Diet and age interactions with regards to cholesterol regulation and brain pathogenesis

Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research

Volumn 2010, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Keller, Jeffrey N ^b   Uranga, Romina M ^a,b  

^a Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto M Lillo   (Argentina)

^b PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78349287022     PISSN: 16877063     EISSN: 16877071     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2010/219683     Document Type: Review

References (219)

1. Liu J.-P., Tang Y., Zhou S., Toh B. H., McLean C., Li H., Cholesterol involvement in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 2010 43 1 33 42
2. Daniels T. F., Killinger K. M., Michal J. J., Wright R. W. Jr., Jiang Z., Lipoproteins, cholesterol homeostasis and cardiac health International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009 5 5 474 488
3. Anzalone D. A., Anzalone F. L., Fos P. J., High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol: determining hygienic factors for intervention Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995 37 7 856 861
4. Schaefer E. J., New recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of plasma lipid abnormalities Nutrition Reviews 1993 51 8 246 253
5. Mourao P. A. S., Bracamonte C. A., The binding of human aortic glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to plasma low density lipoproteins Atherosclerosis 1984 50 2 133 146
6. Wang X., Greilberger J., Ratschek M., Jrgens G., Oxidative modifications of LDL increase its binding to extracellular matrix from human aortic intima: influence of lesion development, lipoprotein lipase and calcium Journal of Pathology 2001 195 2 244 250
7. Shanmugasundaram K. R., Visvanathan A., Dhandapani K., Effect of high-fat diet on cholesterol distribution in plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol esterifying activity in leucocytes, and erythrocyte membrane components studied: importance of body weight American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986 44 6 805 815
8. Dietschy J. M., Turley S. D., Cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system during early development and in the mature animal Journal of Lipid Research 2004 45 8 1375 1397
9. Carroll K. K., Hamilton R. M. G., MacLeod G. K., Plasma cholesterol levels in suckling and weaned calves, lambs, pigs, and colts Lipids 1973 8 11 635 640
10. McMurry M. P., Cerqueira M. T., Connor S. L., Connor W. E., Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels and body weight in Tarahumara Indians after consumption of an affluent diet The New England Journal of Medicine 1991 325 24 1704 1708
11. Mndez J., Tejada C., Flores M., Serum lipid levels among rural Guatemalan Indians The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1962 10 403 409
12. Whyte H., Yee I., Serum cholesterol levels of Australians and natives of New Guinea from birth to adulthood Australasian Annals of Medicine 1958 7 336 339
13. Mitchell B. D., Stern M. P., Haffner S. M., Hazuda H. P., Patterson J. K., Risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. The San Antonio Heart Study American Journal of Epidemiology 1990 131 3 423 433
14. Nestel P. J., Schreibman P. H., Ahrens E. H. Jr., Cholesterol metabolism in human obesity Journal of Clinical Investigation 1973 52 10 2389 2397
15. Yan M. X., Li Y. Q., Meng M., Ren H. B., Kou Y., Long-term high-fat diet induces pancreatic injuries via pancreatic microcirculatory disturbances and oxidative stress in rats with hyperlipidemia Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2006 347 1 192 199
16. Klmn J., Kudchodkar B. J., Krishnamoorthy R., Dory L., Lacko A. G., Agarwal N., High cholesterol diet down regulates the activity of activator protein-1 but not nuclear factor-kappa B in rabbit brain Life Sciences 2001 68 13 1495 1503
17. Schoen F. J., Kumar V., Abbas A., Fausto N., Blood vessels Robbins and Cotran: Pathological Basis of Disease 2005 Philadelphia, Pa, USA Elsevier Saunders
18. Stokes K. Y., Microvascular responses to hypercholesterolemia: the interactions between innate and adaptive immune responses Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 2006 8 7-8 1141 1151
19. Franciosi S., Gama Sosa M. A., English D. F., Novel cerebrovascular pathology in mice fed a high cholesterol diet Molecular Neurodegeneration 2009 4 42
20. Bailey T. L., Rivara C. B., Rocher A. B., Hof P. R., The nature and effects of cortical microvascular pathology in aging and Alzheimers disease Neurological Research 2004 26 5 573 578
21. Corpas E., Harman S. M., Blackman M. R., Human growth hormone and human aging Endocrine Reviews 1993 14 1 20 39
22. Kuk J. L., Saunders T. J., Davidson L. E., Ross R., Age-related changes in total and regional fat distribution Ageing Research Reviews 2009 8 4 339 348
23. DeFronzo R. A., Glucose intolerance and aging Diabetes Care 1981 4 4 493 501
24. Elahi D., Muller D. C., Egan J. M., Andres R., Veldhuis J., Meneilly G. S., Glucose tolerance, glucose utilization and insulin secretion in ageing Novartis Foundation Symposium 2002 242 222 246
25. Sowers J. R., Hypertension in the elderly The American Journal of Medicine 1987 82 1 1 8
26. Ericsson S., Eriksson M., Vitols S., Einarsson K., Berglund L., Angelin B., Influence of age on the metabolism of plasma low density lipoproteins in healthy males Journal of Clinical Investigation 1991 87 2 591 596
27. Ericsson S., Berglund L., Frostegrd J., Einarsson K., Angelin B., The influence of age on low density lipoprotein metabolism: effects of cholestyramine treatment in young and old healthy male subjects Journal of Internal Medicine 1997 242 4 329 337
28. Grundy S. M., Vega G. L., Bilheimer D. W., Kinetic mechanisms determining variability in low density lipoprotein levels and rise with age Arteriosclerosis 1985 5 6 623 630
29. Parini P., Angelin B., Rudling M., Cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in aging: reversal of hypercholesterolemia by growth hormone treatment in old rats Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1999 19 4 832 839
30. Field P. A., Gibbons G. F., Decreased hepatic expression of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and LDL receptor-related protein in aging rats is associated with delayed clearance of chylomicrons from the circulation Metabolism 2000 49 4 492 498
31. Wang D. Q. H., Aging per se is an independent risk factor for cholesterol gallstone formation in gallstone susceptible mice Journal of Lipid Research 2002 43 11 1950 1959
32. Lammert F., Wang D. Q. H., New insights into the genetic regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption Gastroenterology 2005 129 2 718 734
33. Choi Y. S., Ide T., Sugano M., Age-related changes in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in rats Experimental Gerontology 1987 22 5 339 349
34. Wilhelmsen L., Johansson S., Rosengren A., Wallin I., Dotevall A., Lappas G., Risk factors for cardiovascular disease during the period 19851995 in Goteborg, Sweden. The GOT-MONICA project Journal of Internal Medicine 1997 242 3 199 211
35. Angelin B., Rudling M., Growth hormone and hepatic lipoprotein metabolism Current Opinion in Lipidology 1994 5 3 160 165
36. Friedman M., Byers S. O., Elek S. R., Pituitary growth hormone essential for regulation of serum cholesterol Nature 1970 225 5231 464 467
37. Leonsson M., Oscarsson J., Bosaeus I., Growth hormone (GH) therapy in GH-deficient adults influences the response to a dietary load of cholesterol and saturated fat in terms of cholesterol synthesis, but not serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 4 1296 1303
38. Sonntag W., Steger R. W., Forman L. J., Meites J., Decreased pulsatile release of growth hormone in old male rats Endocrinology 1980 107 6 1875 1879
39. Andersson M., Elmberger P. G., Edlund C., Kristensson K., Dallner G., Rates of cholesterol, ubiquinone, dolichol and dolichyl-P biosynthesis in rat brain slices FEBS Letters 1990 269 1 15 18
40. Bjorkhem I., Heverin M., Leoni V., Meaney S., Diczfalusy U., Oxysterols and Alzheimers disease Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 2006 185 43 49
41. Bjrkhem I., Crossing the barrier: oxysterols as cholesterol transporters and metabolic modulators in the brain Journal of Internal Medicine 2006 260 6 493 508
42. Pfrieger F. W., Cholesterol homeostasis and function in neurons of the central nervous system Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2003 60 6 1158 1171
43. Posse de Chaves E. I., Rusinol A. E., Vance D. E., Campenot R. B., Vance J. E., Role of lipoproteins in the delivery of lipids to axons during axonal regeneration Journal of Biological Chemistry 1997 272 49 30766 30773
44. de Chaves E. P., Narayanaswami V., Apolipoprotein E and cholesterol in aging and disease in the brain Future Lipidology 2008 3 5 505 530
45. Fnfschilling U., Saher G., Xiao L., Mbius W., Nave K. A., Survival of adult neurons lacking cholesterol synthesis in vivo BMC Neuroscience 2007 8, article 1
46. Shobab L. A., Hsiung G. Y. R., Feldman H. H., Cholesterol in Alzheimers disease The Lancet Neurology 2005 4 12 841 852
47. Bjrkhem I., Meaney S., Fogelman A. M., Brain cholesterol: long secret life behind a barrier Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2004 24 5 806 815
48. Hayashi H., Campenot R. B., Vance D. E., Vance J. E., Glial lipoproteins stimulate axon growth of central nervous system neurons in compartmented cultures Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004 279 14 14009 14015
49. Wahrle S. E., Jiang H., Parsadanian M., ABCA1 is required for normal central nervous system apoE levels and for lipidation of astrocyte-secreted apoE Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004 279 39 40987 40993
50. Hirsch-Reinshagen V., Wellington C. L., Zhou S., Deficiency of ABCA1 impairs apolipoprotein E metabolism in brain Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004 279 39 41197 41207
51. Hering H., Lin C. C., Sheng M., Lipid rafts in the maintenance of synapses, dendritic spines, and surface AMPA receptor stability Journal of Neuroscience 2003 23 8 3262 3271
52. Quan G., Xie C., Dietschy J. M., Turley S. D., Ontogenesis and regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system of the mouse Developmental Brain Research 2003 146 1-2 87 98
53. Suzuki S., Kiyosue K., Hazama S., Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates cholesterol metabolism for synapse development Journal of Neuroscience 2007 27 24 6417 6427
54. Simons K., Ehehalt R., Cholesterol, lipid rafts, and disease Journal of Clinical Investigation 2002 110 5 597 603
55. Cuzner M. L., Davison A. N., Gregson N. A., Turnover of brain mitochondrial membrane lipids Biochemical Journal 1966 101 3 618 626
56. Davison A. N., Brain sterol metabolism Advances in Lipid Research 1965 3 171 196
57. Russell D. W., Halford R. W., Ramirez D. M. O., Shah R., Kotti T., Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase: an enzyme of cholesterol turnover in the brain Annual Review of Biochemistry 2009 78 1017 1040
58. Herz J., The LDL receptor gene family: (un)expected signal transducers in the brain Neuron 2001 29 3 571 581
59. Panzenboeck U., Balazs Z., Sovic A., ABCA1 and scavenger receptor class B, type I, are modulators of reverse sterol transport at an in vitro blood-brain barrier constituted of porcine brain capillary endothelial cells Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002 277 45 42781 42789
60. Borghini I., Barja F., Pometta D., James R. W., Characterization of subpopulations of lipoprotein particles isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1995 1255 2 192 200
61. Wang L., Schuster G. U., Hultenby K., Zhang Q., Andersson S., Gustafsson J. A., Liver X receptors in the central nervous system: from lipid homeostasis to neuronal degeneration Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002 99 21 13878 13883
62. Rubin L. L., Staddon J. M., The cell biology of the blood-brain barrier Annual Review of Neuroscience 1999 22 11 28
63. Stewart P. A., Hayakawa E. M., Interendothelial junctional changes underlie the developmental tightening of the blood-brain barrier Brain Research 1987 429 2 271 281
64. Wolburg H., Lippoldt A., Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier: development, composition and regulation Vascular Pharmacology 2002 38 6 323 337
65. Barness L. A., Nutritional requirements of infants and children with respect to cholesterol and related compounds American Journal of Medical Genetics 1994 50 4 353 354
66. Lifshitz F., Moses N., Growth failure: a complication of dietary treatment of hypercholesterolemia American Journal of Diseases of Children 1989 143 5 537 542
67. Golomb B. A., Stattin H., Mednick S., Low cholesterol and violent crime Journal of Psychiatric Research 2000 34 4-5 301 309
68. Hawton K., Cowen P., Owens D., Bond A., Elliott M., Low serum cholesterol and suicide British Journal of Psychiatry 1993 162 818 825
69. Jenkins C. D., Hames C. G., Zyzanski S. J., Rosenman R. H., Friedman M., Psychological traits and serum lipids. I. Findings from the California Psychological Inventory Psychosomatic Medicine 1969 31 2 115 128
70. Virkkunen M., Penttinen H., Serum cholesterol in aggressive conduct disorder: a preliminary study Biological Psychiatry 1984 19 3 435 439
71. Kaplan J. R., Klein K. P., Manuck S. B., Cholesterol meets Darwin: public health and evolutionary implications of the cholesterol-serotonin hypothesis Evolutionary Anthropology 1997 6 1 28 37
72. Evans R. M., Emsley C. L., Gao S., Serum cholesterol, APOE genotype, and the risk of Alzheimers disease: a population-based study of African Americans Neurology 2000 54 1 240 242
73. Kivipelto M., Helkala E. L., Hnninen T., Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study Neurology 2001 56 12 1683 1689
74. Sparks D. L., Scheff S. W., Hunsaker J. C., Liu H., Landers T., Gross D. R., Induction of Alzheimer-like -amyloid immunoreactivity in the brains of rabbits with dietary cholesterol Experimental Neurology 1994 126 1 88 94
75. Bjrkhem I., Ltjohann D., Diczfalusy U., Sthle L., Ahlborg G., Wahren J., Cholesterol homeostasis in human brain: turnover of 24S-hydroxycholesterol and evidence for a cerebral origin of most of this oxysterol in the circulation Journal of Lipid Research 1998 39 8 1594 1600
76. Cornford E. M., Braun L. D., Oldendorf W. H., Hill M. A., Comparison of lipid-mediated blood-brain-barrier penetrability in neonates and adults American Journal of Physiology 1982 243 3 C161 C168
77. Lauderback C. M., Hackett J. M., Keller J. N., Vulnerability of synaptosomes from ApoE knock-out mice to structural and oxidative modifications induced by A (1-40): implications for Alzheimers disease Biochemistry 2001 40 8 2548 2554
78. Oitzl M. S., Mulder M., Lucassen P. J., Havekes L. M., Grootendorst J., de Kloet E. R., Severe learning deficits in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice in a water maze task Brain Research 1997 752 1-2 189 196
79. Raber J., Akana S. F., Bhatnagar S., Dallman M. F., Wong D., Mucke L., Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in A p o e-/-mice: possible role in behavioral and metabolic alterations Journal of Neuroscience 2000 20 5 2064 2071
80. Zhou Y., Elkins P. D., Howell L. A., Ryan D. H., Harris R. B. S., Apolipoprotein-E deficiency results in an altered stress responsiveness in addition to an impaired spatial memory in young mice Brain Research 1998 788 1-2 151 159
81. Dietschy J. M., Turley S. D., Cholesterol metabolism in the brain Current Opinion in Lipidology 2001 12 2 105 112
82. Linton M. F., Gish R., Hubl S. T., Phenotypes of apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein E after liver transplantation Journal of Clinical Investigation 1991 88 1 270 281
83. Aoki K., Uchihara T., Sanjo N., Increased expression of neuronal apolipoprotein E in human brain with cerebral infarction Stroke 2003 34 4 875 880
84. Boyles J. K., Pitas R. E., Wilson E., Mahley R. W., Taylor J. M., Apolipoprotein E associated with astrocytic glia of the central nervous system and with nonmyelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system Journal of Clinical Investigation 1985 76 4 1501 1513
85. Xu P.-T., Gilbert J. R., Qiu H.-L., Specific regional transcription of apolipoprotein E in human brain neurons American Journal of Pathology 1999 154 2 601 611
86. Ladu M. J., Reardon C., Van Eldik L., Lipoproteins in the central nervous system Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2000 903 167 175
87. LaDu M. J., Gilligan S. M., Lukens J. R., Nascent astrocyte particles differ from lipoproteins in CSF Journal of Neurochemistry 1998 70 5 2070 2081
88. Pitas R. E., Boyles J. K., Lee S. H., Hui D., Weisgraber K. H., Lipoproteins and their receptors in the central nervous system. Characterization of the lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid and identification of apolipoprotein B,E(LDL) receptors in the brain Journal of Biological Chemistry 1987 262 29 14352 14360
89. Roheim P. S., Carey M., Forte T., Vega G. L., Apolipoproteins in human cerebrospinal fluid Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1979 76 9 4646 4649
90. Pitas R. E., Boyles J. K., Lee S. H., Foss D., Mahley R. W., Astrocytes synthesize apolipoprotein E and metabolize apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1987 917 1 148 161
91. Grehan S., Tse E., Taylor J. M., Two distal downstream enhancers direct expression of the human apolipoprotein E gene to astrocytes in the brain Journal of Neuroscience 2001 21 3 812 822
92. Nakai M., Kawamata T., Taniguchi T., Maeda K., Tanaka C., Expression of apolipoprotein E mRNA in rat microglia Neuroscience Letters 1996 211 1 41 44
93. Stone D. J., Rozovsky I., Morgan T. E., Anderson C. P., Hajian H., Finch C. E., Astrocytes and microglia respond to estrogen with increased apoE mRNA in vivo and in vitro Experimental Neurology 1997 143 2 313 318
94. Xu P. T., Schmechel D., Qiu H. L., Sialylated human apolipoprotein E (apoE(s)) is preferentially associated with neuron-enriched cultures from APOE transgenic mice Neurobiology of Disease 1999 6 1 63 75
95. Xu Q., Bernardo A., Walker D., Kanegawa T., Mahley R. W., Huang Y., Profile and regulation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression in the CNS in mice with targeting of green fluorescent protein gene to the ApoE locus Journal of Neuroscience 2006 26 19 4985 4994
96. Nickerson D. A., Taylor S. L., Fullerton S. M., Sequence diversity and large-scale typing of SNPs in the human apolipoprotein E gene Genome Research 2000 10 10 1532 1545
97. Mahley R. W., Weisgraber K. H., Huang Y., Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimers disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006 103 15 5644 5651
98. Baum L., Lamb L. C. W., Kwok T., Apolipoprotein E 4 allele is associated with vascular dementia Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2006 22 4 301 305
99. Greenberg S. M., Rebeck G. W., Vonsattel J. P. G., Gomez-Isla T., Hyman B. T., Apolipoprotein E 4 and cerebral hemorrhage associated with amyloid angiopathy Annals of Neurology 1995 38 2 254 259
100. Kim J., Basak J. M., Holtzman D. M., The role of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimers disease Neuron 2009 63 3 287 303
101. Strittmatter W. J., Roses A. D., Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimers disease Annual Review of Neuroscience 1996 19 53 77
102. Wisniewski T., Frangione B., Apolipoprotein E: a pathological chaperone protein in patients with cerebral and systemic amyloid Neuroscience Letters 1992 135 2 235 238
103. Holtzman D. M., Role of apoE/A interactions in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 2001 17 2 147 155
104. Bales K. R., Verina T., Dodel R. C., Lack of apolipoprotein E dramatically reduces amyloid beta-peptide deposition Nature genetics 1997 17 3 263 264
105. DeMattos R. B., Cirrito J. R., Parsadanian M., ApoE and clusterin cooperatively suppress A levels and deposition: evidence that ApoE regulates extracellular A metabolism in vivo Neuron 2004 41 2 193 202
106. Fagan A. M., Watson M., Parsadanian M., Bales K. R., Paul S. M., Holtzman D. M., Human and murine ApoE markedly alters A metabolism before and after plaque formation in a mouse model of Alzheimers Disease Neurobiology of Disease 2002 9 3 305 318
107. Holtzman D. M., Bales K. R., Tenkova T., Apolipoprotein E isoform-dependent amyloid deposition and neuritic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000 97 6 2892 2897
108. Naslund J., Nordstedt C., Thyberg J., Characterization of stable complexes involving apolipoprotein E and the amyloid peptide in Alzheimers disease brain Neuron 1995 15 1 219 228
109. Berlau D. J., Corrada M. M., Head E., Kawas C. H., APOE 2 is associated with intact cognition but increased Alzheimer pathology in the oldest old Neurology 2009 72 9 829 834
110. Tokuda T., Rostagno A., Frangione B., Lipidation of apolipoprotein E influences its isoform-specific interaction with Alzheimers amyloid peptides Biochemical Journal 2000 348 2 359 365
111. Ma J., Yee A., Brewer H. B. Jr., Das S., Potter H., Amyloid-associated proteins 1-antichymotrypsin and apolipoprotein E promote assembly of Alzheimer -protein into filaments Nature 1994 372 6501 92 94
112. Buttini M., Mucke L., Yu G. Q., Modulation of Alzheimer-like synaptic and cholinergic deficits in transgenic mice by human apolipoprotein E depends on isoform, aging, and overexpression of amyloid peptides but not on plaque formation Journal of Neuroscience 2002 22 24 10539 10548
113. Dolev I., Michaelson D. M., A nontransgenic mouse model shows inducible amyloid- (A ) peptide deposition and elucidates the role of apolipoprotein E in the amyloid cascade Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 101 38 13909 13914
114. Fryer J. D., Simmons K., Parsadanian M., Human apolipoprotein E4 alters the amyloid- 40:42 ratio and promotes the formation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in an amyloid precursor protein transgenic model Journal of Neuroscience 2005 25 11 2803 2810
115. Deane R., Sagare A., Hamm K., apoE isoform-specific disruption of amyloid peptide clearance from mouse brain Journal of Clinical Investigation 2008 118 12 4002 4013
116. Esiri M. M., Ageing and the brain Journal of Pathology 2007 211 2 181 187
117. DeKosky S. T., Scheff S. W., Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimers disease: correlation with cognitive severity Annals of Neurology 1990 27 5 457 464
118. Soderberg M., Edlund C., Alafuzoff I., Kristensson K., Dallner G., Lipid composition in different regions of the brain in Alzheimers disease/senile dementia of Alzheimers type Journal of Neurochemistry 1992 59 5 1646 1653
119. Svennerholm L., Bostrom K., Jungbjer B., Olsson L., Membrane lipids of adult human brain: lipid composition of frontal and temporal lobe in subjects of age 20 to 100 years Journal of Neurochemistry 1994 63 5 1802 1811
120. Breckenridge W. C., Morgan I. G., Zanetta J. P., Vincendon G., Adult rat brain synaptic vesicles. II. Lipid composition Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1973 320 3 681 686
121. Mauch D. H., Ngier K., Schumacher S., CNS synaptogenesis promoted by glia-derived cholesterol Science 2001 294 5545 1354 1357
122. Ullian E. M., Christopherson K. S., Barres B. A., Role for glia in synaptogenesis GLIA 2004 47 3 209 216
123. Pfrieger F. W., Roles of glial cells in synapse development Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2009 66 13 2037 2047
124. Nieweg K., Schaller H., Pfrieger F. W., Marked differences in cholesterol synthesis between neurons and glial cells from postnatal rats Journal of Neurochemistry 2009 109 1 125 134
125. Jiang C. H., Tsien J. Z., Schultz P. G., Hu Y., The effects of aging on gene expression in the hypothalamus and cortex of mice Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001 98 4 1930 1934
126. Terao A., Apte-Deshpande A., Dousman L., Immune response gene expression increases in the aging murine hippocampus Journal of Neuroimmunology 2002 132 1-2 99 112
127. Masliah E., Samuel W., Veinbergs I., Mallory M., Mante M., Saitoh T., Neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in apoE-deficient mice is ameliorated by infusion of recombinant apoE Brain Research 1997 751 2 307 314
128. Veinbergs I., Jung M. W., Young S. J., Van Uden E., Groves P. M., Masliah E., Altered long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice Neuroscience Letters 1998 249 2-3 71 74
129. Krugers H. J., Mulder M., Korf J., Havekes L., de Kloet E. R., Jels M., Altered synaptic plasticity in hippocampal CA1 area of apolipoprotein E deficient mice NeuroReport 1997 8 11 2505 2510
130. Wang X. S., Gruenstein E., Rapid elevation of neuronal cytoplasmic calcium by apolipoprotein E peptide Journal of Cellular Physiology 1997 173 1 73 83
131. Cambon K., Davies H. A., Stewart M. G., Synaptic loss is accompanied by an increase in synaptic area in the dentate gyrus of aged human apolipoprotein E4 transgenic mice Neuroscience 2000 97 4 685 692
132. Veinbergs I., Mallory M., Mante M., Rockenstein E., Gilbert J. R., Masliah E., Differential neurotrophic effects of apolipoprotein E in aged transgenic mice Neuroscience Letters 1999 265 3 218 222
133. Huang P. C. S., Feng Y. L., Du T. P., The effect of hypercholesterolemia on brain artery in mature rhesus monkey Journal of Xinxiang Medical College 1998 15 131 132
134. Kalayci R., Kaya M., Uzun H., Influence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in rats International Journal of Neuroscience 2009 119 10 1881 1904
135. Kaste M., Koivisto P., Risk of brain infarction in familial hypercholesterolemia Stroke 1988 19 9 1097 1100
136. Hofman A., Ott A., Breteler M. M. B., Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimers disease in the Rotterdam Study The Lancet 1997 349 9046 151 154 (Pubitemid 27039193)
137. Snowdon D. A., Greiner L. H., Mortimer J. A., Riley K. P., Greiner P. A., Markesbery W. R., Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: the Nun Study Journal of the American Medical Association 1997 277 10 813 817
138. DeMattos R. B., Apolipoprotein E dose-dependent modulation of beta-amyloid deposition in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimers disease Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 2004 23 3 255 262
139. Holtzman D. M., Hyman B. T., Fagan A. M., Apolipoprotein E facilitates neuritic and cerebrovascular plaque formation in an Alzheimers disease model Annals of Neurology 2000 47 6 739 747
140. ODonnell H. C., Rosand J., Knudsen K. A., Apolipoprotein E genotype and the risk of recurrent lobar intracerebral hemorrhage The New England Journal of Medicine 2000 342 4 240 245
141. de la Torre J. C., Is Alzheimers disease a neurodegenerative or a vascular disorder? Data, dogma, and dialectics The Lancet Neurology 2004 3 3 184 190
142. Lindn T., Skoog I., Fagerberg B., Steen B., Blomstrand C., Cognitive impairment and dementia 20 months after stroke Neuroepidemiology 2004 23 1-2 45 52
143. Meyer J. S., Rauch G., Rauch R. A., Haque A., Risk factors for cerebral hypoperfusion, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia Neurobiology of Aging 2000 21 2 161 169
144. Riekse R. G., Tsuang D., Leverenz J. B., Effect of vascular lesions on cognition in Alzheimers disease: a community-based study Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004 52 9 1442 1448
145. Heverin M., Bogdanovic N., Ltjohann D., Changes in the levels of cerebral and extracerebral sterols in the brain of patients with Alzheimers disease Journal of Lipid Research 2004 45 1 186 193
146. Morris M. C., Evans D. A., Bienias J. L., Dietary fats and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease Archives of Neurology 2003 60 2 194 200
147. Notkola I. L., Sulkava R., Pekkanen J., Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E 4 allele, and Alzheimers disease Neuroepidemiology 1998 17 1 14 20
148. Schnknecht P., Ltjohann D., Pantel J., Cerebrospinal fluid 24S-hydroxycholesterol is increased in patients with Alzheimers disease compared to healthy controls Neuroscience Letters 2002 324 1 83 85
149. Simons M., Keller P., De Strooper B., Beyreuther K., Dotti C. G., Simons K., Cholesterol depletion inhibits the generation of -amyloid in hippocampal neurons Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998 95 11 6460 6464
150. Refolo L. M., Pappolla M. A., Malester B., Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the Alzheimers amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model Neurobiology of Disease 2000 7 4 321 331
151. Kojro E., Gimpl G., Lammich S., Mrz W., Fahrenholz F., Low cholesterol stimulates the nonamyloidogenic pathway by its effect on the -secretase ADAM 10 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001 98 10 5815 5820
152. Bennett S. A. L., Pappas B. A., Stevens W. D., Davidson C. M., Fortin T., Chen J., Cleavage of amyloid precursor protein elicited by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion Neurobiology of Aging 2000 21 2 207 214
153. de la Torre J. C., Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder: nosological evidence Stroke 2002 33 4 1152 1162
154. Lin B., Schmidt-Kastner R., Busto R., Ginsberg M. D., Progressive parenchymal deposition of -amyloid precursor protein in rat brain following global cerebral ischemia Acta Neuropathologica 1999 97 4 359 368
155. Serhan C. N., Novel -3-derived local mediators in anti-inflammation and resolution Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2005 105 1 7 21
156. Goodfellow J., Bellamy M. F., Ramsey M. W., Jones C. J. H., Lewis M. J., Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2000 35 2 265 270
157. Nestel P., Shige H., Pomeroy S., Cehun M., Abbey M., Raederstorff D., The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002 76 2 326 330
158. Nestel P. J., Pomeroy S. E., Sasahara T., Arterial compliance in obese subjects is improved with dietary plant n-3 fatty acid from flaxseed oil despite increased LDL oxidizability Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1997 17 6 1163 1170
159. Racchi M., Soma M., Baetta R., Secretory processing of amyloid precursor protein is inhibited by increase in cellular cholesterol content Biochemical Journal 1997 322 3 893 898
160. Bodovitz S., Klein W. L., Cholesterol modulates -secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein Journal of Biological Chemistry 1996 271 8 4436 4440
161. Wahrle S., Das P., Nyborg A. C., Cholesterol-dependent -secretase activity in buoyant cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains Neurobiology of Disease 2002 9 1 11 23
162. Langston J. W., Epidemiology versus genetics in Parkinsons disease: progress in resolving an age-old debate Annals of Neurology 1998 44 3 S45 S52
163. Logroscino G., Marder K., Graziano J., Dietary iron, animal fats, and risk of Parkinsons disease Movement Disorders 1998 13 1 13 16
164. Abbott R. D., Ross G. W., White L. R., Environmental, life-style, and physical precursors of clinical Parkinsons disease: recent findings from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Journal of Neurology, Supplement 2003 250 3 30 39
165. Chen H., Zhang S. M., Hernn M. A., Willett W. C., Ascherio A., Dietary intakes of fat and risk of Parkinsons disease American Journal of Epidemiology 2003 157 11 1007 1014 (Pubitemid 36628804)
166. de Lau L. M. L., Bornebroek M., Witteman J. C. M., Hofman A., Koudstaal P. J., Breteler M. M. B., Dietary fatty acids and the risk of Parkinson disease: the Rotterdam Study Neurology 2005 64 12 2040 2045 (Pubitemid 40880989)
167. Johnson C. C., Gorell J. M., Rybicki B. A., Sanders K., Peterson E. L., Adult nutrient intake as a risk factor for Parkinsons disease International Journal of Epidemiology 1999 28 6 1102 1109
168. de Lau L. M. L., Koudstaal P. J., Hofman A., Breteler M. M. B., Serum cholesterol levels and the risk of Parkinsons disease American Journal of Epidemiology 2006 164 10 998 1002
169. Scigliano G., Musicco M., Soliveri P., Piccolo I., Ronchetti G., Girotti F., Reduced risk factors for vascular disorders in Parkinson disease patients: a case-control study Stroke 2006 37 5 1184 1188
170. Frisoni G., Bianchetti A., Govoni S., Trabucchi M., Calabresi L., Franceschini G., Association of apolipoprotein E E4 with vascular dementia Journal of the American Medical Association 1994 271 17 1317
171. Saunders A. M., Alberts M. J., Hulette C., Association of apolipoprotein E allele 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimers disease Neurology 1993 43 8 1467 1472
172. Clair S. D., Norrman J., Perry R., Yates C., Wilcock G., Brookes A., Apolipoprotein E 4 allele frequency in patients with Lewy body dementia, Alzheimers disease and age-matched controls Neuroscience Letters 1994 176 1 45 46
173. Jasinska-Myga B., Opala G., Goetz C. G., Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism, total plasma cholesterol level, and parkinson disease dementia Archives of Neurology 2007 64 2 261 265
174. Steinberg D., Atherogenesis in perspective: hypercholesterolemia and
175. Akiyama H., Barger S., Barnum S., Inflammation and Alzheimers disease Neurobiology of Aging 2000 21 3 383 421
176. Heneka M. T., OBanion M. K., Inflammatory processes in Alzheimers disease Journal of Neuroimmunology 2007 184 1-2 69 91
177. Wyss-Coray T., Mucke L., Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseasea double-edged sword Neuron 2002 35 3 419 432
178. Thirumangalakudi L., Prakasam A., Zhang R., High cholesterol-induced neuroinflammation and amyloid precursor protein processing correlate with loss of working memory in mice Journal of Neurochemistry 2008 106 1 475 485
179. Perry V. H., Newman T. A., Cunningham C., The impact of systemic infection on the progression of neurodegenerative disease Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2003 4 2 103 112
180. Ghribi O., Golovko M. Y., Larsen B., Schrag M., Murphy E. J., Deposition of iron and -amyloid plaques is associated with cortical cellular damage in rabbits fed with long-term cholesterol-enriched diets Journal of Neurochemistry 2006 99 2 438 449
181. Ghribi O., Larsen B., Schrag M., Herman M. M., High cholesterol content in neurons increases BACE, -amyloid, and phosphorylated tau levels in rabbit hippocampus Experimental Neurology 2006 200 2 460 467
182. Sastre M., Dewachter I., Rossner S., Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs repress -secretase gene promoter activity by the activation of PPAR Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006 103 2 443 448
183. Liu Q., Zerbinatti C. V., Zhang J., Amyloid precursor protein regulates brain apolipoprotein E and cholesterol metabolism through lipoprotein receptor LRP1 Neuron 2007 56 1 66 78
184. Ltjohann D., von Bergmann K., 24S-hydroxycholesterol: a marker of brain cholesterol metabolism Pharmacopsychiatry 2003 36 2 S102 S106
185. Zhang X., Dong F., Ren J., Driscoll M. J., Culver B., High dietary fat induces NADPH oxidase-associated oxidative stress and inflammation in rat cerebral cortex Experimental Neurology 2005 191 2 318 325
186. Souza C. G., Moreira J. D., Siqueira I. R., Highly palatable diet consumption increases protein oxidation in rat frontal cortex and anxiety-like behavior Life Sciences 2007 81 3 198 203
187. Kalback W., Richardson C., Bohrmann B., Atherosclerosis, vascular amyloidosis and brain hypoperfusion in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimers disease Neurological Research 2004 26 5 525 539
188. Aytan N., Jung T., Tamtrk F., Grune T., Kartal-zer N., Oxidative stress related changes in the brain of hypercholesterolemic rabbits BioFactors 2008 33 3 225 236
189. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J., Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 1989 Oxford, UK Clarendon Press
190. Mittler R., Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance Trends in Plant Science 2002 7 9 405 410
191. Neill S., Desikan R., Hancock J., Hydrogen peroxide signalling Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2002 5 5 388 395
192. Slater T. F., Free-radical mechanisms in tissue injury Biochemical Journal 1984 222 1 1 15
193. Oh P. S., Lee S. J., Lim K. T., Hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects of the plant glycoprotein (36 kDa) from Rhus verniciflua stokes fruit in triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 2006 70 2 447 456
194. Stokes K. Y., Granger D. N., The microcirculation: a motor for the systemic inflammatory response and large vessel disease induced by hypercholesterolaemia? Journal of Physiology 2005 562 3 647 653
195. Bitar M. S., Al-Saleh E., Al-Mulla F., Oxidative stressmediated alterations in glucose dynamics in a genetic animal model of type II diabetes Life Sciences 2005 77 20 2552 2573
196. Coskun O., Ocakci A., Bayraktaroglu T., Kanter M., Exercise training prevents and protects streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and -cell damage in rat pancreas Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2004 203 3 145 154
197. Kim O. S., Lee C. S., Joe E. H., Jou I., Oxidized low density lipoprotein suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in microglia: oxidative stress acts through control of inflammation Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2006 342 1 9 18
198. Borst S. E., Conover C. F., High-fat diet induces increased tissue expression of TNF- Life Sciences 2005 77 17 2156 2165
199. Mehta K., Van Thiel D. H., Shah N., Mobarhan S., Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and the role of antioxidants Nutrition Reviews 2002 60 9 289 293
200. Oliveira C. P. M. S., Coelho A. M. M., Barbeiro H. V., Liver mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stess in the pathogenesis of experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2006 39 2 189 194
201. Matteoni C. A., Younossi Z. M., Gramlich T., Boparai N., Liu Y. C., McCullough A. J., Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity Gastroenterology 1999 116 6 1413 1419
202. Yang S., Zhu H., Li Y., Mitochondrial adaptations to obesity-related oxidant stress Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2000 378 2 259 268
203. Cucchiara B., Kasner S. E., Use of statins in CNS disorders Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2001 187 1-2 81 89
204. Bernini F., Scurati N., Bonfadini G., Fumagalli R., HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce acetyl LDL endocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1995 15 9 1352 1358
205. Sakai M., Kobori S., Matsumura T., HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors suppress macrophage growth induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein Atherosclerosis 1997 133 1 51 59
206. Llorente-Corts V., Martnez-Gonzlez J., Badimon L., Esterified cholesterol accumulation induced by aggregated LDL uptake in human vascular smooth muscle cells is reduced by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1998 18 5 738 746
207. Davi G., Averna M., Novo S., Effects of synvinolin on platelet aggregation and thromboxane B synthesis in type IIa hypercholesterolemic patients Atherosclerosis 1989 79 1 79 83
208. Notarbartolo A., Dav G., Averna M., Inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis and platelet function by simvastatin in type IIa hypercholesterolemia Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1995 15 2 247 251
209. Pahan K., Sheikh F. G., Namboodiri M. S., Singh I., Lovastatin and phenylacetate inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and cytokines in rat primary astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages Journal of Clinical Investigation 1997 100 11 2671 2679
210. Vaughan C. J., Delanty N., Neuroprotective properties of statins in cerebral ischemia and stroke Stroke 1999 30 9 1969 1973
211. Lehr H. A., Seemuller J., Hubner C., Menger M. D., Messmer K., Oxidized LDL-induced leukocyte/endothelium interaction in vivo involves the receptor for platelet-activating factor Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1993 13 7 1013 1018
212. Kimura M., Kurose I., Russell J., Granger D. N., Effects of fluvastatin on leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in hypercholesterolemic rats Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1997 17 8 1521 1526
213. Buxbaum J. D., Geoghagen N. S. M., Friedhoff L. T., Cholesterol depletion with physiological concentrations of a statin decreases the formation of the Alzheimer amyloid A peptide Journal of Alzheimers Disease 2001 3 2 221 229
214. Kirsch C., Eckert G. P., Mueller W. E., Statin effects on cholesterol micro-domains in brain plasma membranes Biochemical Pharmacology 2003 65 5 843 856
215. Hajjar I., Schumpert J., Hirth V., Wieland D., Eleazer G. P., The impact of the use of statins on the prevalence of dementia and the progression of cognitive impairment Journals of Gerontology. Series A 2002 57 7 M414 M418
216. Jick H., Zornberg G. L., Jick S. S., Seshadri S., Drachman D. A., Statins and the risk of dementia The Lancet 2000 356 9242 1627 1631
217. Vergouwen M. D. I., de Haan R. J., Vermeulen M., Roos Y. B. W. E. M., Statin treatment and the occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke in patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease Stroke 2008 39 2 497 502
218. Meske V., Albert F., Richter D., Schwarze J., Ohm T. G., Blockade of HMG-CoA reductase activity causes changes in microtubule-stabilizing protein tau via suppression of geranylgeranylpyrophosphate formation: implications for Alzheimers disease European Journal of Neuroscience 2003 17 1 93 102
219. Michikawa M., Yanagisawa K., Apolipoprotein E4 induces neuronal cell death under conditions of suppressed de novo cholesterol synthesis Journal of Neuroscience Research 1998 54 1 58 67