Cholesterol trafficking in the brain

Cellular Lipid Metabolism

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 131-155

  Lütjohann, Dieter ^a   Vanmierlo, Tim ^b   Mulder, Monique ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873073414     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00300-4_5     Document Type: Chapter

References (173)

1. Abildayeva K, et al (2006) 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol participates in a liver X receptor-controlled pathway in astrocytes that regulates apolipoprotein E-mediated cholesterol efflux. J Biol Chem 281 : 12799-12808
2. Adams CM, et al (2004) Cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol inhibit activation of SREBPs by different mechanisms, both involving SCAP and Insigs. J Biol Chem 279 : 52772-52780
3. Akanuma S, et al (2008) ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) deficiency does not attenuate the brain-To-blood efflux transport of human amyloid-beta peptide (1-40) at the blood-brain barrier. Neurochem Int 52 : 956-961
4. Apfel R, et al (1994) A novel orphan receptor specific for a subset of thyroid hormone-responsive elements and its interaction with the retinoid/thyroid hormone receptor subfamily. Mol Cell Biol 14 : 7025-7035
5. Argmann CA, et al (2005) Regulation of macrophage cholesterol efflux through hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibition: A role for RhoA in ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. J Biol Chem 280 : 22212-22221
6. Bassett CN, et al (2000) Cerebrospinal fluid lipoproteins in Alzheimer's disease. Microsc Res Tech 50 : 282-286
7. Bell RD, et al (2007) Transport pathways for clearance of human Alzheimer's amyloid betapeptide and apolipoproteins E and J in the mouse central nervous system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27 : 909-918
8. Bellosta S, et al (1995) Stable expression and secretion of apolipoproteins E3 and E4 in mouse neuroblastoma cells produces differential effects on neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem 270 : 27063-27071
9. Bjorkhem I, Meaney S (2004) Brain cholesterol: Long secret life behind a barrier. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 : 806-815
10. Bjorkhem I, et al (1997) Importance of a novel oxidative mechanism for elimination of brain cholesterol. Turnover of cholesterol and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol in rat brain as measured with 18O2 techniques in vivo and in vitro. J Biol Chem 272 : 30178-30184
11. Bjorkhem I, et al (1998) Cholesterol homeostasis in human brain: Turnover of 24S-hydroxycholesterol and evidence for a cerebral origin of most of this oxysterol in the circulation. J Lipid Res 39 : 1594-1600
12. Bjorkhem I, et al (2001) Oxysterols in the circulation of patients with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: Abnormal levels of 24S- And 27- hydroxycholesterol. J Lipid Res 42 : 366-371
13. Bogdanovic N, et al (2001) On the turnover of brain cholesterol in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal induction of the cholesterol-catabolic enzyme CYP46 in glial cells. Neurosci Lett 314 : 45-48
14. Borghini I, et al (1995) Characterization of subpopulations of lipoprotein particles isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid. Biochim Biophys Acta 1255 : 192-200
15. Boyles JK, et al (1985) Apolipoprotein E associated with astrocytic glia of the central nervous system and with nonmyelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system. J Clin Invest 76 : 1501-1513
16. Bretillon L, et al (2000) Plasma levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol in patients with neurological diseases. Neurosci Lett 293 : 87-90
17. Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1997) The SREBP pathway: Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor. Cell 89 : 331-340
18. Bu G, et al (1994) Subcellular localization and endocytic function of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in human glioblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 269 : 29874-29882
19. Bu G, et al (1998) Nerve growth factor induces rapid increases in functional cell surface low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J Biol Chem 273 : 13359-13365
20. Burgess BL, et al (2008) ABCG1 influences the brain cholesterol biosynthetic pathway but does not affect amyloid precursor protein or apolipoprotein E metabolism in vivo. J Lipid Res 49 : 1254-1267
21. Burns MP, et al (2006) The effects of ABCA1 on cholesterol efflux and Abeta levels in vitro and in vivo. J Neurochem 98 : 792-800
22. Carter CJ (2007) Convergence of genes implicated in Alzheimer's disease on the cerebral cholesterol shuttle: APP, cholesterol, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis. Neurochem Int 50 : 12-38
23. Cavelier C, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A (2006) ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 modulates apolipoprotein A-I transcytosis through aortic endothelial cells. Circ Res 99 : 1060-1066
24. Chan SL, et al (2008) ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 regulates processing of amyloid precursor protein in vitro. J Neurochem 106 : 793-804
25. Corder EH, et al (1993) Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261 : 921-923
26. Davison AN (1965) Brain sterol metabolism. Adv Lipid Res 3 : 171-196
27. de Vries HE, et al (1995) High-density lipoprotein and cerebral endothelial cells in vitro: Interactions and transport. Biochem Pharmacol 50 : 271-273
28. Desai P, DeKosky ST, Kamboh MI (2002) Genetic variation in the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46) gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 328 : 9-12
29. Dietschy JM, Turley SD (2001) Cholesterol metabolism in the brain. Curr Opin Lipidol 12 : 105-112
30. Eckert GP, Kirsch C, Mueller WE (2001) Differential effects of lovastatin treatment on brain cholesterol levels in normal and apoE-deficient mice. Neuroreport 12 : 883-887
31. Eckert GP, et al (2007) Regulation of central nervous system cholesterol homeostasis by the liver X receptor agonist TO-901317. Neurosci Lett 423 : 47-52
32. Elder GA, et al (2007) Elevated plasma cholesterol does not affect brain Abeta in mice lacking the low-density lipoprotein receptor. J Neurochem 102 : 1220-1231
33. Elshourbagy NA, et al (1985) Expression of rat apolipoprotein A-IV and A-I genes: MRNA induction During development and in response to glucocorticoids and insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 : 8242-8246
34. Fagan AM, et al (1998) Evidence for normal aging of the septo-hippocampal cholinergic system in apoE (-/-) mice but impaired clearance of axonal degeneration products following injury. Exp Neurol 151 : 314-325
35. Fagan AM, et al (1999) Unique lipoproteins secreted by primary astrocytes from wild type, apoE (-/-), and human apoE transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 274 : 30001-30007
36. Fagan AM, et al (2004) ApoAI deficiency results in marked reductions in plasma cholesterol but no alterations in amyloid-beta pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease-like cerebral amyloidosis. Am J Pathol 165 : 1413-1422
37. Frears ER, et al (1999) The role of cholesterol in the biosynthesis of beta-Amyloid. Neuroreport 10 : 1699-1705
38. Fujiyoshi M, et al (2007) 24S-hydroxycholesterol induces cholesterol release from choroid plexus epithelial cells in an apical- And apoE isoform-dependent manner concomitantly with the induction of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression. J Neurochem 100 : 968-978
39. George AJ, et al (2004) APP intracellular domain is increased and soluble Abeta is reduced with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Dis 16 : 124-132
40. Goldstein JL, DeBose-Boyd RA, Brown MS (2006) Protein sensors for membrane sterols. Cell 124 : 35-46
41. Gomez-Ramos P, Asuncion Moran M (2007) Ultrastructural localization of intraneuronal Abetapeptide in Alzheimer disease brains. J Alzheimers Dis 11 : 53-59
42. Gong JS, et al (2002) Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoform-dependent lipid release from astrocytes prepared from human ApoE3 and ApoE4 knock-in mice. J Biol Chem 277 : 29919-29926
43. Grant WB, et al (2002) The significance of environmental factors in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 4 : 179-189
44. Guo J, et al (2008) Effects of cholesterol levels on the excitability of rat hippocampal neurons. Mol Membr Biol 25 : 216-223
45. Guyton JR, et al (1998) Novel large apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins of density 1.006-1.060 g/ml in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurochem 70 : 1235-1240
46. Harr SD, et al (1996) Brain expression of apolipoproteins E, J, and A-I in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 66 : 2429-2435
47. Hartmann T (2006) Role of amyloid precursor protein, amyloid-beta and gamma-secretase in cholesterol maintenance. Neurodegener Dis 3 : 305-311
48. Heverin M, et al (2004) Changes in the levels of cerebral and extracerebral sterols in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 45 : 186-193
49. Heverin M, et al (2005) Crossing the barrier: Net flux of 27-hydroxycholesterol into the human brain. J Lipid Res 46 : 1047-1052
50. Hirsch-Reinshagen V, et al (2004) Deficiency of ABCA1 impairs apolipoprotein E metabolism in brain. J Biol Chem 279 : 41197-41207
51. Hummasti S, et al (2004) Liver X receptors are regulators of adipocyte gene expression but not differentiation: Identification of apoD as a direct target. J Lipid Res 45 : 616-625
52. Igbavboa U, et al (1997) Transbilayer distribution of cholesterol is modified in brain synaptic plasma membranes of knockout mice deficient in the low-density lipoprotein receptor, apolipoprotein E, or both proteins. J Neurochem 69 : 1661-1667
53. Ikonen E (2008) Cellular cholesterol trafficking and compartmentalization. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9 : 125-138
54. Jaeger S, Pietrzik CU (2008) Functional role of lipoprotein receptors in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 5 : 15-25
55. Jansen PJ, et al (2006) Dietary plant sterols accumulate in the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta 1761 : 445-453
56. Ji Y, et al (2003) Apolipoprotein E isoform-specific regulation of dendritic spine morphology in apolipoprotein E transgenic mice and Alzheimer's disease patients. Neuroscience 122 : 305-315
57. Kandutsch AA, Chen HW (1974) Inhibition of sterol synthesis in cultured mouse cells by cholesterol derivatives oxygenated in the side chain. J Biol Chem 249 : 6057-6061
58. Karten B, et al (2006) Expression of ABCG1, but not ABCA1, correlates with cholesterol release by cerebellar astroglia. J Biol Chem 281 : 4049-4057
59. Kessel A, Ben-Tal N, May S (2001) Interactions of cholesterol with lipid bilayers: The preferred configuration and fluctuations. Biophys J 81 : 643-658
60. Klucken J, et al (2000) ABCG1 (ABC8), the human homolog of the Drosophila white gene, is a regulator of macrophage cholesterol and phospholipid transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 : 817-822
61. Koch S, et al (2001) Characterization of four lipoprotein classes in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Lipid Res 42 : 1143-1151
62. Koistinaho M, et al (2004) Apolipoprotein E promotes astrocyte colocalization and degradation of deposited amyloid-beta peptides. Nat Med 10 : 719-726
63. Koldamova RP, et al (2005) The liver X receptor ligand T0901317 decreases amyloid beta production in vitro and in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 280 : 4079-4088
64. Kotti TJ, et al (2006) Brain cholesterol turnover required for geranylgeraniol production and learning in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 : 3869-3874
65. Kratzer I, et al (2007) Apolipoprotein A-I coating of protamine-oligonucleotide nanoparticles increases particle uptake and transcytosis in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. J Control Release 117 : 301-311
66. Krause BR, Hartman AD (1984) Adipose tissue and cholesterol metabolism. J Lipid Res 25 : 97-110
67. LaDu MJ, et al (1998) Nascent astrocyte particles differ from lipoproteins in CSF. J Neurochem 70 : 2070-2081
68. Legleiter J, et al (2004) In situ AFM studies of astrocyte-secreted apolipoprotein E- And J-containing lipoproteins. J Colloid Interface Sci 278 : 96-106
69. Lemaire-Ewing S, et al (2005) Comparison of the cytotoxic, pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory characteristics of different oxysterols. Cell Biol Toxicol 21 : 97-114
70. Lemberger T, et al (2008) CREB has a context-dependent role in activity-regulated transcription and maintains neuronal cholesterol homeostasis. Faseb J 22 : 2872-2879
71. Levin-Allerhand JA, Lominska CE, Smith JD (2002) Increased amyloid levels in APPSWE transgenic mice treated chronically with a physiological high-fat high-cholesterol diet. J Nutr Health Aging 6 : 315-319
72. Li L, et al (2006) Simvastatin enhances learning and memory independent of amyloid load in mice. Ann Neurol 60 : 729-739
73. Liu Y, Peterson DA, Schubert D (1998) Amyloid beta peptide alters intracellular vesicle trafficking and cholesterol homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 : 13266-13271
74. Lomnitski L, et al (1999) Distinct alterations in phospholipid metabolism in brains of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Neurosci Res 58 : 586-592
75. Lund EG, Guileyardo JM, Russell DW (1999) cDNA cloning of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, a mediator of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 : 7238-7243
76. Lund EG, et al (2003) Knockout of the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase gene in mice reveals a brainspecific mechanism of cholesterol turnover. J Biol Chem 278 : 22980-22988
77. Lutjohann D, et al (1996) Cholesterol homeostasis in human brain: Evidence for an age-dependent flux of 24S-hydroxycholesterol from the brain into the circulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 : 9799-9804
78. Lutjohann D, et al (2000) Plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol) is increased in Alzheimer and vascular demented patients. J Lipid Res 41 : 95-98
79. Lutjohann D, et al (2004) High doses of simvastatin, pravastatin, and cholesterol reduce brain cholesterol synthesis in guinea pigs. Steroids 69 : 431-438
80. Lyly A, et al (2008) Deficiency of the INCL protein Ppt1 results in changes in ectopic F1-ATP synthase and altered cholesterol metabolism. Hum Mol Genet 17 : 1406-1417
81. Mateos L, Akterin S, Gil-Bea FJ, Spulber S, Rahman A, Björkhem I, Schultzberg M, Flores-Morales A, Cedazo-Mínguez A. (2008) Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-Associated protein in rodent brain is down-regulated by high fat diet in vivo and by 27-hydroxycholesterol in vitro. Brain Pathol (in press
82. Marx J (2001) Alzheimer's disease. Bad for the heart, bad for the mind ?. Science 294 : 508-509
83. Mast N, et al (2003) Broad substrate specificity of human cytochrome P450 46A1 which initiates cholesterol degradation in the brain. Biochemistry 42 : 14284-14292
84. Mauch DH, et al (2001) CNS synaptogenesis promoted by glia-derived cholesterol. Science 294 : 1354-1357
85. Maysinger D, et al (2008) Ceramide is responsible for the failure of compensatory nerve sprouting in apolipoprotein E knock-out mice. J Neurosci 28 : 7891-7899
86. Meaney S, et al (2007) Novel route for elimination of brain oxysterols across the blood-brain barrier: Conversion into 7alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4- cholestenoic acid. J Lipid Res 48 : 944-951
87. Michikawa M, et al (2000) Apolipoprotein E exhibits isoform-specific promotion of lipid efflux from astrocytes and neurons in culture. J Neurochem 74 : 1008-1016
88. Milagre I, et al (2008) Transcriptional regulation of the human CYP46A1 brain-specific expression by Sp transcription factors. J Neurochem 106 : 835-849
89. Mockel B, et al (1994) Expression of apolipoprotein A-I in porcine brain endothelium in vitro. J Neurochem 62 : 788-798
90. Moghadasian MH, et al (2002) Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: A rare disease with diverse manifestations. Arch Neurol 59 : 527-529
91. Mori T, et al (2001) Cholesterol accumulates in senile plaques of Alzheimer disease patients and in transgenic APP(SW) mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60 : 778-785
92. Mulder M, Terwel D (1998) Possible link between lipid metabolism and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease: A role for high-density lipoproteins ?. Haemostasis 28 : 174-194
93. Mulder M, et al (1998) Reduced levels of cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer disease patients are not related to apolipoprotein E4. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 12 : 198-203
94. Mulder M, et al (2001) Apolipoprotein E protects against neuropathology induced by a high-fat diet and maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier during aging. Lab Invest 81 : 953-960
95. Mulder M, et al (2004) Low-density lipoprotein receptor-knockout mice display impaired spatial memory associated with a decreased synaptic density in the hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis 16 : 212-219
96. Mulder M, et al (2007) LDL receptor deficiency results in Decreased cell proliferation and presynaptic bouton Density in the murine hippocampus. Neurosci Res 59 : 251-256
97. Murphy EJ, et al (2006) Phospholipid mass is increased in fibroblasts bearing the Swedish amyloid precursor mutation. Brain Res Bull 69 : 79-85
98. Muse ED, et al (2001) Parameters related to lipid metabolism as markers of myelination in mouse brain. J Neurochem 76 : 77-86
99. Nakai M, et al (1996) Expression of apolipoprotein E mRNA in rat microglia. Neurosci Lett 211 : 41-44
100. Nathan BP, et al (1994) Differential effects of apolipoproteins E3 and E4 on neuronal growth in vitro. Science 264 : 850-852
101. Nathan BP, et al (1995) The inhibitory effect of apolipoprotein E4 on neurite outgrowth is associated with microtubule depolymerization. J Biol Chem 270 : 19791-19799
102. Nathan BP, et al (2002) Apolipoprotein E4 inhibits, and apolipoprotein E3 promotes neurite outgrowth in cultured adult mouse cortical neurons through the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Brain Res 928 : 96-105
103. Navarro A, Del Valle E, Tolivia J (2004) Differential expression of apolipoprotein D in human astroglial and oligodendroglial cells. J Histochem Cytochem 52 : 1031-1036
104. Nixon RA, Mathews PM, Cataldo AM (2001) The neuronal endosomal-lysosomal system in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 3 : 97-107
105. Offe K, et al (2006) The lipoprotein receptor LR11 regulates amyloid beta production and amyloid precursor protein traffic in endosomal compartments. J Neurosci 26 : 1596-1603
106. Oitzl MS, et al (1997) Severe learning deficits in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice in a water maze task. Brain Res 752 : 189-196
107. Oksman M, et al (2006) Impact of different saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol containing diets on beta-Amyloid accumulation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 23 : 563-572
108. Oldfield S, et al (2002) ABCG4: A novel human white family ABC-Transporter expressed in the brain and eye. Biochim Biophys Acta 1591 : 175-179
109. Oram JF, Lawn RM (2001) ABCA1. The gatekeeper for eliminating excess tissue cholesterol. J Lipid Res 42 : 1173-1179
110. Owiny JR, Strandberg JD (2000) Cholesterol granulomas in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 39 : 57-58
111. Panin LE, Russkikh GS, Polyakov LM (2000) Detection of apolipoprotein A-I, B, and E immunoreactivity in the nuclei of various rat tissue cells. Biochemistry (Mosc) 65 : 1419-1423
112. Panzenboeck U, et al (2002) ABCA1 and scavenger receptor class B, type I, are modulators of reverse sterol transport at an in vitro blood-brain barrier constituted of porcine brain capillary endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 277 : 42781-42789
113. Panzenboeck U, et al (2007) On the mechanism of cerebral accumulation of cholestanol in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 48 : 1167-1174
114. Papassotiropoulos A, et al (2000) Plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol: A peripheral indicator of neuronal degeneration and potential state marker for Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 11 : 1959-1962
115. Papassotiropoulos A, et al (2002) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of beta-Amyloid(42) in patients with Alzheimer's disease are related to the exon 2 polymorphism of the cathepsin D gene. Neuroreport 13 : 1291-1294
116. Patel SC, et al (1995) Astrocytes synthesize and secrete the lipophilic ligand carrier apolipoprotein D. Neuroreport 6 : 653-657
117. Petanceska SS, et al (2003) Changes in apolipoprotein E expression in response to dietary and pharmacological modulation of cholesterol. J Mol Neurosci 20 : 395-406
118. Pfrieger FW (2003) Outsourcing in the brain: Do neurons depend on cholesterol delivery by astrocytes ?. Bioessays 25 : 72-78
119. Pitas RE, et al (1987a) Lipoproteins and their receptors in the central nervous system. Characterization of the lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid and identification of apolipoprotein B,E(LDL) receptors in the brain. J Biol Chem 262 : 14352-14360
120. Pitas RE, et al (1987b) Astrocytes synthesize apolipoprotein E and metabolize apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 917 : 148-161
121. Poirier J, et al (1991) Astrocytic apolipoprotein E mRNA and GFAP mRNA in hippocampus after entorhinal cortex lesioning. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 11 : 97-106
122. Posse De Chaves EI, et al (2000) Uptake of lipoproteins for axonal growth of sympathetic neurons. J Biol Chem 275 : 19883-19890
123. Puglielli L, et al (2001) Acyl-coenzyme A: Cholesterol acyltransferase modulates the generation of the amyloid beta-peptide. Nat Cell Biol 3 : 905-912
124. Puglielli L, et al (2004) Role of acyl-coenzyme a: Cholesterol acyltransferase activity in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein. J Mol Neurosci 24 : 93-96
125. Rebeck GW (2004) Cholesterol efflux as a critical component of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Mol Neurosci 23 : 219-224
126. Rebeck GW, et al (1993) Apolipoprotein E in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: Allelic variation and receptor interactions. Neuron 11 : 575-580
127. Rebeck GW, et al (1995) Multiple, diverse senile plaque-Associated proteins are ligands of an apolipoprotein E receptor, the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Ann Neurol 37 : 211-217
128. Reiss AB (2005) Cholesterol and apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 20 : 91-96
129. Reiss AB, et al (2004) Cholesterol in neurologic disorders of the elderly: Stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 25 : 977-989
130. Roheim PS, et al (1979) Apolipoproteins in human cerebrospinal fluid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76 : 4646-4649
131. Saunders AM, et al (1993) Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 43 : 1467-1472
132. Schonknecht P, et al (2002) Cerebrospinal fluid 24S-hydroxycholesterol is increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease compared to healthy controls. Neurosci Lett 324 : 83-85
133. Segal MB (2000) The choroid plexuses and the barriers between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. Cell Mol Neurobiol 20 : 183-196
134. Simons M, et al (1998) Cholesterol depletion inhibits the generation of beta-Amyloid in hippocampal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 : 6460-6464
135. Skipor J, Thiery JC (2008) The choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system: Undervaluated pathway of neuroendocrine signaling into the brain. Acta Neurobiol Exp. (Wars) 68 : 414-428
136. Slezak M, Pfrieger FW (2003) New roles for astrocytes: Regulation of CNS synaptogenesis. Trends Neurosci 26 : 531-535
137. Snipes GJ, Suter U (1997) Cholesterol and myelin. Subcell Biochem 28 : 173-204
138. Song BL, Javitt NB, DeBose-Boyd RA (2005) Insig-mediated degradation of HMG CoA reductase stimulated by lanosterol, an intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol. Cell Metab 1 : 179-189
139. Song C, et al (1994) Ubiquitous receptor: A receptor that modulates gene activation by retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 : 10809-10813
140. Spady DK, Dietschy JM (1983) Sterol synthesis in vivo in 18 tissues of the squirrel monkey, guinea pig, rabbit, hamster, and rat. J Lipid Res 24 : 303-315
141. Sparks DL (1997) Coronary artery disease, hypertension, ApoE, and cholesterol: A link to Alzheimer's disease ?. Ann NY Acad Sci 826 : 128-146
142. Steffensen KR, et al (2003) Gene expression profiling in adipose tissue indicates different transcriptional mechanisms of liver X receptors alpha and beta, respectively. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310 : 589-593
143. Sun Y, et al (2003) Expression of liver X receptor target genes decreases cellular amyloid beta peptide secretion. J Biol Chem 278 : 27688-27694
144. Tachikawa M, et al (2005) Distinct spatio-Temporal expression of ABCA and ABCG transporters in the developing and adult mouse brain. J Neurochem 95 : 294-304
145. Tam SP, et al (2006) ABCA1 mediates high-Affinity uptake of 25-hydroxycholesterol by membrane vesicles and rapid efflux of oxysterol by intact cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291 : C490-C502
146. Thelen KM, et al (2006a) Cholesterol synthesis rate in human hippocampus declines with aging. Neurosci Lett 403 : 15-19
147. Thelen KM, et al (2006b) Brain cholesterol synthesis in mice is affected by high dose of simvastatin but not of pravastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 316 : 1146-1152
148. Travert C, Carreau S, Le Goff D (2006) Induction of apoptosis by 25-hydroxycholesterol in adult rat Leydig cells: Protective effect of 17beta-estradiol. Reprod Toxicol 22 : 564-570
149. Ulven SM, et al (2004) Tissue-specific autoregulation of the LXRalpha gene facilitates induction of apoE in mouse adipose tissue. J Lipid Res 45 : 2052-2062
150. Utermann G, Pruin N, Steinmetz A (1979) Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E. III. Effect of a single polymorphic gene locus on plasma lipid levels in man. Clin Genet 15 : 63-72
151. Vance JE, Hayashi H, Karten B (2005) Cholesterol homeostasis in neurons and glial cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 16 : 193-212
152. Wagstaff LR, et al (2003) Statin-Associated memory loss: Analysis of 60 case reports and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 23 : 871-880
153. Wahrle SE, et al (2004) ABCA1 is required for normal central nervous system ApoE levels and for lipidation of astrocyte-secreted apoE. J Biol Chem 279 : 40987-40993
154. Wahrle SE, et al (2008) Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 118 : 671-682
155. Wang L, et al (2002) Liver X receptors in the central nervous system: From lipid homeostasis to neuronal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 : 13878-13883
156. Wang N, et al (2004) ATP-binding cassette transporters G1 and G4 mediate cellular cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 : 9774-9779
157. Wang N, et al (2008) ATP-binding cassette transporters G1 and G4 mediate cholesterol and desmosterol efflux to HDL and regulate sterol accumulation in the brain. FASEB J 22 : 1073-1082
158. Whitney KD, et al (2001) Liver X receptor (LXR) regulation of the LXRalpha gene in human macrophages. J Biol Chem 276 : 43509-43515
159. Whitney KD, et al (2002) Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis by the liver X receptors in the central nervous system. Mol Endocrinol 16 : 1378-1385
160. Wiegand V, et al (2003) Transport of plasma membrane-derived cholesterol and the function of Niemann-Pick C1 Protein. FASEB J 17 : 782-784
161. Wolozin B (2004) Cholesterol and the biology of Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 41 : 7-10
162. Wolozin B, et al (2004) The cellular biochemistry of cholesterol and statins: Insights into the pathophysiology and therapy of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drug Rev 10 : 127-146
163. Xie C, Turley SD, Dietschy JM (2000) Centripetal cholesterol flow from the extrahepatic organs through the liver is normal in mice with mutated Niemann-Pick type C protein. (NPC1). J Lipid Res 41 : 1278-1289
164. Xie C, et al (2003) Quantitation of two pathways for cholesterol excretion from the brain in normal mice and mice with neurodegeneration. J Lipid Res 44 : 1780-1789
165. Xu Q, et al (2000) Isolation and characterization of apolipoproteins from murine microglia. Identification of a low density lipoprotein-like apolipoprotein J-rich but E-poor spherical particle. J Biol Chem 275 : 31770-31777
166. Xu Q, et al (2006) Profile and regulation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression in the CNS in mice with targeting of green fluorescent protein gene to the ApoE locus. J Neurosci 26 : 4985-4994
167. Yan D, et al (2008) OSBP-related protein 8 (ORP8) suppresses ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux from macrophages. J Biol Chem 283 : 332-340
168. Yang C, et al (2004) Disruption of cholesterol homeostasis by plant sterols. J Clin Invest 114 : 813-822
169. Yvan-Charvet L, et al (2008) SR-BI inhibits ABCG1-stimulated net cholesterol efflux from cells to plasma HDL. J Lipid Res 49 : 107-114
170. Zerbinatti CV, Bu G (2005) LRP and Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 16 : 123-135
171. Zerbinatti CV, et al (2004) Increased soluble amyloid-beta peptide and memory deficits in amyloid model mice overexpressing the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 : 1075-1080
172. Zerbinatti CV, et al (2006) Apolipoprotein E and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein facilitate intraneuronal Abeta42 accumulation in amyloid model mice. J Biol Chem 281 : 36180-36186
173. Zhang M, Strnatka D, Donohue C, Hallows JL, Vincent I, Erickson RP (2008) Astrocyte-only Npc1 reduces neuronal cholesterol and triples life span of Npc1(-/-) mice. J Neurosci Res 86 : 2848-2856