Amyloids as Sensors and Protectors (ASAP) hypothesis

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 503-514

  Petrofes Chapa, Rachel D ^a   Emery, Michael A ^a   Fawver, Janelle N ^a   Murray, Ian V J ^a  

^a TEXAS A M COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

ER stress; prion; protein misfolding; uncoupling protein response; sheet

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHAPERONE; METAL; MICRORNA;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; CELL PROTECTION; CELLULAR STRESS RESPONSE; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; METABOLIC DISORDER; NONHUMAN; PRION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; REDOX STRESS; SENSOR;

EID: 84859389172     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: 18758908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2012-112015     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. DeFronzo RA (2010) Insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: The missing links. The Claude Bernard Lecture 2009. Diabetologia 53, 1270-1287.
2. Lin MT, Beal MF (2006) Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 443, 787-795. (Pubitemid 44622683)
3. Murray IVJ, Proza JF, Sohrabji F, Lawler JM (2011) Vascular and metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A review. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 236, 772-782.
4. Ellis G, Fang E, Maheshwari M, Roltsch E, Holcomb L, Zimmer D, Martinez D, Murray IVJ (2010) Lipid oxidation and modification of amyloid-fj (Afj) in vitro and in vivo. J Alzheimers Dis 22, 593-607.
5. Murray IVJ, Liu L, Komatsu H, Uryu K, Xiao G, Lawson JA, Axelsen PH (2007) Membrane-mediated amyloidogenesis and the promotion of oxidative lipid damage by amyloid beta proteins. J Biol Chem 282, 9335-9345. (Pubitemid 47104603)
6. Markesbery WR (1997) Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 23, 134-147. (Pubitemid 27217017)
7. Dalfo E, Ferrer I (2008) Early a-synuclein lipoxidation in neocortex in Lewy body diseases. Neurobiol Aging 29, 408-417. (Pubitemid 351222679)
8. Guix FX, Ill-Raga G, Bravo R, Nakaya T, de Fabritiis G, Coma M, Miscione GP, Villa-Freixa J, Suzuki T, Fernandez-Busquets X, Valverde MA, De Strooper B, Munoz FJ (2009) Amyloid-dependent triosephosphate isomerase nitrotyrosi-nation induces glycation and tau fibrillation. Brain 132, 1335-1345.
9. Kapurniotu A, Bernhagen J, Greenfield N, Al-Abed Y, Teichberg S, Frank RW, Voelter W, Bucala R (1998) Contribution of advanced glycosylation to the amyloidogenicity of islet amyloid polypeptide. Eur J Biochem 251, 208-216. (Pubitemid 28080916)
10. Ma Z, Westermark P, Westermark GT (2000) Amyloid in human islets of Langerhans: Immunologic evidence that islet amyloid polypeptide is modified in amyloidogenesis. Pancreas 21, 212-218. (Pubitemid 30612862)
11. Barnham KJ, Ciccotosto GD, Tickler AK, Ali FE, Smith DG, Williamson NA, Lam YH, Carrington D, Tew D, Kocak G, Volitakis I, Separovic F, Barrow CJ, Wade JD, Masters CL, Cherny RA, Curtain CC, Bush AI, Cappai R (2003) Neurotoxic, redox-competent Alzheimer's beta-amyloid is released from lipid membrane by methionine oxidation. J Biol Chem 278, 42959-42965. (Pubitemid 37345908)
12. Giasson BI, Duda JE, Murray IVJ, Chen QP, Souza JM, Hurtig HI, Ischiropoulos H, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY (2000) Oxidative damage linked to neurodegeneration by selective alpha-synuclein nitration in synucleinopathy lesions. Science 290, 985-989.
13. Kummer MP, Hermes M, Delekarte A, Hammerschmidt T, Kumar S, Terwel D, Walter J, Pape H-C, Konig S, Roeber S, Jessen F, Klockgether T, Korte M, Heneka MT (2011) Nitration of tyrosine 10 critically enhances Amyloid fj aggregation and plaque formation. Neuron 71, 833-844.
14. Norris EH, Giasson BI, Hodara R, Xu S, Trojanowski JQ, Ischiropoulos H, Lee VMY (2005) Reversible inhibition of a-synuclein fibrillization by dopaminochrome-mediated conformational alterations. J Biol Chem 280, 21212-21219. (Pubitemid 40805683)
15. Huong VT, Shimanouchi T, Shimauchi N, Yagi H, Umakoshi H, Goto Y, Kuboi R (2010) Catechol derivatives inhibit the fibril formation of amyloid-fj peptides. JBiosci Bioeng 109, 629-634.
16. Maccioni RB, Faŕias G, Morales I, Navarrete L (2010) The revitalized Tau hypothesis on Alzheimer's disease. Arch Med Res 41, 226-231.
17. Kumar S, Waler J (2011) Phosphorylation of amyloid beta (Aß) peptides-A trigger for formation of toxic aggregates in Alzheimer's disease. Aging 3, 803-812.
18. Miranda HV, Outeiro TF (2010) The sour side of neurodegenerative disorders: The effects of protein glycation. J Pathol 221, 13-25.
19. Roberts GW, Gentleman SM, Lynch A, Murray L, Landon M, Graham DI (1994) Beta amyloid protein depositionin the brain after severe head injury: Implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57, 419-425.
20. Uryu K, Giasson BI, Longhi L, Martinez D, Murray I, Conte V, Nakamura M, Saatman K, Talbot K, Horiguchi T, McIntosh T, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ (2003) Age-dependent synuclein pathology following traumatic brain injury in mice. Exp Neurol 184, 214-224. (Pubitemid 37444032)
21. Tsachaki M, Ghiso J, Efthimiopoulos S (2008) BRI2 as a central protein involved in neurodegeneration. Biotechnol J 3, 1548-1554.
22. O'Connor T, Sadleir KR, Maus E, Velliquette RA, Zhao J, Cole SL, Eimer WA, Hitt B, Bembinster LA, Lammich S, Lichtenthaler SF, Hebert SS, De Strooper B, Haass C, Bennett DA, Vassar R (2008) Phosphorylation of the trans lation initiation factor eIF2a Increases BACE1 levels and promotes amyloidogenesis. Neuron 60, 988-1009.
23. Uryu K, Chen XH, Martinez D, Browne KD, Johnson VE, Graham DI, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Smith DH (2007) Multiple proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases accumulate in axons after brain trauma in humans. Exp Neurol 208, 185-192. (Pubitemid 350101496)
24. Tyedmers J, Madariaga ML, Lindquist S (2008) Prion switching in response to environmental stress. PLoS Biol 6, e294.
25. Si K, Choi YB, White-Grindley E, Majumdar A, Kandel ER (2010) Aplysia CPEB can form prion-like multimers in sensory neurons that contribute to long-term facilitation. Cell 140, 421-435.
26. Krebs B, Wiebelitz A, Balitzki-Korte B, Vassallo N, Paluch S, Mitteregger G, Onodera T, Kretzschmar HA, Herms J (2007) Cellular prion protein modulates the intracellular calcium response to hydrogen peroxide. J Neurochem 100, 358-367. (Pubitemid 46010997)
27. Vassallo N, Herms J (2003) Cellular prion protein function in copper homeostasis and redox signalling at the synapse. J Neurochem 86, 538-544. (Pubitemid 36897434)
28. Kokjohn TA, Maarouf CL, Roher AE (2011) Is Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis the result of a repair mechanism gone astray? Alzheimers Dement, doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011. 05.2429.
29. Grant C (2008) Metabolic reconfiguration is a regulated response to oxidative stress. J Biol 7 (1), doi:10.1186/jbiol63.
30. Newington JT, Pitts A, Chien A, Arseneault R, Schubert D, Cumming RC (2011) Amyloid beta resistance in nerve cell lines is mediated by the Warburg effect. PLoS ONE 6, e19191.
31. Chakrabarti A, Chen AW, Varner JD (2011) A review of the mammalian unfolded protein response. Biotechnol Bioeng 108, 2777-2793.
32. Kitamura M (2008) Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in renal pathophysiology: Janus faces. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295, F323-F334.
33. Blass JP, Gibson GE, Hoyer S (2002) The role of the metabolic lesion in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 4, 225-232. (Pubitemid 35006054)
34. Farooqui AA, Farooqui T, Panza F, Frisardi V (2011) Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for neurological disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci, doi: 10.1007/s00018-011-0840-1.
35. Maji SK, Perrin MH, Sawaya MR, Jessberger S, Vadodaria K, Rissman RA, Singru PS, Nilsson KP, Simon R, Schubert D, Eisenberg D, Rivier J, Sawchenko P, Vale W, Riek R (2009) Functional amyloids as natural storage of peptide hormones in pituitary secretory granules. Science 325, 328-332.
36. Resenberger U, Winklhofer K, Tatzelt J (2011) Neuroprotective and neurotoxic signaling by the prion proteins. Top Curr Chem305, 101-119.
37. Lee HG, Zhu X, Nunomura A, Perry G, Smith MA (2006) Amyloid beta: The alternate hypothesis. Curr Alzheimers Res 3, 75-80.
38. Quigley H, Colloby SJ, O'Brien JT (2011) PET imaging of brain amyloid in dementia: A review. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 26, 991-999.
39. Ikonomovic MD, Uryu K, Abrahamson EE, Ciallella JR, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Clark RS, Marion DW, Wis-niewski SR, DeKosky ST (2004) Alzheimer's pathology in human temporal cortex surgically excised after severe brain injury. Exp Neurol 190, 192-203. (Pubitemid 39335718)
40. Chen XH, Johnson VE, Uryu K, Trojanowski JQ, Smith DH (2009) A lack of Amyloid fj plaques despite persistent accumulation of Amyloid fj in axons of long-term survivors of traumatic brain injury. Brain Pathol 19, 214-223.
41. Bussiere T, Bard F, Barbour R, Grajeda H, Guido T, Khan K, Schenk D, Games D, Seubert P, Buttini M (2004) Morphological characterization of Thioflavin-S-positive amyloid plaques in transgenic Alzheimer mice and effect of passive Afj immunotherapy on their clearance. Am J Pathol 165, 987-995. (Pubitemid 39129305)
42. Miners JS, Barua N, Kehoe PG, Gill S, Love S (2011) Afj-degrading enzymes: Potential for treatment of Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 70, 944-959.
43. Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH (2005) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player. Neurosurgery 57, 128-134.
44. Miller G (2011) A battle no soldier wants to fight. Science 333, 517-518.
45. Eichner T, Radford S (2011) A diversity of assembly mechanisms of a generic amyloid fold. Mol Cell 43, 8-18.
46. Shewmaker F, McGlinchey RP, Wickner RB (2011) Structural insights into functional and pathological amyloid. J Biol Chem 286, 16533-16540.
47. Chiti F, Webster P, Taddei N, Clark A, Stefani M, Ramponi G, Dobson CM (1999) Designing conditions for in vitro formation of amyloid protofilaments and fibrils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 3590-3594. (Pubitemid 29168954)
48. Moss RJ, Mastri AR, Schut LJ (1988) The coexistence and differentiation of late onset Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. A case report and review of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc 36, 237-241. (Pubitemid 18078059)
49. Soto C, Castano EM, Prelli F, Asok Kumar R, Baumann M (1995) ApolipoproteinE increases the fibrillogenic potential of synthetic peptides derived from Alzheimer's, Gelsolin and AA amyloids. FEBS Lett 371, 110-114.
50. Fernandez-Alonso J, Rios-Camacho C, Valenzuela-Castano A, Hernanz-Mediano W (1994) Mixed systemic amyloidosis in a patient receiving long term haemodialysis. J Clin Pathol 47, 560-561. (Pubitemid 24294025)
51. Morales R, Estrada LD, Diaz-Espinoza R, Morales-Scheihing D, Jara MC, Castilla J, Soto C (2010) Molecular cross talk between misfolded proteins in animal models of Alzheimer's and prion diseases. J Neurosci 30, 4528-4535.
52. Popescu A, Lippa CF, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ (2004) Lewy bodies in the amygdala: Increase of a-synuclein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases with tau-based inclusions. Arch Neurol-Chicago 61, 1915-1919. (Pubitemid 39612952)
53. Giasson BI, Forman MS, Higuchi M, Golbe LI, Graves CL, Kotzbauer PT, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY (2003) Initiation and synergistic fibrillization of Tau and alpha-synuclein. Science 300, 636-640. (Pubitemid 36520587)
54. Lee VMY, Giasson BI, Trojanowski JQ (2004) More than just two peas in a pod: Common amyloidogenic properties of tau and a-synuclein in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 27, 129-134. (Pubitemid 38251512)
55. Miklossy J, Qing H, Radenovic A, Kis A, Vileno B, Laszlo F, Miller L, Martins RN, Waeber G, Mooser V, Bosman F, Khalili K, Darbinian N, McGeer PL (2010) Beta amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau deposits in the pancreas in type 2 diabetes. Neurobiol Aging 31, 1503-1515.
56. O'Nuallain B, Wetzel R (2002) Conformational Abs recognizing a generic amyloid fibril epitope. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA99, 1485-1490. (Pubitemid 34136519)
57. Kayed R, Head E, Sarsoza F, Saing T, Cotman C, Necula M, Margol L, Wu J, Breydo L, Thompson J, Rasool S, Gurlo T, Butler P, Glabe CG (2007) Fibril specific, conformation dependent antibodies recognize a generic epitope common to amyloid fibrils and fibrillar oligomers that is absent in prefibrillar oligomers. Mol Neurodegener 2, 18.
58. Jomova K, Vondrakova D, Lawson M, Valko M (2010) Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 345, 91-104.
59. Sayre LM, Perry G, Smith MA (1999) Redox metals and neu rodegenerative disease. Curr Opin Chem Biol 3, 220-225. (Pubitemid 29145789)
60. Salamekh S, Brender JR, Hyung SJ, Nanga RPR, Vivekanandan S, Ruotolo BT, Ramamoorthy A (2011) A two-site mechanism for the inhibition of IAPP amyloidoge-nesis by zinc. J Mol Biol 410, 294-306.
61. Bush AI, Tanzi RE (2008) Therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease based on the metal hypothesis. Neurotherapeutics 5, 421-432. (Pubitemid 351952485)
62. Uversky VN, Li J, Fink AL (2001) Metal-triggered structural transformations, aggregation, and fibrillation of human a-synuclein. J Biol Chem 276, 44284-44296.
63. Burke JR, Enghild JJ, Martin ME, Jou YS, Myers RM, Roses AD, Vance J, Strittmatter WJ (1996) Huntingtin and DRPLA proteins selectively interact with the enzyme GAPDH. Nat Med 2, 347-350.
64. Axelsen PH, Komatsu H, Murray IVJ (2011) Oxidative stress and cell membranes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Physiology 26, 54-69.
65. Allsop D, Mayes J, Moore S, Masad A, Tabner BJ (2008) Metal-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species from amyloid proteins implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Biochem Soc Trans 36, 1293-1298.
66. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (2000) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 3rd Ed. Oxford, 1-936.
67. Giasson BI, Ischiropoulos H, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ (2002) The relationship between oxidative/nitrative stress and pathological inclusions in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 32, 1264-1275. (Pubitemid 34607630)
68. Bieschke J, Zhang Q, Bosco DA, Lerner RA, Powers ET, Wentworth P, Kelly JW (2006) Small molecule oxidation products trigger disease-associated protein misfolding. Accounts Chem Res 39, 611-619.
69. Zhang QH, Powers ET, Nieva J, Huff ME, Dendle MA, Bieschke J, Glabe CG, Eschenmoser A, Wentworth P, Lerner RA, Kelly JW (2004) Metabolite-initiated protein misfolding may trigger Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 4752-4757. (Pubitemid 38469149)
70. Tamagno E, Guglielmotto M, Aragno M, Borghi R, Autelli R, Giliberto L, Muraca G, Danni O, Zhu X, Smith MA, Perry G, Jo DG, Mattson MP, Tabaton M (2008) Oxidative stress activates a positive feedback between the gamma-and beta-secretase cleavages of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. J Neurochem 104, 683-695.
71. Schonrock N, Ke YD, Humphreys D, Staufenbiel M, Ittner LM, Preiss T, Gotz J (2010) Neuronal microRNA deregulation in response to Alzheimer's disease Amyloid-fj. PLoS ONE 5, e11070.
72. Han X (2005) Lipid alterations in the earliest clinically recognizable stage of Alzheimer's disease: Implication of the role of lipids in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimers Res 2, 65-77. (Pubitemid 41389260)
73. Han XL, Holtzman DM, McKeel DW (2001) Plasmalo-gen deficiency in early Alzheimer's disease subjects and in animal models: Molecular characterization using elec-trospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Neurochem 77, 1168-1180. (Pubitemid 32467071)
74. Han XL, Holtzman DM, McKeel DW, Kelley J, Morris JC (2002) Substantial sulfatide deficiency and ceramide elevation in very early Alzheimer's disease: Potential role in disease pathogenesis. J Neurochem 82, 809-818.
75. Han X, Rozen S, Boyle SH, Hellegers C, Cheng H, Burke JR, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Doraiswamy PM, Kaddurah-Daouk R (2011) Metabolomics in early Alzheimer's disease: Identification of altered plasma sphingolipidome using shotgun lipidomics. PLoS ONE 6, e21643.
76. Bras J, Singleton A, Cookson MR, Hardy J (2008) Emerging pathways in genetic Parkinson's disease: Potential role of ceramide metabolism in Lewy body disease. FEBS J 275, 5767-5773.
77. Canals D, Perry DM, Jenkins RW, Hannun YA (2011) Drug targeting of sphingolipid metabolism: Sphingomyelinases and ceramidases. Br J Pharmacol 163, 694-712.
78. Caccamo A, Majumder S, Richardson A, Strong R, Oddo S (2010) Molecular interplay between mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), amyloid-fj, and tau. J Biol Chem 285, 13107-13120.
79. Jiang F, Zhang Y, Dusting GJ (2011) NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signaling: Roles in cellular stress response, stress tolerance, and tissue repair. Pharmacol Rev 63, 218-242.
80. Westermark P, Andersson A, Westermark GT (2011) Islet amyloid polypeptide, islet amyloid, and diabetes mellitus. Physiol Rev 91, 795-826.
81. Zhang K, Kaufman RJ (2006) The unfolded protein response: A stress signaling pathway critical for health and disease. Neurology 66, S102-S109. (Pubitemid 43739994)
82. Jiang P, Gan M, Ebrahim A, Lin WL, Melrose H, Yen SH (2010) ER stress response plays an important role in aggregation of alpha-synuclein. Mol Neurodegener 5, 56.
83. Xiong K, Cai H, Luo XG, Struble R, Clough R, Yan XX (2007) Mitochondrial respiratory inhibition and oxidative stress elevate fj-secretase (BACE1) proteins and activity in vivo in the rat retina. Exp Brain Res 181, 435-446. (Pubitemid 47077042)
84. Arias C, Montiel T, Quiroz-Baez R, Massieu L (2002) fj-Amyloid neurotoxicity is exacerbated during glycolysis inhibition and mitochondrial impairment in the rat hippocampus in vivo and in isolated nerve terminals: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 176, 163-174. (Pubitemid 34762116)
85. Velliquette RA, O'Connor T, Vassar R (2005) Energy inhibition elevates b-secretase levels and activity and is potentially amyloidogenic in APP transgenic mice: Possible early events in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci 25, 10874-10883. (Pubitemid 41692617)
86. Ho L, Qin W, Pompl PN, Xiang Z, Wang J, Zhao Z, Peng Y, Cambareri G, Rocher A, Mobbs CV, Hof PR, Pasinetti GM (2004) Diet-induced insulin resistance promotes amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J18, 902-904.
87. Kohjima M, Sun Y, Chan L (2010) Increased food intake leads to obesity and insulin resistance in the Tg2576 Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Endocrinology 151, 1532-1540.
88. Julien C, Tremblay C, Phivilay A, Berthiaume L, Emond V, Julien P, Calon F (2010) High-fat diet aggravates amyloid-beta and tau pathologies in the 3xTg-AD mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 31, 1516-1531.
89. Plaschke K, Kopitz J, Siegelin M, Schliebs R, Salkovic-Petrisic M, Riederer P, Hoyer S (2010) Insulin-resistant brain state after intracerebroventricular streptozotocin injection exacerbates Alzheimer-like changes in Tg2576 AfjPP-overexpressing mice. J Alzheimers Dis 19, 691-704.
90. Cao D, Lu H, Lewis TL, Li L (2007) Intake of sucrose-sweetened water induces insulin resistance and exacerbates memory deficits and amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem282, 36275-36282.
91. Lim YA, Rhein V, Baysang G, Meier F, Poljak A, Raftery J, Guilhaus M, Ittner LM, Eckert A, Gotz J (2010) Afj and human amylin share a common toxicity pathway via mitochondrial dysfunction. Proteomics 10, 1621-1633.
92. DeFronzo RA, Abdul-Ghani M (2011) Type 2 diabetes can be prevented with early pharmacological intervention. Diabetes Care 34, S202-S209.
93. Ozcan U, Yilmaz E, Ozcan L, Furuhashi M, Vaillancourt E, Smith RO, Gorgün CZ, Hotamisligil GS (2006) Chemical chaperones reduce ER stress and restore glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of Type 2 diabetes. Science 313, 1137-1140. (Pubitemid 44300242)
94. Wei H, Kim SJ, Zhang Z, Tsai PC, Wisniewski KE, Mukherjee AB (2008) ER and oxidative stresses are common mediators of apoptosis in both neurodegenerative and non-neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders and are alleviated by chemical chaperones. Hum Mol Genet 17, 469-477. (Pubitemid 351201763)
95. Wiley JC, Pettan-Brewer C, Ladiges WC (2011) Phenylbu-tyric acid reduces amyloid plaques and rescues cognitive behavior in AD transgenic mice. Aging Cell 10, 418-428.
96. Woltjer RL, McMahan W, Milatovic D, Kjerulf JD, Shie FS, Rung LG, Montine KS, Montine TJ (2007) Effects of chemical chaperones on oxidative stress and detergent-insoluble species formation following conditional expression of amyloid precursor protein carboxy-terminal fragment. Neu-robiol Dis 25, 427-437. (Pubitemid 46124021)
97. Jankowsky JL, Younkin LH, Gonzales V, Fadale DJ, Slunt HH, Lester HA, Younkin SG, Borchelt DR (2007) Rodent Abeta modulates the solubility and distribution of Amyloid deposits in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 282, 22707-22720. (Pubitemid 47267316)
98. Giasson BI, Murray IVJ, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY (2001) A hydrophobic stretch of 12 amino acid residues in the middle of alpha-synuclein is essential for filament assembly. J Biol Chem 276, 2380-2386.
99. Fan Y, Limprasert P, Murray IVJ, Smith AC, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Sopher BL, La Spada AR (2006) Beta-synuclein modulates alpha-synuclein neurotoxicity by reducing alpha-synuclein protein expression. Hum Mol Genet 15, 3002-3011. (Pubitemid 44530704)
100. Limprasert P, Murray IVJ, Tsuang DW, Leverenz JB, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, La Spada AR (2002) Beta-synuclein transgenic mice show significant reductions in alpha-synuclein protein expression levels. Am J Hum Gen 71, 165-165.
101. Green J, Goldsbury C, Mini T, Sunderji S, Frey P, Kistler J, Cooper G, Aebi U (2003) Full-length rat amylin forms fibrils following substitution of single residues from human amylin. J Mol Biol 326, 1147-1156. (Pubitemid 36263388)
102. Williams AD, Sega M, Chen M, Kheterpal I, Geva M, Berthelier V, Kaleta DT, Cook KD, Wetzel R (2005) Struc-tural properties of Afj protofibrils stabilized by a small molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102, 7115-7120. (Pubitemid 40696343)
103. Park HM, Kim JA, Kwak MK (2009) Protection against amyloid beta cytotoxicity by sulforaphane: Role of the pro-teasome. Arch Pharmacol Res 32, 109-115.
104. Gebre-Medhin S, Mulder H, Pekny M, Westermark G, Tornell J, Westermark P, Sundler F, Ahren B, Betsholtz C (1998) Increased insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in mice lacking islet amyloid polypeptide (Amylin). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 250, 271-277. (Pubitemid 28463867)
105. Korte M, Herrmann U, Zhang X, Draguhn A (2011) The role of APP and APLP for synaptic transmission, plasticity, and network function: Lessons from genetic mouse models. Exp Brain Res, doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2894-6.
106. Iconomidou VA, Vriend G, Hamodrakas SJ (2000) Amyloids protect the silkmoth oocyte and embryo. FEBS Lett 479, 141-145. (Pubitemid 30616422)
107. Roberts BT, Wickner RB (2003) Heritable activity: A prion that propagates by covalent autoactivation. Genes Dev 17, 2083-2087. (Pubitemid 37052288)
108. Roberts BT, Wickner RB (2004) A new kind of prion: A modified protein necessary for its own modification. Cell Cycle 3, 98-100.
109. Wosten HAB, de Vocht ML (2000) Hydrophobins, the fungal coat unravelled. Biochem Biohys Acta-Rev Biomemb 1469, 79-86.
110. Fowler DM, Koulov AV, Balch WE, Kelly JW (2007) Functional amyloid-from bacteria to humans. Trend Biochem Sci 32, 217-224.
111. Podrabsky JE, Carpenter JF, Hand SC (2001) Survival of water stress in annual fish embryos: Dehydration avoidance and egg envelope amyloid fibers. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Phsyiol 280, R123-R131.
112. Chapman MR, Robinson LS, Pinkner JS, Roth R, Heuser J, Hammar M, ormark S, ultgren SJ (2002) Role of Escherichia coli curli operons in directing amyloid fiber formation. Science 295, 851-855. (Pubitemid 34118365)
113. Jones GW, Isaacson RE (1982) Proteinaceous bacterial adhesins and their receptors. Crit Rev Microbiol 10, 229-260.
114. Uptain SM, Lindquist S (2002) Prions as protein-based genetic elements. Annu Rev Microbiol 56, 703-741. (Pubitemid 35217472)
115. Fowler DM, Koulov AV, Alory-Jost C, Marks MS, Balch WE, Kelly JW (2005) Functional amyloid formation within mammalian tissue. PLoS Biol 4, e6.
116. True HL, Berlin I, Lindquist SL (2004) Epigenetic regulation of translation reveals hidden genetic variation to produce complex traits. Nature 431, 184-187. (Pubitemid 39243470)
117. Wickner RB, Edskes HK, Shewmaker F, Nakayashiki T (2007) Prions of fungi: Inherited structures and biological roles. Nat Rev Micro 5, 611-618. (Pubitemid 47074116)
118. George J (2002) The synucleins. Genome Biol 3, REVIEWS3002.
119. Chiti F, Dobson CM (2006) Protein misfolding, functional amyloid, and human disease. Annu Rev Biochem 75, 333-366. (Pubitemid 44118036)
120. Patil SM, Xu S, Sheftic SR, Alexandrescu AT (2009) Dynamic a-helix structure of micelle-bound human amylin. J Biol Chem 284, 11982-11991.
121. Laghaei R, Mousseau N, Wei G (2011) Structure and thermodynamics of amylin dimer studied by hamiltonian-temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. J Phys Chem B 115, 3146-3154.
122. Westermark GT, Falkmer S, Steiner DF, Chan SJ, Engstrom U, Westermark P (2002) Islet amyloid polypeptide is expressed in the pancreatic islet parenchyma of the teleostean fish, Myoxocephalus (cottus) scorpius. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 133, 119-125. (Pubitemid 35266658)
123. Harel A, Fainaru M, Shafer Z, Hernandez M, Cohen A, Schwartz M (1989) Optic nerve regeneration in adult fish and apolipoprotein A-I. J Neurochem 52, 1218-1228. (Pubitemid 19085948)
124. Segrest JP, Jones MK, Klon AE, Sheldahl CJ, Hellinger M, De Loof H, Harvey SC (1999) A detailed molecular belt model for apolipoprotein A-I in discoidal high density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 274, 31755-31758.
125. Ogawa H, Qiu Y, Ogata CM, Misono KS (2004) Crystal structure of hormone-bound atrial natriuretic peptide receptor extracellular domain. J Biol Chem 279, 28625-28631.
126. Trajanovska S, Donald JA (2008) Molecular cloning of natriuretic peptides from the heart of reptiles: Loss of ANP in diapsid reptiles and birds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 156, 339-346.
127. Kawakoshi A, Hyodo S, Yasuda A, Takei Y (2003) A single and novel natriuretic peptide is expressed in the heart and brain of the most primitive vertebrate, the hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri). J Mol Endocrinol 31, 209-220. (Pubitemid 37063090)
128. Ventura A, Kawakoshi A, Inoue K, Takei Y (2006) Multiple natriuretic peptides coexist in the most primitive extant ray-finned fish, bichir Polypterus endlicheri. Gen Comp Endocrinol 146, 251-256.
129. Verdone G, Corazza A, Viglino P, Pettirossi F, Giorgetti S, Mangione P, Andreola A, Stoppini M, Bellotti V, Esposito G (2002) The solution structure of human fj2-microglobulin reveals the prodromes of its amyloid transition. Prot Sci 11, 487-499. (Pubitemid 34171254)
130. Raimondi S, Barbarini N, Mangione P, Esposito G, Ricagno S, Bolognesi M, Zorzoli I, Marchese L, Soria C, Bellazzi R, Monti M, Stoppini M, Stefanelli M, Magni P, Bellotti V (2011) The two tryptophans of fj2-microglobulin have distinct roles in function and folding and might represent two independent responses to evolutionary pressure. BMC Evol Biol 11, 159.
131. Coulson EJ, Paliga K, Beyreuther K, Masters CL (2000) What the evolution of the amyloid protein precursor super-gene family tells us about its function. Neurochem Int 36, 175-184. (Pubitemid 30047008)
132. Perez RG, Zheng H, Van der Ploeg LHT, Koo EH (1997) The fj-Amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease enhances neuron viability and modulates neuronal polarity. J Neurosci 17, 9407-9414. (Pubitemid 28006385)
133. Kim J, Miller VM, Levites Y, West KJ, Zwizinski CW, Moore BD, Troendle FJ, Bann M, Verbeeck C, Price RW, Smithson L, Sonoda L, Wagg K, Rangachari V, Zou F, Younkin SG, Graff-Radford N, Dickson D, Rosenberry T, Golde TE (2008) BRI2 (ITM2b) inhibits Abeta deposition in vivo. J Neurosci 28, 6030-6036.
134. Hedlund J, Johansson J, Persson B (2009) BRICHOS-a superfamily of multidomain proteins with diverse functions. BMC Res Notes 2, 180.
135. Kolodziejczyk R, Michalska K, Hernandez-Santoyo A, Wahlbom M, Grubb A, Jaskolski M (2010) Crystal structure of human cystatin-C stabilized against amyloid formation. FEBS J 277, 1726-1737.
136. Tu GF, Aldred AR, Southwell BR, Schreiber G (1992) Strong conservation of the expression of cystatin C gene in choroid plexus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Phsyiol 263, R195-R200.
137. Kordis D, Turk V (2009) Phylogenomic analysis of the cystatin superfamily in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. BMC Evol Biol 9, 266.
138. Kazmirski SL, Howard MJ, Isaacson RL, Fersht AR (2000) Elucidating the mechanism of familial amyloidosis-Finnish type: NMR studies of human gelsolin domain 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 10706-10711.
139. Benyamini H, Gunasekaran K, Wolfson H, Nussinov R (2003) Conservation and amyloid formation: A study of the gelsolin-like family. Proteins 51, 266-282. (Pubitemid 36397759)
140. Archer SK, Claudianos C, Campbell HD (2005) Evolution of the gelsolin family of actin-binding proteins as novel transcriptional coactivators. Bio Essays 27, 388-396. (Pubitemid 40592595)
141. Claudianos C, Campbell HD (1995) The novel flightless-I gene brings together two gene families, actin-binding proteins related to gelsolin and leucine-rich-repeat proteins involved in Ras signal transduction. Mol Biol Evol 12, 405-414.
142. Archer SK, Claudianos C, Campbell HD (2005) Evolution of the gelsolin family of actin-binding proteins as novel transcriptional coactivators. Bio Essays 27, 388-396. (Pubitemid 40592595)
143. Tartari M, Gissi C, Lo Sardo V, Zuccato C, Picardi E, Pesole G, Cattaneo E (2008) Phylogenetic comparison of hunt-ingtin homologues reveals the appearance of a primitive polyQ in sea urchin. Mol Biol Evol 25, 330-338. (Pubitemid 351231604)
144. Landles C, Bates GP (2004) Huntingtin and the molecular pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. EMBO Rep 5, 958-963.
145. Costantino HR, Andya JD, Shire SJ, Hsu CC (1997) Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of the secondary structure of recombinant humanized immunoglobulin G. Pharm Pharmacol Communic 3, 121-128. (Pubitemid 28067620)
146. Schluter SF, Hohman VS, Edmundson AB, Marchalonis JJ (1989) Evolution of immunoglobulin light chains: cDNA clones specifying sandbar shark constant regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86, 9961-9965. (Pubitemid 20030754)
147. Marchalonis JJ, Bernstein RM, Shen SX, Schluter SF (1996) Emergence of the immunoglobulin family: Conservation in protein sequence and plasticity in gene organization. Glyco-biology 6, 657-663. (Pubitemid 26395474)
148. Wopfner F, Weidenhöfer G, Schneider R, von Brunn A, Gilch S, Schwarz TF, Werner T, Schätzl HM (1999) Analysis of 27 mammalian and 9 avian PrPs reveals high conservation of flexible regions of the prion protein. J Mol Biol 289, 1163-1178. (Pubitemid 29296697)
149. Linden R, Martins VR, Prado MAM, Cammarota Mn, Izquierdo I, Brentani RR (2008) Physiology of the prion protein. Physiol Rev 88, 673-728. (Pubitemid 351520090)
150. Nicolas O, Gav́in R, del ŔIo JA (2009) New insights into cellular prion protein (PrPc) functions: The "ying and yang" of a relevant protein. Brain Res Rev 61, 170-184.
151. Wang L, Lashuel HA, Walz T, Colón W (2002) Murine apolipoprotein serum amyloid A in solution forms a hex-amer containing a central channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 15947-15952. (Pubitemid 35462729)
152. Santiago P, Roig-López JL, Santiago C, Garćia- Arrarás JE (2000) Serum amyloid A protein in an echinoderm: Its primary structure and expression during intestinal regeneration in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. J Exp Zool 288, 335-344. (Pubitemid 32003753)
153. Boucher I, Brzozowski A, Brannigan J, Schnick C, Smith D, Kyes S, Wilkinson A (2006) The crystal structure of super-oxide dismutase from Plasmodium falciparum. BMC Struct Biol 6, 20.
154. Parker JD, Parker KM, Keller L (2004) Molecular phy-logenetic evidence for an extracellular Cu Zn superoxide dismutase gene in insects. Insect Mol Biol 13, 587-594. (Pubitemid 40033072)
155. Dluhy RA, Shanmukh S, Brian Leapard J, Krüger P, Baatz JE (2003) Deacylated pulmonary surfactant protein SP-C transforms from a-helical to amyloid fibril structure via a pH-dependent mechanism: An infrared structural investigation. Biophys J 85, 2417-2429. (Pubitemid 37210790)
156. Hughes A (2007) Evolution of the lung surfactant proteins in birds and mammals. Immunogenetics 59, 565-572. (Pubitemid 46850158)
157. Ruben GC, Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I, Wisniewski HM, Cia-rdelli TL, Johnson JE (1991) The microtubule-associated protein tau forms a triple-stranded left-hand helical polymer. J Biol Chem 266, 22019-22027. (Pubitemid 121000283)
158. Janke C, Beck M, Stahl T, Holzer M, Brauer K, Bigl V, Arendt T (1999) Phylogenetic diversity of the expression of the microtubule-associated protein tau: Implications for neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 68, 119-128. (Pubitemid 29244000)
159. Dehmelt L, Halpain S (2004) The MAP2/Tau family of microtubule-associated proteins. Genome Biol 6, 204.
160. Morais-de-Sa E, Pereira PJB, Saraiva MJ, Damas AM (2004) The crystal structure of transthyretin in complex with diethylstilbestrol. J Biol Chem 279, 53483-53490.
161. Hennebry SC (2009) Evolutionary changes to transthyretin: Structure and function of a transthyretin-like ancestral protein. FEBS J 276, 5367-5379.
162. Tennant DA, Duran RV, Gottlieb E (2010) Targeting metabolic transformation for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 10, 267-277.
163. Lee KH, Park JH, Won R, Lee H, Nam TS, Lee BH (2011) Inhibition of hexokinase leads to neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice culture. J Neurosci Res 89, 96-107.
164. Mathupala SP (2011) Metabolic targeting of malignant tumors: Small-molecule inhibitors of bioenergetic flux. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 6, 6-14.
165. Gohil VM, Sheth SA, Nilsson R, Wojtovich AP, Lee JH, Per-occhi F, Chen W, Clish CB, Ayata C, Brookes PS, Mootha VK (2010) Nutrient-sensitized screening for drugs that shift energy metabolism from mitochondrial respiration to gly-colysis. Nat Biotech 28, 249-255.
166. Gibson GE, Karuppagounder SS, Shi Q (2008) Oxidant-induced changes in mitochondria and calcium dynamics in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1147, 221-232.
167. Karuppagounder SS, Xu H, Shi Q, Chen LH, Pedrini S, Pechman D, Baker H, Beal MF, Gandy SE, Gibson GE (2009) Thiamine deficiency induces oxidative stress and exacerbates the plaque pathology in Alzheimer's mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 30, 1587-1600.
168. Huang Ls, Sun G, Cobessi D, Wang AC, Shen JT, Tung EY, Anderson VE, Berry EA (2006) 3-nitropropionic acid is a suicide inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration that, upon oxidation by complex II, forms a covalent adduct with a catalytic base arginine in the active site of the enzyme. J Biol Chem 281, 5965-5972. (Pubitemid 43847697)
169. Voet D, Voet JG (2008) Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 3rd Ed. Pratt WP (Eds). J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1-1616.
170. Vemuri GN, Eiteman MA, McEwen JE, Olsson L, Nielsen J (2007) Increasing NADH oxidation reduces overflow metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104, 2402-2407. (Pubitemid 46391409)
171. Wise DR, Thompson CB (2010) Glutamine addiction: A new therapeutic target in cancer. Trend Biochem Sci 35, 427-433.
172. Zhang X, Rojas C, Gonzalez-Lima F (2006) Methylene blue prevents neurodegeneration causedbyrotenonein the retina. Neurotox Res 9, 47-57.
173. Castello PR, Drechsel DA, Patel M (2007) Mitochondria are a major source of paraquat-induced reactive oxygen species production in the brain. J Biol Chem 282, 14186-14193. (Pubitemid 47100444)