Adult neurogenesis: A potential tool for early diagnosis in alzheimer's disease?

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 395-408

  Lopez Toledano, Miguel A ^a   Ali Faghihi, Mohammad ^a   Patel, Nikunj S ^a   Wahlestedt, Claes ^a  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adult neurogenesis; Alzheimer's disease; amyloid peptide; biomarkers; neural stem cells

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN[1-42]; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; DONEPEZIL; GALANTAMINE; MEMANTINE; RIVASTIGMINE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEURAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENILE PLAQUE;

EID: 77954499888     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1388     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Ernst RL, Hay JW (1994) The US economic and social costs of Alzheimer's disease revisited. Am J Public Health 84, 1261-1264.
2. Gould E, Beylin A, Tanapat P, Reeves A, Shors TJ (1999) Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation. Nat Neurosci 2, 260-265. (Pubitemid 30491297)
3. Shors TJ, Miesegaes G, Beylin A, Zhao M, Rydel T, Gould E (2001) Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories. Nature 410, 372-376.
4. Lopez-Toledano MA, Shelanski ML (2007) Increased Neurogenesis in Young Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human APP {Sw, Ind}. J Alzheimers Dis 12, 229-240.
5. Sabri O, Kendziorra K, Wolf H, Gertz HJ, Brust P (2008) Acetylcholine receptors in dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35(Suppl 1), S30-45.
6. Guan ZZ, Miao H, Tian JY, Unger C, Nordberg A, Zhang X (2001) Suppressed expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by nanomolar beta-amyloid peptides in PC12 cells. J Neural Transm 108, 1417-1433. (Pubitemid 34020446)
7. Nordberg A (2001) Nicotinic receptor abnormalities of Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic implications. Biol Psychiatry 49, 200-210.
8. Brookmeyer R, Corrada MM, Curriero FC, Kawas C (2002) Survival following a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 59, 1764-1767.
9. Faghihi MA, Mottagui-Tabar S, Wahlestedt C (2004) Genetics of neurological disorders. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 4, 317-332.
10. Hardy J, Allsop D (1991) Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 12, 383-388.
11. Zigman WB, Lott IT (2007) Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: neurobiology and risk. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 13, 237-246.
12. Nathalie P, Jean-Noel O (2008) Processing of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid peptide neurotoxicity. Curr Alzheimer Res 5, 92-99.
13. Thinakaran G, Koo EH (2008) Amyloid precursor protein trafficking, processing, and function. J Biol Chem 283, 29615-29619.
14. Steiner H, Fluhrer R, Haass C (2008) Intramembrane proteolysis by gamma-secretase. J Biol Chem 283, 29627-29631.
15. Nilsen J, Chen S, Irwin RW, Iwamoto S, Brinton RD (2006) Estrogen protects neuronal cells from amyloid beta-induced apoptosis via regulation of mitochondrial proteins and function. BMC Neurosci 7, 74.
16. Zhu D, Lai Y, Shelat PB, Hu C, Sun GY, Lee JC (2006) Phospholipases A2 mediate amyloid-beta peptide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. J Neurosci 26, 11111-11119.
17. Esposito G, De Filippis D, Steardo L, Scuderi C, Savani C, Cuomo V, Iuvone T (2006) CB1 receptor selective activation inhibits beta-amyloid-induced iNOS protein expression in C6 cells and subsequently blunts tau protein hyperphosphorylation in co-cultured neurons. Neurosci Lett 404, 342-346.
18. Snyder EM, Nong Y, Almeida CG, Paul S, Moran T, Choi EY, Nairn AC, SalterMW, Lombroso PJ, Gouras GK, Greengard P (2005) Regulation of NMDA receptor trafficking by amyloid-beta. Nat Neurosci 8, 1051-1058.
19. Chen C (2005) beta-Amyloid increases dendritic Ca2+ influx by inhibiting the A-type K+ current in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 338, 1913-1919.
20. Matsuyama S, Teraoka R, Mori H, Tomiyama T (2007) Inverse correlation between amyloid precursor protein and synaptic plasticity in transgenic mice. Neuroreport 18, 1083-1087.
21. Abramov AY, Canevari L, Duchen MR (2004) Beta-amyloid peptides induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in astrocytes and death of neurons through activation of NADPH oxidase. J Neurosci 24, 565-575.
22. Ohyagi Y, Asahara H, Chui DH, Tsuruta Y, Sakae N, Miyoshi K, Yamada T, Kikuchi H, Taniwaki T, Murai H, Ikezoe K, Furuya H, Kawarabayashi T, Shoji M, Checler F, Iwaki T, Makifuchi T, Takeda K, Kira J, Tabira T (2005) Intracellular Abeta42 activates p53 promoter: a pathway to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 19, 255-257.
23. Zhao J, Fu Y, Yasvoina M, Shao P, Hitt B, O'Connor T, Logan S, Maus E, Citron M, Berry R, Binder L, Vassar R (2007) Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 levels become elevated in neurons around amyloid plaques: implications for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci 27, 3639-3649.
24. Sun X, He G, Qing H, ZhouW, Dobie F, Cai F, Staufenbiel M, Huang LE, Song W (2006) Hypoxia facilitates Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by up-regulating BACE1 gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 18727-18732.
25. Tong Y, Zhou W, Fung V, Christensen MA, Qing H, Sun X, Song W (2005) Oxidative stress potentiates BACE1 gene expression and Abeta generation. J Neural Transm 112, 455-469.
26. Li R, Lindholm K, Yang LB, Yue X, Citron M, Yan R, Beach T, Sue L, Sabbagh M, Cai H,Wong P, Price D, Shen Y (2004) Amyloid beta peptide load is correlated with increased betasecretase activity in sporadic Alzheimer's disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 3632-3637.
27. Holsinger RM, McLean CA, Collins SJ, Masters CL, Evin G (2004) Increased beta-Secretase activity in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease subjects. Ann Neurol 55, 898-899.
28. Fukumoto H, Cheung BS, Hyman BT, Irizarry MC (2002) Beta-secretase protein and activity are increased in the neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 59, 1381-1389.
29. Ohno M, Sametsky EA,Younkin LH, OakleyH,Younkin SG, Citron M, Vassar R, Disterhoft JF (2004) BACE1 deficiency rescues memory deficits and cholinergic dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 41, 27-33.
30. Naslund J, Haroutunian V, Mohs R, Davis KL, Davies P, Greengard P, Buxbaum JD (2000) Correlation between elevated levels of amyloid beta-peptide in the brain and cognitive decline. JAMA 283, 1571-1577.
31. Forman MS, Mufson EJ, Leurgans S, Pratico D, Joyce S, Leight S, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ (2007) Cortical biochemistry in MCI and Alzheimer disease: lack of correlation with clinical diagnosis. Neurology 68, 757-763.
32. Jacobsen JS, Wu CC, Redwine JM, Comery TA, Arias R, Bowlby M, Martone R, Morrison JH, Pangalos MN, Reinhart PH, Bloom FE (2006) Early-onset behavioral and synaptic deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 5161-5166.
33. Grace EA, Busciglio J (2003) Aberrant activation of focal adhesion proteins mediates fibrillar amyloid beta-induced neuronal dystrophy. J Neurosci 23, 493-502.
34. Grace EA, Rabiner CA, Busciglio J (2002) Characterization of neuronal dystrophy induced by fibrillar amyloid beta: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 114, 265-273.
35. Cheng IH, Scearce-Levie K, Legleiter J, Palop JJ, Gerstein H, Bien-Ly N, Puolivali J, Lesne S, Ashe KH, Muchowski PJ, Mucke L (2007) Accelerating amyloid-beta fibrillization reduces oligomer levels and functional deficits in Alzheimer disease mouse models. J Biol Chem 282, 23818-23828.
36. Shankar GM, Li S, Mehta TH, Garcia-Munoz A, Shepardson NE, Smith I, Brett FM, Farrell MA, Rowan MJ, Lemere CA, Regan CM,Walsh DM, Sabatini BL, Selkoe DJ (2008) Amyloid-beta protein dimers isolated directly from Alzheimer's brains impair synaptic plasticity and memory. Nat Med 14, 837-842.
37. Encinas M, De Juan R, Marcos A, Gil P, Barabash A, Fernandez C, De Ugarte C, Cabranes JA (2003) Regional cerebral blood flow assessed with 99mTc-ECD SPET as a marker of progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30, 1473-1480.
38. Warkentin S, Ohlsson M,Wollmer P, Edenbrandt L, Minthon L (2004) Regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease: classification and analysis of heterogeneity. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 17, 207-214.
39. Arispe N (2004) Architecture of the Alzheimer's A beta P ion channel pore. J Membr Biol 197, 33-48.
40. Arispe N, Pollard HB, Rojas E (1994) beta-Amyloid Ca(2+)- channel hypothesis for neuronal death in Alzheimer disease. Mol Cell Biochem 140, 119-125.
41. Arispe N, Pollard HB, Rojas E (1996) Zn2+ interaction with Alzheimer amyloid beta protein calcium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 1710-1715.
42. Arispe N, Rojas E, Pollard HB (1993) Alzheimer disease amyloid beta protein forms calcium channels in bilayer membranes: blockade by tromethamine and aluminum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 567-571. (Pubitemid 23028904)
43. Mattson MP, Cheng B, Davis D, Bryant K, Lieberburg I, Rydel RE (1992) beta-Amyloid peptides destabilize calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity. J Neurosci 12, 376-389.
44. Hardy JA, Higgins GA (1992) Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science 256, 184-185.
45. Arispe N, Diaz JC, Simakova O (2007) Abeta ion channels. Prospects for treating Alzheimer's disease with Abeta channel blockers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1768, 1952-1965.
46. Cheung KH, Shineman D, Muller M, Cardenas C, Mei L, Yang J, Tomita T, Iwatsubo T, Lee VM, Foskett JK (2008) Mechanism of Ca2+ disruption in Alzheimer's disease by presenilin regulation of InsP3 receptor channel gating. Neuron 58, 871-883.
47. Bojarski L, Herms J, Kuznicki J (2008) Calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 52, 621-633.
48. YanknerBA(2000) The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Is amyloid beta-protein the beginning or the end? Ann N Y Acad Sci 924, 26-28.
49. Kim HJ, Chae SC, Lee DK, Chromy B, Lee SC, Park YC, Klein WL, Krafft GA, Hong ST (2003) Selective neuronal degeneration induced by soluble oligomeric amyloid beta protein. FASEB J 17, 118-120.
50. Lacor PN, Buniel MC, Chang L, Fernandez SJ, GongY,Viola KL, Lambert MP, Velasco PT, Bigio EH, Finch CE, Krafft GA, Klein WL (2004) Synaptic targeting by Alzheimer'srelated amyloid beta oligomers. J Neurosci 24, 10191-10200.
51. Lambert MP, Barlow AK, Chromy BA, Edwards C, Freed R, Liosatos M, Morgan TE, Rozovsky I, Trommer B, Viola KL, Wals P, Zhang C, Finch CE, Krafft GA, Klein WL (1998) Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 6448-6453.
52. Lesne S, Koh MT, Kotilinek L, Kayed R, Glabe CG, Yang A, Gallagher M, Ashe KH (2006) A specific amyloid-beta protein assembly in the brain impairs memory. Nature 440, 352-357.
53. Hsia AY, Masliah E, McConlogue L, Yu GQ, Tatsuno G, Hu K, Kholodenko D, Malenka RC, Nicoll RA, Mucke L (1999) Plaque-independent disruption of neural circuits in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 3228-3233.
54. Takahashi RH, Almeida CG, Kearney PF, Yu F, Lin MT, Milner TA, Gouras GK (2004) Oligomerization of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid within processes and synapses of cultured neurons and brain. J Neurosci 24, 3592-3599.
55. Walsh DM, Klyubin I, Fadeeva JV, Rowan MJ, Selkoe DJ (2002) Amyloid-beta oligomers: their production, toxicity and therapeutic inhibition. Biochem Soc Trans 30, 552-557.
56. Troy CM, Rabacchi SA, Friedman WJ, Frappier TF, Brown K, Shelanski ML (2000) Caspase-2 mediates neuronal cell death induced by beta-amyloid. J Neurosci 20, 1386-1392.
57. Mattson MP (2000) Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 1, 120-129.
58. Nitta A, Fukuta T, Hasegawa T, Nabeshima T (1997) Continuous infusion of beta-amyloid protein into the rat cerebral ventricle induces learning impairment and neuronal and morphological degeneration. Jpn J Pharmacol 73, 51-57.
59. Hsiao K, Chapman P, Nilsen S, Eckman C, Harigaya Y, Younkin S, Yang F, Cole G (1996) Correlative memory deficits, Abeta elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice. Science 274, 99-102.
60. Li M, Chen L, Lee DH, Yu LC, Zhang Y (2007) The role of intracellular amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 83, 131-139.
61. LaFerla FM, Green KN, Oddo S (2007) Intracellular amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 8, 499-509.
62. Lopez-Toledano MA, Shelanski ML (2004) Neurogenic Effect of {beta}-Amyloid Peptide in the Development of Neural Stem Cells. J Neurosci 24, 5439-5444.
63. Reynolds BA, Tetzlaff W, Weiss S (1992) A multipotent EGF-responsive striatal embryonic progenitor cell produces neurons and astrocytes. J Neurosci 12, 4565-4574.
64. Reynolds BA, Weiss S (1992) Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science 255, 1707-1710.
65. Davis AA, Temple S (1994) A self-renewing multipotential stem cell in embryonic rat cerebral cortex. Nature 372, 263-266.
66. Gritti A, Parati EA, Cova L, Frolichsthal P, Galli R, Wanke E, Faravelli L, Morassutti DJ, Roisen F, Nickel DD, Vescovi AL (1996) Multipotential stem cells from the adult mouse brain proliferate and self-renewin response to basic fibroblast growth factor. J Neurosci 16, 1091-1100.
67. Palmer TD, Takahashi J, Gage FH (1997) The adult rat hippocampus contains primordial neural stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 8, 389-404.
68. Armstrong RJ, Svendsen CN (2000) Neural stem cells: from cell biology to cell replacement. Cell Transplant 9, 139-152.
69. Armstrong RJ, Watts C, Svendsen CN, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE (2000) Survival, neuronal differentiation, and fiber outgrowth of propagated human neural precursor grafts in an animal model of Huntington's disease. Cell Transplant 9, 55-64.
70. Bjorklund A (2000) Cell replacement strategies for neurodegenerative disorders. Novartis Found Symp 231, 7-15; discussion 16-20.
71. Martinez-Serrano A, Villa A, Navarro B, Rubio FJ, Bueno C (2000) Human neural progenitor cells: better blue than green? Nat Med 6, 483-484.
72. Taupin P, Gage FH (2002) Adult neurogenesis and neural stem cells of the central nervous system in mammals. J Neurosci Res 69, 745-749.
73. Taupin P (2006) Adult neurogenesis in mammals. Curr Opin Mol Ther 8, 345-351.
74. Doetsch F, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (1997) Cellular composition and three-dimensional organization of the subventricular germinal zone in the adult mammalian brain. J Neurosci 17, 5046-5061.
75. Seri B, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Collado-Morente L, McEwen BS, Alvarez-Buylla A (2004) Cell types, lineage, and architecture of the germinal zone in the adult dentate gyrus. J Comp Neurol 478, 359-378.
76. Seri B, Garcia-Verdugo JM, McEwen BS, Alvarez-Buylla A (2001) Astrocytes give rise to new neurons in the adult mammalian hippocampus. J Neurosci 21, 7153-7160.
77. Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, Alborn AM, Nordborg C, Peterson DA, Gage FH (1998) Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 4, 1313-1317.
78. Roy NS, Wang S, Jiang L, Kang J, Benraiss A, Harrison- Restelli C, Fraser RA, Couldwell WT, Kawaguchi A, Okano H, Nedergaard M, Goldman SA (2000) In vitro neurogenesis by progenitor cells isolated from the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 6, 271-277.
79. Ehninger D, Kempermann G (2008) Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res 331, 243-250.
80. Scadden DT(2006) The stem-cell niche as an entity of action. Nature 441, 1075-1079.
81. Alvarez-Buylla A, Lim DA (2004) For the long run: maintaining germinal niches in the adult brain. Neuron 41, 683-686.
82. Taupin P (2006) Adult neural stem cells, neurogenic niches, and cellular therapy. Stem Cell Rev 2, 213-219.
83. Suh H, Deng W, Gage FH (2009) Signaling in Adult Neurogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 25, 253-275.
84. Liu Y, Himes BT, Murray M, Tessler A, Fischer I (2002) Grafts of BDNF-producing fibroblasts rescue axotomized rubrospinal neurons and prevent their atrophy. Exp Neurol 178, 150-164.
85. Murray M, Kim D, Liu Y, Tobias C, Tessler A, Fischer I (2002) Transplantation of genetically modified cells contributes to repair and recovery from spinal injury. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 40, 292-300.
86. Li JY, Englund E, Holton JL, Soulet D, Hagell P, Lees AJ, Lashley T, Quinn NP, Rehncrona S, Bjorklund A, Widner H, Revesz T, Lindvall O, Brundin P (2008) Lewy bodies in grafted neurons in subjects with Parkinson's disease suggest host-to-graft disease propagation. Nat Med 14, 501-503.
87. Yang CC, Shih YH, Ko MH, Hsu SY, Cheng H, Fu YS (2008) Transplantation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly after complete transection of the rat spinal cord. PLoS ONE 3, e3336.
88. Yamasaki TR, Blurton-Jones M, Morrissette DA, Kitazawa M, Oddo S, LaFerla FM (2007) Neural stem cells improve memory in an inducible mouse model of neuronal loss. J Neurosci 27, 11925-11933.
89. Gurdon JB, Melton DA (2008) Nuclear reprogramming in cells. Science 322, 1811-1815.
90. Nogradi A, Szabo A (2008) Transplantation of embryonic neurones to replace missing spinal motoneurones. Restor Neurol Neurosci 26, 215-223.
91. Lundberg C, Bjorklund A (1996) Host regulation of glial markers in intrastriatal grafts of conditionally immortalized neural stem cell lines. Neuroreport 7, 847-852.
92. Lundberg C, Martinez-Serrano A, Cattaneo E, McKay RD, Bjorklund A (1997) Survival, integration, and differentiation of neural stem cell lines after transplantation to the adult rat striatum. Exp Neurol 145, 342-360.
93. Tamaki SJ, Jacobs Y, Dohse M, Capela A, Cooper JD, Reitsma M, He D, Tushinski R, Belichenko PV, Salehi A, Mobley W, Gage FH, Huhn S, Tsukamoto AS, Weissman IL, Uchida N (2009) Neuroprotection of host cells by human central nervous system stem cells in a mouse model of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Cell Stem Cell 5, 310-319.
94. Liao J,Wu Z,Wang Y, Cheng L, Cui C, Gao Y, Chen T, Rao L, Chen S, Jia N, Dai H, Xin S, Kang J, Pei G, Xiao L (2008) Enhanced efficiency of generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from human somatic cells by a combination of six transcription factors. Cell Res 18, 600-603.
95. Welstead GG, Brambrink T, Jaenisch R (2008) Generating iPS cells from MEFS through forced expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4. J Vis Exp 14. pii: 734.
96. Kim JB, Greber B, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Meyer J, Park KI, Zaehres H, Scholer HR (2009) Direct reprogramming of human neural stem cells by OCT4. Nature 461, 649-1643
97. Li JY, Christophersen NS, Hall V, Soulet D, Brundin P (2008) Critical issues of clinical human embryonic stem cell therapy for brain repair. Trends Neurosci 31, 146-153.
98. Peterson DA (2002) Stem cells in brain plasticity and repair. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2, 34-42.
99. GuW, Brannstrom T,Wester P (2000) Cortical neurogenesis in adult rats after reversible photothrombotic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20, 1166-1173.
100. Deierborg T, Staflin K, Pesic J, Roybon L, Brundin P, Lundberg C (2009) Absence of striatal newborn neurons with mature phenotype following defined striatal and cortical excitotoxic brain injuries. Exp Neurol 219, 363-367.
101. Faghihi MA, Modarresi F, Khalil AM, Wood DE, Sahagan BG, Morgan TE, Finch CE, St Laurent III G, Kenny PJ, Wahlestedt C (2008) Expression of a noncoding RNA is elevated in Alzheimer's disease and drives rapid feed-forward regulation of beta-secretase. Nat Med 14, 723-730.
102. St Laurent III G, Faghihi MA, Wahlestedt C (2009) Noncoding RNA transcripts: Sensors of neuronal stress, modulators of synaptic plasticity, and agents of change in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 466, 81-88.
103. van Praag H, Schinder AF, Christie BR, Toni N, Palmer TD, Gage FH (2002) Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature 415, 1030-1034.
104. Olson AK, Eadie BD, Ernst C, Christie BR (2006) Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways. Hippocampus 16, 250-260.
105. Shors TJ, Townsend DA, Zhao M, Kozorovitskiy Y, Gould E (2002) Neurogenesis may relate to some but not all types of hippocampal-dependent learning. Hippocampus 12, 578-584.
106. Aimone JB,Wiles J, Gage FH (2006) Potential role for adult neurogenesis in the encoding of time in new memories. Nat Neurosci 9, 723-727.
107. Bruel-Jungerman E, Rampon C, Laroche S (2007) Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and memory: facts and hypotheses. Rev Neurosci 18, 93-114.
108. Kitabatake Y, Sailor KA, Ming GL, Song H (2007) Adult neurogenesis and hippocampal memory function: new cells, more plasticity, new memories? Neurosurg Clin N Am 18, 105-113.
109. Yamashima T, Tonchev AB, Yukie M (2007) Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents and primates: endogenous, enhanced, and engrafted. Rev Neurosci 18, 67-82.
110. Piatti VC, Esposito MS, Schinder AF (2006) The timing of neuronal development in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuroscientist 12, 463-468.
111. Gage FH (2000) Mammalian neural stem cells. Science 287, 1433-1438.
112. Kennea NL, Mehmet H (2002) Neural stem cells. J Pathol 197, 536-550.
113. Kennea NL, Mehmet H (2002) Transdifferentiation of neural stem cells, or not? Pediatr Res 52, 320-321.
114. Mattson MP (2000) Neuroprotective signaling and the aging brain: take away my food and let me run. Brain Res 886, 47-53.
115. Levenson CW, Rich NJ (2007) Eat less, live longer? New insights into the role of caloric restriction in the brain. Nutr Rev 65, 412-415.
116. Van der Borght K, Havekes R, Bos T, Eggen BJ, Van der Zee EA (2007) Exercise improves memory acquisition and retrieval in the Y-maze task: relationship with hippocampal neurogenesis. Behav Neurosci 121, 324-334.
117. van Praag H (2008) Neurogenesis and exercise: past and future directions. Neuromolecular Med 10, 128-140.
118. Arendash GW, Garcia MF, Costa DA, Cracchiolo JR, Wefes IM, Potter H (2004) Environmental enrichment improves cognition in aged Alzheimer's transgenic mice despite stable beta-amyloid deposition. Neuroreport 15, 1751-1754.
119. Leuner B, Mendolia-Loffredo S, Kozorovitskiy Y, Samburg D, Gould E, Shors TJ (2004) Learning enhances the survival of new neurons beyond the time when the hippocampus is required for memory. J Neurosci 24, 7477-7481.
120. Leuner B, Waddell J, Gould E, Shors TJ (2006) Temporal discontiguity is neither necessary nor sufficient for learninginduced effects on adult neurogenesis. J Neurosci 26, 13437-13442.
121. Leuner B, Gould E, Shors TJ (2006) Is there a link between adult neurogenesis and learning? Hippocampus 16, 216-224.
122. Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Gage FH (1998) Experienceinduced neurogenesis in the senescent dentate gyrus. J Neurosci 18, 3206-3212.
123. Santarelli L, SaxeM, Gross C, Surget A, Battaglia F, Dulawa S,Weisstaub N, Lee J, Duman R, Arancio O, Belzung C, Hen R (2003) Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 301, 805-809.
124. Perera TD, Park S, Nemirovskaya Y (2008) Cognitive role of neurogenesis in depression and antidepressant treatment. Neuroscientist 14, 326-338.
125. Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Schupf N, Brickman AM, Cosentino S,Tang MX, Stern Y (2009) Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 302, 627-637.
126. Waldau B, Shetty AK (2008) Behavior of neural stem cells in the Alzheimer brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 65, 2372-2384.
127. Verret L, Trouche S, Zerwas M, Rampon C (2007) Hippocampal neurogenesis during normal and pathological aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32 Suppl 1, S26-30.
128. Morgan D (2007) Amyloid, memory and neurogenesis. Exp Neurol 205, 330-335.
129. Drapeau E, Nora Abrous D (2008) Stem cell review series: role of neurogenesis in age-related memory disorders. Aging Cell 7, 569-589.
130. Haughey NJ, Liu D, Nath A, Borchard AC, Mattson MP (2002) Disruption of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of adult mice, and in human cortical neuronal precursor cells in culture, by amyloid beta-peptide: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med 1, 125-135.
131. Haughey NJ, Nath A, Chan SL, Borchard AC, Rao MS, Mattson MP (2002) Disruption of neurogenesis by amyloid betapeptide, and perturbed neural progenitor cell homeostasis, in models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 83, 1509-1524.
132. Dong H, Goico B, Martin M, Csernansky CA, Bertchume A, Csernansky JG (2004) Modulation of hippocampal cell proliferation, memory, and amyloid plaque deposition in APPsw (Tg2576) mutant mice by isolation stress. Neuroscience 127, 601-609.
133. Donovan MH,Yazdani U, Norris RD, Games D, German DC, Eisch AJ (2006) Decreased adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Comp Neurol 495, 70-83.
134. German DC, Eisch AJ (2004) Mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: insight into treatment. Rev Neurosci 15, 353-369.
135. Jin K, GalvanV, Xie L,MaoXO, GorostizaOF, Bredesen DE, GreenbergDA(2004) Enhanced neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease transgenic (PDGF-APPSw,Ind) mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 13363-13367.
136. Mucke L, Masliah E, Yu GQ, Mallory M, Rockenstein EM, Tatsuno G, Hu K, Kholodenko D, Johnson-Wood K, Mc- Conlogue L (2000) High-level neuronal expression of abeta 1-42 in wild-type human amyloid protein precursor transgenic mice: synaptotoxicity without plaque formation. J Neurosci 20, 4050-4058.
137. Arancio O, Zhang HP, Chen X, Lin C, Trinchese F, Puzzo D, Liu S, Hegde A, Yan SF, Stern A, Luddy JS, Lue LF, Walker DG, Roher A, Buttini M, Mucke L, Li W, Schmidt AM, Kindy M, Hyslop PA, Stern DM, Du Yan SS (2004) RAGE potentiates Abeta-induced perturbation of neuronal function in transgenic mice. EMBO J 23, 4096-4105.
138. Lustbader JW, Cirilli M, Lin C, Xu HW, Takuma K, Wang N, Caspersen C, Chen X, Pollak S, Chaney M, Trinchese F, Liu S, Gunn-Moore F, Lue LF, Walker DG, Kuppusamy P, Zewier ZL, Arancio O, Stern D,Yan SS,WuH (2004) ABAD directly links Abeta to mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Science 304, 448-452.
139. Heo C, Chang KA, Choi HS, Kim HS, Kim S, Liew H, Kim JA, Yu E, Ma J, Suh YH (2007) Effects of the monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillar Abeta42 peptides on the proliferation and differentiation of adult neural stem cells from subventricular zone. J Neurochem 102, 493-500.
140. Giuffrida ML, Caraci F, Pignataro B, Cataldo S, De Bona P, Bruno V, Molinaro G, Pappalardo G, Messina A, Palmigiano A, Garozzo D, Nicoletti F, Rizzarelli E, Copani A (2009) Beta-amyloid monomers are neuroprotective. J Neurosci 29, 10582-10587.
141. Yu Y, He J, Zhang Y, Luo H, Zhu S, Yang Y, Zhao T, Wu J, Huang Y, Kong J, Tan Q, Li XM(2009) Increased hippocampal neurogenesis in the progressive stage of Alzheimer's disease phenotype in an APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse model. Hippocampus 19, 1247-1253.
142. Porayette P, Gallego MJ, Kaltcheva MM, Bowen RL, Vadakkadath Meethal S, Atwood CS (2009) Differential processing of amyloid-beta precursor protein directs human embryonic stem cell proliferation and differentiation into neuronal precursor cells. J Biol Chem 284, 23806-23817.
143. Li B, Yamamori H, Tatebayashi Y, Shafit-Zagardo B, Tanimukai H, Chen S, Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I (2008) Failure of neuronal maturation in Alzheimer disease dentate gyrus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67, 78-84.
144. Lopez-Toledano MA, Shelanski M (2004) in 34th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience (San Diego, CA).
145. He P, Shen Y (2009) Interruption of beta-catenin signaling reduces neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 29, 6545-6557.
146. Catts VS, Al-Menhali N, Burne TH, Colditz MJ, Coulson EJ (2008) The p75 neurotrophin receptor regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and related behaviours. Eur J Neurosci 28, 883-892.
147. Sotthibundhu A, Li QX, Thangnipon W, Coulson EJ (2009) Abeta(1-42) stimulates adult SVZ neurogenesis through the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Neurobiol Aging 30, 1975-1985.
148. Garzon DJ, Fahnestock M (2007) Oligomeric amyloid decreases basal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA via specific downregulation of BDNF transcripts IV and V in differentiated human neuroblastoma cells. J Neurosci 27, 2628-2635.
149. Vemuri P, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Jr. (2009) MRI and CSF biomarkers in normal, MCI, and AD subjects: diagnostic discrimination and cognitive correlations. Neurology 73, 287-293.
150. Mormino EC, Kluth JT, Madison CM, Rabinovici GD, Baker SL, Miller BL, Koeppe RA, Mathis CA,Weiner MW, Jagust WJ (2009) Episodic memory loss is related to hippocampalmediated beta-amyloid deposition in elderly subjects. Brain 132, 1310-1323.
151. Grimmer T, Riemenschneider M, Forstl H, Henriksen G, Klunk WE, Mathis CA, Shiga T,Wester HJ, Kurz A, Drzezga A (2009) Beta amyloid in Alzheimer's disease: increased deposition in brain is reflected in reduced concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. Biol Psychiatry 65, 927-934.
152. Ray S, Britschgi M, Herbert C, Takeda-Uchimura Y, Boxer A, Blennow K, Friedman LF, Galasko DR, Jutel M, Karydas A, Kaye JA, Leszek J, Miller BL, Minthon L, Quinn JF, Rabinovici GD, Robinson WH, Sabbagh MN, So YT, Sparks DL, Tabaton M, Tinklenberg J, Yesavage JA, Tibshirani R, Wyss-Coray T (2007) Classification and prediction of clinical Alzheimer's diagnosis based on plasma signaling proteins. Nat Med 13, 1359-1362.
153. Laske C, Leyhe T, Stransky E, EschweilerGW, Bueltmann A, Langer H, Stellos K, GawazM(2008) Association of plateletderived soluble glycoprotein VI in plasma with Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 42, 746-751.
154. Laske C, Stellos K, Eschweiler GW, Leyhe T, Gawaz M (2008) Decreased CXCL12 (SDF-1) plasma levels in early Alzheimer's disease: a contribution to a deficient hematopoietic brain support? J Alzheimers Dis 15, 83-95.
155. Laske C, Stellos K, Stransky E, Seizer P, Akcay O, Eschweiler GW, Leyhe T, Gawaz M (2008) Decreased plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of stem cell factor in patients with early Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 15, 451-460.
156. Laske C, Stransky E, Fritsche A, Eschweiler GW, Leyhe T (2009) Inverse association of cortisol serum levels with Ttau, P-tau 181 and P-tau 231 peptide levels and T-tau/Abeta 1-42 ratios in CSF in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease dementia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259, 80-85.
157. Richartz-Salzburger E, Batra A, Stransky E, Laske C, Kohler N, Bartels M, Buchkremer G, Schott K (2007) Altered lymphocyte distribution in Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 41, 174-178.
158. Riemenschneider M, Lautenschlager N,Wagenpfeil S, Diehl J, Drzezga A,KurzA(2002) Cerebrospinal fluid tau and beta amyloid 42 proteins identify Alzheimer disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 59, 1729-1734.
159. Simonsen AH, McGuire J, Podust VN, Hagnelius NO, Nilsson TK, Kapaki E, Vassilopoulos D, Waldemar G (2007) A novel panel of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease versus normal aging and frontotemporal dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 24, 434-440.
160. Ertekin-Taner N, Allen M, Fadale D, Scanlin L, Younkin L, Petersen RC, Graff-Radford N, Younkin SG (2004) Genetic variants in a haplotype block spanning IDE are significantly associated with plasma Abeta42 levels and risk for Alzheimer disease. Hum Mutat 23, 334-342.
161. Borroni B, Agosti C, Marcello E, Di Luca M, Padovani A (2010) Blood cell markers in Alzheimer Disease: amyloid precursor protein form ratio in platelets. Exp Gerontol 45, 53-56.
162. Cogswell JP, Ward J, Taylor IA, Waters M, Shi Y, Cannon B, Kelnar K, Kemppainen J, Brown D, Chen C, Prinjha RK, Richardson JC, Saunders AM, Roses AD, Richards CA (2008) Identification of miRNA changes in Alzheimer's disease brain and CSF yields putative biomarkers and insights into disease pathways. J Alzheimers Dis 14, 27-41.