메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 1796-1834

Combined thermodynamic-kinetic analysis of the interfacial reactions between Ni metallization and various lead-free solders

Author keywords

Diffusion; Electroless Ni; Intermetallic compound layers; Lead free solders; Phase diagram; Thermodynamics

Indexed keywords

CU CONCENTRATIONS; ELECTROLESS NI; ELECTROLESS NI/IMMERSION AU; INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA; INTERMETALLIC COMPOUND LAYER; LEAD FREE SOLDERS; LOW TEMPERATURES; THERMODYNAMIC INFORMATION;

EID: 77949489265     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19961944     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ma2041796     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 20344388336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interfacial reactions between lead-free solders and common base materials
    • Laurila, T.; Vuorinen, V.; Kivilahti, J.K. Interfacial reactions between lead-free solders and common base materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 2005, R49, 1-60.
    • (2005) Mater. Sci. Eng. R , vol.R49 , pp. 1-60
    • Laurila, T.1    Vuorinen, V.2    Kivilahti, J.K.3
  • 2
    • 0033688226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TRI project on electroless nickel/immersion gold joint cracking
    • Houghton, F.D.B. TRI project on electroless nickel/immersion gold joint cracking. Circuit World 2000, 26, 10-16.
    • (2000) Circuit World , vol.26 , pp. 10-16
    • Houghton, F.D.B.1
  • 4
    • 0025531359 scopus 로고
    • Corrosion of Pb-50In flip-chip interconnections exposed to harsh environment
    • Puttlitz, K. Corrosion of Pb-50In flip-chip interconnections exposed to harsh environment. IEEE Trans. CHMT 1990, 13, 647-655.
    • (1990) IEEE Trans. CHMT , vol.13 , pp. 647-655
    • Puttlitz, K.1
  • 5
    • 0029218402 scopus 로고
    • Effect of PCB finish on the reliability and wettability of ballgrid array packages
    • Las Vegas, NV, USA, May
    • Bradley, E.; Banerji, K. Effect of PCB finish on the reliability and wettability of ballgrid array packages. In Proc. 45th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA, May 21-24, 1995; pp. 1028-1038.
    • (1995) In Proc. 45th Electronic Components and Technology Conference , pp. 21-24
    • Bradley, E.1    Banerji, K.2
  • 6
    • 0000019777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interfacial Fracture Mechanism of BGA Packages on Electroless Ni/Au. In Proc. Pacific Rim/ASMEInter
    • Advances in Electronic Packaging 1997; ASME: New York, NY, USA, June
    • Mei, Z.; Callery, P.; Fisher, D.; Hua, F.; Glazer, J. Interfacial Fracture Mechanism of BGA Packages on Electroless Ni/Au. In Proc. Pacific Rim/ASMEInter. Intersociety Electronic and Photonic Packaging Conf., Advances in Electronic Packaging 1997; ASME: New York, NY, USA, June 15-19, 1997; pp. 1543-1550.
    • (1997) Intersociety Electronic and Photonic Packaging Conf , pp. 15-19
    • Mei, Z.1    Callery, P.2    Fisher, D.3    Hua, F.4    Glazer, J.5
  • 7
    • 37249087939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of interfacial reaction layers formed between Sn-3.5Ag solder and electroless Niimmersion Au-plated Cu substrates
    • Kang, H.B.; Bae, J.H.; Lee, J.W.; Park, M.H.; Yoon, J.W.; Jung, S.B.; Yang, C.W. Characterization of interfacial reaction layers formed between Sn-3.5Ag solder and electroless Niimmersion Au-plated Cu substrates. J. Electr. Mater. 2008, 37, 84-89.
    • (2008) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.37 , pp. 84-89
    • Kang, H.B.1    Bae, J.H.2    Lee, J.W.3    Park, M.H.4    Yoon, J.W.5    Jung, S.B.6    Yang, C.W.7
  • 8
    • 31644434546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase formation between Lead-free SnAgCu Solder and Ni(P)/Au Finishes
    • Vuorinen, V.; Laurila, T.; Yu, H.; Kivilahti, J.K. Phase formation between Lead-free SnAgCu Solder and Ni(P)/Au Finishes. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99, 3530-3536.
    • (2006) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.99 , pp. 3530-3536
    • Vuorinen, V.1    Laurila, T.2    Yu, H.3    Kivilahti, J.K.4
  • 10
    • 0032630767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of electroless Ni/immersion Au plating parameters on PBGA solder joint attachment reliability
    • San Diego, CA, USA, June1-4 1999
    • Mei, Z.; Johnson, P.; Kaufmann, M.; Eslambolchi, A. Effect of electroless Ni/immersion Au plating parameters on PBGA solder joint attachment reliability. In Proc. 49th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, June 1-4, 1999, 1999; pp. 125-134.
    • (1999) In Proc. 49th Electronic Components and Technology Conference , pp. 125-134
    • Mei, Z.1    Johnson, P.2    Kaufmann, M.3    Eslambolchi, A.4
  • 11
    • 9544252973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyses of interfacial reactions at different levels of interconnection
    • Laurila, T.; Vuorinen, V.; Kivilahti, J.K. Analyses of interfacial reactions at different levels of interconnection. Mater. Sci. Semicon. Proces. 2004, 7, 307-317.
    • (2004) Mater. Sci. Semicon. Proces. , vol.7 , pp. 307-317
    • Laurila, T.1    Vuorinen, V.2    Kivilahti, J.K.3
  • 12
    • 0036477472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Cu concentration on the interfacial reactions between Ni and Sn-Cu solders
    • Chen, W.T.; Ho, C.E.; Kao, C.R. Effect of Cu concentration on the interfacial reactions between Ni and Sn-Cu solders. J. Mater. Res. 2002, 17, 263-266.
    • (2002) J. Mater. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 263-266
    • Chen, W.T.1    Ho, C.E.2    Kao, C.R.3
  • 13
    • 0036610410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Cu concentration on the reactions between Sn-Ag-Cu solders and Ni
    • Ho, C.E.; Tsai, R.Y.; Lin, Y.L.; Kao, C.R. Effect of Cu concentration on the reactions between Sn-Ag-Cu solders and Ni. J. Electr. Mater. 2002, 31, 584-590.
    • (2002) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.31 , pp. 584-590
    • Ho, C.E.1    Tsai, R.Y.2    Lin, Y.L.3    Kao, C.R.4
  • 14
    • 1842479781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of different printed-circuit-board surface finishes on the formation and growth of intermetallics at thermomechanically fatigued, small outline J leads/Sn-Ag-Cu interfaces
    • Wu, P.L.; Huang, M.K.; Lee, C.; Tzan, S.R. Effects of different printed-circuit-board surface finishes on the formation and growth of intermetallics at thermomechanically fatigued, small outline J leads/Sn-Ag-Cu interfaces. J. Electr. Mater. 2004, 33, 157-161.
    • (2004) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.33 , pp. 157-161
    • Wu, P.L.1    Huang, M.K.2    Lee, C.3    Tzan, S.R.4
  • 15
    • 0348107255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • study on the reaction between Cu and Sn3. 5Ag solder doped with small amounts of Ni
    • Tsai, J.Y.; Hu, Y.C.; Tsai, C.M.; Kao, C.R.A study on the reaction between Cu and Sn3.5Ag solder doped with small amounts of Ni. J. Electr. Mater. 2003, 32, 1203-1208.
    • (2003) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.32 , pp. 1203-1208
    • Tsai, J.Y.1    Hu, Y.C.2    Tsai, C.M.3    Kao, C.R.A.4
  • 16
    • 33745040036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of limited Cu supply on soldering reactions between SnAgCu and Ni
    • Ho, C.E.; Lin, Y.L.; Yang, S.C.; Kao, C.R.; Jiang, D.S. Effects of limited Cu supply on soldering reactions between SnAgCu and Ni. J. Electr. Mater. 2006, 35, 1017-1024.
    • (2006) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.35 , pp. 1017-1024
    • Ho, C.E.1    Lin, Y.L.2    Yang, S.C.3    Kao, C.R.4    Jiang, D.S.5
  • 18
    • 15944408791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solid-state reactions between Ni and Sn- Ag-Cu solders with different Cu concentrations"
    • Luo, W.C.; Ho, C.E.; Tsai, J.Y.; Lin, Y.L.; Kao, C.R. Solid-state reactions between Ni and Sn- Ag-Cu solders with different Cu concentrations". Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2005, 396, 385-391.
    • (2005) Mater. Sci. Eng. A , vol.396 , pp. 385-391
    • Luo, W.C.1    Ho, C.E.2    Tsai, J.Y.3    Lin, Y.L.4    Kao, C.R.5
  • 20
    • 0033905004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth of a Au-Ni-Sn intermetallic compound on the solder-substrate interface after aging
    • Minor, A.; Morris, J. Growth of a Au-Ni-Sn intermetallic compound on the solder-substrate interface after aging. Metall. Mater. Trans. 2000, 31A, 798-800.
    • (2000) Metall. Mater. Trans. , vol.31 A , pp. 798-800
    • Minor, A.1    Morris, J.2
  • 21
    • 0036867582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibiting the formation of (Au1-xNix)Sn4 and reducing the consumption of Ni metallization in solder joints
    • Ho, C.; Shiau, L.; Kao, C. Inhibiting the formation of (Au1-xNix)Sn4 and reducing the consumption of Ni metallization in solder joints. J. Electr. Mater. 2002, 31, 1264-1269.
    • (2002) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.31 , pp. 1264-1269
    • Ho, C.1    Shiau, L.2    Kao, C.3
  • 22
    • 18644381608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactions between Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solders and the Au/Ni surface finish in advanced electronic packages
    • Shiau, L.; Ho, C.; Kao, C. Reactions between Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solders and the Au/Ni surface finish in advanced electronic packages. Solder. Surf. Mt. Tech. 2002, 14, 25-29.
    • (2002) Solder. Surf. Mt. Tech. , vol.14 , pp. 25-29
    • Shiau, L.1    Ho, C.2    Kao, C.3
  • 23
    • 51249164034 scopus 로고
    • Microstructure and mechanical properties of Pb-free solder alloys for low-cost electronic assembly: A review
    • Glazer, J. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Pb-free solder alloys for low-cost electronic assembly: A review. J. Electr. Mater. 1994, 23, 693-700.
    • (1994) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.23 , pp. 693-700
    • Glazer, J.1
  • 24
    • 13244268672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the redeposition of AuSn4 on Ni/Au contact pads when using SnPbAg, SnAg, and SnAgCu solders
    • Laurila, T.; Vuorinen, V.; Mattila, T.; Kivilahti, J.K. Analysis of the redeposition of AuSn4 on Ni/Au contact pads when using SnPbAg, SnAg, and SnAgCu solders. J. Electr. Mater. 2005, 34, 103-111.
    • (2005) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.34 , pp. 103-111
    • Laurila, T.1    Vuorinen, V.2    Mattila, T.3    Kivilahti, J.K.4
  • 26
    • 32644450074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermetallic reactions in Sn-8Zn-20In solder ball grid array packages with Au/Ni/Cu and Ag/Cu pads
    • Lin, H.J.; Chuang, T.H. Intermetallic reactions in Sn-8Zn-20In solder ball grid array packages with Au/Ni/Cu and Ag/Cu pads. J. Electron. Mater. 2006, 35, 154-164.
    • (2006) J. Electron. Mater. , vol.35 , pp. 154-164
    • Lin, H.J.1    Chuang, T.H.2
  • 27
    • 33845688804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase reaction in Sn-9Zn solder with Ni/Au surface finish bond-pad at 175°C ageing
    • Chang, S.C.; Lin, S.C.; Hsieh, K.C. Phase reaction in Sn-9Zn solder with Ni/Au surface finish bond-pad at 175°C ageing. J. All. Comp. 2007, 428, 179-184.
    • (2007) J. All. Comp. , vol.428 , pp. 179-184
    • Chang, S.C.1    Lin, S.C.2    Hsieh, K.C.3
  • 29
    • 0942277956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive phase formation in thin film metal/metal and metal/silicon diffusion couples
    • Laurila, T.; Molarius, J. Reactive phase formation in thin film metal/metal and metal/silicon diffusion couples. Cri. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2003, 28, 185-230.
    • (2003) Cri. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 185-230
    • Laurila, T.1    Molarius, J.2
  • 30
    • 11244324139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of printed wiring board coatings on the reliability of lead-free chip-scale package interconnections
    • Mattila, T.T.; Vuorinen, V.; Kivilahti, J.K. Impact of printed wiring board coatings on the reliability of lead-free chip-scale package interconnections. J. Mater. Res. 2004, 19, 3214-3223.
    • (2004) J. Mater. Res. , vol.19 , pp. 3214-3223
    • Mattila, T.T.1    Vuorinen, V.2    Kivilahti, J.K.3
  • 31
    • 9444287001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of reflow time on interfacial reaction and shear strength of Sn-0
    • 7Cu solder/Cu and electroless Ni-P BGA joints
    • Yoon, J.W.; Kim, S.W.; Jung, S.B. Effect of reflow time on interfacial reaction and shear strength of Sn-0.7Cu solder/Cu and electroless Ni-P BGA joints. J. All. Comp. 2004, 385, 192-198.
    • (2004) J. All. Comp. , vol.385 , pp. 192-198
    • Yoon, J.W.1    Kim, S.W.2    Jung, S.B.3
  • 32
    • 7044251917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between interfacial reactions and mechanical strengths of Sn(Cu)/Ni(P) solder bumps
    • Hang, S.J.; Kao, H.J.; Liu, C.Y. Correlation between interfacial reactions and mechanical strengths of Sn(Cu)/Ni(P) solder bumps. J. Electr. Mater. 2004, 33, 1130-1136.
    • (2004) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.33 , pp. 1130-1136
    • Hang, S.J.1    Kao, H.J.2    Liu, C.Y.3
  • 33
    • 7044241384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interfacial reactions and shear strengths between Sn-Ag-based Pb-free solder balls and Au/EN/Cu metallization
    • Kim, S.W.; Yoon, J.W.; Jung, S.B. Interfacial reactions and shear strengths between Sn-Ag-based Pb-free solder balls and Au/EN/Cu metallization. J. Electr. Mater. 2004, 33, 1182-1189.
    • (2004) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.33 , pp. 1182-1189
    • Kim, S.W.1    Yoon, J.W.2    Jung, S.B.3
  • 34
    • 1842554859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solid state interfacial reaction of Sn-37Pb and Sn-3
    • 5Ag solders with Ni-P under bump metallization
    • He, M.; Chen, Z.; Qi, G. Solid state interfacial reaction of Sn-37Pb and Sn-3.5Ag solders with Ni-P under bump metallization. Acta Materialia 2004, 52, 2047-2056.
    • (2004) Acta Materialia , vol.52 , pp. 2047-2056
    • He, M.1    Chen, Z.2    Qi, G.3
  • 35
    • 4344669309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of post-reflow cooling rate on intermetallic compound formation between Sn-3
    • 5 Ag solder and Ni-P under bump metallization
    • He, M.; Chen, Z.; Qi, G.; Wong, C.C.; Mhaisalkar, S.G. Effect of post-reflow cooling rate on intermetallic compound formation between Sn-3.5 Ag solder and Ni-P under bump metallization. Thin Solid Films 2004, 462-463, 363-369.
    • (2004) Thin Solid Films , pp. 462-463
    • He, M.1    Chen, Z.2    Qi, G.3    Wong, C.C.4    Mhaisalkar, S.G.5
  • 36
    • 4344575993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interfacial reaction between Sn-rich solders and Ni-based metallization
    • He, M.; Kumar, A.; Yeo, P.T.; Qi, G.J.; Chen, Z. Interfacial reaction between Sn-rich solders and Ni-based metallization. Thin Solid Films 2004, 462-463, 387-394.
    • (2004) Thin Solid Films , pp. 462-463
    • He, M.1    Kumar, A.2    Yeo, P.T.3    Qi, G.J.4    Chen, Z.5
  • 37
    • 0141886890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of reaction time and P content on mechanical strength of the interface formed between eutectic Sn-Ag solder and Au/electroless Ni(P)/Cu bond pad
    • Alam, M.O.; Chan, Y.C.; Tu, K.N. Effect of reaction time and P content on mechanical strength of the interface formed between eutectic Sn-Ag solder and Au/electroless Ni(P)/Cu bond pad. J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 94, 4108-4115.
    • (2003) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.94 , pp. 4108-4115
    • Alam, M.O.1    Chan, Y.C.2    Tu, K.N.3
  • 38
    • 0942266956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compound formation for electroplated Ni and electroless Ni in the under-bump metallurgy with Sn-58Bi solder during aging
    • Young, B.L.; Duh, J.G.; Jang, G.Y. Compound formation for electroplated Ni and electroless Ni in the under-bump metallurgy with Sn-58Bi solder during aging. J. Electr. Mater. 2003, 32, 1463-1473.
    • (2003) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.32 , pp. 1463-1473
    • Young, B.L.1    Duh, J.G.2    Jang, G.Y.3
  • 39
    • 0036642259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability study of the electroless Ni-P layer against solder alloy
    • Alam, M.O.; Chan, Y.C.; Hung, K.C. Reliability study of the electroless Ni-P layer against solder alloy. Microelectron. Reliab. 2002, 42, 1065-1073.
    • (2002) Microelectron. Reliab. , vol.42 , pp. 1065-1073
    • Alam, M.O.1    Chan, Y.C.2    Hung, K.C.3
  • 40
    • 0036575898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies of electroless nickel under bump metallurgy-Solder interfacial reactions and their effects on flip chip solder joint reliability
    • Jeon, Y.D.; Paik, K.W.; Bok, K.S.; Choi, W.S.; Cho, C.L. Studies of electroless nickel under bump metallurgy-Solder interfacial reactions and their effects on flip chip solder joint reliability. J. Electr. Mater. 2002, 31, 520-528.
    • (2002) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.31 , pp. 520-528
    • Jeon, Y.D.1    Paik, K.W.2    Bok, K.S.3    Choi, W.S.4    Cho, C.L.5
  • 41
    • 0034314672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermal stability of electroless-nickel/solder interface: Part A Interfacial chemistry and microstructure
    • Liu, P.L.; Shang, J.K. Thermal stability of electroless-nickel/solder interface: Part A. Interfacial chemistry and microstructure. Metal. Mater. Trans. A 2000, 31A, 2857-2866.
    • (2000) Metal. Mater. Trans. A , vol.31 A , pp. 2857-2866
    • Liu, P.L.1    Shang, J.K.2
  • 42
    • 0032614004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solder reaction-assisted crystallization of electroless Ni-P under bump metallization in low cost flip chip technology
    • Jang, J.W.; Kim, P.G.; Tu, K.N.; Frear, D.R.; Thompson, P. Solder reaction-assisted crystallization of electroless Ni-P under bump metallization in low cost flip chip technology. J. Appl. Phys. 1999, 85, 8456-8463.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.85 , pp. 8456-8463
    • Jang, J.W.1    Kim, P.G.2    Tu, K.N.3    Frear, D.R.4    Thompson, P.5
  • 43
    • 0033335125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shear testing and failure mode analysis for evaluation of BGA ball attachment
    • In Proc. 24th IEEE/CPMT Inter. Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symp., Austin, TX, USA, October
    • Erich, R.; Coyle, R.J.; Wenger, G.M.; Primavera, A. Shear testing and failure mode analysis for evaluation of BGA ball attachment. In Proc. 24th IEEE/CPMT Inter. Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symp., Austin, TX, USA, October 18-19, 1999; pp. 16-22.
    • (1999) p , pp. 18-19
    • Erich, R.1    Coyle, R.J.2    Wenger, G.M.3    Primavera, A.4
  • 44
    • 0033354956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of Au plating thickness of BGA substrates on ball shearstrength under reliability tests
    • In Proc. 24th IEEE/CPMT Inter. Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symp., Austin, TX, USA, October
    • Hung, S.C.; Zheng, P.J.; Lee, S.C.; Lee, J.J. The effect of Au plating thickness of BGA substrates on ball shearstrength under reliability tests. In Proc. 24th IEEE/CPMT Inter. Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symp., Austin, TX, USA, October 18-19, 1999; pp. 7-15.
    • (1999) , pp. 18-19
    • Hung, S.C.1    Zheng, P.J.2    Lee, S.C.3    Lee, J.J.4
  • 45
    • 0032658034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solder metallization interdiffusion in microelectronic interconnects
    • In Proc. 49th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, June
    • Zribi, A.; Chromik, R.R.; Presthus, R.; Clum, J.; Teed, K., Zavalij, L.; DeVita, J.; Tova, J.; Cotts, E.J. Solder metallization interdiffusion in microelectronic interconnects. In Proc. 49th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, June 1-4, 1999; pp. 451-457.
    • (1999) , pp. 1-4
    • Zribi, A.1    Chromik, R.R.2    Presthus, R.3    Clum, J.4    Teed, K.5    Zavalij, L.6    DeVita, J.7    Tova, J.8    Cotts, E.J.9
  • 46
    • 0242721258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interface microstructures between Ni-P alloy plating and Sn-Ag-(Cu) lead-free solders
    • Hwang, C.W.; Suganuma, K.; Kiso, M.; Hashimoto, S. Interface microstructures between Ni-P alloy plating and Sn-Ag-(Cu) lead-free solders. J. Mater. Res. 2003, 18, 2540-2543.
    • (2003) J. Mater. Res. , vol.18 , pp. 2540-2543
    • Hwang, C.W.1    Suganuma, K.2    Kiso, M.3    Hashimoto, S.4
  • 48
    • 0036737497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase equilibria and solidification properties of Sn-Cu-Ni alloys
    • Lin, C.H.; Chen, S.W.; Wang, C.H. Phase equilibria and solidification properties of Sn-Cu-Ni alloys. J. Electr. Mater. 2002, 31, 907-915.
    • (2002) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.31 , pp. 907-915
    • Lin, C.H.1    Chen, S.W.2    Wang, C.H.3
  • 50
    • 0036613819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TEM observation of interfaces in a solder joint in a semiconductor device
    • Matsuki, H.; Ibuka, H.; Saka, H. TEM observation of interfaces in a solder joint in a semiconductor device. Sci. Tech. Adv. Mater. 2002, 3, 261-270.
    • (2002) Sci. Tech. Adv. Mater. , vol.3 , pp. 261-270
    • Matsuki, H.1    Ibuka, H.2    Saka, H.3
  • 51
    • 0034821493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies on Ni-Sn intermetallic compound and P-rich Ni layer at the electroless nickel UBM-Solder interface and their effects on flip chip solder joint reliability
    • 2001 Florida, Orlando, USA May 29-June 1
    • Jeon, Y.D.; Paik, K.W.; Bok, K.S.; Choi, W.S.; Cho, C.L. Studies on Ni-Sn intermetallic compound and P-rich Ni layer at the electroless nickel UBM-Solder interface and their effects on flip chip solder joint reliability. In Proc. 51st Electronic Components and Technology Conference, 2001, Florida, Orlando, USA, May 29-June 1, 2001; pp. 1362-1370
    • (2001) In Proc. 51st Electronic Components and Technology Conference , pp. 1362-1370
    • Jeon, Y.D.1    Paik, K.W.2    Bok, K.S.3    Choi, W.S.4    Cho, C.L.5
  • 52
    • 84888415913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vapor pressure measurements in the systems Ni-P and Sn-P
    • In COST MP 0602 Midterm meeting, Bochum, Germany April
    • Ganesan, R.; Ipser, H. Vapor pressure measurements in the systems Ni-P and Sn-P. In COST MP 0602 Midterm meeting, Bochum, Germany, April 15-17, 2009.
    • (2009) , pp. 15-17
    • Ganesan, R.1    Ipser, H.2
  • 53
    • 0003689862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams
    • ASM: Ohio USA
    • Massalski, T. Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams; ASM: Ohio, USA, 1996.
    • (1996)
    • Massalski, T.1
  • 54
    • 84888410199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Thermodynamic Databank for Interconnection and Packaging Materials. Helsinki University of Technology: Helsinki
    • IPMA
    • IPMA. The Thermodynamic Databank for Interconnection and Packaging Materials. Helsinki University of Technology: Helsinki, Finland, 2009.
    • (2009) Finland
  • 56
    • 0022897506 scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic kinetic aspects of the crystal to glass transformation in metallic materials
    • Johnson, W.J. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the crystal to glass transformation in metallic materials. Prog. Mater. Sci., 1986, 30, 81-134.
    • (1986) Prog. Mater. Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 81-134
    • Johnson, W.J.1
  • 57
    • 0942289180 scopus 로고
    • Diffusion in Amorphous Materials
    • Jain, H., Gupta, D., Eds.; TMS: Warrendale, PA, USA
    • Nicolet, M.A. Diffusion in Amorphous Materials; Jain, H., Gupta, D., Eds.; TMS: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1994; p. 225.
    • (1994) , pp. 225
    • Nicolet, M.A.1
  • 58
    • 0037076832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Six cases of reliability study of Pb-free solder joints in electronic packaging technology
    • Zeng, K.; Tu, K.N. Six cases of reliability study of Pb-free solder joints in electronic packaging technology. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 2002, R38, 55-105.
    • (2002) Mater. Sci. Eng. R , vol.R38 , pp. 55-105
    • Zeng, K.1    Tu, K.N.2
  • 59
    • 84888405285 scopus 로고
    • Elements of Physical Chemistry. Addison Wesley: New York, NY
    • Guy, A. Elements of Physical Chemistry. Addison Wesley: New York, NY, USA, 1960.
    • (1960) USA
    • Guy, A.1
  • 64
    • 0002918482 scopus 로고
    • A Study of Evaporated Gold-Tin Films Using Transmission Electron Microscopy. -II
    • Buene, L.; Falkenberg-Arell, H.; Gjonnes, J.; Tafto, J.A Study of Evaporated Gold-Tin Films Using Transmission Electron Microscopy.-II. Thin Solid Films 1980, 67, 95-102.
    • (1980) Thin Solid Films , vol.67 , pp. 95-102
    • Buene, L.1    Falkenberg-Arell, H.2    Gjonnes, J.3    Tafto, J.4
  • 65
    • 36849115861 scopus 로고
    • Diffusion of gold and silver in tin single crystals
    • Dyson, B. Diffusion of gold and silver in tin single crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 1966, 37, 2375-2377.
    • (1966) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.37 , pp. 2375-2377
    • Dyson, B.1
  • 66
    • 84996151276 scopus 로고
    • The diffusion of gold in lead single crystals
    • Kidson, C. The diffusion of gold in lead single crystals. Phil. Mag., 1966, 13, 247-266.
    • (1966) Phil. Mag. , vol.13 , pp. 247-266
    • Kidson, C.1
  • 67
    • 28044449720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interfacial reactions and joint reliability of Sn-9Zn solder on Cu or electrolytic Au/Ni/Cu BGA substrate
    • Lee, C.Y.; Yoon, J.W.; Kim, Y.J.; Jung, S-B. Interfacial reactions and joint reliability of Sn-9Zn solder on Cu or electrolytic Au/Ni/Cu BGA substrate. Microelectr. Eng. 2005, 82, 561-568.
    • (2005) Microelectr. Eng. , vol.82 , pp. 561-568
    • Lee, C.Y.1    Yoon, J.W.2    Kim, Y.J.3    Jung, S.-B.4
  • 68
    • 4544280000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of Interfacial Reactions Between Sn-Zn Solders and the Au/Ni Electrolytic-Plated Cu Pad
    • Kim, K.S; Yang, J.M; Yu, C.H.; Jung, I.O.; Kim, H.H. Analysis of Interfacial Reactions Between Sn-Zn Solders and the Au/Ni Electrolytic-Plated Cu Pad. J. All. Comp. 2004, 379, 314-318.
    • (2004) J. All. Comp. , vol.379 , pp. 314-318
    • Kim, S.K.1    Yang, J.M.2    Yu, C.H.3    Jung, I.O.4    Kim, H.H.5
  • 69
    • 56949084895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase equilibria of the Au-Sn-Zn ternary system and interfacial reactions in the Sn-Zn/Au couples
    • Liou, W.K; Yen, Y.W. Phase equilibria of the Au-Sn-Zn ternary system and interfacial reactions in the Sn-Zn/Au couples. Intermetallics 2009, 17, 72-78.
    • (2009) Intermetallics , vol.17 , pp. 72-78
    • Liou, W.K.1    Yen, Y.W.2
  • 70
    • 32644450074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermetallic reactions in reflowed and aged Sn-9Zn solder ball grid array packages with Au/Ni/Cu and Ag/Cu pads
    • Lin, H.J.; Chuang, T.H. Intermetallic reactions in reflowed and aged Sn-9Zn solder ball grid array packages with Au/Ni/Cu and Ag/Cu pads. J. Electr. Mater. 2006, 35, 154-164.
    • (2006) J. Electr. Mater. , vol.35 , pp. 154-164
    • Lin, H.J.1    Chuang, T.H.2
  • 71
    • 0344065052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic assessment of the Au-Zn binary system
    • Liu, H.; Ishida, K.; Jin, Z.; Du, Y. Thermodynamic assessment of the Au-Zn binary system. Intermetallics 2003, 11, 987-994.
    • (2003) Intermetallics , vol.11 , pp. 987-994
    • Liu, H.1    Ishida, K.2    Jin, Z.3    Du, Y.4
  • 73
    • 0034293880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term aging study on the solid-state reaction between 58Bi42Ni solder and Ni substrate
    • Chen, C.; Ho, C.; Lin, A.; Luo, G.; Kao, C.R. Long-term aging study on the solid-state reaction between 58Bi42Ni solder and Ni substrate. J. Electron. Mater. 2000, 29, 1200-1206.
    • (2000) J. Electron. Mater. , vol.29 , pp. 1200-1206
    • Chen, C.1    Ho, C.2    Lin, A.3    Luo, G.4    Kao, C.R.5
  • 74
    • 35248862565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic assessment of the Ni-Bi binary system and phase equilibria of the Sn-Bi-Ni ternary system
    • Seo, S.K.; Cho, M.; Lee, H. Thermodynamic assessment of the Ni-Bi binary system and phase equilibria of the Sn-Bi-Ni ternary system. J. Electron. Mater. 2007, 36, 1536-1544.
    • (2007) J. Electron. Mater. , vol.36 , pp. 1536-1544
    • Seo, S.K.1    Cho, M.2    Lee, H.3
  • 75
    • 58249144483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase diagram investigations of the Ni-Sn-Bi system
    • Vassilev, G.; Lilova, K.; Gachon, J.C. Phase diagram investigations of the Ni-Sn-Bi system. J. Alloys Compound. 2009, 469, 264-269.
    • (2009) J. Alloys Compound. , vol.469 , pp. 264-269
    • Vassilev, G.1    Lilova, K.2    Gachon, J.C.3
  • 76
    • 0031271030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The local nominal composition-Useful Concept for microjoining and interconnection applications
    • Rönkä, K.; van Loo, F.J.J.; Kivilahti, J.K. The local nominal composition-Useful Concept for microjoining and interconnection applications. Scr. Mater. 1997, 37, 1575-1581.
    • (1997) Scr. Mater. , vol.37 , pp. 1575-1581
    • Rönkä, K.1    van Loo, F.J.J.2    Kivilahti, J.K.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.