., Glabe C.G., Langen R., Chen J. Soluble and mature amyloid fibrils in drusen deposits. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2010, 51:1304-1310.
121. Jacques P.F., Chylack L.T., Hankinson S.E., Khu P.M., Rogers G., Friend J., Tung W., Wolfe J.K., Padhye N., Willett W.C., Taylor A. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Archives of Ophthalmolology 2001, 119:1009-1019.
122. Jaliffa C., Ameqrane I., Dansault A., Leemput J., Vieira V., Lacassagne E., Provost A., Bigot K., Masson C., Menasche M., Abitbol M. Sirt1 involvement in rd10 mouse retinal degeneration. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2009, 50:3562-3572.
123. Jarrett S.G., Lewin A.S., Boulton M.E. The importance of mitochondria in age-related and inherited eye disorders. Ophthalmic Research 2010, 44:179-190.
124. Jarrett S.G., Lin H., Godley B.F., Boulton M.E. Mitochondrial DNA damage and its potential role in retinal degeneration. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2008, 27:596-607.
125. Joyce N.C., Zhu C.C., Harris D.L. Relationship among oxidative stress, DNA damage, and proliferative capacity in human corneal endothelium. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2009, 50:2116-2122.
126. Jun A.S., Chakravarti S., Edelhauser H.F., Kimos M. Aging changes of mouse corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane. Experimental Eye Research 2006, 83:890-896.
127. Jun G., Naj A.C., Beecham G.W., Wang L.S., Buros J., Gallins P.J., Buxbaum J.D., Ertekin-Taner N., Fallin M.D., Friedland R., Inzelberg R., Kramer P., Rogaeva E., St George-Hyslop P., Cantwell L.B., Dombroski B.A., Saykin A.J., Reiman E.M., Bennett D.A., Morris J.C., Lunetta K.L., Martin E.R., Montine T.J., Goate A.M., Blacker D., Tsuang D.W., Beekly D., Cupples L.A., Hakonarson H., Kukull W., Foroud T.M., Haines J., Mayeux R., Farrer L.A., Pericak-Vance M.A., Schellenberg G.D. Meta-analysis confirms CR1, CLU, and PICALM as alzheimer disease risk loci and reveals interactions with APOE genotypes. Archives of Neurology 2010, 67:1473-1484.
128. Kaarniranta K., Salminen A., Haapasalo A., Soininen H., Hiltunen M. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Alzheimer's disease in the eye. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease: JAD 2011, 24:615-631.
129. Kaeberlein M., McVey M., Guarente L. The SIR2/3/4 complex and SIR2 alone promote longevity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two different mechanisms. Genes & Development 1999, 13:2570-2580.
130. Kahn A., Fraga M.F. Epigenetics and aging: status, challenges, and needs for the future. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2009, 64:195-198.
131. Kaminsky Z.A., Tang T., Wang S.C., Ptak C., Oh G.H., Wong A.H., Feldcamp L.A., Virtanen C., Halfvarson J., Tysk C., McRae A.F., Visscher P.M., Montgomery G.W., Gottesman I.I., Martin N.G., Petronis A. DNA methylation profiles in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Nature Genetics 2009, 41:240-245.
132. Kanamori A., Escano M.F., Eno A., Nakamura M., Maeda H., Seya R., Ishibashi K., Negi A. Evaluation of the effect of aging on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmologica 2003, 217:273-278.
133. Kanthan G.L., Mitchell P., Burlutsky G., Wang J.J. Alcohol consumption and the long-term incidence of cataract and cataract surgery: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2010, 150:434-440. e431.
134. Kanthan G.L., Mitchell P., Burlutsky G., Wang J.J. Fasting blood glucose levels and the long-term incidence and progression of cataract - the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmologica 2011, 89:e434-e438.
135. Kesler A., Vakhapova V., Korczyn A.D., Naftaliev E., Neudorfer M. Retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2011, 113:523-526.
136. Khandhadia S., Cipriani V., Yates J.R., Lotery A.J. Age-related macular degeneration and the complement system. Immunobiology 2012, 217:127-146.
137. Kim J., Kim O.S., Kim C.S., Sohn E., Jo K., Kim J.S. Accumulation of argpyrimidine, a methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end product, increases apoptosis of lens epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Experimental & Molecular Medicine 2012, 44:167-175.
138. Kirkland J.L., Peterson C. Healthspan, translation, and new outcomes for animal studies of aging. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2009, 64:209-212.
139. Kirkwood B.J., Hendicott P.L., Read S.A., Pesudovs K. Repeatability and validity of lens densitometry measured with Scheimpflug imaging. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2009, 35:1210-1215.
140. Klein B.E., Klein R., Knudtson M.D., Lee K.E. Relationship of measures of frailty to visual function: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 2003, 101:191-196. discussion 196-199.
141. Klein R., Chou C.F., Klein B.E., Zhang X., Meuer S.M., Saaddine J.B. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the US population. Archives of Ophthalmolology 2011, 129:75-80.
142. Klein R.J., Zeiss C., Chew E.Y., Tsai J.Y., Sackler R.S., Haynes C., Henning A.K., SanGiovanni J.P., Mane S.M., Mayne S.T., Bracken M.B., Ferris F.L., Ott J., Barnstable C., Hoh J. Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science (New York N.Y.) 2005, 308:385-389.
143. Knudtson M.D., Klein B.E., Klein R. Biomarkers of aging and falling: the Beaver Dam eye study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2009, 49(1):22-26. 10.1016/j.archger.2008.04.006.
144. Kocaoglu O.P., Lee S., Jonnal R.S., Wang Q., Herde A.E., Derby J.C., Gao W., Miller D.T. Imaging cone photoreceptors in three dimensions and in time using ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography with adaptive optics. Biomedical Optics Express 2011, 2:748-763.
145. Konomi K., Joyce N.C. Age and topographical comparison of telomere lengths in human corneal endothelial cells. Molecular Vision 2007, 13:1251-1258.
146. Kovacs B., Lumayag S., Cowan C., Xu S. MicroRNAs in early diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2011, 52:4402-4409.
147. Kozak I., Bartsch D.U., Cheng L., Kosobucki B.R., Freeman W.R. Objective analysis of retinal damage in HIV-positive patients in the HAART era using OCT. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2005, 139:295-301.
148. Kuh D. A life course approach to healthy aging, frailty, and capability. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2007, 62:717-721.
149. Kulmala J., Sipila S., Tiainen K., Parssinen O., Koskenvuo M., Kaprio J., Rantanen T. Vision in relation to lower extremity deficit in older women; cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
150. Kumar L.V., Ramakrishna T., Rao C.M. Structural and functional consequences of the mutation of a conserved arginine residue in alphaA and alphaB crystallins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1999, 274:24137-24141.
151. Laing R.A., Sanstrom M.M., Berrospi A.R., Leibowitz H.M. Changes in the corneal endothelium as a function of age. Experimental Eye Research 1976, 22:587-594.
152. Lanceta J., Prough R.A., Liang R., Wang E. MicroRNA group disorganization in aging. Experimental Gerontology 2010, 45(4):269-278.
153. Larsen M., Kjer B., Bendtson I., Dalgaard P., Lund-Andersen H. Lens fluorescence in relation to metabolic control of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Archives of Ophthalmolology 1989, 107:59-62.
154. Leat S.J., Legge G.E., Bullimore M.A. What is low vision? A re-evaluation of definitions. Optometry and Vision Science: Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry 1999, 76:198-211.
155. Lee H., Arnouk H., Sripathi S., Chen P., Zhang R., Bartoli M., Hunt R.C., Hrushesky W.J., Chung H., Lee S.H., Jahng W.J. Prohibitin as an oxidative stress biomarker in the eye. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2010, 47:685-690.
156. Lee S., Van Bergen N.J., Kong G.Y., Chrysostomou V., Waugh H.S., O'Neill E.C., Crowston J.G., Trounce I.A. Mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma and emerging bioenergetic therapies. Experimental Eye Research 2011, 93:204-212.
157. Leske M.C. Ocular perfusion pressure and glaucoma: clinical trial and epidemiologic findings. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2009, 20:73-78.
158. Leske M.C., Heijl A., Hyman L., Bengtsson B., Dong L., Yang Z., Group E. Predictors of long-term progression in the early manifest glaucoma trial. Ophthalmology 2007, 114:1965-1972.
159. Leung H. Relationships between age, blood pressure, and retinal vessel diameters in an older population. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2003, 44:2900-2904.
160. Li Y., Piatigorsky J. Targeted deletion of Dicer disrupts lens morphogenesis, corneal epithelium stratification, and whole eye development. Developmental Dynamics 2009, 238:2388-2400.
161. Li G., Luna C., Qiu J., Epstein D.L., Gonzalez P. Role of miR-204 in the regulation of apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and inflammation in human trabecular meshwork cells. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2011, 52:2999-3007.
162. Lim L.S., Mitchell P., Seddon J.M., Holz F.G., Wong T.Y. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet 2012, 379:1728-1738.
163. Lindfield R., Griffiths U., Bozzani F., Mumba M., Munsanje J. A rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in Southern Zambia. PLoS One 2012, 7:e38483.
164. Lindquist S., Craig E.A. The heat-shock proteins. Annual Review of Genetics 1988, 22:631-677.
165. Lloyd-Sherlock P., McKee M., Ebrahim S., Gorman M., Greengross S., Prince M., Pruchno R., Gutman G., Kirkwood T., O'Neill D., Ferrucci L., Kritchevsky S.B., Vellas B. Population ageing and health. Lancet 2012, 379(9823):1295-1296.
166. Lohse N., Hansen A.B., Pedersen G., Kronborg G., Gerstoft J., Sorensen H.T., Vaeth M., Obel N. Survival of persons with and without HIV infection in Denmark, 1995-2005. Annals of Internal Medicine 2007, 146:87-95.
167. Lohwasser C., Neureiter D., Weigle B., Kirchner T., Schuppan D. The receptor for advanced glycation end products is highly expressed in the skin and upregulated by advanced glycation end products and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006, 126:291-299.
168. Lott L.A., Schneck M.E., Haegerström-Portnoy G., Brabyn J.A. Non-standard vision measures predict mortality in elders: the Smith-Kettlewell Institute (SKI) study. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2010, 17:242-250.
169. Lou M.F. Redox regulation in the lens. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2003, 22:657-682.
170. Lu Y., Li Z., Zhang X., Ming B., Jia J., Wang R., Ma D. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease: evidence in optical coherence tomography. Neuroscience Letters 2010, 480:69-72.
171. Maguire A.M., Simonelli F., Pierce E.A., Pugh E.N., Mingozzi F., Bennicelli J., Banfi S., Marshall K.A., Testa F., Surace E.M., Rossi S., Lyubarsky A., Arruda V.R., Konkle B., Stone E., Sun J., Jacobs J., Dell'Osso L., Hertle R., Ma J.X., Redmond T.M., Zhu X., Hauck B., Zelenaia O., Shindler K.S., Maguire M.G., Wright J.F., Volpe N.J., McDonnell J.W., Auricchio A., High K.A., Bennett J. Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber's congenital amaurosis. The New England Journal of Medicine 2008, 358:2240-2248.
172. Mäntyjärvi M. Normal test scores in the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test. Documenta Ophthalmologica 2001, 102:73-80.
173. Mao J.J., Katayama S., Watanabe C., Harada Y., Noda K., Yamamura Y., Nakamura S. The relationship between alphaB-crystallin and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 2001, 27:180-188.
174. Mao Y.W., Liu J.P., Xiang H., Li D.W. Human alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins bind to Bax and Bcl-X(S) to sequester their translocation during staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation 2004, 11:512-526.
175. Marron J.A., Bailey I.L. Visual factors and orientation-mobility performance. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 1982, 59:413-426.
176. Martin-Ruiz C., Jagger C., Kingston A., Collerton J., Catt M., Davies K., Dunn M., Hilkens C., Keavney B., Pearce S.H.S., den Elzen W.P.J., Talbot D., Wiley L., Bond J., Mathers J.C., Eccles M.P., Robinson L., James O., Kirkwood T.B.L., von Zglinicki T. Assessment of a large panel of candidate biomarkers of ageing in the Newcastle 85+ study. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2011, 132:496-502.
177. Mathew R.S., Delbaere K., Lord S.R., Beaumont P., Vaegan, Madigan M.C. Depressive symptoms and quality of life in people with age- related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics: the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 2011, 31:375-380.
178. McCord J.M., Fridovich I. The utility of superoxide dismutase in studying free radical reactions. I. Radicals generated by the interaction of sulfite, dimethyl sulfoxide, and oxygen. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1969, 244:6056-6063.
179. McGeechan K., Liew G., Macaskill P., Irwig L., Klein R., Klein B.E., Wang J.J., Mitchell P., Vingerling J.R., Dejong P.T., Witteman J.C., Breteler M.M., Shaw J., Zimmet P., Wong T.Y. Meta-analysis: retinal vessel caliber and risk for coronary heart disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 2009, 151:404-413.
180. McGinty S.J., Truscott R.J. Presbyopia: the first stage of nuclear cataract?. Ophthalmic Research 2006, 38:137-148.
181. McGuinness D., McGlynn L.M., Johnson P.C., MacIntyre A., Batty D.G., Burns H., Cavanagh J., Deans K.A., Ford I., McConnachie A., McGinty A., McLean J.S., Millar K., Packard C.J., Sattar N.A., Tannahill C., Velupillai Y.N., Shiels P.G. Socio-economic status is associated with epigenetic differences in the pSoBid cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology 2012.
182. McGuinness D., McGuinness D.H., McCaul J.A., Shiels P.G. Sirtuins, bioageing, and cancer. Journal of Aging Research 2011, 2011. Article ID 235754, 11 pages. 10.4061/2011/235754.
183. Michael R., Bron A.J. The ageing lens and cataract: a model of normal and pathological ageing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 2011, 366:1278-1292.
184. Michels K.B. The promises and challenges of epigenetic epidemiology. Experimental Gerontology 2010, 45(4):297-301.
185. Michishita E., Park J.Y., Burneskis J.M., Barrett J.C., Horikawa I. Evolutionarily conserved and nonconserved cellular localizations and functions of human SIRT proteins. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2005, 16:4623-4635.
186. Mimoun L., Massin P., Steg G. Retinal microvascularisation abnormalities and cardiovascular risk. Archives Cardiovascular Disease 2009, 102:449-456.
187. Miranda M.N. The geographic factor in the onset of presbyopia. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 1979, 77:603-621.
188. Monteiro M.L., Fernandes D.B., Apostolos-Pereira S.L., Callegaro D. Quantification of retinal neural loss in patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis with or without optic neuritis using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2012, 53:3959-3966.
189. Moskovitz J., Bar-Noy S., Williams W.M., Requena J., Berlett B.S., Stadtman E.R. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA) is a regulator of antioxidant defense and lifespan in mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001, 98:12920-12925.
190. Muller I., Zimmermann M., Becker D., Flomer M. Calendar life span versus budding life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 1980, 12:47-52.
191. Nag T.C., Wadhwa S. Ultrastructure of the human retina in aging and various pathological states. Micron (Oxford, England: 1993) 2012, 43:759-781.
192. Nagaraj R.H., Linetsky M., Stitt A.W. The pathogenic role of Maillard reaction in the aging eye. Amino Acids 2012, 42(4):1205-1220.
193. Ngai L.Y., Stocks N., Sparrow J.M., Patel R., Rumley A., Lowe G., Smith G.D., Ben-Shlomo Y. The prevalence and analysis of risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: 18-year follow-up data from the Speedwell eye study, United Kingdom. Eye (London, England) 2011, 25:784-793.
194. Nguyen-Tri D., Overbury O., Faubert J. The role of lenticular senescence in age-related color vision changes. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2003, 44:3698-3704.
195. Nickells R.W., Merbs S.L. The potential role of epigenetics in ocular diseases. Archives of Ophthalmolology 2012, 130:508-509.
196. Nijtmans L.G., de Jong L., Artal Sanz M., Coates P.J., Berden J.A., Back J.W., Muijsers A.O., van der Spek H., Grivell L.A. Prohibitins act as a membrane-bound chaperone for the stabilization of mitochondrial proteins. The EMBO Journal 2000, 19:2444-2451.
197. Nomura H., Ando F., Niino N., Shimokata H., Miyake Y. Age-related change in contrast sensitivity among Japanese adults. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 2003, 47:299-303.
198. Nucci C., Martucci A., Cesareo M., Mancino R., Russo R., Bagetta G., Cerulli L., Garaci F.G. Brain involvement in glaucoma: advanced neuroimaging for understanding and monitoring a new target for therapy. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2013, 13(1):128-133.
199. Oakes C.C., Smiraglia D.J., Plass C., Trasler J.M., Robaire B. Aging results in hypermethylation of ribosomal DNA in sperm and liver of male rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003, 100:1775-1780.
200. Ohno-Matsui K. Parallel findings in age-related macular degeneration and Alzheimer's disease. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2011, 30:217-238.
201. Okubo A., Rosa R.H., Bunce C.V., Alexander R.A., Fan J.T., Bird A.C., Luthert P.J. The relationships of age changes in retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1999, 40:443-449.
202. Onen N.F., Overton E.T., Seyfried W., Stumm E.R., Snell M., Mondy K., Tebas P. Aging and HIV infection: a comparison between older HIV-infected persons and the general population. HIV Clinical Trials 2010, 11:100-109.
203. Osborne N.N. Pathogenesis of ganglion cell death in glaucoma and neuroprotection: focus on ganglion cell axonal mitochondria. Progress in Brain Research 2008, 173:339-352.
204. Otani A., Dorrell M.I., Kinder K., Moreno S.K., Nusinowitz S., Banin E., Heckenlively J., Friedlander M. Rescue of retinal degeneration by intravitreally injected adult bone marrow-derived lineage-negative hematopoietic stem cells. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2004, 114:765-774.
205. Ozawa Y., Kubota S., Narimatsu T., Yuki K., Koto T., Sasaki M., Tsubota K. Retinal aging and sirtuins. Ophthalmic Research 2010, 44:199-203.
206. Pai A.S., Mitchell P., Rochtchina E., Iyengar S., Wang J.J. Complement factor H and the bilaterality of age-related macular degeneration. Archives of Ophthalmolology 2009, 127:1339-1344.
207. Paquet C., Boissonnot M., Roger F., Dighiero P., Gil R., Hugon J. Abnormal retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience Letters 2007, 420:97-99.
208. Park C.H., Kim J.W. Effect of advanced glycation end products on oxidative stress and senescence of trabecular meshwork cells. Korean Journal of Ophthalmology: KJO 2012, 26:123-131.
209. Pascolini D., Mariotti S.P. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. The British Journal of Ophthalmology 2012, 96:614-618.
210. Pei X., Bao Y., Chen Y., Li X. Correlation of lens density measured using the Pentacam Scheimpflug system with the Lens Opacities Classification System III grading score and visual acuity in age-related nuclear cataract. The British Journal of Ophthalmology 2008, 92:1471-1475.
211. Peng C.H., Liu J.H., Woung L.C., Lin T.J., Chiou S.H., Tseng P.C., Du W.Y., Cheng C.K., Hu C.C., Chien K.H., Chen S.J. MicroRNAs and cataracts: correlation among let-7 expression, age and the severity of lens opacity. The British Journal of Ophthalmology 2012, 96:747-751.
212. Ponsioen T.L., Hooymans J.M.M., Los L.I. Remodelling of the human vitreous and vitreoretinal interface - a dynamic process. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2010, 29:580-595.
213. Popescu M.L., Boisjoly H., Schmaltz H., Kergoat M.J., Rousseau J., Moghadaszadeh S., Djafari F., Freeman E.E. Explaining the relationship between three eye diseases and depressive symptoms in older adults. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2012, 53:2308-2313.
214. Pula J.H., Towle V.L., Staszak V.M., Cao D., Bernard J.T., Gomez C.M. Retinal nerve fibre layer and macular thinning in spinocerebellar ataxia and cerebellar multisystem atrophy. Neuroophthalmology 2011, 35:108-114.
215. Rando T.A. Epigenetics and aging. Experimental Gerontology 2010, 45:253-254.
216. Rando T.A., Chang H.Y. Aging, rejuvenation, and epigenetic reprogramming: resetting the aging clock. Cell 2012, 148:46-57.
217. Rao S.K., Ranjan Sen P., Fogla R., Gangadharan S., Padmanabhan P., Badrinath S.S. Corneal endothelial cell density and morphology in normal Indian eyes. Cornea 2000, 19:820-823.
218. Rattner A., Nathans J. Macular degeneration: recent advances and therapeutic opportunities. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2006, 7:860-872.
219. Resnikoff S., Keys T.U. Future trends in global blindness. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2012, 60:387-395.
220. Riau A.K., Wong T.T., Lan W., Finger S.N., Chaurasia S.S., Hou A.H., Chen S., Yu S.J., Tong L. Aberrant DNA methylation of matrix remodeling and cell adhesion related genes in pterygium. PLoS ONE 2011, 6(2):e14687. 10.1371/journal.pone.0014687.
221. Ritter M.R., Banin E., Moreno S.K., Aguilar E., Dorrell M.I., Friedlander M. Myeloid progenitors differentiate into microglia and promote vascular repair in a model of ischemic retinopathy. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006, 116:3266-3276.
222. Rogina B., Helfand S.L. Sir2 mediates longevity in the fly through a pathway related to calorie restriction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:15998-16003.
223. Rosenfeld P.J., Brown D.M., Heier J.S., Boyer D.S., Kaiser P.K., Chung C.Y., Kim R.Y. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. New England Journal of Medicine 2006, 355:1419-1431.
224. Roy M.S., Podgor M.J., Collier B., Gunkel R.D. Color vision and age in a normal North American population. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1991, 229:139-144.
225. Sakata L.M., Deleon-Ortega J., Sakata V., Girkin C.A. Optical coherence tomography of the retina and optic nerve - a review. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 2009, 37:90-99.
226. Sanchis-Gimeno J.A., Lleo-Perez A., Alonso L., Rahhal M.S., Martinez Soriano F. Corneal endothelial cell density decreases with age in emmetropic eyes. Histology and Histopathology 2005, 20:423-427.
227. Sanders J.L., Iannaccone A., Boudreau R.M., Conley Y.P., Opresko P.L., Hsueh W.-C., Cummings S.R., Cawthon R.M., Harris T.B., Nalls M.A., Kritchevsky S.B., Newman A.B. The association of cataract with leukocyte telomere length in older adults: defining a new marker of aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2011, 66A:639-645.
228. SanGiovanni J.P., Arking D.E., Iyengar S.K., Elashoff M., Clemons T.E., Reed G.F., Henning A.K., Sivakumaran T.A., Xu X., DeWan A., Agrón E., Rochtchina E., Sue C.M., Wang J.J., Mitchell P., Hoh J., Francis P.J., Klein M.L., Chew E.Y., Chakravarti A. Mitochondrial DNA variants of respiratory complex I that uniquely characterize Haplogroup T2 are associated with increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e5508.
229. Sasahara M., Otani A., Oishi A., Kojima H., Yodoi Y., Kameda T., Nakamura H., Yoshimura N. Activation of bone marrow-derived microglia promotes photoreceptor survival in inherited retinal degeneration. The American Journal of Pathology 2008, 172:1693-1703.
230. Sasaki T., Maier B., Bartke A., Scrable H. Progressive loss of SIRT1 with cell cycle withdrawal. Aging Cell 2006, 5:413-422.
231. Schmidt A.M., Yan S.D., Yan S.F., Stern D.M. The biology of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and its ligands. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2000, 1498:99-111.
232. Schrier S.A., Falk M.J. Mitochondrial disorders and the eye. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2011, 22:325-331.
233. Schutt F., Bergmann M., Holz F.G., Kopitz J. Proteins modified by malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, or advanced glycation end products in lipofuscin of human retinal pigment epithelium. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2003, 44:3663-3668.
234. Seddon J.M., Reynolds R., Shah H.R., Rosner B. Smoking, dietary betaine, methionine, and Vitamin D in monozygotic twins with discordant macular degeneration: epigenetic implications. Ophthalmology 2011, 118:1386-1394.
235. Semba R.D., Nicklett E.J., Ferrucci L. Does accumulation of advanced glycation end products contribute to the aging phenotype. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2010, 65:963-975.
236. Shandiz J.H., Derakhshan A., Daneshyar A., Azimi A., Moghaddam H.O., Yekta A.A., Yazdi S.H., Esmaily H. Effect of cataract type and severity on visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Journal of Ophthalmic Vision Research 2011, 6:26-31.
237. Sheffield V.C., Stone E.M. Genomics and the eye. New England Journal of Medicine 2011, 364:1932-1942.
238. Shen J., Yang X., Xie B., Chen Y., Swaim M., Hackett S.F., Campochiaro P.A. MicroRNAs regulate ocular neovascularization. Molecular Therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2008, 16:1208-1216.
239. Shiels A., Bennett T.M., Hejtmancik J.F. Cat-Map: putting cataract on the map. Molecular Vision 2010, 16:2007-2015.
240. Shiels A., Bennett T.M., Knopf H.L.S., Maraini G., Li A., Jiao X., Hejtmancik J.F. The EPHA2 gene is associated with cataracts linked to chromosome 1p. Molecular Vision 2008, 14:2042-2055.
241. Shiels P.G., Mcglynn L.M., Macintyre A., Johnson P.C.D., Batty G.D., Burns H., Cavanagh J., Deans K.A., Ford I., Mcconnachie A., Mcginty A., Mclean J.S., Millar K., Sattar N., Tannahill C., Velupillai Y.N., Packard C.J. Accelerated telomere attrition is associated with relative household income, diet and inflammation in the pSoBid cohort. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e22521.
242. Shoshani Y.Z., Harris A., Rusia D., Spaeth G.L., Siesky B., Pollack A., Wirostko B. Contrast sensitivity, ocular blood flow and their potential role in assessing ischaemic retinal disease. Acta Ophthalmologica 2011, 89:e382-e395.
243. Sia D.I., Martin S., Wittert G., Casson R.J. Age-related change in contrast sensitivity among Australian male adults: Florey Adult Male Ageing Study. Acta Ophthalmologica 2012, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02379.x.
244. Simm A., Nass N., Bartling B., Hofmann B., Silber R.-E., Navarrete Santos A. Potential biomarkers of ageing. Biological Chemistry 2008, 389:257-265.
245. Sireesha R., Laxmi S.G.B., Mamata M., Reddy P.Y., Goud P.U., Rao P.V., Reddy G.B., Vishnupriya S., Padma T. Total activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes conferring risk for the development of age related cataracts. Experimental Eye Research 2012, 98:67-74.
246. Snellingen T., Rao G.N., Shrestha J.K., Huq F., Cheng H. Quantitative and morphological characteristics of the human corneal endothelium in relation to age, gender, and ethnicity in cataract populations of South Asia. Cornea 2001, 20:55-58.
247. Snow L.M., Fugere N.A., Thompson L.V. Advanced glycation end-product accumulation and associated protein modification in type II skeletal muscle with aging. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2007, 62:1204-1210.
248. Sofat R., Casas J.P., Webster A.R., Bird A.C., Mann S.S., Yates J.R., Moore A.T., Sepp T., Cipriani V., Bunce C., Khan J.C., Shahid H., Swaroop A., Abecasis G., Branham K.E.H., Zareparsi S., Bergen A.A., Klaver C.C., Baas D.C., Zhang K., Chen Y., Gibbs D., Weber B.H.F., Keilhauer C.N., Fritsche L.G., Lotery A., Cree A.J., Griffiths H.L., Bhattacharya S.S., Chen L.L., Jenkins S.A., Peto T., Lathrop M., Leveillard T., Gorin M.B., Weeks D.E., Ortube M.C., Ferrell R.E., Jakobsdottir J., Conley Y.P., Rahu M., Seland J.H., Soubrane G., Topouzis F., Vioque J., Tomazzoli L., Young I., Whittaker J., Chakravarthy U., de Jong P.T.V.M., Smeeth L., Fletcher A., Hingorani A.D. Complement factor H genetic variant and age-related macular degeneration: effect size, modifiers and relationship to disease subtype. International Journal of Epidemiology 2012, 41:250-262.
249. Sommer M., Poliak N., Upadhyay S., Ratovitski E., Nelkin B.D., Donehower L.A., Sidransky D. DeltaNp63alpha overexpression induces downregulation of Sirt1 and an accelerated aging phenotype in the mouse. Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 2006, 5:2005-2011.
250. Song H., Chui T.Y.P., Zhong Z., Elsner A.E., Burns S.A. Variation of cone photoreceptor packing density with retinal eccentricity and age. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2011, 52:7376-7384.
251. Song Z., Wang Y., Xie L., Zang X., Yin H. Expression of senescence-related genes in human corneal endothelial cells. Molecular Vision 2008, 14:161-170.
252. Sousa R.M., Ferri C.P., Acosta D., Albanese E., Guerra M., Huang Y., Jacob K.S., Jotheeswaran A.T., Rodriguez J.J.L., Pichardo G.R., Rodriguez M.C., Salas A., Sosa A.L., Williams J., Zuniga T., Prince M. Contribution of chronic diseases to disability in elderly people in countries with low and middle incomes: a 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based survey. The Lancet 2009, 374:1821-1830.
253. Spector A. Oxidative stress-induced cataract: mechanism of action. The FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1995, 9:1173-1182.
254. Sprott R.L. Biomarkers of aging and disease: introduction and definitions. Experimental Gerontology 2010, 45:2-4.
255. Stahl A., Smith L.E. An eye for discovery. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2010, 120:3008-3011.
256. Sundaresan P., Ravindran R.D., Vashist P., Shanker A., Nitsch D., Talwar B., Maraini G., Camparini M., Nonyane B.A.S., Smeeth L., Chakravarthy U., Hejtmancik J.F., Fletcher A.E. EPHA2 polymorphisms and age-related cataract in India. PLoS One 2012, 7:e33001.
257. Sundermeier T.R., Palczewski K. The physiological impact of microRNA gene regulation in the retina. Cellular and Molecular Life Science: CMLS 2012, 69:2739-2750.
258. Takeuchi M., Yamagishi S. Possible involvement of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2008, 14:973-978.
259. Tan J.S., Wang J.J., Mitchell P. Influence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease on the long-term incidence of cataract: the Blue Mountains eye study. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2008, 15:317-327.
260. Tan J.S., Wang J.J., Younan C., Cumming R.G., Rochtchina E., Mitchell P. Smoking and the long-term incidence of cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2008, 15:155-161.
261. Tan W., Hou S., Jiang Z., Hu Z., Yang P., Ye J. Association of EPHA2 polymorphisms and age-related cortical cataract in a Han Chinese population. Molecular Vision 2011, 17:1553-1558.
262. Tao A., Wang J., Chen Q., Shen M., Lu F., Dubovy S.R., Shousha M.A. Topographic thickness of Bowman's layer determined by ultra-high resolution spectral domain-optical coherence tomography. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2011, 52:3901-3907.
263. Tezel G. Oxidative stress in glaucomatous neurodegeneration: mechanisms and consequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2006, 25:490-513.
264. Tezel G., Luo C., Yang X. Accelerated aging in glaucoma: immunohistochemical assessment of advanced glycation end products in the human retina and optic nerve head. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2007, 48:1201-1211.
265. Thompson R.F., Fazzari M.J., Greally J.M. Experimental approaches to the study of epigenomic dysregulation in ageing. Experimental Gerontology 2010, 45:255-268.
266. Tian J., Ishibashi K., Reiser K., Grebe R., Biswal S., Gehlbach P., Handa J.T. Advanced glycation endproduct-induced aging of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid: a comprehensive transcriptional response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102:11846-11851.
267. Tian J., Yu W., Qin X., Fang K., Chen Q., Hou J., Li J., Chen D., Hu Y., Li X. Association of genetic polymorphisms and age-related macular degeneration in Chinese population. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2012, 53:4262-4269.
268. Torroni A., Huoponen K., Francalacci P., Petrozzi M., Morelli L., Scozzari R., Obinu D., Savontaus M.L., Wallace D.C. Classification of European mtDNAs from an analysis of three European populations. Genetics 1996, 144:1835-1850.
269. Truscott R.J. Age-related nuclear cataract-oxidation is the key. Experimental Eye Research 2005, 80:709-725.
270. Truscott R.J. Presbyopia. Emerging from a blur towards an understanding of the molecular basis for this most common eye condition. Experimental Eye Research 2009, 88:241-247.
271. Truscott R.J. Are ancient proteins responsible for the age-related decline in health and fitness?. Rejuvenation Research 2010, 13:83-89.
272. Truscott R.J. Macromolecular deterioration as the ultimate constraint on human lifespan. Ageing Research Reviews 2011, 10:397-403.
273. Truscott R.J., Zhu X. Presbyopia and cataract: a question of heat and time. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2010, 29:487-499.
274. Uchiki T., Weikel K.A., Jiao W., Shang F., Caceres A., Pawlak D., Handa J.T., Brownlee M., Nagaraj R., Taylor A. Glycation-altered proteolysis as a pathobiologic mechanism that links dietary glycemic index, aging, and age-related disease (in nondiabetics). Aging Cell 2012, 11:1-13.
275. Vajzovic L.M., Karp C.L., Haft P., Shousha M.A., Dubovy S.R., Hurmeric V., Yoo S.H., Wang J. Ultra high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the evaluation of anterior corneal dystrophies and degenerations. Ophthalmology 2011, 118:1291-1296.
276. Valenti D.A. Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma: imaging the biomarkers of neurodegenerative disease. International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011, 2010:793931.
277. van der Walt J.M., Nicodemus K.K., Martin E.R., Scott W.K., Nance M.A., Watts R.L., Hubble J.P., Haines J.L., Koller W.C., Lyons K., Pahwa R., Stern M.B., Colcher A., Hiner B.C., Jankovic J., Ondo W.G., Allen F.H., Goetz C.G., Small G.W., Mastaglia F., Stajich J.M., McLaurin A.C., Middleton L.T., Scott B.L., Schmechel D.E., Pericak-Vance M.A., Vance J.M. Mitochondrial polymorphisms significantly reduce the risk of Parkinson disease. American Journal of Human Genetics 2003, 72:804-811.
278. van Koolwijk L.M.E., Ramdas W.D., Ikram M.K., Jansonius N.M., Pasutto F., Hysi P.G., Macgregor S., Janssen S.F., Hewitt A.W., Viswanathan A.C., ten Brink J.B., Hosseini S.M., Amin N., Despriet D.D.G., Willemse-Assink J.J.M., Kramer R., Rivadeneira F., Struchalin M., Aulchenko Y.S., Weisschuh N., Zenkel M., Mardin C.Y., Gramer E., Welge-Lüssen U., Montgomery G.W., Carbonaro F., Young T.L., Group T.D.E.R., Bellenguez C., McGuffin P., Foster P.J., Topouzis F., Mitchell P., Wang J.J., Wong T.Y., Czudowska M.A., Hofman A., Uitterlinden A.G., Wolfs R.C.W., De Jong P.T.V.M., Oostra B.A., Paterson A.D., Paterson W.T.C.C.C., Mackey D.A., Bergen A.A.B., Reis A., Hammond C.J., Vingerling J.R., Lemij H.G., Klaver C.C.W., van Duijn C.M. Common Genetic Determinants of Intraocular Pressure and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. PLoS Genetics 2012, 8:e1002611.
279. Voellmy R., Boellmann F. Chaperone regulation of the heat shock protein response. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2007, 594:89-99.
280. von Zglinicki T. Will your telomeres tell your future?. British Medical Journal 2012, 344:e1727.
281. Waddington C.H. The epigenotype. Endeavour 1942, 1:18-20.
282. Wang A.L., Lukas T.J., Yuan M., Neufeld A.H. Increased mitochondrial DNA damage and down-regulation of DNA repair enzymes in aged rodent retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. Molecular Vision 2008, 14:644-651.
283. Wang J.J., Mitchell P., Simpson J.M., Cumming R.G., Smith W. Visual impairment, age-related cataract, and mortality. Archives of Ophthalmolology 2001, 119:1186-1190.
284. Wang M.Y., Ross-Cisneros F.N., Aggarwal D., Liang C.Y., Sadun A.A. Receptor for advanced glycation end products is upregulated in optic neuropathy of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathologica 2009, 118:381-389.
285. West S.K., Munoz B., Istre J., Rubin G.S., Friedman S.M., Fried L.P., Bandeen-Roche K., Schein O.D. Mixed lens opacities and subsequent mortality. Archives of Ophthalmolology 2000, 118:393-397.
286. Williams D.R. Imaging single cells in the living retina. Vision Research 2011, 51:1379-1396.
287. Willis-Martinez D., Richards H.W., Timchenko N.A., Medrano E.E. Role of HDAC1 in senescence, aging, and cancer. Experimental Gerontology 2010, 45(4):279-285.
288. Wilson R.S., Roper-Hall M.J. Effect of age on the endothelial cell count in the normal eye. The British Journal of Ophthalmology 1982, 66:513-515.
289. Wong T.Y. Retinal vessel diameters and their associations with age and blood pressure. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2003, 44:4644-4650.
290. Wong T.Y., Klein R., Klein B.E., Tielsch J.M., Hubbard L., Nieto F.J. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and their relationship with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Survey of Ophthalmology 2001, 46:59-80.
291. Wong T.Y., Klein R., Sharrett A.R., Duncan B.B., Couper D.J., Tielsch J.M., Klein B.E.K., Hubbard L.D. Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 2002, 287:1153-1159.
292. Wong T.Y., Klein R., Sharrett A.R., Schmidt M.I., Pankow J.S., Couper D.J., Klein B.E., Hubbard L.D., Duncan B.B. Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of diabetes mellitus in middle-aged persons. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 2002, 287:2528-2533.
293. Wong T.Y., Knudtson M.D., Klein R., Klein B.E.K., Meuer S.M., Hubbard L.D. Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors. Ophthalmology 2004, 111:1183-1190.
294. World Heatlh Organisation Global health and aging. WHO 2011, US National Institute of Aging (Eds.).
295. Wormstone I.M., Wride M.A. The ocular lens: a classic model for development physiology and disease. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 2011, 366:1190-1192.
296. Wörner C.H., Olguín A., Ruíz-García J.L., Garzón-Jiménez N. Cell pattern in adult human corneal endothelium. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e19483.
297. Wu C., Lin H., Wang Q., Chen W., Luo H., Chen W., Zhang H. Discrepant expression of microRNAs in transparent and cataractous human lenses. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2012, 53:3906-3912.
298. Xiao X., Wang Y., Gong H., Chen P., Xie L. Molecular evidence of senescence in corneal endothelial cells of senescence-accelerated mice. Molecular Vision 2009, 15:747-761.
299. Xu S. microRNA expression in the eyes and their significance in relation to functions. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2009, 28:87-116.
300. Xu H., Chen M., Forrester J.V. Para-inflammation in the aging retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2009, 28:348-368.
301. Yakes F.M., Van Houten B. Mitochondrial DNA damage is more extensive and persists longer than nuclear DNA damage in human cells following oxidative stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997, 94:514-519.
302. Yan S.F., D'Agati V., Schmidt A.M., Ramasamy R. Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE): a formidable force in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes & aging. Current Molecular Medicine 2007, 7:699-710.
303. Yano M., Matsuda S., Bando Y., Shima K. Lens protein glycation and the subsequent degree of opacity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1989, 7:259-262.
304. Yee R.W., Matsuda M., Schultz R.O., Edelhauser H.F. Changes in the normal corneal endothelial cellular pattern as a function of age. Current Eye Research 1985, 4:671-678.
305. Yunliang S., Yuqiang H., Ying-Peng L., Ming-Zhi Z., Lam D.S., Rao S.K. Corneal endothelial cell density and morphology in healthy Chinese eyes. Cornea 2007, 26:130-132.
306. Zarbin M.A., Montemagno C., Leary J.F., Ritch R. Nanomedicine in ophthalmology: the new frontier. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2010, 150:144-162. e142.
307. Zarbin M.A., Montemagno C., Leary J.F., Ritch R. Nanotechnology in ophthalmology. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 2010, 45:457-476.
308. Zhang Y., Zhang L., Bai J., Ge H., Liu P. Expression changes in DNA repair enzymes and mitochondrial DNA damage in aging rat lens. Molecular Vision 2010, 16:1754-1763.
309. Zhang Y., Zhang L., Song Z., Sun D.L., Liu H.R., Fu S.B., Liu D.R., Liu P. Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes OGG1, APE1, XRCC1, and XPD and the risk of age-related cataract. Ophthalmology 2012, 119:900-906.
310. Zhu X., Korlimbinis A., Truscott R.J. Age-dependent denaturation of enzymes in the human lens: a paradigm for organismic aging?. Rejuvenation Research 2010, 13:553-560.