Endothelial progenitor cells in prehypertension

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 17, Issue 28, 2011, Pages 3002-3019

  Di Stefano, Rossella ^a   Barsotti, Maria Chiara ^a   Felice, Francesca ^a   Vlachopoulos, Charalambos ^b   Balbarini, Alberto ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular system; Drug therapy; Endothelial progenitor cells; Hypertension; Nutrition; Prehypertension

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANGIOTENSIN II; ASCORBIC ACID; BENIDIPINE; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; C12 PEPTIDE; CANDESARTAN; CATECHIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; FLAVANOL DERIVATIVE; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; GRAPE SEED EXTRACT; INDAPAMIDE PLUS PERINDOPRIL; INTERLEUKIN 6; LOSARTAN; NISOLDIPINE; PERINDOPRIL; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR; POMEGRANATE EXTRACT; RAMIPRIL; RESVERATROL; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1; TELMISARTAN; TEMPOL; TRICHLORMETHIAZIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALSARTAN;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; AGE; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BRACHIAL ARTERY; CACAO; CARDIOANKLE VASCULAR INDEX; CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL COUNT; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COLONY FORMING UNIT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; FAMILY HISTORY; FIBRINOGEN BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART INFARCTION; HEART PROTECTION; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HIGH SODIUM INTAKE; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; MICROALBUMINURIA; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POMEGRANATE JUICE; POTASSIUM RESTRICTION; PREDICTION; PREHYPERTENSION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PULSE WAVE; RED WINE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SMOKING; SODIUM RESTRICTION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VASODILATATION; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 80054089035     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161211798157775     Document Type: Review

References (264)

1. Hajjar I, Kotchen JM, Kotchen TA. Hypertension: trends in prevalence, incidence, and control. Annu Rev Public Health 2006; 27: 465-90.
2. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560-72.
3. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1117-24.
4. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Agespecific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903-13.
5. Slimko ML, Mensah GA. The role of diets, food, and nutrients in the prevention and control of hypertension and prehypertension. Cardiol Clin 2010; 28: 665-74.
6. Suzuki Y, Ruiz-Ortega M, Lorenzo O, Ruperez M, Esteban V, Egido J. Inflammation and angiotensin II. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35: 881-900.
7. Weil BR, Stauffer BL, Greiner JJ, Desouza CA. Prehypertension Is Associated With Impaired Nitric Oxide-Mediated Endothelium- Dependent Vasodilation in Sedentary Adults. Am J Hypertens 2011.
8. Nery AB, Mesquita ET, Lugon JR, et al. Prehypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in adults enrolled in a primary care programme. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011; 18: 233-9.
9. Gupta AK, Brashear MM, Johnson WD. Coexisting prehypertension and prediabetes in healthy adults: a pathway for accelerated cardiovascular events. Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 456-61.
10. Liszka HA, Mainous AG, 3rd, King DE, Everett CJ, Egan BM. Prehypertension and cardiovascular morbidity. Ann Fam Med 2005; 3: 294-9.
11. Gilani M, Kaiser DR, Bratteli CW, et al. Role of nitric oxide deficiency and its detection as a risk factor in pre-hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2007; 1: 45-55.
12. Kim SJ, Lee J, Nam CM, et al. Progression rate from new-onset pre-hypertension to hypertension in Korean adults. Circ J 2010; 75: 135-40.
13. Iwakura A, Luedemann C, Shastry S, et al. Estrogen-mediated, endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells contributes to reendothelialization after arterial injury. Circulation 2003; 108: 3115-21.
14. Sorrentino SA, Bahlmann FH, Besler C, et al. Oxidant stress impairs in vivo reendothelialization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: restoration by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma agonist rosiglitazone. Circulation 2007; 116: 163-73.
15. Kunz GA, Liang G, Cuculi F, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells predict coronary artery disease severity. Am Heart J 2006; 152: 190-5.
16. Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, et al. Number and migratory activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlate with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circ Res 2001; 89: E1-7.
17. Werner N, Kosiol S, Schiegl T, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 999-1007.
18. Hill JM, Zalos G, Halcox JP, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 593-600.
19. Imanishi T, Hano T, Nishio I. Angiotensin II accelerates endothelial progenitor cell senescence through induction of oxidative stress. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 97-104.
20. Oliveras A, Soler MJ, Martinez-Estrada OM, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells are reduced in refractory hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2008; 22: 183-90.
21. Schmidt-Lucke C, Rossig L, Fichtlscherer S, et al. Reduced number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells predicts future cardiovascular events: proof of concept for the clinical importance of endogenous vascular repair. Circulation 2005; 111: 2981-7.
22. Giannotti G, Doerries C, Mocharla PS, et al. Impaired endothelial repair capacity of early endothelial progenitor cells in prehypertension: relation to endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension 2010; 55: 1389-97.
23. Viera AJ. The new normal blood pressure: what are the implications for family medicine? J Am Board Fam Med 2007; 20: 45-51.
24. Robinson SC, Brucer M. Range of normal blood pressure: a statistical and clinical study of 11383 persons. Arch Intern Med 1939; 64: 409-44.
25. Egan BM, Julius S. Prehypertension: risk stratification and management considerations. Curr Hypertens Rep 2008; 10: 359-66.
26. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1291-7.
27. Sit JW, Sijian L, Wong EM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with prehypertension: identification of foci for primary prevention of hypertension. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2010; 25: 461-9.
28. Singh RB, Beegom R, Mehta AS, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension and age-specific blood pressures in five cities: a study of Indian women. NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India. Five City Study Group. Int J Cardiol 1998; 63: 165-73.
29. Singh RB, Fedacko J, Pella D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for prehypertension and hypertension in five Indian cities. Acta Cardiol 2011; 66: 29-37.
30. Gupta AK, Brashear MM, Johnson WD. Prediabetes and prehypertension in healthy adults are associated with low vitamin D levels. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 658-60.
31. Drager LF, Pedrosa RP, Diniz PM, et al. The effects of continuous positive airway pressure on prehypertension and masked hypertension in men with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertension 2011; 57: 549-55.
32. Meisinger C, Doring A, Heier M. Blood pressure and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men and women from the general population: the Monitoring Trends and Determinants on Cardiovascular Diseases/Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg Cohort Study. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 1809-15.
33. Greenlund KJ, Croft JB, Mensah GA. Prevalence of heart disease and stroke risk factors in persons with prehypertension in the United States, 1999-2000. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 2113-8.
34. Julius S, Jamerson K, Mejia A, Krause L, Schork N, Jones K. The association of borderline hypertension with target organ changes and higher coronary risk. Tecumseh Blood Pressure study. JAMA 1990; 264: 354-8.
35. Sehestedt T, Jeppesen J, Hansen TW, et al. Which markers of subclinical organ damage to measure in individuals with high normal blood pressure? J Hypertens 2009; 27: 1165-71.
36. Eliasson M, Jansson JH, Nilsson P, Asplund K. Increased levels of tissue plasminogen activator antigen in essential hypertension. A population-based study in Sweden. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 349-56.
37. Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Skoumas J, Stefanadis C. Association between prehypertension status and inflammatory markers related to atherosclerotic disease: The ATTICA Study. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 568-73.
38. King DE, Egan BM, Mainous AG, 3rd, Geesey ME. Elevation of C-reactive protein in people with prehypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2004; 6: 562-8.
39. Millgard J, Hagg A, Sarabi M, Lind L. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in normotensive subjects with a familial history of essential hypertension and in young subjects with borderline hypertension. Blood Press 2002; 11: 279-84.
40. Toikka JO, Laine H, Ahotupa M, et al. Increased arterial intimamedia thickness and in vivo LDL oxidation in young men with borderline hypertension. Hypertension 2000; 36: 929-33.
41. Kozakova M, Fraser AG, Buralli S, et al. Reduced left ventricular functional reserve in hypertensive patients with preserved function at rest. Hypertension 2005; 45: 619-24.
42. Palombo C, Kozakova M, Magagna A, et al. Early impairment of coronary flow reserve and increase in minimum coronary resistance in borderline hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 453-9.
43. Knecht S, Wersching H, Lohmann H, et al. High-normal blood pressure is associated with poor cognitive performance. Hypertension 2008; 51: 663-8.
44. [Leeder S, Raymond S, Greenberg H, Liu H, Esson K. Race against time: The challenge of cardiovascular disease in developing economies: The Centre for Global health and Economic Development 2004.
45. Batisky DL. Obesity and the role of lifestyle and dietary intervention in the management of pediatric hypertension. J Med Liban 2010; 58: 171-4.
46. Gupta R, Guptha S. Strategies for initial management of hypertension. Indian J Med Res 2010; 132: 531-42.
47. Keith NM, Wagener HP, Barker NW. Some different types of essential hypertension: their course and prognosis. Am J Med Sci 1974; 268: 336-45.
48. Touyz RM, Briones AM. Reactive oxygen species and vascular biology: implications in human hypertension. Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 5-14.
49. Wassmann S, Nickenig G. Pathophysiological regulation of the AT1-receptor and implications for vascular disease. J Hypertens Suppl 2006; 24: S15-21.
50. Schulz E, Gori T, Munzel T. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension. Hypertens Res 2011.
51. Zhang Y, Lee ET, Devereux RB, et al. Prehypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease risk in a population-based sample: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 2006; 47: 410-4.
52. Kshirsagar AV, Carpenter M, Bang H, Wyatt SB, Colindres RE. Blood pressure usually considered normal is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2006; 119: 133-41.
53. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Kirmani JF, Divani AA, Mohammad Y. Is prehypertension a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases? Stroke 2005; 36: 1859-63.
54. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Mohammad Y, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Isolated and borderline isolated systolic hypertension relative to long-term risk and type of stroke: a 20-year follow-up of the national health and nutrition survey. Stroke 2002; 33: 2781-8.
55. Takishita S, Abe I, Kobayashi K, et al. Insulin and cardiovascular diseases in Japanese work-site population with borderline to mild hypertension. Hypertens Res 1996; 19 Suppl 1: S13-8.
56. Ruilope LM, Suarez C. How should we treat hypertensive women with cardiac and renal impairment? Am J Hypertens 1997; 10: 242S-6S.
57. Mainous AG, 3rd, Everett CJ, Liszka H, King DE, Egan BM. Prehypertension and mortality in a nationally representative cohort. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 1496-500.
58. Ferguson TS, Younger NO, Tulloch-Reid MK, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and its relationship to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Jamaica: analysis from a cross-sectional survey. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2008; 8: 20.
59. Snow V, Weiss KB, Mottur-Pilson C. The evidence base for tight blood pressure control in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 587-92.
60. Rodriguez BL, Dabelea D, Liese AD, et al. Prevalence and correlates of elevated blood pressure in youth with diabetes mellitus: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. J Pediatr 2010; 157: 245-51 e1.
61. Wadwa RP, Urbina EM, Anderson AM, et al. Measures of arterial stiffness in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 881-6.
62. Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 657-65.
63. O'Donnell CJ, Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, et al. Hypertension and borderline isolated systolic hypertension increase risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality in male physicians. Circulation 1997; 95: 1132-7.
64. Washio M, Tokunaga S, Yoshimasu K, et al. Role of prehypertension in the development of coronary atherosclerosis in Japan. J Epidemiol 2004; 14: 57-62.
65. Knight EL, Kramer HM, Curhan GC. High-normal blood pressure and microalbuminuria. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 588-95.
66. Lonati L, Cuspidi C, Sampieri L, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of cardiac and vascular changes in young borderline hypertensives. Cardiology 1993; 83: 298-303.
67. Escudero E, De Lena S, Graff-Iversen S, Almiron M, Cingolani HE. Left ventricular diastolic function in young men with high normal blood pressure. Can J Cardiol 1996; 12: 959-64.
68. Kimura Y, Tomiyama H, Nishikawa E, et al. Characteristics of cardiovascular morphology and function in the high-normal subset of hypertension defined by JNC-VI recommendations. Hypertens Res 1999; 22: 291-5.
69. Erdogan D, Caliskan M, Yildirim I, et al. Effects of normal blood pressure, prehypertension and hypertension on left ventricular diastolic function and aortic elastic properties. Blood Press 2007; 16: 114-21.
70. [Panza JA. Endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. Clin Cardiol 1997; 20: II-26-33.
71. Felmeden DC, Lip GY. Endothelial function and its assessment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14: 1319-36.
72. Mac-Way F, Leboeuf A, Agharazii M. Arterial stiffness and dialysis calcium concentration. Int J Nephrol 2011; 2011: 839793.
73. Milan A, Tosello F, Fabbri A, et al. Arterial stiffness: from physiology to clinical implications. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2011; 18: 1-12.
74. Shirai K, Hiruta N, Song M, et al. Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) as a Novel Indicator of Arterial Stiffness: Theory, Evidence and Perspectives. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011.
75. Leitschuh M, Cupples LA, Kannel W, Gagnon D, Chobanian A. High-normal blood pressure progression to hypertension in the Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 1991; 17: 22-7.
76. Zhang H, Thijs L, Kuznetsova T, Fagard RH, Li X, Staessen JA. Progression to hypertension in the non-hypertensive participants in the Flemish Study on Environment, Genes and Health Outcomes. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1719-27.
77. Lee JH, Hwang SY, Kim EJ, Kim MJ. Comparison of risk factors between prehypertension and hypertension in Korean male industrial workers. Public Health Nurs 2006; 23: 314-23.
78. Winegarden CR. From prehypertension to hypertension? Additional evidence. Ann Epidemiol 2005; 15: 720-5.
79. Hedayati SS, Elsayed EF, Reilly RF. Non-pharmacological aspects of blood pressure management: what are the data? Kidney Int 2011; 79: 1061-70.
80. Verma S, Anderson TJ. Fundamentals of endothelial function for the clinical cardiologist. Circulation 2002; 105: 546-9.
81. Arnal JF, Dinh-Xuan AT, Pueyo M, Darblade B, Rami J. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide and vascular physiology and pathology. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 55: 1078-87.
82. Cines DB, Pollak ES, Buck CA, et al. Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders. Blood 1998; 91: 3527-61.
83. Giannotti G, Landmesser U. Endothelial dysfunction as an early sign of atherosclerosis. Herz 2007; 32: 568-72.
84. Hadi HA, Carr CS, Al Suwaidi J. Endothelial dysfunction: cardiovascular risk factors, therapy, and outcome. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2005; 1: 183-98.
85. Gulati R, Jevremovic D, Peterson TE, et al. Diverse origin and function of cells with endothelial phenotype obtained from adult human blood. Circ Res 2003; 93: 1023-5.
86. Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, et al. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 1997; 275: 964-7.
87. Yamashita J, Itoh H, Hirashima M, et al. Flk1-positive cells derived from embryonic stem cells serve as vascular progenitors. Nature 2000; 408: 92-6.
88. Peichev M, Naiyer AJ, Pereira D, et al. Expression of VEGFR-2 and AC133 by circulating human CD34(+) cells identifies a population of functional endothelial precursors. Blood 2000; 95: 952-8.
89. Case J, Mead LE, Bessler WK, et al. Human CD34+AC133+ VEGFR-2+ cells are not endothelial progenitor cells but distinct, primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Exp Hematol 2007; 35: 1109-18.
90. Hur J, Yoon CH, Kim HS, et al. Characterization of two types of endothelial progenitor cells and their different contributions to neovasculogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 288-93.
91. Murohara T. Cord blood-derived early outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells. Microvasc Res 2010; 79: 174-7.
92. Hirschi KK, Ingram DA, Yoder MC. Assessing identity, phenotype, and fate of endothelial progenitor cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 1584-95.
93. Prater DN, Case J, Ingram DA, Yoder MC. Working hypothesis to redefine endothelial progenitor cells. Leukemia 2007; 21: 1141-9.
94. Rehman J, Li J, Orschell CM, March KL. Peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells are derived from monocyte/ macrophages and secrete angiogenic growth factors. Circulation 2003; 107: 1164-9.
95. Rohde E, Malischnik C, Thaler D, et al. Blood monocytes mimic endothelial progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2006; 24: 357-67.
96. Walenta K, Friedrich EB, Sehnert F, Werner N, Nickenig G. In vitro differentiation characteristics of cultured human mononuclear cells-implications for endothelial progenitor cell biology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333: 476-82.
97. Sieveking DP, Buckle A, Celermajer DS, Ng MK. Strikingly different angiogenic properties of endothelial progenitor cell subpopulations: insights from a novel human angiogenesis assay. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 660-8.
98. Yoon CH, Hur J, Park KW, et al. Synergistic neovascularization by mixed transplantation of early endothelial progenitor cells and late outgrowth endothelial cells: the role of angiogenic cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Circulation 2005; 112: 1618-27.
99. Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 1011-27.
100. Lampugnani MG, Resnati M, Raiteri M, et al. A novel endothelialspecific membrane protein is a marker of cell-cell contacts. J Cell Biol 1992; 118: 1511-22.
101. Di Stefano R, Santoni T, Barsotti MC, et al. Different growth conditions for peripheral blood endothelial progenitors. Cardiovasc Radiat Med 2002; 3: 172-5.
102. Casamassimi A, Balestrieri ML, Fiorito C, et al. Comparison between total endothelial progenitor cell isolation versus enriched Cd133+ culture. J Biochem 2007; 141: 503-11.
103. Timmermans F, Van Hauwermeiren F, De Smedt M, et al. Endothelial outgrowth cells are not derived from CD133+ cells or CD45+ hematopoietic precursors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27: 1572-9.
104. Redondo S, Hristov M, Gordillo-Moscoso AA, Ruiz E, Weber C, Tejerina T. High-reproducible flow cytometric endothelial progenitor cell determination in human peripheral blood as CD34+/CD144+/CD3- lymphocyte sub-population. J Immunol Methods 2008; 335: 21-7.
105. Ceradini DJ, Kulkarni AR, Callaghan MJ, et al. Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat Med 2004; 10: 858-64.
106. Aicher A, Heeschen C, Mildner-Rihm C, et al. Essential role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for mobilization of stem and progenitor cells. Nat Med 2003; 9: 1370-6.
107. Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, et al. Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res 1999; 85: 221-8.
108. Urbich C, Dimmeler S. Endothelial progenitor cells: characterization and role in vascular biology. Circ Res 2004; 95: 343-53.
109. Rafii S, Lyden D. Therapeutic stem and progenitor cell transplantation for organ vascularization and regeneration. Nat Med 2003; 9: 702-12.
110. Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM. Vascular repair by circulating endothelial progenitor cells: the missing link in atherosclerosis? J Mol Med 2004; 82: 671-7.
111. Assmus B, Schachinger V, Teupe C, et al. Transplantation of Progenitor Cells and Regeneration Enhancement in Acute Myocardial Infarction (TOPCARE-AMI). Circulation 2002; 106: 3009-17.
112. Matsuo Y, Imanishi T, Hayashi Y, et al. The effect of endothelial progenitor cells on the development of collateral formation in patients with coronary artery disease. Intern Med 2008; 47: 127-34.
113. Lambiase PD, Edwards RJ, Anthopoulos P, et al. Circulating humoral factors and endothelial progenitor cells in patients with differing coronary collateral support. Circulation 2004; 109: 2986-92.
114. Kocaman SA, Yalcin MR, Yagci M, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells (CD34+KDR+) and monocytes may provide the development of good coronary collaterals despite the vascular risk factors and extensive atherosclerosis. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2011.
115. Schroeter MR, Leifheit M, Sudholt P, et al. Leptin enhances the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells into neointimal lesions after vascular injury by promoting integrin-mediated adhesion. Circ Res 2008; 103: 536-44.
116. Moubarik C, Guillet B, Youssef B, et al. Transplanted late outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells as cell therapy product for stroke. Stem Cell Rev 2011; 7: 208-20.
117. [Fadini GP, Agostini C, Avogaro A. Endothelial progenitor cells in cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 2005; 36: 1112-3; author reply 3.
118. Fadini GP, de Kreutzenberg SV, Coracina A, et al. Circulating CD34+ cells, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2247-55.
119. Thum T, Tsikas D, Stein S, et al. Suppression of endothelial progenitor cells in human coronary artery disease by the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 1693-701.
120. Shantsila E, Watson T, Lip GY. Endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular disorders. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 741-52.
121. Scheubel RJ, Zorn H, Silber RE, et al. Age-dependent depression in circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 2073-80.
122. Fadini GP, Sartore S, Schiavon M, et al. Diabetes impairs progenitor cell mobilisation after hindlimb ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 3075-84.
123. Imanishi T, Kobayashi K, Hano T, Nishio I. Effect of estrogen on differentiation and senescence in endothelial progenitor cells derived from bone marrow in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2005; 28: 763-72.
124. Kondo T, Hayashi M, Takeshita K, et al. Smoking cessation rapidly increases circulating progenitor cells in peripheral blood in chronic smokers. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1442-7.
125. George J, Herz I, Goldstein E, et al. Number and adhesive properties of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with in-stent restenosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: e57-60.
126. [Fadini GP, Agostini C, Avogaro A. Endothelial progenitor cells in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 1585; author reply -6.
127. Cheng S, Cohen KS, Shaw SY, et al. Association of colonyforming units with coronary artery and abdominal aortic calcification. Circulation 2010; 122: 1176-82.
128. [Fadini GP, Schiavon M, Rea F, Avogaro A, Agostini C. Depletion of endothelial progenitor cells may link pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 724-5; author reply 5.
129. Sibal L, Aldibbiat A, Agarwal SC, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial function, carotid intima-media thickness and circulating markers of endothelial dysfunction in people with type 1 diabetes without macrovascular disease or microalbuminuria. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 1464-73.
130. Ridker PM. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 2003; 107: 363-9.
131. Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. Loss of bone marrow-derived vascular progenitor cells leads to inflammation and atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 2003; 146: S5-12.
132. Foresta C, Caretta N, Lana A, Cabrelle A, Palu G, Ferlin A. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in subjects with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2005; 17: 288-90.
133. Simper D, Wang S, Deb A, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells are decreased in blood of cardiac allograft patients with vasculopathy and endothelial cells of noncardiac origin are enriched in transplant atherosclerosis. Circulation 2003; 108: 143-9.
134. Beck H, Voswinckel R, Wagner S, et al. Participation of bone marrow-derived cells in long-term repair processes after experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23: 709-17.
135. Taguchi A, Matsuyama T, Moriwaki H, et al. Circulating CD34- positive cells provide an index of cerebrovascular function. Circulation 2004; 109: 2972-5.
136. Ghani U, Shuaib A, Salam A, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells during cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 2005; 36: 151-3.
137. Loomans CJ, Dao HH, van Zonneveld AJ, Rabelink TJ. Is endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction involved in altered angiogenic processes in patients with hypertension? Curr Hypertens Rep 2004; 6: 51-4.
138. Taddei S, Virdis A, Mattei P, Ghiadoni L, Sudano I, Salvetti A. Defective L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in offspring of essential hypertensive patients. Circulation 1996; 94: 1298-303.
139. Schlaich MP, Parnell MM, Ahlers BA, et al. Impaired L-arginine transport and endothelial function in hypertensive and genetically predisposed normotensive subjects. Circulation 2004; 110: 3680-6.
140. Watson T, Goon PK, Lip GY. Endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10: 1079-88.
141. van Zonneveld AJ, Rabelink TJ. Endothelial progenitor cells: biology and therapeutic potential in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006; 15: 167-72.
142. Zeng C, Yang Z, Asico LD, Jose PA. Regulation of blood pressure by D5 dopamine receptors. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2007; 5: 241-8.
143. Ward MR, Stewart DJ, Kutryk MJ. Endothelial progenitor cell therapy for the treatment of coronary disease, acute MI, and pulmonary arterial hypertension: current perspectives. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007; 70: 983-98.
144. Zhu JH, Wang XX, Zhang FR, Shang YP, Tao QM, Chen JZ. Safety and efficacy of autologous endothelial progenitor cells transplantation in children with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: open-label pilot study. Pediatr Transplant 2008; 12: 650-5.
145. Kaur S, Jayakumar K, Kartha CC. The potential of circulating endothelial progenitor cells to form colonies is inversely proportional to total vascular risk score in patients with coronary artery disease. Indian Heart J 2007; 59: 475-81.
146. Delva P, Degan M, Vallerio P, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 127-32.
147. Pirro M, Schillaci G, Menecali C, et al. Reduced number of circulating endothelial progenitors and HOXA9 expression in CD34+ cells of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 2093-9.
148. Mandraffino G, Sardo MA, Riggio S, et al. Circulating progenitor cells are increased in newly diagnosed untreated hypertensive patients with arterial stiffening but normal carotid intima-media thickness. Hypertens Res 2011.
149. Skultetyova D, Filipova S, Riecansky I, Skultety J. The role of angiotensin type 1 receptor in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov 2007; 2: 23-7.
150. Min LJ, Mogi M, Iwanami J, et al. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor deletion enhances vascular senescence by methyl methanesulfonate sensitive 2 inhibition. Hypertension 2008; 51: 1339-44.
151. Imanishi T, Hano T, Nishio I. Angiotensin II potentiates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced proliferation and network formation of endothelial progenitor cells. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 101-8.
152. Kobayashi K, Imanishi T, Akasaka T. Endothelial progenitor cell differentiation and senescence in an angiotensin II-infusion rat model. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 449-55.
153. Becher UM, Endtmann C, Tiyerili V, Nickenig G, Werner N. Endothelial damage and regeneration: the role of the reninangiotensin- aldosterone system. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13: 86-92.
154. Marumo T, Uchimura H, Hayashi M, Hishikawa K, Fujita T. Aldosterone impairs bone marrow-derived progenitor cell formation. Hypertension 2006; 48: 490-6.
155. Verhovez A, Zeoli A, Williams TA, Morello F, et al. Primary aldosteronism (PA) and endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) bioavailability. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69: 528-34.
156. MacEneaney OJ, DeSouza CA, Weil BR, et al. Prehypertension and endothelial progenitor cell function. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25: 57-62.
157. Stamler J, Stamler R, Neaton JD. Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, and cardiovascular risks. US population data. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 598-615.
158. He J, Whelton PK. Elevated systolic blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular and renal disease: overview of evidence from observational epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 1999; 138: 211-9.
159. Julius S, Nesbitt SD, Egan BM, et al. Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1685-97.
160. Yu Y, Fukuda N, Yao EH, et al. Effects of an ARB on endothelial progenitor cell function and cardiovascular oxidation in hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21: 72-7.
161. Yoder MC, Mead LE, Prater D, et al. Redefining endothelial progenitor cells via clonal analysis and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell principals. Blood 2007; 109: 1801-9.
162. Fahey T, Schroeder K. Cardiology. Br J Gen Pract 2004; 54: 695-702.
163. Sander GE, Giles TD. Thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers in the treatment of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2011; 13: 296-300.
164. Cruickshank JM. Beta-blockers and heart failure. Indian Heart J 2010; 62: 101-10.
165. Furberg CD. Renin-guided treatment of hypertension: time for action. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23: 929-30.
166. Fukuda N, Satoh C, Hu WY, et al. Production of angiotensin II by homogeneous cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 1210-7.
167. Rueckschloss U, Quinn MT, Holtz J, Morawietz H. Dosedependent regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase expression by angiotensin II in human endothelial cells: protective effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade in patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: 1845-51.
168. Chrysant SG. The role of Angiotensin receptor blocker and calcium channel blocker combination therapy in treating hypertension: focus on recent studies. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2010; 10: 315-20.
169. Moreira LB, Fuchs SC, Wiehe M, Gus M, Moraes RS, Fuchs FD. Incidence of hypertension in Porto Alegre, Brazil: a populationbased study. J Hum Hypertens 2008; 22: 48-50.
170. Xu JZ, Zhang Y, Wu SN, Niu WQ, Zhu DL, Gao PJ. Impaired endothelial function in hypertensive patients with target organ damage. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 23: 751-7.
171. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2007; 115: e69-171.
172. [Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Lancet 2000; 355: 253-9.
173. Luders S, Schrader J, Berger J, et al. The PHARAO study: prevention of hypertension with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in patients with high-normal blood pressure: a prospective, randomized, controlled prevention trial of the German Hypertension League. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 1487-96.
174. You D, Cochain C, Loinard C, et al. Combination of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril and the diuretic indapamide activate postnatal vasculogenesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325: 766-73.
175. Min TQ, Zhu CJ, Xiang WX, Hui ZJ, Peng SY. Improvement in endothelial progenitor cells from peripheral blood by ramipril therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2004; 18: 203-9.
176. Ando H, Nakanishi K, Shibata M, Hasegawa K, Yao K, Miyaji H. Benidipine, a dihydropyridine-Ca2+ channel blocker, increases the endothelial differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells in vitro. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 1047-54.
177. Benndorf RA, Appel D, Maas R, Schwedhelm E, Wenzel UO, Boger RH. Telmisartan improves endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50: 367-71.
178. Bahlmann FH, de Groot K, Mueller O, Hertel B, Haller H, Fliser D. Stimulation of endothelial progenitor cells: a new putative therapeutic effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Hypertension 2005; 45: 526-9.
179. Yao EH, Fukuda N, Matsumoto T, et al. Losartan improves the impaired function of endothelial progenitor cells in hypertension via an antioxidant effect. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 1119-28.
180. Honda A, Matsuura K, Fukushima N, Tsurumi Y, Kasanuki H, Hagiwara N. Telmisartan induces proliferation of human endothelial progenitor cells via PPARgamma-dependent PI3K/Akt pathway. Atherosclerosis 2009; 205: 376-84.
181. Yoshida Y, Fukuda N, Maeshima A, et al. Treatment with valsartan stimulates endothelial progenitor cells and renal label-retaining cells in hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 91-101.
182. Ohtani K, Egashira K, Ihara Y, et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade attenuates in-stent restenosis by inhibiting inflammation and progenitor cells. Hypertension 2006; 48: 664-70.
183. Kones R. Is prevention a fantasy, or the future of medicine? A panoramic view of recent data, status, and direction in cardiovascular prevention. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 5: 61-81.
184. Hackam DG, Khan NA, Hemmelgarn BR, et al. The 2010 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part 2 - therapy. Can J Cardiol 2010; 26: 249-58.
185. Whelton PK, He J, Appel LJ, et al. Primary prevention of hypertension: clinical and public health advisory from The National High Blood Pressure Education Program. JAMA 2002; 288: 1882-8.
186. Appel LJ, Giles TD, Black HR, et al. ASH Position Paper: Dietary approaches to lower blood pressure. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2009; 11: 358-68.
187. Moore TJ, Alsabeeh N, Apovian CM, et al. Weight, blood pressure, and dietary benefits after 12 months of a Web-based Nutrition Education Program (DASH for health): longitudinal observational study. J Med Internet Res 2008; 10: e52.
188. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 3-10.
189. Geleijnse JM, Grobbee DE, Kok FJ. Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations. J Hum Hypertens 2005; 19 Suppl 3: S1-4.
190. Hooper L, Bartlett C, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Systematic review of long term effects of advice to reduce dietary salt in adults. BMJ 2002; 325: 628.
191. Brymora A, Flisinski M, Johnson RJ, Goszka G, Stefanska A, Manitius J. Low-fructose diet lowers blood pressure and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011.
192. Karaki H, Doi K, Sugano S, et al. Antihypertensive effect of tryptic hydrolysate of milk casein in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1990; 96: 367-71.
193. Townsend RR, McFadden CB, Ford V, Cadee JA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of casein protein hydrolysate (C12 peptide) in human essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 1056-8.
194. Cadee JA, Chang CY, Chen CW, Huang CN, Chen SL, Wang CK. Bovine casein hydrolysate (c12 Peptide) reduces blood pressure in prehypertensive subjects. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20: 1-5.
195. Pripp AH. Effect of peptides derived from food proteins on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Nutr Res 2008; 52.
196. Liu L, Ikeda K, Sullivan DH, Ling W, Yamori Y. Epidemiological evidence of the association between dietary protein intake and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of published data. Hypertens Res 2002; 25: 689-95.
197. Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman B, Tissa Kappagoda C. Mechanism of the endothelium-dependent relaxation evoked by a grape seed extract. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 114: 331-7.
198. Lekakis J, Rallidis LS, Andreadou I, et al. Polyphenolic compounds from red grapes acutely improve endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005; 12: 596-600.
199. Feng Z, Wei RB, Hong Q, Cui SY, Chen XM. Grape seed extract enhances eNOS expression and NO production through regulating calcium-mediated AKT phosphorylation in H2O2-treated endothelium. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34: 1055-61.
200. Romier-Crouzet B, Van De Walle J, During A, et al. Inhibition of inflammatory mediators by polyphenolic plant extracts in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47: 1221-30.
201. Wang L, Zhu LH, Jiang H, et al. Grape seed proanthocyanidins attenuate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via blocking phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223: 713-26.
202. Sivaprakasapillai B, Edirisinghe I, Randolph J, Steinberg F, Kappagoda T. Effect of grape seed extract on blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2009; 58: 1743-6.
203. Corder R, Warburton RC, Khan NQ, Brown RE, Wood EG, Lees DM. The procyanidin-induced pseudo laminar shear stress response: a new concept for the reversal of endothelial dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107: 513-7.
204. Anselm E, Chataigneau M, Ndiaye M, Chataigneau T, Schini-Kerth VB. Grape juice causes endothelium-dependent relaxation via a redox-sensitive Src- and Akt-dependent activation of eNOS. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 73: 404-13.
205. Bentivegna SS, Whitney KM. Subchronic 3-month oral toxicity study of grape seed and grape skin extracts. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40: 1731-43.
206. Aviram M, Dornfeld L. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158: 195-8.
207. Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM, Kader AA. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48: 4581-9.
208. Kitiyakara C, Wilcox CS. Antioxidants for hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998; 7: 531-8.
209. Ignarro LJ, Byrns RE, Sumi D, de Nigris F, Napoli C. Pomegranate juice protects nitric oxide against oxidative destruction and enhances the biological actions of nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2006; 15: 93-102.
210. Van Craenenbroeck EM, Beckers PJ, Possemiers NM, et al. Exercise acutely reverses dysfunction of circulating angiogenic cells in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 1924-34.
211. Karpe F, de Faire U, Mercuri M, Bond MG, Hellenius ML, Hamsten A. Magnitude of alimentary lipemia is related to intimamedia thickness of the common carotid artery in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 1998; 141: 307-14.
212. [Nappo F, Loreto M, Giugliano G, et al. Elevated plasma free fatty acid concentrations do not modify cardiac repolarization in patients treated by electrolyte-glucose-insulin infusion. J Endocrinol Invest 2002; 25: RC19-22.
213. Plotnick GD, Corretti MC, Vogel RA. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal. JAMA 1997; 278: 1682-6.
214. Ceriello A, Taboga C, Tonutti L, et al. Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress generation: effects of short- and long-term simvastatin treatment. Circulation 2002; 106: 1211-8.
215. Ceriello A, Motz E. Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 816-23.
216. Fiorito C, Rienzo M, Crimi E, et al. Antioxidants increase number of progenitor endothelial cells through multiple gene expression pathways. Free Radic Res 2008; 42: 754-62.
217. Marfella R, Quagliaro L, Nappo F, Ceriello A, Giugliano D. Acute hyperglycemia induces an oxidative stress in healthy subjects. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 635-6.
218. Chen YH, Lin SJ, Lin FY, et al. High glucose impairs early and late endothelial progenitor cells by modifying nitric oxide-related but not oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms. Diabetes 2007; 56: 1559-68.
219. Krankel N, Adams V, Linke A, et al. Hyperglycemia reduces survival and impairs function of circulating blood-derived progenitor cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 698-703.
220. Balestrieri ML, Rienzo M, Felice F, et al. High glucose downregulates endothelial progenitor cell number via SIRT1. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1784: 936-45.
221. Felice F, Lucchesi D, di Stefano R, et al. Oxidative stress in response to high glucose levels in endothelial cells and in endothelial progenitor cells: evidence for differential glutathione peroxidase-1 expression. Microvasc Res 2010; 80: 332-8.
222. Egashira K, Hirooka Y, Kai H, et al. Reduction in serum cholesterol with pravastatin improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1994; 89: 2519-24.
223. Holowatz LA, Santhanam L, Webb A, Berkowitz DE, Kenney WL. Oral atorvastatin therapy restores cutaneous microvascular function by decreasing arginase activity in hypercholesterolaemic humans. J Physiol 2011; 589: 2093-103.
224. Dimmeler S, Aicher A, Vasa M, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 391-7.
225. Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Adler K, et al. Increase in circulating endothelial progenitor cells by statin therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001; 103: 2885-90.
226. Llevadot J, Murasawa S, Kureishi Y, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mobilizes bone marrow--derived endothelial progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 399-405.
227. Urbich C, Dernbach E, Aicher A, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. CD40 ligand inhibits endothelial cell migration by increasing production of endothelial reactive oxygen species. Circulation 2002; 106: 981-6.
228. Werner N, Priller J, Laufs U, et al. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells modulate vascular reendothelialization and neointimal formation: effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: 1567-72.
229. Hibbert B, Ma X, Pourdjabbar A, et al. Pre-procedural atorvastatin mobilizes endothelial progenitor cells: clues to the salutary effects of statins on healing of stented human arteries. PLoS One 2011; 6: e16413.
230. Mangialardi G, Monopoli A, Ongini E, et al. Nitric oxide-donating statin improves multiple functions of circulating angiogenic cells. Br J Pharmacol 2011.
231. Petoumenos V, Nickenig G, Werner N. High-density lipoprotein exerts vasculoprotection via endothelial progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13: 4623-35.
232. Ma FX, Zhou B, Chen Z, et al. Oxidized low density lipoprotein impairs endothelial progenitor cells by regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Lipid Res 2006; 47: 1227-37.
233. Tang D, Lu J, Walterscheid JP, et al. Electronegative LDL circulating in smokers impairs endothelial progenitor cell differentiation by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation via LOX-1. J Lipid Res 2008; 49: 33-47.
234. Foo SY, Heller ER, Wykrzykowska J, et al. Vascular effects of a low-carbohydrate high-protein diet. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: 15418-23.
235. Schmitt CA, Heiss EH, Dirsch VM. Effect of resveratrol on endothelial cell function: Molecular mechanisms. Biofactors 2010; 36: 342-9.
236. Lefevre J, Michaud SE, Haddad P, et al. Moderate consumption of red wine (cabernet sauvignon) improves ischemia-induced neovascularization in ApoE-deficient mice: effect on endothelial progenitor cells and nitric oxide. FASEB J 2007; 21: 3845-52.
237. Hamed S, Alshiek J, Aharon A, Brenner B, Roguin A. Red wine consumption improves in vitro migration of endothelial progenitor cells in young, healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 161-9.
238. Balestrieri ML, C. Fiorito, E. Crimi, F. Napoli, et al. Effect of red wine antioxidants and minor polyphenolic constituents on endothelial progenitor cells after physical training in mice. Int J Cardiol 2008; 126: 295-7.
239. Balestrieri ML, Schiano C, Felice F, et al. Effect of low doses of red wine and pure resveratrol on circulating endothelial progenitor cells. J Biochem 2008; 143: 179-86.
240. Huang PH, Chen YH, Tsai HY, et al. Intake of red wine increases the number and functional capacity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells by enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30: 869-77.
241. Huang PH, Tsai HY, Wang CH, et al. Moderate intake of red wine improves ischemia-induced neovascularization in diabetic mice-- roles of endothelial progenitor cells and nitric oxide. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212: 426-35.
242. Bazzano LA, Serdula MK, Liu S. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003; 5: 492-9.
243. Houston MC. Nutraceuticals, vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 47: 396-449.
244. Kohlmeier L, Hastings SB. Epidemiologic evidence of a role of carotenoids in cardiovascular disease prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 1370S-6S.
245. Arab L. Epidemiologic challenges in the study of the efficacy and safety of medicinal herbs. Public Health Nutr 2000; 3: 453-7.
246. Rao AV, Gurfinkel DM. The bioactivity of saponins: triterpenoid and steroidal glycosides. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 2000; 17: 211-35.
247. Keen CL, Holt RR, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG, Schmitz HH. Cocoa antioxidants and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 298S-303S.
248. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 423-33.
249. Mano R, Ishida A, Ohya Y, Todoriki H, Takishita S. Dietary intervention with Okinawan vegetables increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells in healthy young women. Atherosclerosis 2009; 204: 544-8.
250. Zhu JH, Chen JZ, Wang XX, Xie XD, Sun J, Zhang FR. Homocysteine accelerates senescence and reduces proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 40: 648-52.
251. Alam MM, Mohammad AA, Shuaib U, et al. Homocysteine reduces endothelial progenitor cells in stroke patients through apoptosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29: 157-65.
252. Marin C, Ramirez R, Delgado-Lista J, et al. Mediterranean diet reduces endothelial damage and improves the regenerative capacity of endothelium. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93: 267-74.
253. Geleijnse JM, Launer LJ, Hofman A, Pols HA, Witteman JC. Tea flavonoids may protect against atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 2170-4.
254. Stangl V, Dreger H, Stangl K, Lorenz M. Molecular targets of tea polyphenols in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 73: 348-58.
255. Lorenz M, Urban J, Engelhardt U, Baumann G, Stangl K, Stangl V. Green and black tea are equally potent stimuli of NO production and vasodilation: new insights into tea ingredients involved. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 104: 100-10.
256. Kim W, Jeong MH, Cho SH, et al. Effect of green tea consumption on endothelial function and circulating endothelial progenitor cells in chronic smokers. Circ J 2006; 70: 1052-7.
257. Park CS, Kim W, Woo JS, et al. Green tea consumption improves endothelial function but not circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with chronic renal failure. Int J Cardiol 2010; 145: 261-2.
258. Wiseman H, Plitzanopoulou P, O'Reilly J. Antioxidant properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of green tea compared to black tea. Biochem Soc Trans 1996; 24: 390S.
259. Duffy SJ, Keaney JF, Jr., Holbrook M, et al. Short- and long-term black tea consumption reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001; 104: 151-6.
260. Lorenz M, Wessler S, Follmann E, et al. A constituent of green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase by a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-, cAMP-dependent protein kinase-, and Akt-dependent pathway and leads to endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 6190-5.
261. Ohga N, Hida K, Hida Y, et al. Inhibitory effects of epigallocatechin-3 gallate, a polyphenol in green tea, on tumor-associated endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1963-70.
262. Arts IC, Hollman PC. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 317S-25S.
263. Corti R, Flammer AJ, Hollenberg NK, Luscher TF. Cocoa and cardiovascular health. Circulation 2009; 119: 1433-41.
264. Heiss C, Jahn S, Taylor M, et al. Improvement of endothelial function with dietary flavanols is associated with mobilization of circulating angiogenic cells in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 218-24.