Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Neuroinflammation

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 55-79

  Sato, Fumitaka ^a   Omura, Seiichi ^a   Martinez, Nicholas E ^a   Tsunoda, Ikuo ^a  

^a Louisiana State University School of Medicine Shreveport   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862488894     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384913-7.00004-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (169)

1. Johnson AJ, Suidan GL, McDole J, Pirko I The CD8 T cell in multiple sclerosis: suppressor cell or mediator of neuropathology?. Int Rev Neurobiol 2007, 79:73-97.
2. Kira J Neuromyelitis optica and asian phenotype of multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008, 1142:58-71.
3. Correale J, Fiol M BHT-3009, a myelin basic protein-encoding plasmid for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2009, 11:463-470.
4. Burns J, Bartholomew B, Lobo S Isolation of myelin basic protein-specific T cells predominantly from the memory T-cell compartment in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1999, 45:33-39.
5. Hafler DA, Weiner HL In vivo labeling of blood T cells: rapid traffic into cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1987, 22:89-93.
6. Minagar A, Long A, Ma T, Jackson TH, Kelley RE, Ostanin DV, et al. Interferon (IFN)β1a and IFNβ1b block IFNγ-induced disintegration of endothelial junction integrity and barrier. Endothelium 2003, 10:299-307.
7. Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS Two models for multiple sclerosis: experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and Theilers' murine encephalomyelitis virus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1996, 55:673-686.
8. Schreiner B, Heppner FL, Becher B Modeling multiple sclerosis in laboratory animals. Semin Immunopathol 2009, 31:479-495.
9. Deuschle M, Bode L, Heuser I, Schmider J, Ludwig H Borna disease virus proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with recurrent depression and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998, 352:1828-1829.
10. Haase CG, Viazov S, Fiedler M, Koenig N, Faustmann PM, Roggendorf M Borna disease virus RNA is absent in chronic multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001, 50:423-424.
11. Opsahl ML, Kennedy PGE Early and late HHV-6 gene transcripts in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal appearing white matter. Brain 2005, 128:516-527.
12. Christensen T The role of EBV in MS pathogenesis. Int MS J 2006, 13:52-57.
13. Lünemann JD, Jelĉić I, Roberts S, Lutterotti A, Tackenberg B, Martin R, et al. EBNA1-specific T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis cross react with myelin antigens and co-produce IFNγ and IL-2. J Exp Med 2008, 205:1763-1773.
14. Baumgärtner W, Alldinger S The pathogenesis of canine distemper virus induced demyelination: a biphasic process. Experimental models of multiple sclerosis 2005, 871-887. Springer, New York NY. E. Lavi, C.S. Constantinescu (Eds.).
15. Bender SJ, Weiss SR. Pathogenesis of murine coronavirus in the central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010;5:336-54.
16. Lipton HL Theiler's virus infection in mice: an unusual biphasic disease process leading to demyelination. Infect Immun 1975, 11:1147-1155.
17. Seboun E, Robinson MA, Doolittle TH, Ciulla TA, Kindt TJ, Hauser SL A susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis is linked to the T cell receptor β chain complex. Cell 1989, 57:1095-1100.
18. Lynch SG, Rose JW, Petajan JH, Stauffer D, Kamerath C, Leppert M Discordance of T-cell receptor β-chain genes in familial multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1991, 30:402-410.
19. Schwendimann RN, Alekseeva N Gender issues in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Neurobiol 2007, 79:377-392.
20. Hirst C, Ingram G, Pickersgill T, Swingler R, Compston DAS, Robertson NP Increasing prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in South East Wales. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009, 80:386-391.
21. Koch-Henriksen N, Sørensen PS The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology. Lancet Neurol 2010, 9:520-532.
22. Osoegawa M, Kira J, Fukazawa T, Fujihara K, Kikuchi S, Matsui M, et al. Temporal changes and geographical differences in multiple sclerosis phenotypes in Japanese: nationwide survey results over 30 years. Mult Scler 2009, 15:159-173.
23. Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Rosati G The worldwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2002, 104:182-191.
24. Ebers GC, Bulman DE, Sadovnick AD, Paty DW, Warren S, Hader W, et al. A population-based study of multiple sclerosis in twins. N Engl J Med 1986, 315:1638-1642.
25. Rose JW Multiple sclerosis: evidence of maternal effects and an increasing incidence in women. Neurology 2009, 73:578-579.
26. Oksenberg JR, Baranzini SE, Sawcer S, Hauser SL The genetics of multiple sclerosis: SNPs to pathways to pathogenesis. Nat Rev Genet 2008, 9:516-526.
27. Oksenberg JR, Baranzini SE, Barcellos LF, Hauser SL Multiple sclerosis: genomic rewards. J Neuroimmunol 2001, 113:171-184.
28. Fukazawa T, Yabe I, Kikuchi S, Sasaki H, Hamada T, Miyasaka K, et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with multiple sclerosis in Japanese. J Neurol Sci 1999, 166:47-52.
29. Niino M, Kikuchi S, Fukazawa T, Yabe I, Tashiro K Estrogen receptor gene polymorphism in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2000, 179:70-75.
30. Hill KE, Pigmans M, Fujinami RS, Rose JW Gender variations in early Theiler's virus induced demyelinating disease: differential susceptibility and effects of IL-4, IL-10 and combined IL-4 with IL-10. J Neuroimmunol 1998, 85:44-51.
31. Clatch RJ, Melvold RW, Miller SD, Lipton HL Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease in mice is influenced by the H-2D region: correlation with TEMV-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity. J Immunol 1985, 135:1408-1414.
32. Rodriguez M, Leibowitz J, David CS Susceptibility to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination. Mapping of the gene within the H-2D region. J Exp Med 1986, 163:620-631.
33. Nemoto H, Konno S, Nakazora H, Miura H, Kurihara T Histological and immunohistological changes of the skeletal muscles in older SJL/J mice. Eur Neurol 2007, 57:19-25.
34. Bahk YY, Kappel CA, Rasmussen G, Kim BS Association between susceptibility to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination and T-cell receptor Jβ1-Cβ1 polymorphism rather than Vβ deletion. J Virol 1997, 71:4181-4185.
35. Friedmann A, Frankel G, Lorch Y, Steinman L Monoclonal anti-I-A antibody reverses chronic paralysis and demyelination in Theiler's virus-infected mice: critical importance of timing of treatment. J Virol 1987, 61:898-903.
36. Rivers TM, Sprunt DH, Berry GP Observations on attempts to produce acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in monkeys. J Exp Med 1933, 58:39-53.
37. Kabat EA, Wolf A, Bezer AE Rapid production of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys by injection of brain tissue with adjuvants. Science 1946, 104:362-363.
38. Paterson PY Transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats by means of lymph node cells. J Exp Med 1960, 111:119-136.
39. Theiler M Spontaneous encephalomyelitis of mice-a new virus disease. Science 1934, 80:122.
40. Daniels JB, Pappenheimer AM, Richardson S Observations on encephalomyelitis of mice (DA strain). J Exp Med 1952, 96:517-530.
41. Tracy S, Chapman NM, Drescher KM, Kono K, Tapprich W Evolution of virulence in picornaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006, 299:193-209.
42. Tsunoda I, Iwasaki Y, Terunuma H, Sako K, Ohara Y A comparative study of acute and chronic diseases induced by two subgroups of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Acta Neuropathol 1996, 91:595-602.
43. Stewart KA, Wilcox KS, Fujinami RS, White HS. Theiler's virus infection chronically alters seizure susceptibility. Epilepsia 2009; 51: 1418-28.
44. Steurbaut S, Merckx E, Rombaut B, Vrijsen R Modulation of viral replication in macrophages persistently infected with the DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Virol J 2008, 5:89.
45. Rodriguez M, Leibowitz JL, Lampert PW Persistent infection of oligodendrocytes in Theiler's virus-induced encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol 1983, 13:426-433.
46. Lipton HL, Twaddle G, Jelachich ML The predominant virus antigen burden is present in macrophages in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Virol 1995, 69:2525-2533.
47. Owens T Animal models for multiple sclerosis. Adv Neurol 2006, 98:77-89.
48. Lublin FD, Reingold SC Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 1996, 46:907-911.
49. Tsunoda I, Kuang L-Q, Theil DJ, Fujinami RS Antibody association with a novel model for primary progressive multiple sclerosis: induction of relapsing-remitting and progressive forms of EAE in H2s mouse strains. Brain Pathol 2000, 10:402-418.
50. Sospedra M, Martin R Immunology of multiple sclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2005, 23:683-747.
51. Ebers GC Prognostic factors for multiple sclerosis: the importance of natural history studies. J Neurol 2005, 252(Suppl 3):iii15-iii20.
52. Fritz RB, McFarlin DE Encephalitogenic epitopes of myelin basic protein. Chem Immunol 1989, 46:101-125.
53. Zéphir H, Lefranc D, Dubucquoi S, de Seze J, Boron L, Prin L, et al. Serum IgG repertoire in clinically isolated syndrome predicts multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2009, 15:593-600.
54. Sobel RA, Greer JM, Kuchroo VK Minireview: autoimmune responses to myelin proteolipid protein. Neurochem Res 1994, 19:915-921.
55. Tuohy VK Peptide determinants of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) in autoimmune demyelinating disease: a review. Neurochem Res 1994, 19:935-944.
56. Tsunoda I, Kuang LQ, Theil DJ, Fujinami RS Antibody association with a novel model for primary progressive multiple sclerosis: induction of relapsing-remitting and progressive forms of EAE in H2s mouse strains. Brain Pathol 2000, 10:402-418.
57. Sato F , Tanaka H, Hasanovic F , Tsunoda I. Theiler's virus infections pathophysiology of demyelination and neurodegeneration. Pathophysiology 2010; in press.
58. Lassmann H, Brück W, Lucchinetti C Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Trends Mol Med 2001, 7:115-121.
59. Tsunoda I, Kurtz CIB, Fujinami RS Apoptosis in acute and chronic central nervous system disease induced by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Virology 1997, 228:388-393.
60. Pirko I, Lucchinetti CF, Sriram S, Bakshi R Gray matter involvement in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2007, 68:634-642.
61. Tsunoda I, Kuang L-Q, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS Axonal injury heralds virus-induced demyelination. Am J Pathol 2003, 162:1259-1269.
62. Seehusen, F., Baumgärtner, W. Axonal pathology and loss precede demyelination and accompany chronic lesions in a spontaneously occurring animal model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2009; 20: 551-9.
63. Huizinga R, Heijmans N, Schubert P, Gschmeissner S, 't Hart BA, Herrmann H, et al. Immunization with neurofilament light protein induces spastic paresis and axonal degeneration in Biozzi ABH mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007, 66:295-304.
64. Derfuss T, Parikh K, Velhin S, Braun M, Mathey E, Krumbholz M, et al. Contactin-2/TAG-1-directed autoimmunity is identified in multiple sclerosis patients and mediates gray matter pathology in animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:8302-8307.
65. Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS Inside-out versus outside-in models for virus induced demyelination: axonal damage triggering demyelination. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2002, 24:105-125.
66. Tsunoda I, Tanaka T, Saijoh Y, Fujinami RS Targeting inflammatory demyelinating lesions to sites of Wallerian degeneration. Am J Pathol 2007, 171:1563-1575.
67. Tsunoda I, Tanaka T, Terry EJ, Fujinami RS Contrasting roles for axonal degeneration in an autoimmune versus viral model of multiple sclerosis: when can axonal injury be beneficial?. Am J Pathol 2007, 170:214-226.
68. Szabo SJ, Kim ST, Costa GL, Zhang X, Fathman CG, Glimcher LH A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs Th1 lineage commitment. Cell 2000, 100:655-669.
69. Zheng W, Flavell RA The transcription factor GATA-3 is necessary and sufficient for Th2 cytokine gene expression in CD4 T cells. Cell 1997, 89:587-596.
70. Yang XO, Pappu B, Nurieva R, Akimzhanov A, Kang HS, Chung Y, et al. TH17 lineage differentiation is programmed by orphan nuclear receptors RORα and RORγ. Immunity 2008, 28:29-39.
71. Zhou L, Lopes JE, Chong MMW, Ivanov II, Min R, Victora GD, et al. TGFβ-induced Foxp3 inhibits Th17 cell differentiation by antagonizing RORγt function. Nature 2008, 453:236-240.
72. Matsui N, Nakane S, Saito F, Ohigashi I, Nakagawa Y, Kurobe H, et al. Undiminished regulatory T cells in the thymus of patients with myasthenia gravis. Neurology 2010, 74:816-820.
73. Hofman FM, von Hanwehr RI, Dinarello CA, Mizel SB, Hinton D, Merrill JE Immunoregulatory molecules and IL 2 receptors identified in multiple sclerosis brain. J Immunol 1986, 136:3239-3245.
74. Hofman FM, Hinton DR, Baemayr J, Weil M, Merrill JE Lymphokines and immunoregu-latory molecules in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1991, 58:331-342.
75. Merrill JE, Kagan JM, Schmid I, Strom SR, Quan SG, Chen ISY T cell lines established from multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid T cells using human retroviruses. J Neuroimmunol 1989, 21:213-226.
76. Merrill JE, Kono DH, Clayton J, Ando DG, Hinton DR, Hofman FM Inflammatory leukocytes and cytokines in the peptide-induced disease of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL and B10.PL mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992, 89:574-578.
77. Ando DG, Clayton J, Kono D, Urban JL, Sercarz EE Encephalitogenic T cells in the B10.PL model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) are of the Th-1 lymphokine subtype. Cell Immunol 1989, 124:132-143.
78. Baron JL, Madri JA, Ruddle NH, Hashim G, Janeway CA Surface expression of α4 integrin by CD4 T cells is required for their entry into brain parenchyma. J Exp Med 1993, 177:57-68.
79. Constantinescu CS, Hilliard B, Ventura E, Wysocka M, Showe L, Lavi E, et al. Modulation of susceptibility and resistance to an autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis in prototypically susceptible and resistant strains by neutralization of interleukin-12 and interleukin-4, respectively. Clin Immunol 2001, 98:23-30.
80. Bettelli E, Sullivan B, Szabo SJ, Sobel RA, Glimcher LH, Kuchroo VK Loss of T-bet, but not STAT1, prevents the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2004, 200:79-87.
81. Ferber IA, Brocke S, Taylor-Edwards C, Ridgway W, Dinisco C, Steinman L, et al. Mice with a disrupted IFNγ gene are susceptible to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). J Immunol 1996, 156:5-7.
82. Tran EH, Prince EN, Owens T IFNγ shapes immune invasion of the central nervous system via regulation of chemokines. J Immunol 2000, 164:2759-2768.
83. Willenborg DO, Fordham S, Bernard CCA, Cowden WB, Ramshaw IA IFNγ plays a critical down-regulatory role in the induction and effector phase of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1996, 157:3223-3227.
84. Willenborg DO, Fordham SA, Staykova MA, Ramshaw IA, Cowden WB IFNγ is critical to the control of murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis and regulates both in the periphery and in the target tissue: a possible role for nitric oxide. J Immunol 1999, 163:5278-5286.
85. + T cells contribute to protection in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis. Immunology 1993, 80:502-506.
86. Chang JR, Zaczynska E, Katsetos CD, Platsoucas CD, Oleszak EL Differential expression of TGFβ, IL-2, and other cytokines in the CNS of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected susceptible and resistant strains of mice. Virology 2000, 278:346-360.
87. Pullen LC, Miller SD, Dal Canto MC, Van der Meide PH, Kim BS Alteration in the level of interferonγ results in acceleration of Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Neuroimmunol 1994, 55:143-152.
88. Miller SD, Gerety SJ, Kennedy MK, Peterson JD, Trotter JL, Tuohy VK, et al. Class II-restricted T cell responses in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease. III. Failure of neuroantigen-specific immune tolerance to affect the clinical course of demyelination. J Neuroimmunol 1990, 26:9-23.
89. Inoue A, Koh C-S, Yamazaki M, Yahikozawa H, Ichikawa M, Yagita H, et al. Suppressive effect on Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease by the administration of anti-IL-12 antibody. J Immunol 1998, 161:5586-5593.
90. Miller SD, Vanderlugt CL, Begolka WS, Pao W, Yauch RL, Neville KL, et al. Persistent infection with Theiler's virus leads to CNS autoimmunity via epitope spreading. Nat Med 1997, 3:1133-1136.
91. Yoh K, Shibuya K, Morito N, Nakano T, Ishizaki K, Shimohata H, et al. Transgenic overexpression of GATA-3 in T lymphocytes improves autoimmune glomerulonephritis in mice with a BXSB/MpJ-Yaa genetic background. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14:2494-2502.
92. Kuchroo VK, Das MP, Brown JA, Ranger AM, Zamvil SS, Sobel RA, et al. B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/Th2 developmental pathways: application to autoimmune disease therapy. Cell 1995, 80:707-718.
93. Chakravarti S, Sabatos CA, Xiao S, Illes Z, Cha EK, Sobel RA, et al. Tim-2 regulates T helper type 2 responses and autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2005, 202:437-444.
94. Lafaille JJ, van de Keera F, Hsu AL, Baron JL, Haas W, Raine CS, et al. Myelin basic protein-specific T helper 2 (Th2) cells cause experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in immunodeficient hosts rather than protect them from the disease. J Exp Med 1997, 186:307-312.
95. Martinez NE, Omura S, Sato F, Minagar A, Tsunoda I. Is MS a heterogeneous two-stage disease? Pathomechanisms of neurodegeneration versus neroinflammation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; in press.
96. Tsunoda I, Kuang L-Q, Igenge IZM, Fujinami RS Converting relapsing remitting to secondary progressive experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by ultraviolet B irradiation. J Neuroimmunol 2005, 160:122-134.
97. Yamada M, Zurbriggen A, Fujinami RS Monoclonal antibody to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus defines a determinant on myelin and oligodendrocytes, and augments demyelination in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 1990, 171:1893-1907.
98. Sato S, Reiner SL, Jensen MA, Roos RP Central nervous system cytokine mRNA expression following Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 1997, 76:213-223.
99. Aggarwal S, Gurney AL IL-17: prototype member of an emerging cytokine family. J Leukoc Biol 2002, 71:1-8.
100. + effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat Immunol 2005, 6:1123-1132.
101. Park H, Li Z, Yang XO, Chang SH, Nurieva R, Wang Y-H, et al. A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17. Nat Immunol 2005, 6:1133-1141.
102. Matusevicius D, Kivisäkk P, He B, Kostulas N, Özenci V, Fredrikson S, et al. Interleukin-17 mRNA expression in blood and CSF mononuclear cells is augmented in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1999, 5:101-104.
103. Lock C, Hermans G, Pedotti R, Brendolan A, Schadt E, Garren H, et al. Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Med 2002, 8:500-508.
104. Hofstetter HH, Ibrahim SM, Koczan D, Kruse N, Weishaupt A, Toyka KV, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of IL-17 neutralization in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol 2005, 237:123-130.
105. Komiyama Y, Nakae S, Matsuki T, Nambu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, et al. IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2006, 177:566-573.
106. H17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 2006, 441:235-238.
107. O'Connor RA, Prendergast CT, Sabatos CA, Lau CWZ, Leech MD, Wraith DC, et al. Cutting edge: Th1 cells facilitate the entry of Th17 cells to the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2008, 181:3750-3754.
108. Jäger A, Dardalhon V, Sobel RA, Bettelli E, Kuchroo VK Th1, Th17, and Th9 effector cells induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with different pathological phenotypes. J Immunol 2009, 183:7169-7177.
109. Hou W, Kang HS, Kim BS Th17 cells enhance viral persistence and inhibit T cell cytotoxicity in a model of chronic virus infection. J Exp Med 2009, 206:313-328.
110. + regulatory T cells in immunological tolerance to self and non-self. Nat Immunol 2005, 6:345-352.
111. + regulatory T cells by TGFβ induction of transcription factor Foxp3. J Exp Med 2003, 198:1875-1886.
112. Bennett CL, Christie J, Ramsdell F, Brunkow ME, Ferguson PJ, Whitesell L, et al. The immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) is caused by mutations of FOXP3. Nat Genet 2001, 27:20-21.
113. + T cells. Adv Immunol 2003, 81:331-371.
114. + regulatory T cells suppress antigen-specific autoreactive immune responses and central nervous system inflammation during active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2002, 169:4712-4716.
115. + regulatory T lymphocytes through the induction of anergy and infectious tolerance. J Immunol 2008, 180:2830-2838.
116. + regulatory T cells. Int Immunol 2004, 16:249-256.
117. Yu P, Gregg RK, Bell JJ, Ellis JS, Divekar R, Lee H-H, et al. Specific T regulatory cells display broad suppressive functions against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis upon activation with cognate antigen. J Immunol 2005, 174:6772-6780.
118. + T cells: analysis using depleting antibodies. J Autoimmun 2004, 23:1-7.
119. + regulatory cells mediate genetic resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:15434-15439.
120. Pearse M, Wu L, Egerton M, Wilson A, Shortman K, Scollay R A murine early thymocyte developmental sequence is marked by transient expression of the interleukin 2 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989, 86:1614-1618.
121. Rose JW, Watt HE, White AT, Carlson NG Treatment of multiple sclerosis with an anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody. Ann Neurol 2004, 56:864-867.
122. Rose JW, Burns JB, Bjorklund J, Klein J, Watt HE, Carlson NG Daclizumab phase II trial in relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical results. Neurology 2007, 69:785-789.
123. Zelinskyy G, Dietze KK, Hüsecken YP, Schimmer S, Nair S, Werner T, et al. The regulatory T-cell response during acute retroviral infection is locally defined and controls the magnitude and duration of the virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell response. Blood 2009, 114:3199-3207.
124. Lanteri MC, O'Brien KM, Purtha WE, Cameron MJ, Lund JM, Owen RE, et al. Tregs control the development of symptomatic West Nile virus infection in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2009, 119:3266-3277.
125. Veldhoen M, Uyttenhove C, van Snick J, Helmby H, Westendorf A, Buer J, et al. Transforming growth factorβ "reprograms" the differentiation of T helper 2 cells and promotes an interleukin 9-producing subset. Nat Immunol 2008, 9:1341-1346.
126. - effector T cells. Nat Immunol 2008, 9:1347-1355.
127. van Snick J, Goethals A, Renauld J-C, Van Roost E, Uyttenhove C, Rubira MR, et al. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA for a new mouse T cell growth factor (P40). J Exp Med 1989, 169:363-368.
128. Gessner A, Blum H, Röllinghoff M Differential regulation of IL-9-expression after infection with Leishmania major in susceptible and resistant mice. Immunobiology 1993, 189:419-435.
129. Temann U-A, Geba GP, Rankin JA, Flavell RA Expression of interleukin 9 in the lungs of transgenic mice causes airway inflammation, mast cell hyperplasia, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J Exp Med 1998, 188:1307-1320.
130. + natural regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:12885-12890.
131. Bendelac A, Savage PB, Teyton L The biology of NKT cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2007, 25:297-336.
132. Kanter JL, Narayana S, Ho PP, Catz I, Warren KG, Sobel RA, et al. Lipid microarrays identify key mediators of autoimmune brain inflammation. Nat Med 2006, 12:138-143.
133. Podbielska M, Hogan EL Molecular and immunogenic features of myelin lipids: incitants or modulators of multiple sclerosis?. Mult Scler 2009, 15:1011-1029.
134. Moody DB, Zajonc DM, Wilson IA Anatomy of CD1-lipid antigen complexes. Nat Rev Immunol 2005, 5:387-399.
135. Feng J, Misu T, Fujihara K, Sakoda S, Nakatsuji Y, Fukaura H, et al. Ibudilast, a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, regulates Th1/Th2 balance and NKT cell subset in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2004, 10:494-498.
136. O'Keeffe J, Gately CM, Counihan T, Hennessy M, Leahy T, Moran AP, et al. T-cells expressing natural killer (NK) receptors are altered in multiple sclerosis and responses to α-galactosylceramide are impaired. J Neurol Sci 2008, 275:22-28.
137. Sakuishi, K., Miyake, S., Yamamura, T. Role of NK cells and invariant NKT cells in multiple sclerosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2010;51:127-47.
138. Singh AK, Wilson MT, Hong S, Olivares-Villagómez D, Du C, Stanic AK, et al. Natural killer T cell activation protects mice against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2001, 194:1801-1811.
139. Mars LT, Gautron AS, Novak J, Beaudoin L, Diana J, Liblau RS, et al. Invariant NKT cells regulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and infiltrate the central nervous system in a CD1d-independent manner. J Immunol 2008, 181:2321-2329.
140. Yokote H, Miyake S, Croxford JL, Oki S, Mizusawa H, Yamamura T NKT cell-dependent amelioration of a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by altering gut flora. Am J Pathol 2008, 173:1714-1723.
141. Tsunoda I, Tanaka T, Fujinami RS Regulatory role of CD1d in neurotropic virus infection. J Virol 2008, 82:10279-10289.
142. + natural killer T cells in a viral model for multiple sclerosis. J Neurovirol 2009, 15:90-98.
143. + T cells in a model for multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 2001, 194:669-676.
144. Na S-Y, Cao Y, Toben C, Nitschke L, Stadelmann C, Gold R, et al. Naïve CD8 T-cells initiate spontaneous autoimmunity to a sequestered model antigen of the central nervous system. Brain 2008, 131:2353-2365.
145. + T-cell clones following virus infection. J Virol 2005, 79:14640-14646.
146. + T cell clones and hybridomas following virus infection. Encyclopedia of neuroscience 2009, 619-625. Springer-Verlag, GmbH Berlin Heidelberg. M.D. Binder, N. Hirokawa, U. Windhorst (Eds.).
147. Fujinami RS, Rosenthal A, Lampert PW, Zurbriggen A, Yamada M Survival of athymic (nu/nu) mice after Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection by passive administration of neutralizing monoclonal antibody. J Virol 1989, 63:2081-2087.
148. Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS TMEV and neuroantigens: myelin genes and proteins, molecular mimicry, epitope spresding and autoantibody-mediated remyelination. Experimental models of multiple sclerosis 2005, 593-616. Springer, New York NY. E. Lavi, C.S. Constantinescu (Eds.).
149. Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Persistent viral infections 1999, 517-536. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, England. R. Ahmed, I.S.Y. Chen (Eds.).
150. Tsunoda I Axonal degeneration as a self-destructive defense mechanism against neurotropic virus infection. Future Virol 2008, 3:579-593.
151. Roos RP, Wollmann R DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus induces demyelination in nude mice. Ann Neurol 1984, 15:494-499.
152. Tsunoda, I., Fujinami, R.S. Neuropathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, an animal model for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009;5:355-69.
153. Pulizzi A, Rovaris M, Judica E, Sormani MP, Martinelli V, Comi G, et al. Determinants of disability in multiple sclerosis at various disease stages: a multiparametric magnetic resonance study. Arch Neurol 2007, 64:1163-1168.
154. Yanagawa K, Kawachi I, Toyoshima Y, Yokoseki A, Arakawa M, Hasegawa A, et al. Pathologic and immunologic profiles of a limited form of neuromyelitis optica with myelitis. Neurology 2009, 73:1628-1637.
155. Omura S, Koike E, Kobayashi T Microarray analysis of gene expression in rat alveolar epithelial cells exposed to fractionated organic extracts of diesel exhaust particles. Toxicology 2009, 262:65-72.
156. Singh MK, Scott TF, LaFramboise WA, Hu FZ, Post JC, Ehrlich GD Gene expression changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients undergoing β-interferon therapy. J Neurol Sci 2007, 258:52-59.
157. Satoh J, Nakanishi M, Koike F, Miyake S, Yamamoto T, Kawai M, et al. Microarray analysis identifies an aberrant expression of apoptosis and DNA damage-regulatory genes in multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2005, 18:537-550.
158. Kinter J, Zeis T, Schaeren-Wiemers N RNA profiling of MS brain tissues. Int MS J 2008, 15:51-58.
159. Comabella M, Martin R Genomics in multiple sclerosis-current state and future directions. J Neuroimmunol 2007, 187:1-8.
160. Brand-Schieber E, Werner P, Iacobas DA, Iacobas S, Beelitz M, Lowery SL, et al. Connexin43, the major gap junction protein of astrocytes, is down-regulated in inflamed white matter in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2005, 80:798-808.
161. Gilgun-Sherki Y, Barhum Y, Atlas D, Melamed E, Offen D Analysis of gene expression in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after treatment with a novel brain-penetrating antioxidant. J Mol Neurosci 2005, 27:125-135.
162. Baranzini SE, Bernard CCA, Oksenberg JR Modular transcriptional activity characterizes the initiation and progression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2005, 174:7412-7422.
163. (35-55) peptide induced EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2009, 209:6-15.
164. Paintlia AS, Paintlia MK, Singh AK, Stanislaus R, Gilg AG, Barbosa E, et al. Regulation of gene expression associated with acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by Lovastatin. J Neurosci Res 2004, 77:63-81.
165. Lu C, Pelech S, Zhang H, Bond J, Spach K, Noubade R, et al. Pertussis toxin induces angiogenesis in brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neurosci Res 2008, 86:2624-2640.
166. Rubio N, Sanz-Rodriguez F Induction of the CXCL1 (KC) chemokine in mouse astrocytes by infection with the murine encephalomyelitis virus of Theiler. Virology 2007, 358:98-108.
167. Rubio N, Palomo M, Alcami A Interferonα/β genes are up-regulated in murine brain astrocytes after infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010, 30:253-262.
168. Navarrete-Talloni MJ, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Ulrich R, Kummerfeld M, Rohn K, et al. Transient peripheral immune response and central nervous system leaky compartmentalization in a viral model for multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2010;20:890-901.
169. Ulrich R, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W Machine learning approach identifies new pathways associated with demyelination in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2010, 14:434-448.