CCN proteins in normal and injured liver

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1939-1961

  Weiskirchen, Ralf ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL RWTH AACHEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

CCN; Cystine knot; Fibrosis; Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Inflammation; Insulin like growth factor; Liver disease; Review; TGF beta; Thrombospondin; Von willebrand factor

Indexed keywords

MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS;

CCN PROTEIN; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT;

CHEMISTRY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; LIVER; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN TERTIARY STRUCTURE; REVIEW;

CCN INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PROTEINS; HEPATITIS; HUMANS; LIVER; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASES; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY;

EID: 78651238599     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/3832     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. P. Bork: The modular architecture of a new family of growth regulators related to connective tissue growth factor. FEBS Lett 327, 125-130 (1993) (Pubitemid 23211174)
2. L. F. Lau and D. Nathans: Identification of a set of genes expressed during the G0/G1 transition of cultured mouse cells. EMBO J 4, 3145-3151 (1985)
3. L. F. Lau and D. Nathans: Expression of a set of growthrelated immediate early genes in BALB/c 3T3 cells: coordinate regulation with c-fos or c-myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84, 1182-1186 (1987) (Pubitemid 17027316)
4. D. L. Simmons, D. B. Levy, Y. Yannoni and R. L. Erikson: Identification of a phorbol ester-repressible v-srcinducible gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86, 1178-1182 (1989) (Pubitemid 19061517)
5. T. P. O'Brien, G. P. Yang, L. Sanders and L. F. Lau: Expression of cyr61, a growth factor-inducible immediateearly gene. Mol Cell Biol 10, 3569-3577 (1990) (Pubitemid 20198182)
6. P. Jay, J. L. Bergé-Lefranc, C. Marsollier, C. Méjean, S. Taviaux and P. Berta: The human growth factor-inducible immediate early gene, CYR61, maps to chromosome 1p. Oncogene 14, 1753-1757 (1997) (Pubitemid 27198948)
7. D. M. Bradham, A. Igarashi, R. L. Potter and G. R. Grotendorst: Connective tissue growth factor: a cysteinerich mitogen secreted by human vascular endothelial cells is related to the SRC-induced immediate early gene product CEF-10. J Cell Biol 114, 1285-1294 (1991) (Pubitemid 21909886)
8. H. S. Kim, S. R. Nagalla, Y. Oh, E. Wilson, C. T Roberts Jr and R. G. Rosenfeld: Identification of a family of lowaffinity insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs): characterization of connective tissue growth factor as a member of the IGFBP superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94, 12981-12986 (1997) (Pubitemid 27518462)
9. J. Soret, G. Dambrine and B. Perbal: Induction of nephroblastoma by myeloblastosis-associated virus type 1: state of proviral DNAs in tumor cells. J Virol 63, 1803-1807 (1989) (Pubitemid 19085996)
10. V. Joliot, C. Martinerie, G. Dambrine, G. Plassiart, M. Brisac, J. Crochet and B. Perbal: Proviral rearrangements and overexpression of a new cellular gene (nov) in myeloblastosis-associated virus type 1-induced nephroblastomas. Mol Cell Biol 12, 10-21 (1992)
11. D. Pennica, T. A. Swanson, J. W. Welsh, M. A. Roy, D. A. Lawrence, J. Lee, J. Brush, L. A. Taneyhill, B. Deuel, M. Lew, C. Watanabe, R. L. Cohen, M. F. Melhem, G. G. Finley, P. Quirke, A. D. Goddard, K. J. Hillan, A. L. Gurney, D. Botstein and A. J. Levine: WISP genes are members of the connective tissue growth factor family that are up-regulated in Wnt-1-transformed cells and aberrantly expressed in human colon tumors. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 95, 14717-14722 (1998) (Pubitemid 29003696)
12. S. Tanaka, K. Sugimachi, H. Saeki, J. Kinoshita, T. Ohga, M. Shimada, Y. Maehara, and K. Sugimachi: A novel variant of WISP1 lacking a Von Willebrand type C module overexpressed in scirrhous gastric carcinoma. Oncogene 20, 5525-5532 (2001) (Pubitemid 32889489)
13. M. Cervello, L. Giannitrapani, M. Labbozzetta, M. Notarbartolo, N. D'Alessandro, N. Lampiasi, A. Azzolina and G. Montalto: Expression of WISPs and of their novel alternative variants in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1028, 432-439 (2004) (Pubitemid 40361844)
14. C. A. Inkson, M. Ono, S. A. Kuznetsov, L. W. Fisher, P. G. Robey, and M. F. Young. TGF-beta1 and WISP-1/CCN-4 can regulate each other's activity to cooperatively control osteoblast function. J Cell Biochem 104, 1865-1878 (2008)
15. K. P. Holbourn, K. R. Acharya and B. Perbal: The CCN family of proteins: structure-function relationships. Trends Biochem Sci 33, 461-473 (2008)
16. K. P. Holbourn, B. Perbal and K. Ravi Acharya: Proteins on the catwalk: modelling the structural domains of the CCN family of proteins. J Cell Commun Signal 3, 25-41 (2009)
17. R. C. Baxter: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins: interactions with IGFs and intrinsic bioactivities. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278, E967-E976 (2000) (Pubitemid 30439132)
18. T. Sitar, G. M. Popowicz, I. Siwanowicz, R. Huber and T. A. Holak: Structural basis for the inhibition of insulinlike growth factors by insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 13028-13033 (2006) (Pubitemid 44338911)
19. V. Hwa, Y. Oh and R. G. Rosenfeld: Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins: a proposed superfamily. Acta Paediatrica Suppl 428, 37-45 (1999) (Pubitemid 29108402)
20. C. P. Burren, E. M. Wilson, V. Hwa, Y. Oh and R. G. Rosenfeld: Binding properties and distribution of insulinlike growth factor binding protein-related protein 3 (IGFBP-rP3/NovH), an additional member of the IGFBP superfamily. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84, 1096-1103 (1999) (Pubitemid 29138249)
21. X. Yan, R. C. Baxter, B. Perbal and S. M. Firth: The aminoterminal insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding domain of IGF binding protein-3 cannot be functionally substituted by the structurally homologous domain of CCN3. Endocrinology 147, 5268-5274 (2006) (Pubitemid 44790582)
22. J. Voorberg, R. Fontijn, J. Calafat, H. Janssen, J. A. van Mourik and H. Pannekoek. Assembly and routing of von Willebrand factor variants: the requirements for disulfidelinked dimerization reside within the carboxy-terminal 151 amino acids. J Cell Biol 113, 195-205 (1991) (Pubitemid 21909686)
23. D. T. Bonthron, R. I. Handin, R. J. Kaufman, L. C. Wasley, E. C. Orr, L. M. Mitsock, B. Ewenstein, J. Loscalzo, D. Ginsburg and S. H. Orkin: Structure of prepro-von Willebrand factor and its expression in heterologous cells. Nature 324, 270-273 (1986) (Pubitemid 17180458)
24. A. Colombatti, P. Bonaldo and R. Doliana: Type A modules: interacting domains found in several non-fibrillar collagens and in other extracellular matrix proteins. Matrix 13, 297-306 (1993) (Pubitemid 23227044)
25. S. J. Perkins, K. F. Smith, S. C. Williams, P. I. Haris, D. Chapman and R. B. Sim: The secondary structure of the von Willebrand factor type A domain in factor B of human complement by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Its occurrence in collagen types VI, VII, XII and XIV, the integrins and other proteins by averaged structure predictions. J Mol Biol 238, 104-119 (1994)
26. J. L. Zhang, Y. Huang, L. Y. Qiu, J. Nickel and W. Sebald: von Willebrand factor type C domain-containing proteins regulate bone morphogenetic protein signaling through different recognition mechanisms. J Biol Chem 282, 20002-20014 (2007) (Pubitemid 47100074)
27. K. Tan, M. Duquette, J. H. Liu, Y. Dong, R. Zhang, A. Joachimiak, J. Lawler and J. H. Wang: Crystal structure of the TSP-1 type 1 repeats: a novel layered fold and its biological implication. J Cell Biol 159, 373-382 (2002) (Pubitemid 35283405)
28. C Venter, M. D. Adams, E. W. Myers, P. W. Li, R. J. Mural, G. G. Sutton, H. O. Smith, M. Yandell, C. A. Evans, R. A. Holt and 264 others: The sequence of the human genome. Science 291, 3041351 (2001)
29. N. Q. McDonald and W. A. Hendrickson: A structural superfamily of growth factors containing a cystine knot motif. Cell 73, 421-424 (1993) (Pubitemid 23143340)
30. M. L. Kireeva, F. E. MO, G. P. Yang and L. F. Lau: Cyr61, a product of a growth factor-inducible immediateearly gene, promotes cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion. Mol Cell Biol 16, 1326-1334 (1996) (Pubitemid 26095602)
31. M. L. Kireeva, S. C. Lam and L. F. Lau: Adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to the immediateearly gene product Cyr61 is mediated through integrin alpha vbeta 3. J Biol Chem 273, 3090-3096 (1998) (Pubitemid 28133964)
32. T. V. Kolesnikova and L. F. Lau: Human CYR61-mediated enhancement of bFGF-induced DNA synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Oncogene 16, 747-754 (1998) (Pubitemid 28076085)
33. G. P. Yang and L. F. Lau: Cyr61, product of a growth factor-inducible immediate early gene, is associated with the extracellular matrix and the cell surface. Cell Growth Differ 2, 351-371 (1991)
34. J. R. Bishop, M. Schuksz and J. D. Esko: Heparan sulphate proteoglycans fine-tune mammalian physiology. Nature 446, 1030-1037 (2007) (Pubitemid 46676065)
35. A. M. Babic, C. C. Chen and L. F. Lau: Fisp12/mouse connective tissue growth factor mediates endothelial cell adhesion and migration through integrin alphavbeta3, promotes endothelial cell survival, and induces angiogenesis in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 19, 2958-2966 (1999) (Pubitemid 29144541)
36. T. Nishida, H. Kawaki, R. M. Baxter, R. A. Deyoung, M. Takigawa and K. M. Lyons: CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor) is essential for extracellular matrix production and integrin signaling in chondrocytes. J Cell Commun Signal 1, 45-58 (2007)
37. C. C. Chen and L. F. Lau: Functions and mechanisms of action of CCN matricellular proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41, 771-783 (2009)
38. M. Hoshijima, T. Hattori, M. Inoue, D. Araki, H. Hanagata, A. Miyauchi and M. Takigawa: CT domain of CCN2/CTGF directly interacts with fibronectin and enhances cell adhesion of chondrocytes through integrin alpha5beta1. FEBS Lett 580, 1376-1382 (2006) (Pubitemid 43222004)
39. J. P. Rey and D. L. Ellies: Modulators in the biotech pipeline. Dev Dyn 239, 102-114 (2010)
40. Y. Gong, R. B. Slee, N. Fukai, G. Rawadi, S. Roman-Roman, A. M. Reginato, H. Wang, T. Cundy, F. H. Glorieux, D. Lev, M. Zacharin, K. Oexle K and others: LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) affects bone accrual and eye development. Cell 107, 513-523 (2001) (Pubitemid 33152786)
41. P. R. Segarini, J. E. Nesbitt, D. Li, L. G. Hays, J. R. Yates 3rd and D. F. Carmichael: The low density lipoprotein receptor related protein/alpha2- macroglobulin receptor is a receptor for connective tissue growth factor. J Biol Chem 276, 40659-40667 (2001)
42. R. Gao and D. R. Brigstock: Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a heparin-dependent adhesion receptor for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in rat activated hepatic stellate cells. Hepatol Res 27, 214-220 (2001)
43. S. Mercurio, B. Latinkic, N. Itasaki, R. Krumlauf and J. C. Smith: Connective-tissue growth factor modulates WNT signalling and interacts with the WNT receptor complex. Development 131, 2137-2147 (2004) (Pubitemid 38702045)
44. J. G. Abreu, N. I. Ketpura, B. Reversade and E. M. De Robertis: Connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF) modulates cell signalling by BMP and TGF-beta. Nat Cell Biol 4, 599-604 (2002)
45. T. Minamizato, K. Sakamoto, T. Liu, H. Kokubo, K. Katsube, B. Perbal, S. Nakamura and A. Yamaguchi: CCN3/NOV inhibits BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation by interacting with BMP and Notch signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 354, 567-573 (2007) (Pubitemid 46161361)
46. S. Rydziel, L. Stadmeyer, S. Zanotti, D. Durant, A. Smerdel-Ramoya and E. Canalis: Nephroblastoma overexpressed (Nov) inhibits osteoblastogenesis and causes osteopenia. J Biol Chem 282, 19762-18772 (2007)
47. I. Inoki, T. Shiomi, G. Hashimoto, H. Enomoto, H. Nakamura, K. Makino, E. Ikeda, S. Takata, K. Kobayashi and Y. Okada: Connective tissue growth factor binds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis. FASEB J 16, 219-221 (2002)
48. G. Hashimoto, I. Inoki, Y. Fujii, T. Aoki, E. Ikeda and Y. Okada: Matrix metalloproteinases cleave connective tissue growth factor and reactivate angiogenic activity of vascular endothelial growth factor 165. J Biol Chem 277, 36288-36295 (2002)
49. T. Nishida, T. Nakanishi, T. Shimo, M. Asano, T. Hattori, T. Tamatani, K. Tezuka and M. Takigawa: Demonstration of receptors specific for connective tissue growth factor on a human chondrocytic cell line (HCS-2/8). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 247, 905-909 (1998) (Pubitemid 28418489)
50. R. Gao, D. K. Ball, B. Perbal and D. R. Brigstock: Connective tissue growth factor induces c-fos gene activation and cell proliferation through p44/42 MAP kinase in primary rat hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 40, 431-438 (2004) (Pubitemid 38230844)
51. C. Liu, X. J. Liu, P. D. Crowe, G. S. Kelner, J. Fan, G. Barry, F. Manu, N. Ling, E. B. De Souza and R. A. Maki: Nephroblastoma overexpressed gene (NOV) codes for a growth factor that induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Gene 238, 471-478 (1999) (Pubitemid 29446181)
52. Y. Nakamura, G. Weidinger, J. O. Liang, A. Aquilina-Beck, K. Tamai, R. T. Moon, and M. L. Warman: The CCN family member Wisp3, mutant in progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia, modulates BMP and Wnt signaling. J Clin Invest 117, 3075-3086 (2007) (Pubitemid 47529637)
53. B. Perbal: Nuclear localisation of NOVH protein: a potential role for NOV in the regulation of gene expression. Mol Pathol 52, 84-91 (1999) (Pubitemid 29166730)
54. M. R. Gray, J. A: Malmquist, M. Sullivan, M. Blea and J. J. Castellot: CCN5 Expression in mammals. II. Adult rodent tissues. J Cell Commun Signal 1:145-158 (2007)
55. A. Lombet, N. Planque, A. M. Bleau, C. L. Li, and B. Perbal: CCN3 and calcium signaling. Cell Commun Signal 1:1 (2003)
56. S. Muehlich, I. Cicha, C. D. Garlichs, B. Krueger, G. Posern and M. Goppelt-Struebe: Actin-dependent regulation of connective tissue growth factor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292, C1732-C1738 (2007) (Pubitemid 47080572)
57. C. A. Droppelmann, J. Gutiérrez, C. Vial and E. Brandan: Matrix metalloproteinase-2-deficient fibroblasts exhibit an alteration in the fibrotic response to connective tissue growth factor/CCN2 because of an increase in the levels of endogenous fibronectin. J Biol Chem 284, 13551-13561 (2009)
58. B. L. Riser, F. Najmabadi, B. Perbal, D. R. Peterson, J. A. Rambow, M. L. Riser, E. Sukowski, H. Yeger and S. C. Riser: CCN3 (NOV) is a negative regulator of CCN2 (CTGF) and a novel endogenous inhibitor of the fibrotic pathway in an in vitro model of renal disease. Am J Pathol 174, 1725-1734 (2009)
59. F. E. Mo, A. G. Muntean, C. C. Chen, D. B. Stolz, S. C. Watkins and L. F Lau: CYR61 (CCN1) is essential for placental development and vascular integrity. Mol Cell Biol 22, 8709-8720 (2002) (Pubitemid 35397184)
60. S. Ivkovic, B. S. Yoon, S. N. Popoff, F. F. Safadi, D. E. Libuda, R. C. Stephenson, A. Daluiski and others: Connective tissue growth factor coordinates chondrogenesis and angiogenesis during skeletal development. Development 130, 2779-2791 (2003) (Pubitemid 37069592)
61. E. Heath, D. Tahri, E. Andermarcher, P. Schofield, S. Fleming and C. A. Boulter: Abnormal skeletal and cardiac development, cardiomyopathy, muscle atrophy and cataracts in mice with a targeted disruption of the Nov (Ccn3) gene. BMC Dev Biol 8:18 (2008)
62. W. E. Kutz, Y. Gong and M. L. Warman: WISP3, the gene responsible for the human skeletal disease progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia, is not essential for skeletal function in mice. Mol Cell Biol 25, 414-421 (2005) (Pubitemid 40039830)
63. A. M. Gressner and R. Weiskirchen: Modern pathogenetic concepts of liver fibrosis suggest stellate cells and TGF-beta as major players and therapeutic targets. J Cell Mol Med 10, 76-99 (2006) (Pubitemid 44874293)
64. P. Feng, B. Wang and E. C. Ren: Cyr61/CCN1 is a tumor suppressor in human hepatocellular carcinoma and involved in DNA damage response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40, 98-109 (2008) (Pubitemid 350064578)
65. L. Xu, L. Hui, S. Wang, J. Gong, Y. Jin, Y. Wang, Y. Ji, X. Wu, Z. Han Z and G. Hu: Expression profiling suggested a regulatory role of liver-enriched transcription factors in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 61, 3176-3181 (2001) (Pubitemid 32691972)
66. B. Wang, J. Ren, L. L. Ooi, S. S. Chong and C. G. Lee: Dinucleotide repeats negatively modulate the promoter activity of Cyr61 and is unstable in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Oncogene 24, 3999-4008 (2005) (Pubitemid 40896412)
67. V. Paradis, D. Dargere, M. Vidaud, A. C. De Gouville, S. Huet, V. Martinez, J. M. Gauthier, N. Ba, R. Sobesky, V. Ratziu and P. Bedossa: Expression of connective tissue growth factor in experimental rat and human liver fibrosis. Hepatology 30, 968-976 (1999) (Pubitemid 29458286)
68. H. Morikawa, A. Tamori, S. Nishiguchi, M. Enomoto, D. Habu, N. Kawada and S. Shiomi: Expression of connective tissue growth factor in the human liver with idiopathic portal hypertension. Mol Med 13, 240-245 (2007) (Pubitemid 47175033)
69. K. Uchio, M. Graham, N. M. Dean, J. Rosenbaum and A. Desmoulière: Down-regulation of connective tissue growth factor and type I collagen mRNA expression by connective tissue growth factor antisense oligonucleotide during experimental liver fibrosis. Wound Repair Regen 12, 60-66 (2004) (Pubitemid 38249137)
70. G. Li, D. Li, Q. Xie, Y. Shi, S. Jiang and Y. Jin: RNA interfering connective tissue growth factor prevents rat hepatic stellate cell activation and extracellular matrix production. J Gene Med 10, 1039-1047 (2008)
71. J. George and M. Tsutsumi: siRNA-mediated knockdown of connective tissue growth factor prevents Nnitrosodimethylamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Gene Ther 14, 790-803 (2007) (Pubitemid 46706059)
72. G. Li, Q. Xie, Y. Shi, D. Li, M. Zhang, S. Jiang, H. Zhou, H. Lu and Y. Jin: Inhibition of connective tissue growth factor by siRNA prevents liver fibrosis in rats. J Gene Med 8, 889-900 (2006) (Pubitemid 44097143)
73. Z. Yuhua, R. Wanhua, S. Chenggang, S. Jun, W. Yanjun and Z. Chunqing: Disruption of connective tissue growth factor by short hairpin RNA inhibits collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix secretion in hepatic stellate cells. Liver Int 28, 632-639 (2008) (Pubitemid 351541094)
74. R. P. Gao and D. R. Brigstock: Connective tissue growth factor hammerhead ribozyme attenuates human hepatic stellate cell function. World J Gastroenterol 15, 3807-3813 (2009)
75. Z. Tong, R. Chen, D. S. Alt, S. Kemper, B. Perbal and D. R. Brigstock: Susceptibility to liver fibrosis in mice expressing a connective tissue growth factor transgene in hepatocytes. Hepatology 50, 939-947 (2009)
76. A. M. Gressner, R. Weiskirchen, K. Breitkopf and S. Dooley: Roles of TGF-beta in hepatic fibrosis. Front Biosci 7, d793-d807 (2002)
77. V. Cimica, D. Batusic, B. Haralanova-Ilieva, Y. Chen, T. Hollemann, T. Pieler and G. Ramadori: Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) in rat liver regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 360, 545-552 (2007) (Pubitemid 47048134)
78. H. L. Weng, L. Ciuclan, Y. Liu, J. Hamzavi, P. Godoy, H. Gaitantzi, S. Kanzler, R. Heuchel, U. Ueberham, R. Gebhardt, K. Breitkopf and S. Dooley: Profibrogenic transforming growth factor-beta/activin receptor-like kinase 5 signaling via connective tissue growth factor expression in hepatocytes. Hepatology 46, 1257-1270 (2007) (Pubitemid 350144790)
79. O. A. Gressner, B. Lahme, I. Demirci, A. M. Gressner and R. Weiskirchen: Differential effects of TGF-beta on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) expression in hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. J Hepatol 47, 699-710 (2007) (Pubitemid 47503426)
80. J. M. Lee, S. Dedhar, R. Kalluri R and E. W. Thompson: The epithelial-mesenchymal transition: new insights in signaling, development, and disease. J Cell Biol 172, 973-981 (2006)
81. Y. Liu: New insights into epithelial-mesenchymal transition in kidney fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 21, 212-222 (2010)
82. M. Zeisberg, C. Yang, M. Martino, M. B. Duncan, F. Rieder, H. Tanjore and R. Kalluri: Fibroblasts derive from hepatocytes in liver fibrosis via epithelial to mesenchymal transition. J Biol Chem 282, 23337-23347 (2007) (Pubitemid 47311952)
83. K. Taura, K. Miura, K. Iwaisako, C. H. Osterreicher, Y. Kodama, M. Penz-Osterreicher and D. A. Brenner: Hepatocytes do not undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatology 51, 1027-1036 (2010)
84. D. Scholten, C. H. Osterreicher, A. Scholten, K. Iwaisako, G. Gu, D. A. Brenner and T. Kisseleva: Genetic labeling does not detect epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition of cholangiocytes in liver fibrosis in mice. Gastroenterology 2010 Jun 20.
85. C. H. Lee, B. Shah, E. K. Moioli and J. J. Mao: CTGF directs fibroblast differentiation from human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and defines connective tissue healing in a rodent injury model. J Clin Invest 2010 Aug 2. pii: 43230. doi:10.1172/JCI43230.
86. S. H. Lee, G. S. Seo, Y. N. Park and D. H. Sohn: Nephroblastoma overexpressed gene (NOV) expression in rat hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Pharmacol 68, 1391-1400 (2004) (Pubitemid 39185860)
87. Z. J. Zeng, L. Y. Yang, X. Ding and W. Wang: Expressions of cysteine-rich61, connective tissue growth factor and Nov genes in hepatocellular carcinoma and their clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 10, 3414-3418 (2004) (Pubitemid 39549539)
88. S. Hirasaki, N. Koide, K. Ujike, T. Shinji and T. Tsuji: Expression of Nov, CYR61 and CTGF genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 19, 294-305 (2001) (Pubitemid 32241907)
89. T. Fukutomi, Y. Zhou, S. Kawai, H. Eguchi, J. R. Wands and J. Li: Hepatitis C virus core protein stimulates hepatocyte growth: correlation with upregulation of wnt-1 expression. Hepatology 41, 1096-1105 (2005) (Pubitemid 40593917)
90. A. Leask, S. K. Parapuram, X. Shi-Wen and D. J. Abraham: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) gene regulation: a potent clinical bio-marker of fibroproliferative disease? J Cell Commun Signal 3, 89-94 (2009)
91. A. M. Gressner, E. Yagmur, B. Lahme, O. Gressner and S. Stanzel: Connective tissue growth factor in serum as a new candidate test for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Clin Chem 52, 1815-1817 (2006) (Pubitemid 44330719)
92. E. Kovalenko, F. Tacke, O. A. Gressner, H. W. Zimmermann, B. Lahme, A. Janetzko, T. Wiederholt, T. Berg, T. Müller, C. Trautwein, A. M. Gressner and R. Weiskirchen: Validation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) and its gene polymorphisms as noninvasive biomarkers for the assessment of liver fibrosis. J Viral Hepat 16, 612-620 (2009)
93. W. Guo-Qiu, L. Nai-Feng, V. Xiao-Bo, L. Linxian, Z. Chen, G. Lixia and L. Zhao: The level of connective tissue growth factor in sera of patients with hepatitis B virus strongly correlates with stage of hepatic fibrosis. Viral Immunol 23, 71-78 (2010)
94. D. Zhang, N. Y. Wang, C. B. Yang, G. X. Fang, W. Liu, J. Wen and C. Luo: The clinical value of serum connective tissue growth factor in the assessment of liver fibrosis. Dig Dis Sci 55, 767-774 (2010)
95. T. Tamatani, H. Kobayashi, K. Tezuka, S. Sakamoto, K. Suzuki, T. Nakanishi, M. Takigawa and T. Miyano: Establishment of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and its detection in the sera of biliary atresia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 251, 748-752 (1998) (Pubitemid 28512782)
96. O. Cheng, R. Thuillier, E. Sampson, G. Schultz, P. Ruiz, X. Zhang, P. S. Yuen and R. B. Mannon: Connective tissue growth factor is a biomarker and mediator of kidney allograft fibrosis. Am J Transplant 6, 2292-2306 (2006) (Pubitemid 44359414)
97. M. M. Chen, A. Lam, J. A. Abraham, G. F. Schreiner and A. H. Joly: CTGF expression is induced by TGF- beta in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiac myocytes: a potential role in heart fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 32, 1805-1819 (2000)
98. M. S. Ahmed, E. Øie, L. E. Vinge, T. G. von Lueder, T. Attramadal and H. Attramadal: Induction of pulmonary connective tissue growth factor in heart failure is associated with pulmonary parenchymal and vascular remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 74, 323-333 (2007) (Pubitemid 46522535)
99. D. Xie, D. Yin, H. J. Wang, G. T. Liu, R. Elashoff, K. Black and H. P. Koeffler: Levels of expression of CYR61 and CTGF are prognostic for tumor progression and survival of individuals with gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 10, 2072-2081 (2004) (Pubitemid 38375569)
100. J. Bao, Z. Tu, J. Wang, F. Ye, H. Sun, M. Qin, Y. Shi, H. Bu and Y. P. Li: A novel accurate rapid ELISA for detection of urinary connective tissue growth factor, a biomarker of chronic allograft nephropathy. Transplant Proc 40, 2361-2364 (2008)
101. L. Yue, Q. Xia, G. H. Luo and Y. P. Lu: Urinary connective tissue growth factor is a biomarker in a rat model of chronic nephropathy. Transplant Proc 42, 1875-1880 (2010)
102. D. N. Cooper, R. L. Nussbaum and M. Krawczak: Proposed guidelines for papers describing DNA polymorphism-disease associations. Hum Genet 110, 207-208 (2002) (Pubitemid 36067441)
103. I. E. Blom, A. J. van Dijk, R. A. de Weger, M. G. Tilanus and R. Goldschmeding: Identification of human ccn2 (connective tissue growth factor) promoter polymorphisms. Mol Pathol 54, 192-196 (2001) (Pubitemid 32539613)
104. C. Fonseca, G. E. Lindahl, M. Ponticos, P. Sestini, E. A. Renzoni, A. M. Holmes, P. Spagnolo, P. Pantelidis, P. Leoni, N. McHugh, C. J. Stock, X. Shi-Wen, C. P. Denton, C. M. Black, K. I. Welsh, R. M. du Bois and D. J. Abraham: A polymorphism in the CTGF promoter region associated with systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med 357, 1210-1220 (2007) (Pubitemid 47443180)
105. P. Gourh, M. D. Mayes and F. C. Arnett: CTGF polymorphism associated with systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med 358, 308-309 (2008)
106. B. Rueda, C. Simeon, R. Hesselstrand, A. Herrick, J. Worthington, N. Ortego-Centeno, G. Riemekasten, V. Fonollosa, M. C. Vonk, F. H. van den Hoogen, J. Sanchez-Román, M. A. Aguirre-Zamorano, R. García-Portales, A. Pros, M. T. Camps, M. A. Gonzalez-Gay, M. F. Gonzalez-Escribano, M. J. Coenen, N. Lambert, J. L. Nelson, T. R. Radstake and J. Martin: A large multicentre analysis of CTGF -945 promoter polymorphism does not confirm association with systemic sclerosis susceptibility or phenotype. Ann Rheum Dis 68, 1618-1620 (2009)
107. A. Dessein, C. Chevillard, V. Arnaud, X. Hou, A. A. Hamdoun, H. Dessein, H. He, S. A. Abdelmaboud, X. Luo, J. Li, A. Varoquaux, A. Mergani, M. Abdelwahed, J. Zhou, A. Monis, M. G. Pitta, N. Gasmelseed, S. Cabantous, Y. Zhao, A. Prata, C. Brandt, N. E. Elwali, L. Argiro and Y. Li: Variants of CTGF are associated with hepatic fibrosis in Chinese, Sudanese, and Brazilians infected with schistosomes. J Exp Med 206, 2321-2328 (2009)
108. L. Bouchard, A. Tchernof, Y. Deshaies, S. Lebel, F. S. Hould, P. Marceau and M. C. Vohl: CYR61 polymorphisms are associated with plasma HDLcholesterol levels in obese individuals. Clin Genet 72, 224-229 (2007) (Pubitemid 47300025)
109. G. F. Watts, P. H. Barrett and D. C. Chan: HDL metabolism in context: looking on the bright side. Curr Opin Lipidol 19, 395-404 (2008)
110. V. Nobili, N. Alkhouri, A. Bartuli, M. Manco, R. Lopez, A. Alisi and A. E. Feldstein: Severity of liver injury and atherogenic lipid profile in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pediatr Res 67, 665-670 (2010)
111. C. Hora, F. Negro, G. Leandro, C. M. Oneta, L. Rubbia-Brandt, B. Muellhaupt, B. Helbling, R. Malinverni, J. J. Gonvers, J. F. Dufour and the Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study Group. Connective tissue growth factor, steatosis and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver Int 28, 370-376 (2008) (Pubitemid 351279585)
112. C. M. Hsu, Y. A. Hsu, Y. Tsai, F. K. Shieh, S. H. Huang, L. Wan and F. J. Tsai: Emodin inhibits the growth of hepatoma cells: finding the common anti-cancer pathway using Huh7, Hep3B, and HepG2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 392, 473-478 (2010)
113. E. J. Williams, M. D. Gaça, D. R. Brigstock, M. J. Arthur and R. C. Benyon: Increased expression of connective tissue growth factor in fibrotic human liver and in activated hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 32, 754-761 (2000) (Pubitemid 30262735)
114. M. Abou-Shady, H. Friess, A. Zimmermann, F.F. di Mola, X. Z. Guo, H. U. Baer and M. W. Büchler: Connective tissue growth factor in human liver cirrhosis. Liver 20, 296-304 (2000) (Pubitemid 30488001)
115. V. Paradis, G. Perlemuter, F. Bonvoust, D. Dargere, B. Parfait, M. Vidaud, M. Conti, S. Huet, N. Ba, C. Buffet and P. Bedossa: High glucose and hyperinsulinemia stimulate connective tissue growth factor expression: a potential mechanism involved in progression to fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 34, 738-744 (2001) (Pubitemid 32927998)
116. Y. C. Hsu, Y. T. Chiu, C. Y. Lee, Y. L. Lin and Y. T. Huang: Increases in fibrosis-related gene transcripts in livers of dimethylnitrosamine-intoxicated rats. J Biomed Sci 11, 408-417 (2004)
117. S. Ozaki, Y. Sato, M. Yasoshima, K. Harada and Y. Nakanuma: Diffuse expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan and connective tissue growth factor in fibrous septa with many mast cells relate to unresolving hepatic fibrosis of congenital hepatic fibrosis. Liver Int 25, 817-828 (2005) (Pubitemid 41038663)
118. G. Latella, A. Vetuschi, R. Sferra, V. Catitti, A. D'Angelo, G. Zanninelli, K. C. Flanders and E. Gaudio: Targeted disruption of Smad3 confers resistance to the development of dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. Liver Int 29, 997-1009 (2009)
119. N. Sedlaczek, J. D. Jia, M. Bauer, H. Herbst, M. Ruehl, E. G. Hahn and D. Schuppan: Proliferating bile duct epithelial cells are a major source of connective tissue growth factor in rat biliary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 158, 1239-1244 (2001) (Pubitemid 32281287)
120. N. Hayashi, T. Kakimuma, Y. Soma, G. R. Grotendorst, K. Tamaki, M. Harada, and A. Igarashi: Connective tissue growth factor is directly related to liver fibrosis. Hepatogastroenterology 49, 133-135 (2002) (Pubitemid 34289501)
121. V. Paradis, D. Dargere, F. Bonvoust, M. Vidaud, P. Segarini and P. Bedossa: Effects and regulation of connective tissue growth factor on hepatic stellate cells. Lab Invest 82, 767-774 (2002)
122. K. Tsuneyama, W. Kouda and Y. Nakanuma: Portal and parenchymal alterations of the liver in idiopathic portal hypertension: a histological and immunochemical study. Pathol Res Pract 198, 597-603 (2002) (Pubitemid 35244057)
123. A. W. Rachfal and D. R. Brigstock: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in hepatic fibrosis. Hepatol Res 26, 1-9 (2003) (Pubitemid 36939924)
124. H. Kobayashi, N. Hayashi, K. Hayashi, A. Yamataka, G. J. Lane and T. Miyano: Connective tissue growth factor and progressive fibrosis in biliary atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 21, 12-16 (2005) (Pubitemid 40169451)
125. M. R. Narkewicz, A. Kasaragod, M. S. Lucia, S. Pflummer, R. J. Sokol and K. R. Stenmark: Connective tissue growth factor expression is increased in biliary epithelial cells in biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg 40, 1721-1725 (2005) (Pubitemid 41625735)
126. J. Y. Shin, W. Hur, J. S. Wang, J. W. Jang, C. W. Kim, S. H. Bae, S. K. Jang, S. H. Yang, Y. C. Sung, O. J. Kwon and S. K. Yoon: HCV core protein promotes liver fibrogenesis via up-regulation of CTGF with TGF-beta1. Exp Mol Med 37, 138-145 (2005) (Pubitemid 40676924)
127. O. A. Gressner, B. Lahme, K. Rehbein, M. Siluschek, R. Weiskirchen and A. M. Gressner: Pharmacological application of caffeine inhibits TGF-beta-stimulated connective tissue growth factor expression in hepatocytes via PPARgamma and SMAD2/3-dependent pathways. J Hepatol 49, 758-767 (2008)
128. O. A. Gressner, B. Lahme, M. Siluschek, K. Rehbein, R. Weiskirchen and A. M. Gressner: Connective tissue growth factor is a Smad2 regulated amplifier of transforming growth factor beta actions in hepatocytes - but without modulating bone morphogenetic protein 7 signaling. Hepatology 49, 2021-2030 (2009)
129. D. F. Calvisi, E. A. Conner, S. Ladu, E. R. Lemmer, V. M. Factor and S. S. Thorgeirsson: Activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway confers growth advantages in c-Myc/E2F1 transgenic mouse model of liver cancer. J Hepatol 42, 842-849 (2005) (Pubitemid 40693201)
130. P. O. Yoon, M. A. Lee, H. Cha, M. H. Jeong, J. Kim, S. P. Jang, B. Y. Choi, D. Jeong, D. K. Yang, R. J. Hajjar, and W. J. Park: The opposing effects of CCN2 and CCN5 on the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 49, 294-303 (2010)
131. M. Carson: Ribbons. Methods Enzymol.277, 493-505 (1997)