Glucocorticoid pharmacotoxicological interactions and modulation of toxicity

Adrenal Toxicology

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 205-230

  Chen, Qin M ^a   Sun, Haipeng ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052052508     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (141)

1. Abushamaa AM, Sporn TA, Folz RJ. Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to lung toxicity after a common breast cancer chemotherapy regimen. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002:283.
2. Alexandre J, Gross-Goupil M, Falissard B, et al. Evaluation of the nutritional and inflammatory status in cancer patients for the risk assessment of severe haematological toxicity following chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2003; 14:36-41.
3. Amir A, Chapman S, Kadar T, et al. Sulfur mustard toxicity in macrophages: Effect of dexamethasone. J Appl Toxicol 2000; 20.
4. Amsterdam A, Sasson R. The anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids is mediated by cell type specific regulation of apoptosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 189:1-9.
5. Angelucci L. The glucocorticoid hormone from pedestal to dust and back. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 405:139-147.
6. Aoyama T, Matsui T, Novikov M, et al. Serum and glucocorticoid-responsive kinase-1 regulates cardiomyocyte survival and hypertrophic response. Circulation 2005; 111:1652-1659.
7. Attar M, Ling KH, Tang-Liu DD, et al. Cytochrome P450 3A expression and activity in the rabbit lacrimal gland glucocorticoid modulation and the impact on androgen metabolism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:4697-4706.
8. Bhadhprasit W, Sakuma T, Hatakeyama N, et al. Involvement of glucocorticoid receptor and pregnane X receptor in the regulation of mouse CYP3A44 female-predominant expression by glucocorticoid hormone. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1880-1885.
9. Brewer BY, Malicka J, Blackshear PJ, et al. RNA sequence elements required for high affinity binding by the zinc finger domain of tristetraprolin conformational changes coupled to the bipartite nature of Au-rich mRNA-destabilizing motifs. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:27870-27877.
10. Brokaw JJ, White GW, Baluk P, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of dendritic cells in the rat tracheal mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19:598-605.
11. Brunet A, Park J, Tran H, et al. Protein kinase SGK mediates survival signals by phos-phorylating the forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1 (FOXO3a). Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:952-965.
12. Bruynzeel AM, Abou El, Hassan MA, et al. Anti-inflammatory agents and monoHER protect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and accumulation of CML in mice. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:937-943.
13. Buttgereit F, Scheffold A. Rapid glucocorticoid effects on immune cells. Steroids 2002; 67:529-534.
14. Cashman JR. Human flavin-containing monooxygenase: substrate specificity and role in drug metabolism. Curr Drug Metab 2000; 1:181-191.
15. Cetin M, Hicsonmez G, Tuncer AM, et al. The effect of short-course high-dose corticosteroid therapy on peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells in children with acute leukemia. Exp Hematol 1996; 24:1191-1194.
16. Chang TC, Hung MW, Jiang SY, et al. Dexamethasone suppresses apoptosis in a human gastric cancer cell line through modulation of bcl-x gene expression. FEBS Lett 1997; 415:11-15.
17. Chen QM, Alexander D, Sun H, et al. Corticosteroids inhibit cell death induced by doxorubicin in cardiomyocytes: Induction of antiapoptosis, antioxidant, and detoxification genes. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 67:1861-1873.
18. Christian M, White R, Parker MG. Metabolic regulation by the nuclear receptor corepressor RIP140. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006; 17:243-250.
19. Clark AR. Anti-inflammatory functions of glucocorticoid-induced genes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275:79-97.
20. Costas MA, Muller Igaz L, Holsboer F, et al. Transrepression of NF-kappaB is not required for glucocorticoid-mediated protection of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis on fibroblasts. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2000:11.
21. Cox G. Glucocorticoid treatment inhibits apoptosis in human neutrophils: Separation of survival and activation outcomes. J Immunol 1995; 154:4719-4725.
22. Das A, Banik NL, Ray SK. Methylprednisolone and indomethacin inhibit oxidative stress mediated apoptosis in rat C6 glioblastoma cells. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1849-1856.
23. Davies KJ, Doroshow JH. Redox cycling of anthracyclines by cardiac mitochondria. I. Anthracycline radical formation by NADH dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:3060-3067.
24. de Kloet ER, Joels M, Holsboer F. Stress and the brain: From adaptation to disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6:463-475.
25. Deroo BJ, Archer TK. Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated chromatin remodeling in vivo. Oncogene 2001; 20:3039-3046.
26. Deuster PA, Petrides JS, Singh A, et al. Endocrine response to high-intensity exercise: Dose-dependent effects of dexamethasone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:1066-1073.
27. Distelhorst CW. Recent insights into the mechanism of glucocorticosteroid-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:6-19.
28. Doroshow JH. Davies KJ. Redox cycling of anthracyclines by cardiac mitochondria. II. Formation of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:3068-3074.
29. Dorscheid DR, Wojcik KR, Sun S, et al. Apoptosis of airway epithelial cells induced by corticosteroids.[see comment]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1939-1947.
30. Druilhe A, Letuve S, Pretolani M. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in human eosinophils: mechanisms of action. Apoptosis 2003; 8:481-495.
31. Eliasson E, Mkrtchian S, Halpert JR, et al. Substrate-regulated, cAMP-dependentphospho-rylation, denaturation, and degradation of glucocorticoid-inducible rat liver cytochrome P450 3A1. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:18378-18383.
32. Erlacher M, Michalak EM, Kelly PN, et al. BH3-only proteins Puma and Bim are rate-limiting for gamma-radiation- and glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of lymphoid cells in vivo. Blood 2005; 106:4131-4138.
33. Evans-Storms RB, Cidlowski JA. Delineation of an antiapoptotic action of glucocorticoids in hepatoma cells: The role of nuclear factor-kappaB. Endocrinology 2000; 141:1854-1862.
34. Falkner KC, Pinaire JA, Xiao GH, et al. Regulation of the rat glutathione S-transferase A2 gene by glucocorticoids: Involvement of both the glucocorticoid and pregnane X receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 60:611-619.
35. Fan W, Trifiletti R, Cooper T, et al. Cloning of a mu-class glutathione S-transferase gene and identification of the glucocorticoid regulatory domains in its 5'-flanking sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:6104-6108.
36. Fang HL, Shenoy S, Duanmu Z, et al. Transactivation of glucocorticoid-inducible rat aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) gene transcription. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:1378-1381.
37. Feng Z, Marti A, Jehn B, et al. Glucocorticoid and progesterone inhibit involution and programmed cell death in the mouse mammary gland. J Cell Biol 1995; 131:1095-1103.
38. Gao HB, Tong MH, Hu YQ, et al. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced Leydig cell apoptosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 199:153-163.
39. Gassler N, Zhang C, Wenger T, et al. Dexamethasone-induced cisplatin and gemcitabine resistance in lung carcinoma samples treated ex vivo. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1084-1088.
40. Ged C, Beaune P. Isolation of the human cytochrome P-450 IIC8 gene: Multiple glucocorticoid responsive elements in the 5’ region. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 3:433-435.
41. 2+ signalling to membrane dynamics. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005; 6:449-461.
42. Ghaffari S, Jagani Z, Kitidis C, et al. Cytokines and BCR-ABL mediate suppression of TRAIL-induced apoptosis through inhibition of forkhead FOXO3a transcription factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:6523-6528.
43. Glyn JH. The discovery of cortisone: A personal memory. Br Med J 1998; 317:822A.
44. Gohel A, McCarthy MB, Gronowicz G. Estrogen prevents glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 1999; 140:5339-5347.
45. Gruol DJ, Bourgeois S. Chemosensitizing steroids: Glucocorticoid receptor agonists capable of inhibiting P-glycoprotein function. Cancer Research 1997; 57:720-727.
46. Hafezi-Moghadam A, Simoncini T, Yang Z, et al. Acute cardiovascular protective effects of corticosteroids are mediated by non-transcriptional activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nat Med 2002; 8:473-479.
47. Han J, Flemington C, Houghton AB, et al. Expression of bbc3, a pro-apoptotic BH3-only gene, is regulated by diverse cell death and survival signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:11318-11323.
48. Heasman SJ, Giles KM, Ward C, et al. Glucocorticoid-mediated regulation of granulocyte apoptosis and macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells: Implications for the resolution of inflammation. J Endocrinol 2003; 178:29-36.
49. Hench P, Slocumb C, Barnes A, et al. The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex, 17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone (compound E), on the acute phase of rheumatic fevers. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1949; 24:277-297.
50. Herold MJ, McPherson KG, Reichardt HM. Glucocorticoids in T-cell apoptosis and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006; 63:60-72.
51. Herr I, Ucur E, Herzer K, et al. Glucocorticoid cotreatment induces apoptosis resistance toward cancer therapy in carcinomas. Cancer Res 2003; 63:3112-3120.
52. Hoen PA, Commandeur JN, Vermeulen NP, et al. Selective induction of cytochrome P450 3A1 by dexamethasone in cultured rat hepatocytes: analysis with a novel reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay section sign. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1509-1518.
53. Hofmann TG, Hehner SP, Bacher S, et al. Various glucocorticoids differ in their ability to induce gene expression, apoptosis and to repress NF-kappaB-dependent transcription. FEBS Lett 1998; 441:441-446.
54. Hulkko SM, Wakui H, Zilliacus J. The pro-apoptotic protein death-associated protein 3 (DAP3) interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor and affects the receptor function. Biochem J 2000; 3:885-893.
55. Ito K, Chung KF, Adcock IM. Update on glucocorticoid action and resistance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:522-543.
56. Jarukamjorn K, Sakuma T, Miyaura J, et al. Different regulation of the expression of mouse hepatic cytochrome P450 2B enzymes by glucocorticoid and phenobarbital. Archives of Biochemistry & Biophysics 1999; 369:89-99.
57. Jones PL, Shi YB. N-CoR-HDAC corepressor complexes: Roles in transcriptional regulation by nuclear hormone receptors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003; 274:237-268.
58. Karin M. New twists in gene regulation by glucocorticoid receptor is DNA binding dispensable?[comment]. Cell 1998; 93:487-490.
59. Kato T, Takeda Y, Nakada T, et al. Inhibition by dexamethasone of human neutrophil apoptosis in vitro. Nat Immun 1995; 14:198-208.
60. Katychev A, Wang X, Duffy A, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in CNS microvascular pericytes. Dev Neurosci 2003; 25:436-446.
61. Kikuchi S, Nagai T, Kunitama M, et al. Active FKHRL1 overcomes imatinib resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia-derived cell lines via the production of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1949-1958.
62. Kolbus A, Blazquez-Domingo M, Carotta S, et al. Cooperative signaling between cytokine receptors and the glucocorticoid receptor in the expansion of erythroid progenitors: Molecular analysis by expression profiling. Blood 2003; 102:3136-3146.
63. Laane E, Panaretakis T, Pokrovskaja K, et al. Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia involves differential regulation of Bcl-2 family members. Haematologica 2007; 92:1460-1469.
64. Leong ML, Maiyar AC, Kim B, et al. Expression of the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase, Sgk, is a cell survival response to multiple types of environmental stress stimuli in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:5871-5882.
65. Leung DY, Bloom JW. Update on glucocorticoid action and resistance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:3-22.; quiz 23.
66. Li XY, Astrom A, Duell EA, et al. Retinoic acid antagonizes basal as well as coal tar and glucocorticoid-induced cytochrome P4501A1 expression in human skin. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16:519-524.
67. Limbourg FP, Liao JK. Nontranscriptional actions of the glucocorticoid receptor. J Mol Med 2003;81:168-174.
68. Lin JH, Chiba M, Chen IW, et al. Effect of dexamethasone on the intestinal first-pass metabolism of indinavir in rats: Evidence of cytochrome P-450 3 A and p-glycoprotein induction. Drug Metab Dispos 1999; 27:1187-1193.
69. Liu H, Baliga R. Cytochrome P450 2E1 null mice provide novel protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and apoptosis. Kidney Int 2003; 63:1687-1696.
70. Liu Y, Porta A, Peng X, et al. Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteocytes and osteoblasts by calbindin-D28k. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:479-490.
71. Lu Y, Cederbaum A I. Cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity is enhanced by elevated expression of cytochrome P450 2E1. Toxicol Sci 2006; 89:515-523.
72. Lu J, Goula D, Sousa N, et al. Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor mediation of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in hippocampal cells and the neuroprotective role of synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Neuroscience 2003; 121:123-131.
73. Lu J, Quearry B, Harada H. p38-MAP kinase activation followed by BIM induction is essential for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in lymphoblastic leukemia cells. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:3539-3544.
74. Mattson MP, Meffert MK. Roles for NF-kappaB in nerve cell survival, plasticity, and disease. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:852-860.
75. McCune JS, Hawke RL, LeCluyse EL, et al. In vivo and in vitro induction of human cytochrome P4503A4 by dexamethasone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000; 68:356-366.
76. Mei Q, Richards K, Strong-Basalyga K, et al. Using real-time quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR to evaluate the role of dexamethasone in gene regulation of rat P-glycoproteins mdr1a/1b and cytochrome P450 3A1/2 J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:2488-2496.
77. Meijer OC, de Lange EC, Breimer DD, et al. Penetration of dexamethasone into brain glucocorticoid targets is enhanced in mdr1 A P-glycoprotein knockout mice. Endocrinology 1998; 139:1789-1793.
78. Mikosz CA, Brickley DR, Sharkey MS, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated protection from apoptosis is associated with induction of the serine/threonine survival kinase gene, sgk-1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:16649-16654.
79. Miller AL, Webb MS, Copik AJ, et al. p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a key mediator in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of lymphoid cells: Correlation between p38 MAPK activation and site-specific phosphorylation of the human glucocorticoid receptor at serine 211 Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:1569-1583.
80. Moran TJ, Gray S, Mikosz CA, et al. The glucocorticoid receptor mediates a survival signal in human mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2000; 60:867-872.
81. Nakazawa F, Matsuno H, Yudoh K, et al. Corticosteroid treatment induces chondrocyte apoptosis in an experimental arthritis model and in chondrocyte cultures. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20:773-781.
82. Necela BM, Cidlowski JA. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid receptor action in noninflammatory and inflammatory cells. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2004; 1:239-246.
83. Neuman MG, Cameron RG, Haber JA, et al. Inducers of cytochrome P450 2E1 enhance methotrexate-induced hepatocytoxicity. Clin Biochem 1999; 32:519-536.
84. Nichols NR, Agolley D, Zieba M, et al. Glucocorticoid regulation of glial responses during hippocampal neurodegeneration and regeneration. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2005; 48:287-301.
85. Obexer P, Geiger K, Ambros PF, et al. FKHRL1-mediated expression of Noxa and Bim induces apoptosis via the mitochondria in neuroblastoma cells. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:534-547.
86. Pace E, Gagliardo R, Melis M, et al. Synergistic effects of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol on in vitro T-cell activation and apoptosis in asthma.[see comment]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114:1216-1223.
87. Pang D, Kocherginsky M, Krausz T, et al. Dexamethasone decreases xenograft response to Paclitaxel through inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis.[see comment]. Cancer Biol Ther 2006; 5:933-940.
88. Pascussi JM, Drocourt L, Gerbal-Chaloin S, et al. Dual effect of dexamethasone on CYP3A4 gene expression in human hepatocytes. Sequential role of glucocorticoid receptor and pregnane X receptor. Eur J Biochem 2001; 268:6346-6358.
89. Pass GJ, Carrie D, Boylan M, et al. Role of hepatic cytochrome p450s in the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of cyclophosphamide: Studies with the hepatic cytochrome p450 reductase null mouse. Cancer Res 2005; 65:4211-4217.
90. Pavek P, Cerveny L, Svecova L, et al. Examination of Glucocorticoid receptor alphamediated transcriptional regulation of P-glycoprotein, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 genes in placental trophoblast cell lines. Placenta 2007; 28:1004-1011.
91. Pelaia G, Cuda G, Vatrella A, et al. Effects of transforming growth factor-(beta) and budes-onide on mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and apoptosis in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:12-18.
92. Perloff MD, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ. Ritonavir and dexamethasone induce expression of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein in rats. Xenobiotica 2004; 34:133-150.
93. Petrella A, Ercolino SF, Festa M, et al. Dexamethasone inhibits TRAIL-induced apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells via Bcl-xL induction. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:3287-3293.
94. Plotkin LI, Manolagas SC, Bellido T. Glucocorticoids induce osteocyte apoptosis by blocking focal adhesion kinase-mediated survival. Evidence for inside-out signaling leading to anoikis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:24120-24130.
95. Pusztai L, Mendoza TR, Reuben JM, et al. Changes in plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines in response to paclitaxel chemotherapy. Cytokine 2004; 25:94-102.
96. Rajashree S, Puvanakrishnan R. Dexamethasone induced alterations in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant status in heart and kidney of rats. Mol Cell Biochem 1998; 181:77-85.
97. Ramdas J, Liu W, Harmon JM. Glucocorticoid-induced cell death requires autoinduction of glucocorticoid receptor expression in human leukemic T cells. Cancer Res 1999; 59:1378-1385.
98. Regina A, Romero IA, Greenwood J, et al. Dexamethasone regulation of P-glycoprotein activity in an immortalized rat brain endothelial cell line, GPNT. J Neu-rochem 1999; 73:1954-1963.
99. Retana-Marquez S, Bonilla-Jaime H, Vazquez-Palacios G, et al. Body weight gain and diurnal differences of corticosterone changes in response to acute and chronic stress in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28:207-227.
100. Rhen T, Cidlowski JA. Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids: New mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1711-1723.
101. Rodrigues E, Vilarem MJ, Ribeiro V, et al. Two CCAAT/enhancer binding protein sites in the cytochrome P4503A1 locus. Potential role in the glucocorticoid response. Eur J Biochem 2003; 270:556-564.
102. Sampol E, Mirrione A, Villard PH, et al. Evidence for a tissue-specific induction of cutaneous CYP2E1 by dexamethasone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 235:557-561.
103. Santana AN, Ramos RG, Zanandrea EF, et al. Bone marrow necrosis successfully treated with corticosteroid. Eur J Haematol 2005; 74:75-76.
104. Sasson R, Amsterdam A. Pleiotropic anti-apoptotic activity of glucocorticoids in ovarian follicular cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1393-1401.
105. Scheinman RI, Cogswell PC, Lofquist AK, et al. Role of transcriptional activation of I kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids.[comment]. Science 1995; 270:283-286.
106. Schmidt M, Lugering N, Lugering A, et al. Role of the CD95/CD95 ligand system in glucocorticoid-induced monocyte apoptosis. J Immunol 2001; 166:1344-1351.
107. Schorr K, Furth P. A. Induction of bcl-xL expression in mammary epithelial cells is glucocorticoid-dependent but not signal transducer and activator of transcription 5-dependent. Cancer Res 2000; 60:5950-5953.
108. Schuetz EG, Schmid W, Schutz G, et al. The glucocorticoid receptor is essential for induction of cytochrome P-4502B by steroids but not for drug or steroid induction of CYP3A or P-450 reductase in mouse liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28:268-278.
109. Singal PK, Li T, Kumar D, et al. Adriamycin-induced heart failure: Mechanism and modulation. Mol Cell Biochem 2000; 207:77-86.
110. Sionov RV, Cohen O, Kfir S, et al. Role of mitochondrial glucocorticoid receptor in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. J Exp Med 2006; 203:189-201.
111. Slaviero KA, Clarke SJ, Rivory LP. Inflammatory response: An unrecognised source of variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cancer chemotherapy. Lancet Oncol 2003; 4:224-232.
112. Smoak K, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoids regulate tristetraprolin synthesis and posttranscriptionally regulate tumor necrosis factor alpha inflammatory signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:9126-9135.
113. Stellato C. Post-transcriptional and nongenomic effects of glucocorticoids. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2004; 1:255-263.
114. Stoecklin G, Stubbs T, Kedersha N, et al. MK2-induced tristetraprolin:14-3-3 complexes prevent stress granule association and ARE-mRNA decay. EMBO J 2004; 23:1313-1324.
115. Sun H, Xu BB, Inoue H, et al. p38 MAPK mediates COX-2 gene expression by corticosterone in cardiomyocytes. Cell Signaling, in press.
116. Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. Cortisol metabolism and the role of 11beta-hydro-xysteroid dehydrogenase. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 15:61-78.
117. Tse R, Marroquin BA, Dorscheid DR, et al. Beta-adrenergic agonists inhibit corticosteroid-induced apoptosis of airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285.
118. Tsujimoto K, Ono T, Sato M, et al. Regulation of the expression of caspase-9 by the transcription factor activator protein-4 in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:27638-27644.
119. Urayama S, Musch MW, Retsky J, et al. Dexamethasone protection of rat intestinal epithelial cells against oxidant injury is mediated by induction of heat shock protein 72. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1860-1865.
120. Valamanesh F, Torriglia A, Savoldelli M, et al. Glucocorticoids induce retinal toxicity through mechanisms mainly associated with paraptosis. Mol Vis 2007; 13:1746-57.
121. Valen G, Kawakami T, Tahepold P, et al. Glucocorticoid pretreatment protects cardiac function and induces cardiac heat shock protein 72. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279.
122. Vander Els, NJ, Miller V. Successful treatment of gemcitabine toxicity with a brief course of oral corticosteroid therapy.[see comment]. Chest 1998; 114:1779-1781.
123. Villikka K, Kivisto KT, Maenpaa H, et al. Cytochrome P450-inducing antiepileptics increase the clearance of vincristine in patients with brain tumors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 66:589-593.
124. Wallace KB. Doxorubicin-induced cardiac mitochondrionopathy. Pharmacol Toxicol 2003; 93:105-115.
125. Wang Z, Malone MH, He H, et al. Microarray analysis uncovers the induction of the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim in multiple models of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23861-23867.
126. Wang Z, Rong YP, Malone MH, et al. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (txnip) is a glucocorticoid-regulated primary response gene involved in mediating glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2006; 25:1903-1913.
127. Webster JI, Carlstedt-Duke J. Involvement of multidrug resistance proteins (MDR) in the modulation of glucocorticoid response. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 82:277-288.
128. Webster JC, Huber RM, Hanson RL, et al. Dexamethasone and tumor necrosis factor-alpha act together to induce the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-2 gene and prevent apoptosis in a variety of cell types. Endocrinology 2002; 143:3866-3874.
129. Wehling M. Specific, nongenomic actions of steroid hormones. Annu Rev Physiol 1997; 59:365-393.
130. Wen LP, Madani K, Fahrni JA, et al. Dexamethasone inhibits lung epithelial cell apoptosis induced by IFN-gamma and Fas. Am J Physiol 1997; 273.
131. Whitfield GK, Jurutka PW, Haussler CA, et al. Steroid hormone receptors: Evolution, ligands, and molecular basis of biologic function. J Cell Biochem 1999; (Suppl):110-122.
132. Wolff JE, Hauch H, Kuhl J, et al. Dexamethasone increases hepatotoxicity of MTX in children with brain tumors. Anticancer Res 1998; 18:2895-2899.
133. Worthington MT, Pelo JW, Sachedina MA, et al. RNA-binding properties of the AU-rich element-binding recombinant Nup475/TIS11/tristetraprolin protein. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:48558-48564.
134. Wu W, Chaudhuri S, Brickley DR, et al. Microarray analysis reveals glucocorticoid-regulated survival genes that are associated with inhibition of apoptosis in breast epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1757-1764.
135. Wu W, Pew T, Zou M, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor-induced MAPK phosphatase-1 (MPK-1) expression inhibits paclitaxel-associated MAPK activation and contributes to breast cancer cell survival. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:4117-4124.
136. Wu W, Zou M, Brickley DR, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor activation signals through forkhead transcription factor 3a in breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:2304-2314.
137. Yamamoto M, Fukuda K, Miura N, et al. Inhibition by dexamethasone of transforming growth factor beta1-induced apoptosis in rat hepatoma cells: A possible association with Bcl-xL induction. Hepatology 1998; 27:959-966.
138. Yao R, Wang Y, Lemon WJ, et al. Budesonide exerts its chemopreventive efficacy during mouse lung tumorigenesis by modulating gene expressions. Oncogene 2004; 23:7746-7752.
139. Yazawa H, Sasagawa I, Nakada T. Apoptosis of testicular germ cells induced by exogenous glucocorticoid in rats. Hum Reprod 2000; 15:1917-1920.
140. Yazawa H, Sasagawa I, Suzuki Y, et al. Glucocorticoid hormone can suppress apoptosis of rat testicular germ cells induced by testicular ischemia. Fertil Steril 2001; 75:980-985.
141. Zhuo X, Zheng N, Felix CA, et al. Kinetics and regulation of cytochrome P450-mediated etoposide metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:993-1000.