Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E ε4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease

Neuroepidemiology

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 14-20

  Notkola, Irma Leena ^a   Sulkava, Raimo ^a   Pekkanen, Juha ^b   Erkinjuntti, Timo ^c   Ehnholm, Christian ^b   Kivinen, Paula ^a   Tuomilehto, Jaakko ^b   Nissinen, Aulikki ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^b NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Aged; Alzheimer's disease; Apolipoprotein E genotype; Dementia; Epidemiology; Serum total cholesterol

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; CHOLESTEROL;

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; APOLIPOPROTEINS E; CHOLESTEROL; FEMALE; FINLAND; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0031976318     PISSN: 02515350     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000026149     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Mahley RW: Apolipoprotein E: Cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science 1988;240:622-630.
2. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, Pericak-Vance, M, Enghild J, Salvesen GS, Roses AD: Apolipoprotein E: High-activity binding to β-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in lateonset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90: 1977-1981.
3. Stengård JH, Pekkanen J, Sulkava R, Ehnholm C, Erkinjuntti T, Nissinen A: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia among elderly Finnish men. Acta Neurol Scand 1995; 92:297-298.
4. Schmechel DE, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Crain BJ, Hulette CM, Joo SH, Pericak-Vance MA, Goldgaber D, Roses AD: Increased amyloid β-peptide deposition in cerebral cortex as a consequence of apolipoprotein E genotype in lateonset Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:9649-9653.
5. Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Haltia M, Kainulainen K, Vuorio A, Verkkoniemi A, Niinistö L, Halonen P, Kontula K: Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of β-amyloid protein. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1242-1247.
6. Roses AD: Apolipoprotein E affects the rate of Alzheimer disease expression: β-Amyloid burden is a secondary consequence dependent on APOE genotype and duration of disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994;53:429-437.
7. Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1988;8:1-21.
8. Jarvik GP, Wijsman EM, Kukull WA, Schellenberg GD, Yu C, Larson EB: Interactions of apolipoprotein E genotype, total cholesterol level, age, and sex in prediction of Alzheimer's disease: A case-control study. Neurology 1995;45:1092-1096.
9. Keys A: Coronary Heart Disease in Seven Countries. New York, American Heart Association Monograph, 1970.
10. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: 'Mini-Mental State': A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198.
11. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL: A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:566-572.
12. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, ed 3 revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
13. Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M: The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1968;114:797-811.
14. Sulkava R, Haltia M, Paetau A, Wikström J, Palo J: Accuracy of clinical diagnosis in primary degenerative dementia: Correlation with neuropathological findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983;46: 9-13.
15. Pfeiffer E: A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1975;23:433-441.
16. Abell L, Levy B, Brodie B, Kendall F: A simplified method for the estimation of total cholesterol in serum and demonstration of its specificity. J Biol Chem 1952;195:357-366.
17. Anderson JT, Keys A: Cholesterol in serum and lipoprotein fractions: Its measurement and stability. Clin Chem 1956;2:145-159.
18. Röschlau P, Bernt E, Gruber W: Enzymatische Bestimmung des Gesamtcholesterins im Serum. Z Clin Chem Biochem 1974;12:403-407.
19. Pekkanen J, Nissinen A, Vartiainen E, Salonen JT, Punsar S, Karvonen MJ: Changes in serum cholesterol level and mortality: A 30-year follow-up. The Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:155-165.
20. Ehnholm C, Lukka M, Kuusi T, Nikkilä E, Utermann G: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in the Finnish population: Gene frequencies and relation to lipoprotein concentrations. J Lipid Res 1986;27:227-235.
21. Havekes LM, de Knijff P, Beisiegel U, Havinga J, Smit M, Klasen E: A rapid micromethod for apolipoprotein E phenotyping directly in serum. J Lipid Res 1987;28:455-463.
22. Lahoz C, Osgood D, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM: Frequency of phenotype-genotype discrepancies at the apolipoprotein E locus in a large population study. Clin Chem 1996;42:1817-1823.
23. Martin MJ, Hulley SB, Browner WS, Kuller LH, Wentworth D: Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality: Implications from a cohort of 361 662 men. Lancet 1986;ii: 933-936.
24. Hallman DM, Boerwinkle E, Saha N, Sandholzer C, Menzel HJ, Csázár A, Utermann G: The apolipoprotein E polymorphism: A comparison of allele frequencies and effects in nine populations. Am J Hum Genet 1991;49:338-349.
25. Henderson AS: Dementia. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1994.
26. Hofman A, Ott A, Breteler MMB, Bots ML, Slooter AJC, van Harskamp F, van Duijn CN, van Broeckhoven C, Grobbee DE: Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam study. Lancet 1997;349:151-154.
27. Sparks DL, Liu H, Scheff SW, Coyne CM, Hunsaker JC III: Temporal sequence of plaque formation in the cerebral cortex of non-demented individuals. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1993;52:135-142.
28. Sparks DL, Scheff SW, Hunsaker JC III, Liu H, Landers T, Gross DR: Induction of Alzheimer-like beta-amyloid immunoreactivity in the brains of rabbits with dietary cholesterol. Exp Neurol 1994;126:88-94.
29. Henderson AS, Easteal S, Jorm AF, Mackinnon AJ, Korten AE, Christensen H, Croft L, Jacomb PA: Apolipoprotein E allele ε4, dementia, and cognitive decline in a population sample. Lancet 1995;346: 1387-1390.
30. Susser M: Causal thinking in the health sciences. New York. Oxford University Press, 1973.
31. Sephernia B, Kamboh MI, AdamsCampbell LL, Nwankwo M, Ferrell RE: Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. VII Population distribution of polymorphisms of apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, A-IV, C-II, E, and H in Nigeria. Am J Hum Genet 1988;43:847-853.
32. Erasmus RT, Uyot C, Pakeye T: Plasma cholesterol distribution in a rural Nigerian population - relationship to age, sex and body mass. Cent Afr J Med 1994;40:299-302.
33. Hendrie HC, Osuntokun BO, Hall KA, Ogunniyi AO, Hui SL, Unverzagt FW, Gureje O, Rodenberg CA, Baiyewu O, Musick BS, et al: Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia in two communities: Nigerian Africans and African Americans. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152: 1485-1492.
34. Sandholzer C, Delport R, Vermaak H, Utermann G: High frequency of the apo ε4 allele in Khoi San from South Africa. Hum Genet 1995;95: 46-48.
35. Osuntokun BO, Sahota A, Ogunniyi AO, Gureje O, Baiyewu O, Adeyinka A, Oluwole SO, Komolafe O, Hall KS, Unverzagt FW, et al: Lack of an association between apolipoprotein E ε4 and Alzheimer's disease in elderly Nigerians. Ann Neurol 1995;38:463-465.
36. Hendrie HC, Hall KS, Hui S, Unverzagt FW, Yu CE, Lahiri DK, Sahota A, Farlow M, Musick B, Class CA. et al: Apolipoprotein E genotypes and Alzheimer's disease in a community study of elderly African Americans. Ann Neurol 1995;37: 118-120.
37. Levine GN, Keaney JF, Vita JA: Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease. Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Mcd 1995;332:512-521.
38. Thomas T, Thomas G, McLendon C, Sutton T, Mullan M: Beta-amyloid-mediated vasoactivity and vascular endothelial damage. Nature 1996;380:168-171.
39. Bodovitz S, Klein WL: Cholesterol modulates α-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 1996;271:4436-4440.
40. Araki W, Kilaguchi N, Tokushima Y, Ishii K, Aratake H, Shimohama S, Nakamura S, Kimura J: Trophic effect of beta-amyloid precursor protein on cerebral cortical neurons in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991;181:265-271.
41. Mattson MP, Cheng B, Culwell AR, Esch FS, Lieberburg I, Rydel RE: Evidence for excitoprotective and intraneuronal calcium-regulating roles for secreted forms of the beta-amyloid precursors protein. Neuron 1993;10:243-254.
42. Ettinger WH Jr, Harris T: Causes of hypocholesterolemia. Coron Artery Dis 1993;4:854-859.
43. Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S, Palmertz B, Andreasson L-A, Nilsson L, Persson G, Oden A, Svanborg A: 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996;347:1141-1145.
44. Erkinjuntti T, Sulkava R, Tilvis R: Plasma lipids in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Proc 8th Scand Congr Gerontol, Tampere, May 25-28, 1986, pp 499-502.