The involvement of the NMDA receptor d-serine/glycine site in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 351-372

  Labrie, Viviane ^a,b   Roder, John C ^a,b  

^a MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Animal models; Behavioral phenotype; d Serine; d Serine glycine site agonists; NMDA receptor; Schizophrenia; Susceptibility genes

Indexed keywords

ALANINE SERINE CYSTEINE TRANSPORTER 1; AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BUNGAROTOXIN RECEPTOR; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; CYCLOSERINE; DEXTRO AMINO ACID OXIDASE; DEXTRO SERINE; DYSBINDIN; GLYCINE; GLYCINE TRANSPORTER 1; GLYCINE TRANSPORTER 2; KYNURENIC ACID; KYNURENINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 1; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 2; NEU DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PLACEBO; PROTEIN KINASE C; RACEMASE; RGS4 PROTEIN; RISPERIDONE; SARCOSINE; SERINE RACEMASE; SYSTEM A AMINO ACID TRANPORTER 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE MODEL; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; MEMBRANE STEADY POTENTIAL; MENTAL DISEASE; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITIVE SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SIDE EFFECT;

ANIMALS; GLYCINE; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 72449136678     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (340)

1. Abekawa T., Ito K., Nakagawa S., and Koyama T. Prenatal exposure to an NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 reduces density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive GABAergic neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and enhances phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion but not behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine in postpubertal rats. Psychopharmacology 192 (2007) 303-316
2. Abi-Dargham A., Mawlawi O., Lombardo I., Gil R., Martinez D., Huang Y., Hwang D.R., Keilp J., Kochan L., Van Heertum R., Gorman J.M., and Laruelle M. Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizophrenia. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002)
3. Adage T., Trillat A.C., Quattropani A., Perrin D., Cavarec L., Shaw J., Guerassimenko O., Giachetti C., Gréco B., Chumakov I., Halazy S., Roach A., and Zaratin P. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of AS057278, a selective d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor with potential anti-psychotic properties. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 18 (2008) 200-214
4. Ahmadi S., Muth-Selbach U., Lauterbach A., Lipfert P., Neuhuber W.L., and Zeilhofer H.U. Facilitation of spinal NMDA receptor currents by spillover of synaptically released glycine. Science 300 (2003) 2094-2097
5. Almond S.L., Fradley R.L., Armstrong E.J., Heavens R.B., Rutter A.R., Newman R.J., Chiu C.S., Konno R., Hutson P.H., and Brandon N.J. Behavioral and biochemical characterization of a mutant mouse strain lacking d-amino acid oxidase activity and its implications for schizophrenia. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 32 (2006) 324-334
6. Andersen J.D., and Pouzet B. Spatial memory deficits induced by perinatal treatment of rats with PCP and reversal effect of d-serine. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2004) 1080-1090
7. Appaji Rao N., Ambili M., Jala V.R., Subramanya H.S., and Savithri H.S. Structure-function relationship in serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1647 (2003) 24-29
8. Arvanov V., Liang X., Schwartz J., Grossman S., and Wang R. Clozapine and haloperidol modulate N-methyl-d-asparate and non-N-methyl-d-asparate receptor-mediated neurotransmission in rat prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 283 (1997) 226-234
9. Bading H., Ginty D.D., and Greenberg M.E. Regulation of gene expression in hippocampal neurons by distinct calcium signaling pathways. Science 260 (1993) 181-186
10. Balan L., Foltyn V.N., Zehl M., Dumin E., Dikopoltsev E., Knoh D., Ohno Y., Kihara A., Jensen O.N., Radzishevsky I.S., and Wolosker H. Feedback inactivation of d-serine synthesis by NMDA receptor-elicited translocation of serine racemase to the membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (2009) 7589-7594
11. Ballard T.M., Pauly-Evers M., Higgins G.A., Ouagazzal A.M., Mutel V., Borroni E., Kemp J.A., Bluethmann H., and Kew J.N. Severe impairment of NMDA receptor function in mice carrying targeted point mutations in the glycine binding site results in drug-resistant nonhabituating hyperactivity. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 6713-6723
12. Basu A.C., Tsai G.E., Ma C.L., Ehmsen J.T., Mustafa A.K., Han L., Jiang Z.I., Benneyworth M.A., Froimowitz M.P., Lange N., Snyder S.H., Bergeron R., and Coyle J.T. Targeted disruption of serine racemase affects glutamatergic neurotransmission and behavior. Mol. Psychiatry 14 (2009) 719-727
13. Baumgart F., Mancheño J.M., and Rodríguez-Crespo I. Insights into the activation of brain serine racemase by the multi-PDZ domain glutamate receptor interacting protein, divalent cations and ATP. FEBS J. 274 (2007) 4561-4571
14. Beckmann H. Developmental malformations in cerebral structures of schizophrenic patients. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 249 (1999) 44-47
15. Bellinger F.P., Wilce P.A., Bedi K.S., and Wilson P. Long-lasting synaptic modification in the rat hippocampus resulting from NMDA receptor blockade during development. Synapse 43 (2002) 95-101
16. Bendikov I., Nadri C., Amar S., Panizzutti R., De Miranda J., Wolosker H., and Agam G. A CSF and postmortem brain study of d-serine metabolic parameters in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 90 (2007) 41-51
17. Beneyto M., and Meador-Woodruff J.H. Lamina-specific abnormalities of AMPA receptor trafficking and signaling molecule transcripts in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Synapse 60 (2006) 585-598
18. Benson M.A., Newey S.E., Martin-Rendon E., Hawkes R., and Blake D.J. Dysbindin, a novel coiled-coil-containing protein that interacts with the dystrobrevins in muscle and brain. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 24232-24241
19. Benzel I., Kew J.N., Viknaraja R., Kelly F., de Belleroche J., Hirsch S., Sanderson T.H., and Maycox P.R. Investigation of G72 (DAOA) expression in the human brain. BMC Psychiatry 8 (2008) 94
20. Berger A.J., and Isaacson J.S. Modulation of motoneuron N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine. J. Physiol. Paris 93 (1999) 23-27
21. Bergeron R., Meyer T.M., Coyle J.T., and Greene R.W. Modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor function by glycine transport. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1998) 15730-15734
22. Bhardwaj S.K., Baharnoori M., Sharif-Askari B., Kamath A., Williams S., and Srivastava L.K. Behavioral characterization of dysbindin-1 deficient sandy mice. Behav. Brain Res. 197 (2009) 435-441
23. Bickel S., Lipp H.P., and Umbricht D. Impaired attentional modulation of auditory evoked potentials in N-methyl-d-aspartate NR1 hypomorphic mice. Genes Brain Behav. 6 (2007) 558-568
24. Black M.D., Varty G.B., Arad M., Barak S., De Levie A., Boulay D., Pichat P., Griebel G., and Weiner I. Procognitive and antipsychotic efficacy of glycine transport 1 inhibitors (GlyT1) in acute and neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia: latent inhibition studies in the rat. Psychopharmacology 202 (2009) 385-396
25. Botreau F., Paolone G., and Stewart J. d-Cycloserine facilitates extinction of a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Behav. Brain Res. 172 (2006) 173-178
26. Boulay D., Pichat P., Dargazanli G., Estenne-Bouhtou G., Terranova J.P., Rogacki N., Stemmelin J., Coste A., Lanneau C., Desvignes C., Cohen C., Alonso R., Vigé X., Biton B., Steinberg R., Sevrin M., Oury-Donat F., George P., Bergis O., Griebel G., Avenet P., and Scatton B. Characterization of SSR103800, a selective inhibitor of the glycine transporter-1 in models predictive of therapeutic activity in schizophrenia. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 91 (2008) 47-58
27. Braff D.L., Grillon C., and Geyer M.A. Gating and habituation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49 (1992) 206-215
28. Bressan R.A., Erlandsson K., Stone J.M., Mulligan R.S., Krystal J.H., Ell P.J., and Pilowsky L.S. Impact of schizophrenia and chronic antipsychotic treatment on [123I]CNS-1261 binding to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in vivo. Biol. Psychiatry 58 (2005) 41-46
29. Bubeníková-Valesová V., Horácek J., Vrajová M., and Höschl C. Models of schizophrenia in humans and animals based on inhibition of NMDA receptors. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 32 (2008) 1014-1023
30. Buchanan R.W., Javitt D.C., Marder S.R., Schooler N.R., Gold J.M., McMahon R.P., Heresco-Levy U., and Carpenter W.T. The Cognitive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Trial (CONSIST): the efficacy of glutamatergic agents for negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. Am. J. Psychiatry 164 (2007) 1593-1602
31. Burdick K.E., Goldberg T.E., Funke B., Bates J.A., Lencz T., Kucherlapati R., and Malhotra A.K. DTNBP1 genotype influences cognitive decline in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 89 (2007) 169-172
32. Burdick K.E., Lencz T., Funke B., Finn C.T., Szeszko P.R., Kane J.M., Kucherlapati R., and Malhotra A.K. Genetic variation in DTNBP1 influences general cognitive ability. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 (2006) 1563-1568
33. Burnet P.W., Hutchinson L., von Hesling M., Gilbert E.J., Brandon N.J., Rutter A.R., Hutson P.H., and Harrison P.J. Expression of d-serine and glycine transporters in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 102 (2008) 283-294
34. Camargo L.M., Collura V., Rain J.C., Mizuguchi K., Hermjakob H., Kerrien S., Bonnert T.P., Whiting P.J., and Brandon N.J. Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 interactome: evidence for the close connectivity of risk genes and a potential synaptic basis for schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 12 (2007) 74-86
35. Carone F.A., Nakamura S., and Goldman B. Urinary loss of glucose, phosphate, and protein by diffusion into proximal straight tubules injured by d-serine and maleic acid. Lab. Invest. 52 (1985) 605-610
36. Cascella N.G., Macciardi F., Cavallini C., and Smeraldi E. d-Cycloserine adjuvant therapy to conventional neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia: an open-label study. J. Neural Transm. Gen. Sect. 95 (1994) 105-111
37. Chapman D.E., Keefe K.A., and Wilcox K.S. Evidence for functionally distinct synaptic NMDA receptors in ventromedial versus dorsolateral striatum. J. Neurophysiol. 89 (2003) 69-80
38. Chatterton J.E., Awobuluyi M., Premkumar L.S., Takahashi H., Talantova M., Shin Y., Cui J., Tu S., Sevarino K.A., Nakanishi N., Tong G., Lipton S.A., and Zhang D. Excitatory glycine receptors containing the NR3 family of NMDA receptor subunits. Nature 415 (2002) 793-798
39. Chen J., Lipska B.K., Halim N., Ma Q.D., Matsumoto M., Melhem S., Kolachana B.S., Hyde T.M., Herman M.M., Apud J., Egan M.F., Kleinman J.E., and Weinberger D.R. Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75 (2004) 807-821
40. Chen L., Muhlhauser M., and Yang C.R. Glycine tranporter-1 blockade potentiates NMDA-mediated responses in rat prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 89 (2003) 691-703
41. Chen N.H., Reith M.E., and Quick M.W. Synaptic uptake and beyond: the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6. Pflugers Arch. 447 (2004) 519-531
42. Chen X.W., Feng Y.Q., Hao C.J., Guo X.L., He X., Zhou Z.Y., Guo N., Huang H.P., Xiong W., Zheng H., Zuo P.L., Zhang C.X., Li W., and Zhou Z. DTNBP1, a schizophrenia susceptibility gene, affects kinetics of transmitter release. J. Cell Biol. 181 (2008) 791-801
43. Chubb J.E., Bradshaw N.J., Soares D.C., Porteous D.J., and Millar J.K. The DISC locus in psychiatric illness. Mol. Psychiatry 13 (2008) 36-64
44. Chumakov I., Blumenfeld M., Guerassimenko O., Cavarec L., Palicio M., Abderrahim H., Bougueleret L., Barry C., Tanaka H., La Rosa P., Puech A., Tahri N., Cohen-Akenine A., Delabrosse S., Lissarrague S., Picard F.P., Maurice K., Essioux L., Millasseau P., Grel P., Debailleul V., Simon A.M., Caterina D., Dufaure I., Malekzadeh K., Belova M., Luan J.J., Bouillot M., Sambucy J.L., Primas G., Saumier M., Boubkiri N., Martin-Saumier S., Nasroune M., Peixoto H., Delaye A., Pinchot V., Bastucci M., Guillou S., Chevillon M., Sainz-Fuertes R., Meguenni S., Aurich-Costa J., Cherif D., Gimalac A., Van Duijn C., Gauvreau D., Ouellette G., Fortier I., Raelson J., Sherbatich T., Riazanskaia N., Rogaev E., Raeymaekers P., Aerssens J., Konings F., Luyten W., Macciardi F., Sham P.C., Straub R.E., Weinberger D.R., Cohen N., and Cohen D. Genetic and physiological data implicating the new human gene G72 and the gene for D-amino acid oxidase in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 13675-13680
45. Clancy B., Darlington R.B., and Finlay B.L. Translating developmental time across mammalian species. Neuroscience 105 (2001) 7-17
46. Clapcote S.J., Lipina T.V., Millar J.K., Mackie S., Christie S., Ogawa F., Lerch J.P., Trimble K., Uchiyama M., Sakuraba Y., Kaneda H., Shiroishi T., Houslay M.D., Henkelman R.M., Sled J.G., Gondo Y., Porteous D.J., and Roder J.C. Behavioral phenotypes of Disc1 missense mutations in mice. Neuron 54 (2007) 387-402
47. Clements J.D., and Westbrook G.L. Activation kinetics reveal the number of glutamate and glycine binding sites on the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Neuron 7 (1991) 605-613
48. Cohen E., Sereni N., Kaplan O., Weizman A., Kikinzon L., Weiner I., and Lubow R.E. The relation between latent inhibition and symptom-types in young schizophrenics. Behav. Brain Res. 2 (2004) 113-122
49. Cook S.P., Galve-Roperh I., Martínez del Pozo A., and Rodríguez-Crespo I. Direct calcium binding results in activation of brain serine racemase. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 27782-27792
50. Corvin A., McGhee K.A., Murphy K., Donohoe G., Nangle J.M., Schwaiger S., Kenny N., Clarke S., Meagher D., Quinn J., Scully P., Baldwin P., Browne D., Walsh C., Waddington J.L., Morris D.W., and Gill M. Evidence for association and epistasis at the DAOA/G30 and d-amino acid oxidase loci in an Irish schizophrenia sample. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 144B (2007) 949-953
51. Costa J., Khaled E., Sramek J., Bunney Jr. W., and Potkin S.G. An open trial of glycine as an adjunct to neuroleptics in chronic treatment-refractory schizophrenics. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 10 (1990) 71-72
52. Coyle J.T. Glutamate and schizophrenia: beyond the dopamine hypothesis. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 26 (2006) 365-384
53. Creese I., Burt D.R., and Snyder S.H. Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs. Science 192 (1976) 481-483
54. Cubelos B., Giménez C., and Zafra F. Localization of the GLYT1 glycine transporter at glutamatergic synapses in the rat brain. Cereb. Cortex 15 (2005) 448-459
55. Cui Z., Lindl K.A., Mei B., Zhang S., and Tsien J.Z. Requirement of NMDA receptor reactivation for consolidation and storage of nondeclarative taste memory revealed by inducible NR1 knockout. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22 (2005) 755-763
56. Cui Z., Wang H., Tan Y., Zaia K.A., Zhang S., and Tsien J.Z. Inducible and reversible NR1 knockout reveals crucial role of the NMDA receptor in preserving remote memories in the brain. Neuron 41 (2004) 781-793
57. Cull-Candy S., Brickely S., and Farrant M. NMDA receptor subunits: diversity, development and disease. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11 (2001) 327-335
58. D'Aniello A., D'Onofrio G., Pischetola M., D'Aniello G., Vetere A., Petrucelli L., and Fisher G.H. Biological role of d-amino acid oxidase and d-aspartate oxidase. Effects of D-amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 26941-26949
59. Davis K.L., Kahn R.S., Ko G., and Davidson M. Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. Am. J. Psychiatry 148 (1991) 1474-1486
60. Davis M., Ressler K., Rothbaum B.O., and Richardson R. Effects of d-cycloserine on extinction: translation from preclinical to clinical work. Biol. Psychiatry 60 (2006) 369-375
61. De Miranda J., Panizzutti R., Foltyn V.N., and Wolosker H. Cofactors of serine racemase that physiologically stimulate the synthesis of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor coagonist d-serine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 14542-14547
62. Delwing D., Delwing D., Sanna R.J., Wofchuk S., and Wyse A.T. Proline promotes decrease in glutamate uptake in slices of cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats. Life Sci. 81 (2007) 1645-1650
63. Delwing D., Chiarani F., Delwing D., Bavaresco C.S., Wannmacher C.M., Wajner M., and Wyse A.T. Proline reduces acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebral cortex of rats. Metab. Brain Dis. 18 (2003) 79-86
64. Depoortere R., Dargazanli G., Estenne-Bouhtou G., Coste A., Lanneau C., Desvignes C., Poncelet M., Heaulme M., Santucci V., Decobert M., Cudennec A., Voltz C., Boulay D., Terranova J.P., Stemmelin J., Roger P., Marabout B., Sevrin M., Vige X., Biton B., Steinberg R., Francon D., Alonso R., Avenet P., Oury-Donat F., Perrault G., Griebel G., George P., Soubrie P., and Scatton B. Neurochemical, electrophysiological and pharmacological profiles of the selective inhibitor of the glycine transporter-1 SSR504734, a potential new type of antipsychotic. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (2005) 1963-1985
65. Dev K.K., and Henley J.M. The schizophrenic faces of Pick1. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 27 (2006) 574-579
66. Di Giorgio A., Blasi G., Sambataro F., Rampino A., Papazacharias A., Gambi F., Romano R., Caforio G., Rizzo M., Latorre V., Popolizio T., Kolachana B., Callicott J.H., Nardini M., Weinberger D.R., and Bertolino A. Association of the SerCys DISC1 polymorphism with human hippocampal formation gray matter and function during memory encoding. Eur. J. Neurosci. 28 (2008) 2129-2136
67. Diaz P., Bhaskara S., Dursun S.M., and Deakin B. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of clozapine plus glycine in refractory schizophrenia negative results. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 25 (2005) 277-278
68. Dingledine R., Borges K., Bowie D., and Traynelis S.F. The glutamate receptor ion channels. Pharmacol. Rev. 51 (1999) 7-61
69. du Bois T.M., Hsu C.W., Li Y., Tan Y.Y., Deng C., and Huang X.F. Altered dopamine receptor and dopamine transporter binding and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression following perinatal NMDA receptor blockade. Neurochem. Res. 33 (2008) 1224-1231
70. Duffy L., Cappas E., Scimone A., Schofield P.R., and Karl T. Behavioral profile of a heterozygous mutant mouse model for EGF-like domain neuregulin 1. Behav. Neurosci. 122 (2008) 748-759
71. Duffy S., Labrie V., and Roder J.C. d-Serine augments NMDA-NR2B receptor-dependent hippocampal long-term depression and spatial reversal learning. Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (2008) 1004-1018
72. Dumas T.C. Developmental regulation of cognitive abilities: modified composition of a molecular switch turns on associative learning. Prog. Neurobiol. 76 (2005) 189-211
73. Duncan E.J., Szilagyi S., Schwartz M.P., Bugarski-Kirola D., Kunzova A., Negi S., Stephanides M., Efferen T.R., Angrist B., Peselow E., Corwin J., Gonzenbach S., and Rotrosen J.P. Effects of d-cycloserine on negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 71 (2004) 239-248
74. Duncan G.E., Moy S.S., Lieberman J.A., and Koller B.H. Effects of haloperidol, clozapine, and quetiapine on sensorimotor gating in a genetic model of reduced NMDA receptor function. Psychopharmacology 184 (2006) 190-200
75. Duncan G.E., Moy S.S., Perez A., Eddy D.M., Zinzow W.M., Lieberman J.A., Snouwaert J.N., and Koller B.H. Deficits in sensorimotor gating and tests of social behavior in a genetic model of reduced NMDA receptor function. Behav. Brain Res. 153 (2004) 507-519
76. Duplantier A.J., Becker S.L., Bohanon M.J., Borzilleri K.A., Chrunyk B.A., Downs J.T., Hu L.Y., El-Kattan A., James L.C., Liu S., Lu J., Maklad N., Mansour M.N., Mente S., Piotrowski M.A., Sakya S.M., Sheehan S., Steyn S.J., Strick C.A., Williams V.A., and Zhang L. Discovery, SAR, and pharmacokinetics of a novel 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one series of potent d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 52 (2009) 3576-3585
77. Elberger A.J., and Deng J. Corpus callosum and visual cortex of mice with deletion of the NMDA-NR1 receptor: I. Accelerated development of callosal projection neurons. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 144 (2003) 121-133
78. Ellenbroek B.A., and Cools A.R. Animal models for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Behav. Pharmacol. 11 (2000) 223-233
79. Ellison G., and Switzer R.C. Dissimilar patterns of degeneration in brain following four different addictive stimulants. Neuroreport 5 (1993) 17-20
80. Erhardt S., Olsson S.K., and Engberg G. Pharmacological manipulation of kynurenic acid: potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs 23 (2009) 91-101
81. Erhardt S., Blennow K., Nordin C., Skogh E., Lindström L.H., and Engberg G. Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci. Lett. 313 (2001) 96-98
82. Esper R.M., Pankonin M.S., and Loeb J.A. Neuregulins: versatile growth and differentiation factors in nervous system development and human disease. Brain Res. Rev. 51 (2006) 161-175
83. Evins A.E., Fitzgerald S.M., Wine L., Rosselli R., and Goff D.C. Placebo-controlled trial of glycine added to clozapine in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 157 (2000) 826-828
84. Fadda E., Danysz W., Wroblewski J.T., and Costa E. Glycine and d-serine increase the affinity of N-methyl-d-aspartate sensitive glutamate binding sites in rat brain synaptic membranes. Neuropharmacology 27 (1988) 1183-1185
85. Fallgatter A.J., Herrmann M.J., Hohoff C., Ehlis A.C., Jarczok T.A., Freitag C.M., and Deckert J. DTNBP1 (dysbindin) gene variants modulate prefrontal brain function in healthy individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (2006) 2002-2010
86. Fallin M.D., Lasseter V.K., Avramopoulos D., Nicodemus K.K., Wolyniec P.S., McGrath J.A., Steel G., Nestadt G., Liang K.Y., Huganir R.L., Valle D., and Pulver A.E. Bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia: a 440-single-nucleotide polymorphism screen of 64 candidate genes among Ashkenazi Jewish case-parent trios. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77 (2005) 918-936
87. Fanous A.H., van den Oord E.J., Riley B.P., Aggen S.H., Neale M.C., O'Neill F.A., Walsh D., and Kendler K.S. Relationship between a high-risk haplotype in the DTNBP1 (dysbindin) gene and clinical features of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 1824-1832
88. Fendt M., Li L., and Yeomans J.S. Brain stem circuits mediating prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex. Psychopharmacology 157 (2001) 216-224
89. Feng Y.Q., Zhou Z.Y., He X., Wang H., Guo X.L., Hao C.J., Guo Y., Zhen X.C., and Li W. Dysbindin deficiency in sandy mice causes reduction of snapin and displays behaviors related to schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 106 (2008) 218-228
90. Ferraris D., Duvall B., Ko Y.S., Thomas A.G., Rojas C., Majer P., Hashimoto K., and Tsukamoto T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of d-amino acid oxidase inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 51 (2008) 3357-3359
91. Foltyn V.N., Bendikov I., De Miranda J., Panizzutti R., Dumin E., Shleper M., Li P., Toney M.D., Kartvelishvily E., and Wolosker H. Serine racemase modulates intracellular d-serine levels through an alpha,beta-elimination activity. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 1754-1763
92. Forrest D., Yuzaki M., Soares H.D., Ng L., Luk D.C., Sheng M., Stewart C.L., Morgan J.I., Connor J.A., and Curran T. Targeted disruption of NMDA receptor 1 gene abolishes NMDA response and results in neonatal death. Neuron 13 (1994) 325-338
93. Fujii K., Maeda K., Hikida T., Mustafa A.K., Balkissoon R., Xia J., Yamada T., Ozeki Y., Kawahara R., Okawa M., Huganir R.L., Ujike H., Snyder S.H., and Sawa A. Serine racemase binds to Pick1: potential relevance to schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 11 (2006) 150-157
94. Furukawa H., and Gouaux E. Mechanisms of activation, inhibition and specificity: crystal structures of the NMDA receptor NR1 ligand-binding core. EMBO J. 22 (2003) 2873-2885
95. Gaisler-Salomon I., and Weiner I. Systemic administration of MK-801 produces an abnormally persistent latent inhibition which is reversed by clozapine but not haloperidol. Psychopharmacology 166 (2003) 333-342
96. Goff D.C., Tsai G., Manoach D.S., and Coyle J.T. Dose-finding trial of d-cycloserine added to neuroleptics for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 152 (1995) 1213-1215
97. Goff D.C., Henderson D.C., Evins A.E., and Amico E. A placebo-controlled crossover trial of d-cycloserine added to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 45 (1999) 512-514
98. Goff D.C., Tsai G., Manoach D.S., Flood J., Darby D.G., and Coyle J.T. d-Cycloserine added to clozapine for patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 153 (1996) 1628-1630
99. Goff D.C., Tsai G., Levitt J., Amico E., Manoach D., Schoenfeld D.A., Hayden D.L., McCarley R., and Coyle J.T. A placebo-controlled trial of d-cycloserine added to conventional neuroleptics in patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56 (1999) 21-27
100. Goff D.C., Cather C., Gottlieb J.D., Evins A.E., Walsh J., Raeke L., Otto M.W., Schoenfeld D., and Green M.F. Once-weekly d-cycloserine effects on negative symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia: an exploratory study. Schizophr. Res. 106 (2008) 320-327
101. Goff D.C., Herz L., Posever T., Shih V., Tsai G., Henderson D.C., Freudenreich O., Evins A.E., Yovel I., Zhang H., and Schoenfeld D. A six-month, placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine co-administered with conventional antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients. Psychopharmacology 179 (2005) 144-150
102. Gogos J.A., Morgan M., Luine V., Santha M., Ogawa S., Pfaff D., and Karayiorgou M. Catechol-O-methyltransferase-deficient mice exhibit sexually dimorphic changes in catecholamine levels and behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1998) 9991-9996
103. Gogos J.A., Santha M., Takacs Z., Beck K.D., Luine V., Lucas L.R., Nadler J.V., and Karayiorgou M. The gene encoding proline dehydrogenase modulates sensorimotor gating in mice. Nat. Genet. 21 (1999) 434-439
104. Goldberg T.E., Straub R.E., Callicott J.H., Hariri A., Mattay V.S., Bigelow L., Coppola R., Egan M.F., and Weinberger D.R. The G72/G30 gene complex and cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (2006) 2022-2032
105. Goltsov A.Y., Loseva J.G., Andreeva T.V., Grigorenko A.P., Abramova L.I., Kaleda V.G., Orlova V.A., Moliaka Y.K., and Rogaev E.I. Polymorphism in the 5′-promoter region of serine racemase gene in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 11 (2006) 325-326
106. Golub M.S., Germann S.L., and Lloyd K.C. Behavioral characteristics of a nervous system-specific erbB4 knock-out mouse. Behav. Brain Res. 153 (2004) 159-170
107. Gomeza J., Hülsmann S., Ohno K., Eulenburg V., Szöke K., Richter D., and Betz H. Inactivation of the glycine transporter 1 gene discloses vital role of glial glycine uptake in glycinergic inhibition. Neuron 40 (2003) 785-796
108. Grillet N., Pattyn A., Contet C., Kieffer B.L., Goridis C., and Brunet J.F. Generation and characterization of Rgs4 mutant mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2005) 4221-4228
109. Guastella A.J., Richardson R., Lovibond P.F., Rapee R.M., Gaston J.E., Mitchell P., and Dadds M.R. A randomized controlled trial of d-cycloserine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 63 (2008) 544-549
110. Gustafson E.C., Stevens E.R., Wolosker H., and Miller R.F. Endogenous d-serine contributes to NMDA-receptor-mediated light-evoked responses in the vertebrate retina. J. Neurophysiol. 98 (2007) 122-130
111. Hahn C.G., Wang H.Y., Cho D.S., Talbot K., Gur R.E., Berrettini W.H., Bakshi K., Kamins J., Borgmann-Winter K.E., Siegel S.J., Gallop R.J., and Arnold S.E. Altered neuregulin 1-erbB4 signaling contributes to NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. Nat. Med. 12 (2006) 824-828
112. Hall J., Whalley H.C., Moorhead T.W., Baig B.J., McIntosh A.M., Job D.E., Owens D.G., Lawrie S.M., and Johnstone E.C. Genetic variation in the DAOA (G72) gene modulates hippocampal function in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 64 (2008) 428-433
113. Hall J., Whalley H.C., Job D.E., Baig B.J., McIntosh A.M., Evans K.L., Thomson P.A., Porteous D.J., Cunningham-Owens D.G., Johnstone E.C., and Lawrie S.M. A neuregulin 1 variant associated with abnormal cortical function and psychotic symptoms. Nat. Neurosci. 9 (2006) 1477-1478
114. Hanley J.G., Jones E.M., and Moss S.J. GABA receptor rho1 subunit interacts with a novel splice variant of the glycine transporter, GLYT-1. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 840-846
115. Hardingham G.E., and Bading H. The Yin and Yang of NMDA receptor signalling. Trends Neurosci. 26 (2003) 81-89
116. Harris L.W., Sharp T., Gartlon J., Jones D.N., and Harrison P.J. Long-term behavioural, molecular and morphological effects of neonatal NMDA receptor antagonism. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18 (2003) 1706-1710
117. Harrison P.J., and Weinberger D.R. Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol. Psychiatry 10 (2005) 40-68
118. Harsing Jr. L.G., Gacsalyi I., Szabo G., Schmidt E., Sziray N., Sebban C., Tesolin-Decros B., Matyus P., Egyed A., Spedding M., and Levay G. The glycine transporter-1 inhibitors NFPS and Org 24461: a pharmacological study. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 74 (2003) 811-825
119. Hashimoto A., Oka T., and Nishikawa T. Anatomical distribution and postnatal changes in endogenous free d-aspartate and d-serine in rat brain and periphery. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7 (1995) 1657-1663
120. Hashimoto A., Yoshikawa M., Niwa A., and Konno R. Mice lacking d-amino acid oxidase activity display marked attenuation of stereotypy and ataxia induced by MK-801. Brain Res. 1033 (2005) 210-215
121. Hashimoto A., Nishikawa T., Konno R., Niwa A., Yasumura Y., Oka T., and Takahashi K. Free d-serine, d-aspartate and d-alanine in central nervous system and serum in mutant mice lacking d-amino acid oxidase. Neurosci. Lett. 152 (1993) 33-36
122. Hashimoto A., Konno R., Yano H., Yoshikawa M., Tamaki R., Matsumoto H., and Kobayashi H. Mice lacking d-amino acid oxidase activity exhibit marked reduction of methamphetamine-induced stereotypy. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 586 (2008) 221-225
123. Hashimoto K., Engberg G., Shimizu E., Nordin C., Lindstrom L.H., and Iyo M. Reduced d-serine to total serine ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug naive schizophrenic patients. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 29 (2005) 767-769
124. Hashimoto K., Fujita Y., Horio M., Kunitachi S., Iyo M., Ferraris D., and Tsukamoto T. Co-administration of a d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor potentiates the efficacy of d-serine in attenuating prepulse inhibition deficits after administration of dizocilpine. Biol Psychiatry 65 (2009) 1103-1106
125. Hashimoto K., Fukushima T., Shimizu E., Komatsu N., Watanabe H., Shinoda N., Nakazato M., Kumakiri C., Okada S., Hasegawa H., Imai K., and Iyo M. Decreased serum levels of d-serine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60 (2003) 572-576
126. Heinz A., and Smolka M.N. The effects of catechol O-methyltransferase genotype on brain activation elicited by affective stimuli and cognitive tasks. Rev. Neurosci. 17 (2006) 359-367
127. Helboe L., Egebjerg J., Møller M., and Thomsen C. Distribution and pharmacology of alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 1 (asc-1) in rodent brain. Eur. J. Neurosci 18 (2003) 2227-2238
128. Heresco-Levy U., Javitt D.C., Ermilov M., Silipo G., and Shimoni J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of d-cycloserine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1 (1998) 131-135
129. Heresco-Levy U., Ermilov M., Lichtenberg P., Bar G., and Javitt D.C. High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 55 (2004) 165-171
130. Heresco-Levy U., Javitt D.C., Ermilov M., Mordel C., Horowitz A., and Kelly D. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of glycine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 169 (1996) 610-617
131. Heresco-Levy U., Javitt D.C., Ermilov M., Mordel C., Siliop G., and Lichenstein M. Efficacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56 (1999) 29-36
132. Heresco-Levy U., Ermilov M., Shimoni J., Shapira B., Silipo G., and Javitt D.C. Placebo-controlled trial of d-cycloserine added to conventional neuroleptics, olanzapine, or risperidone in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 159 (2002) 480-482
133. Heresco-Levy U., Javitt D.C., Ebstein R., Vass A., Lichtenberg P., Bar G., Catinari S., and Ermilov M. d-Serine efficacy as add-on pharmacotherapy to risperidone and olanzapine for treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 57 (2005) 577-585
134. Hikida T., Jaaro-Peled H., Seshadri S., Oishi K., Hookway C., Kong S., Wu D., Xue R., Andradé M., Tankou S., Mori S., Gallagher M., Ishizuka K., Pletnikov M., Kida S., and Sawa A. Dominant-negative DISC1 transgenic mice display schizophrenia-associated phenotypes detected by measures translatable to humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (2007) 14501-14506
135. Hilmas C., Pereira E.F., Alkondon M., Rassoulpour A., Schwarcz R., and Albuquerque E.X. The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression: physiopathological implications. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 7463-7473
136. Hofmann S.G., Meuret A.E., Smits J.A., Simon N.M., Pollack M.H., Eisenmenger K., Shiekh M., and Otto M.W. Augmentation of exposure therapy with d-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63 (2006) 298-304
137. Homayoun H., and Moghaddam B. NMDA receptor hypofunction produces opposite effects on prefrontal cortex interneurons and pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 11496-11500
138. Hong C.J., Liao D.L., Shih H.L., and Tsai S.J. Association study of PICK1 rs3952 polymorphism and schizophrenia. Neuroreport 15 (2004) 1965-1967
139. Ikonomidou C., Bosch F., Miksa M., Bittigau P., Vöckler J., Dikranian K., Tenkova T.I., Stefovska V., Turski L., and Olney J.W. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science 283 (1999) 70-74
140. Jackson M.E., Homayoun H., and Moghaddam B. NMDA receptor hypofunction produces concomitant firing rate potentiation and burst activity reduction in the prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (2004) 8467-8472
141. Jacquet H., Raux G., Thibaut F., Hecketsweiler B., Houy E., Demilly C., Haouzir S., Allio G., Fouldrin G., Drouin V., Bou J., Petit M., Campion D., and Frébourg T. PRODH mutations and hyperprolinemia in a subset of schizophrenic patients. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (2002) 2243-2249
142. Janowsky D.S., and Risch C. Amphetamine psychosis and psychotic symptoms. Psychopharmacology 65 (1979) 73-77
143. Jansen A., Krach S., Krug A., Markov V., Eggermann T., Zerres K., Stöcker T., Shah N.J., Nöthen M.M., Treutlein J., Rietschel M., and Kircher T. A putative high risk diplotype of the G72 gene is in healthy individuals associated with better performance in working memory functions and altered brain activity in the medial temporal lobe. Neuroimage 45 (2009) 1002-1008
144. Javitt D.C., and Zukin S.R. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 148 (1991) 1301-1308
145. Javitt D.C., Balla A., and Sershen H. A novel alanine-insensitive d-serine transporter in rat brain synaptosomal membranes. Brain Res. 941 (2002) 146-149
146. Javitt D.C., Duncan L., Balla A., and Sershen H. Inhibition of system A-mediated glycine transport in cortical synaptosomes by therapeutic concentrations of clozapine: implications for mechanisms of action. Mol. Psychiatry 10 (2005) 275-287
147. Javitt D.C., Zylberman I., Zukin S.R., Heresco-Levy U., and Lindenmayer J.P. Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine. Am. J. Psychiatry 151 (1994) 1234-1236
148. Javitt D.C., Silipo G., Cienfuegos A., Shelley A.M., Bark N., Park M., Lindenmayer J.P., Suckow R., and Zukin S.R. Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 4 (2001) 385-391
149. Jentsch J.D., Redmond Jr. D.E., Elsworth J.D., Taylor J.R., Youngren K.D., and Roth R.H. Enduring cognitive deficits and cortical dopamine dysfunction in monkeys after long-term administration of phencyclidine. Science 277 (1997) 953-955
150. Johnson J.W., and Ascher P. Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons. Nature 325 (1987) 529-531
151. Kaltenbach J.P., Ganote C.E., and Carone F.A. Renal tubular necrosis induced by compounds structurally related to d-serine. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 30 (1979) 209-214
152. Kapoor R., Lim K.S., Cheng A., Garrick T., and Kapoor V. Preliminary evidence for a link between schizophrenia and NMDA-glycine site receptor ligand metabolic enzymes, d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and kynurenine aminotransferase-1 (KAT-1). Brain Res. 1106 (2006) 205-210
153. Karasawa J., Hashimoto K., and Chaki S. d-Serine and a glycine transporter inhibitor improve MK-801-induced cognitive deficits in a novel object recognition test in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 186 (2008) 78-83
154. Kargieman L., Santana N., Mengod G., Celada P., and Artigas F. Antipsychotic drugs reverse the disruption in prefrontal cortex function produced by NMDA receptor blockade with phencyclidine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (2007) 14843-14848
155. Kargieman L., Santana N., Mengod G., Celada P., and Artigas F. NMDA antagonist and antipsychotic actions in cortico-subcortical circuits. Neurotox. Res. 14 (2008) 129-140
156. Kartvelishvily E., Shleper M., Balan L., Dumin E., and Wolosker H. Neuron-derived d-serine release provides a novel means to activate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 14151-14162
157. Katagiri M., Tojo H., Horiike K., and Yamano T. Immunochemical relationship of d-amino acid oxidases in various tissues and animals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 99 (1991) 345-350
158. Kegeles L.S., Abi-Dargham A., Zea-Ponce Y., Rodenhiser-Hill J., Mann J.J., Van Heertum R.L., Cooper T.B., Carlsson A., and Laruelle M. Modulation of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release by ketamine in humans: implications for schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 48 (2000) 627-640
159. Keilhoff G., Becker A., Grecksch G., Wolf G., and Bernstein H.G. Repeated application of ketamine to rats induces changes in the hippocampal expression of parvalbumin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and cFOS similar to those found in human schizophrenia. Neuroscience 126 (2004) 591-598
160. Kempf L., Nicodemus K.K., Kolachana B., Vakkalanka R., Verchinski B.A., Egan M.F., Straub R.E., Mattay V.A., Callicott J.H., Weinberger D.R., and Meyer-Lindenberg A. Functional polymorphisms in PRODH are associated with risk and protection for schizophrenia and fronto-striatal structure and function. PLoS Genet. 4 (2008) e1000252
161. Kew J.N.C., Koester A., Moreau J.L., Jenck F., Quagazzal A.M., Mutel V., Richards J.G., Trube G., Fischer G., Montkowski A., Hundt W., Reinscheid R.K., Pauly-Evers M., Kemp J.A., and Bluethmann H. Functional consequences of reduction in NMDA receptor glycine affinity in mice carrying targeted point mutations in the glycine binding site. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 4037-4049
162. Kim P.M., Aizawa H., Kim P.S., Huang A.S., Wickramasinghe S.R., Kashani A.H., Barrow R.K., Huganir R.L., Ghosh A., and Snyder S.H. Serine racemase: activation by glutamate neurotransmission via glutamate receptor interacting protein and mediation of neuronal migration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 2105-2110
163. Kinney G.G., Sur C., Burno M., Mallorga P.J., Williams J.B., Figueroa D.J., Wittmann M., Lemaire W., and Conn P.J. The glycine transporter type 1 inhibitor N-[3-(4′-Fluorophenyl)-3-(4′-Phenylphenoxy)Propyl]Sarcosine potentiates NMDA receptor-mediated responses in vivo and produces an antipsychotic profile in rodent behavior. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 7586-7591
164. Kinney J.W., Davis C.N., Tabarean I., Conti B., Bartfai T., and Behrens M.M. A specific role for NR2A-containing NMDA receptors in the maintenance of parvalbumin and GAD67 immunoreactivity in cultured interneurons. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 1604-1615
165. Kishimoto Y., Nakazawa K., Tonegawa S., Kirino Y., and Kano M. Hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors are crucial for adaptive timing of trace eyeblink conditioned response. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 1562-1570
166. Korostishevsky M., Kaganovich M., Cholostoy A., Ashkenazi M., Ratner Y., Dahary D., Bernstein J., Bening-Abu-Shach U., Ben-Asher E., Lancet D., Ritsner M., and Navon R. Is the G72/G30 locus associated with schizophrenia? single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, and gene expression analysis. Biol. Psychiatry 56 (2004) 169-176
167. Kristiansen L.V., Huerta I., Beneyto M., and Meador-Woodruff J.H. NMDA receptors and schizophrenia. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 7 (2007) 46-55
168. Krystal J.H., Karper L.P., Seibyl J.P., Freeman G.K., Delaney R., Bremner J.D., Heninger G.R., Bowers M.B.J., and Charney D.S. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51 (1994) 199-214
169. Krystal J.H., Perry Jr. E.B., Gueorguieva R., Belger A., Madonick S.H., Abi-Dargham A., Cooper T.B., Macdougall L., Abi-Saab W., and D'Souza D.C. Comparative and interactive human psychopharmacologic effects of ketamine and amphetamine: implications for glutamatergic and dopaminergic model psychoses and cognitive function. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62 (2005) 985-994
170. Kushner M.G., Kim S.W., Donahue C., Thuras P., Adson D., Kotlyar M., McCabe J., Peterson J., and Foa E.B. d-Cycloserine augmented exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 62 (2007) 835-838
171. Kvajo M., Dhilla A., Swor D.E., Karayiorgou M., and Gogos J.A. Evidence implicating the candidate schizophrenia/bipolar disorder susceptibility gene G72 in mitochondrial function. Mol. Psychiatry 13 (2008) 685-696
172. Labrie V., Lipina T., and Roder J.C. Mice with reduced NMDA receptor glycine affinity model some of the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 200 (2008) 217-230
173. Labrie V., Duffy S., Wei W., Barger S., Baker G.B., and Roder J.C. Genetic inactivation of d-amino acid oxidase enhances extinction and reversal learning in mice. Learn. Mem. 16 (2008) 28-37
174. Labrie V., Fukumura R., Rastogi A., Fick L.J., Wang W., Boutros P.C., Kennedy J.L., Semeralul M.O., Lee F.H., Baker G.B., Belsham D.D., Barger S.W., Gondo Y., Wong A.H., and Roder J.C. Serine racemase is associated with schizophrenia susceptibility in humans and in a mouse model. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18 (2009) 3227-3243
175. Lachman H.M., Papolos D.F., Saito T., Yu Y.M., Szumlanski C.L., and Weinshilboum R.M. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 6 (1996) 243-250
176. Lane H.Y., Chang Y.C., Liu Y.C., Chiu C.C., and Tsai G.E. Sarcosine or d-serine add-on treatment for acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62 (2005) 1196-1204
177. Lane H.Y., Liu Y.C., Huang C.L., Chang Y.C., Liau C.H., Perng C.H., and Tsai G.E. Sarcosine (N-methylglycine) treatment for acute schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind study. Biol. Psychiatry 63 (2008) 9-12
178. Lane H.Y., Huang C.L., Wu P.L., Liu Y.C., Chang Y.C., Lin P.Y., Chen P.W., and Tsai G. Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 60 (2006) 645-649
179. Le Pen G., Kew J., Alberati D., Borroni E., Heitz M.P., and Moreau J.L. Prepulse inhibition deficits of the startle reflex in neonatal ventral hippocampal-lesioned rats: reversal by glycine and a glycine transporter inhibitor. Biol. Psychiatry 54 (2003) 1162-1170
180. Leiderman E., Zylberman I., Zukin S.R., Cooper T.B., and Javitt D.C. Preliminary investigation of high-dose oral glycine on serum levels and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: an open-label trial. Biol. Psychiatry 39 (1996) 213-215
181. Lewis D.A., and Gonzalez-Burgos G. Pathophysiologically based treatment interventions in schizophrenia. Nat. Med. 12 (2006) 1016-1022
182. Li B., Woo R.S., Mei L., and Malinow R. The neuregulin-1 receptor erbB4 controls glutamatergic synapse maturation and plasticity. Neuron 54 (2007) 583-597
183. Li T., Ma X., Sham P.C., Sun X., Hu X., Wang Q., Meng H., Deng W., Liu X., Murray R.M., and Collier D.A. Evidence for association between novel polymorphisms in the PRODH gene and schizophrenia in a Chinese population. Am. J. Hum. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 129B (2004) 13-15
184. Li W., Zhou Y., Jentsch J.D., Brown R.A., Tian X., Ehninger D., Hennah W., Peltonen L., Lönnqvist J., Huttunen M.O., Kaprio J., Trachtenberg J.T., Silva A.J., and Cannon T.D. Specific developmental disruption of disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 function results in schizophrenia-related phenotypes in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (2007) 18280-18285
185. Lim R., Hoang P., and Berger A.J. Blockade of glycine transporter-1 (GLYT-1) potentiates NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in hypoglossal motorneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 92 (2004) 2530-2537
186. Lindahl J.S., Kjellsen B.R., Tigert J., and Miskimins R. In utero PCP exposure alters oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in developing rat frontal cortex. Brain Res. 1234 (2008) 137-147
187. Linn G.S., Negi S.S., Gerum S.V., and Javitt D.C. Reversal of phencyclidine-induced prepulse inhibition deficits by clozapine in monkeys. Psychopharmacology 169 (2003) 234-239
188. Lipina T., Labrie V., Weiner I., and Roder J. Modulators of the glycine site on NMDA receptors, d-serine and ALX-5407, display similar beneficial effects to clozapine in mouse models of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 179 (2005) 54-67
189. Liu X., He G., Wang X., Chen Q., Qian X., Lin W., Li D., Gu N., Feng G., and He L. Association of DAAO with schizophrenia in the Chinese population. Neurosci. Lett. 369 (2004) 228-233
190. Mackenzie B., and Erickson J.D. Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid (System N/A) transporters of the SLC38 gene family. Pflungers Arch. 447 (2004) 784-795
191. Madeira C., Freitas M.E., Vargas-Lopes C., Wolosker H., and Panizzutti R. Increased brain d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) activity in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 101 (2008) 76-83
192. Maekawa M., Watanabe M., Yamaguchi S., Konno R., and Hori Y. Spatial learning and long-term potentiation of mutant mice lacking d-amino-acid oxidase. Neurosci. Res. 53 (2005) 34-38
193. Maekawa M., Okamura T., Kasai N., Hori Y., Summer K.H., and Konno R. d-Amino-acid oxidase is involved in d-serine-induced nephrotoxicity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18 (2005) 1678-1682
194. Manahan-Vaughan D., Wildförster V., and Thomsen C. Rescue of hippocampal LTP and learning deficits in a rat model of psychosis by inhibition of glycine transporter-1 (GlyT1). Eur. J. Neurosci. 28 (2008) 1342-1350
195. Mao C.V., Hori E., Maior R.S., Ono T., and Nishijo H. A primate model of schizophrenia using chronic PCP treatment. Rev. Neurosci. 19 (2008) 83-89
196. Martina M., Krasteniakov N.V., and Bergeron R. d-Serine differently modulates NMDA receptor function in rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells and interneurons. J. Physiol. 548 (2003) 411-423
197. Martina M., Gorfinkel Y., Halman S., Lowe J.A., Periyalwar P., Schmidt C.J., and Bergeron R. Glycine transporter type 1 blockade changes NMDA receptor-mediated responses and LTP in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells by altering extracellular glycine levels. J. Physiol. 557 (2004) 489-500
198. Martineau M., Galli T., Baux G., and Mothet J.P. Confocal imaging and tracking of the exocytotic routes for d-serine-mediated gliotransmission. Glia 56 (2008) 1271-1284
199. Matsui T., Sekiguchi M., Hashimoto A., Tomita U., Nishikawa T., and Wada K.J. Functional comparison of d-serine and glycine in rodents: the effects on cloned NMDA receptors and the extracellular concentration. J. Neurochem. 65 (1995) 454-458
200. McHugh T.J., Jones M.W., Quinn J.J., Balthasar N., Coppari R., Elmquist J.K., Lowell B.B., Fanselow M.S., Wilson M.A., and Tonegawa S. Dentate gyrus NMDA receptors mediate rapid pattern separation in the hippocampal network. Science 317 (2007) 94-99
201. Melone M., Vitellaro-Zuccarello L., Vallejo-Illarramendi A., Pérez-Samartin A., Matute C., Cozzi A., Pellegrini-Giampietro D.E., Rothstein J.D., and Conti F. The expression of glutamate transporter GLT-1 in the rat cerebral cortex is down-regulated by the antipsychotic drug clozapine. Mol. Psychiatry 6 (2001) 380-386
202. Milev P., Ho B.C., Arndt S., and Andreasen N.C. Predictive values of neurocognition and negative symptoms on functional outcome in schizophrenia: a longitudinal first-episode study with 7-year follow-up. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 495-506
203. Millan M.J. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors as a target for improved antipsychotic agents: novel insights and clinical perspectives. Psychopharmacology 179 (2005) 30-53
204. Millar J.K., Wilson-Annan J.C., Anderson S., Christie S., Taylor M.S., Semple C.A., Devon R.S., Clair D.M., Muir W.J., Blackwood D.H., and Porteous D.J. Disruption of two novel genes by a translocation co-segregating with schizophrenia. Hum. Mol. Genet. 9 (2000) 1415-1423
205. Mirnics K., Middleton F.A., Stanwood G.D., Lewis D.A., and Levitt P. Disease-specific changes in regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) expression in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 6 (2001) 293-301
206. Miya K., Inoue R., Takata Y., Abe M., Natsume R., Sakimura K., Hongou K., Miyawaki T., and Mori H. Serine racemase is predominantly localized in neurons in mouse brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 510 (2008) 641-654
207. Miyamoto S., Snouwaert J.N., Koller B.H., Moy S.S., Lieberman J.A., and Duncan G.E. Amphetamine-induced Fos is reduced in limbic cortical regions but not in the caudate or accumbens in a genetic model of NMDA receptor hypofunction. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2004) 2180-2188
208. Mohn A.R., Gainetdinov R.R., Caron M.G., and Koller B.H. Mice with reduced NMDA receptor expression display behaviors related to schizophrenia. Cell 98 (1999) 427-436
209. Monyer H., Burnashev N., Laurie D.J., Sakmann B., and Seeburg P.H. Developmental and regional expression in the rat brain and functional properties of four NMDA receptors. Neuron 12 (1994) 529-540
210. Moreno S., Nardacci R., Cimini A., and Cerù M.P. Immunocytochemical localization of d-amino acid oxidase in rat brain. J. Neurocytol. 28 (1999) 169-185
211. Morita Y., Ujike H., Tanaka Y., Otani K., Kishimoto M., Morio A., Kotaka T., Okahisa Y., Matsushita M., Morikawa A., Hamase K., Zaitsu K., and Kuroda S. A genetic variant of the serine racemase gene is associated with schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 61 (2006) 1200-1203
212. Moser P.C., Hitchcock J.M., Lister S., and Moran P.M. The pharmacology of latent inhibition as an animal model of schizophrenia. Brain Res. Rev. 33 (2000) 275-307
213. Mothet J.P., Pollegioni L., Ouanounou G., Martineau M., Fossier P., and Baux G. Glutamate receptor activation triggers a calcium-dependent and SNARE protein-dependent release of the gliotransmitter d-serine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 5606-5611
214. Mothet J.P., Parent A.T., Wolosker H., Brady Jr. R.O., Linden D.J., Ferris C.D., Rogawski M.A., and Snyder S.H. d-Serine is an endogenous ligand for the glycine site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 4926-4931
215. Mothet J.P., Rouaud E., Sinet P.M., Potier B., Jouvenceau A., Dutar P., Videau C., Epelbaum J., and Billard J.M. A critical role for the glial-derived neuromodulator d-serine in the age-related deficits of cellular mechanisms of learning and memory. Aging Cell 5 (2006) 267-274
216. Moy S.S., Perez A., Koller B.H., and Duncan G.E. Amphetamine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition in mice with reduced NMDA receptor function. Brain Res. 1089 (2006) 186-194
217. Mustafa A.K., Kumar M., Selvakumar B., Ho G.P., Ehmsen J.T., Barrow R.K., Amzel L.M., and Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide S-nitrosylates serine racemase, mediating feedback inhibition of d-serine formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (2007) 2950-2955
218. Mustafa A.K., van Rossum D.B., Patterson R.L., Maag D., Ehmsen J.T., Gazi S.K., Chakraborty A., Barrow R.K., Amzel L.M., and Snyder S.H. Glutamatergic regulation of serine racemase via reversal of PIP2 inhibition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (2009) 2921-2926
219. Nakazawa K., Sun L.D., Quirk M.C., Rondi-Reig L., Wilson M.A., and Tonegawa S. Hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors are crucial for memory acquisition of one-time experience. Neuron 38 (2003) 305-315
220. Nakazawa K., Quirk M.C., Chitwood R.A., Watanabe M., Yeckel M.F., Sun L.D., Kato A., Carr C.A., Johnston D., Wilson M.A., and Tonegawa S. Requirement for hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors in associative memory recall. Science 297 (2002) 211-218
221. Narendran R., Frankle W.G., Keefe R., Gil R., Martinez D., Slifstein M., Kegeles L.S., Talbot P.S., Huang Y., Hwang D.R., Khenissi L., Cooper T.B., Laruelle M., and Abi-Dargham A. Altered prefrontal dopaminergic function in chronic recreational ketamine users. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 2352-2359
222. Neeman G., Blanaru M., Bloch B., Kremer I., Ermilov M., Javitt D.C., and Heresco-Levy U. Relation of plasma glycine, serine, and homocysteine levels to schizophrenia symptoms and medication type. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 1738-1740
223. Nicodemus K.K., Kolachana B.S., Vakkalanka R., Straub R.E., Giegling I., Egan M.F., Rujescu D., and Weinberger D.R. Evidence for statistical epistasis between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and polymorphisms in RGS4, G72 (DAOA), GRM3, and DISC1: influence on risk of schizophrenia. Hum. Genet. 120 (2007) 889-906
224. Nicoll R.A. Expression mechanisms underlying long-term potentiation: a postsynaptic view. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 358 (2003) 721-726
225. Niewoehner B., Single F.N., Hvalby O., Jensen V., Borgloh S.M., Seeburg P.H., Rawlins J.N., Sprengel R., and Bannerman D.M. Impaired spatial working memory but spared spatial reference memory following functional loss of NMDA receptors in the dentate gyrus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 25 (2007) 837-846
226. Nilsson M., Carlsson A., and Carlsson M.L. Glycine and d-serine decrease MK-801-induced hyperactivity in mice. J. Neural Transm. 104 (1997) 1195-1205
227. Nong Y., Huang Y.Q., Ju W., Kalia L.V., Ahmadian G., Wang Y.T., and Salter M.W. Glycine binding primes NMDA receptor internalization. Nature 422 (2003) 302-307
228. Norberg M.M., Krystal J.H., and Tolin D.F. A meta-analysis of d-cycloserine and the facilitation of fear extinction and exposure therapy. Biol. Psychiatry 63 (2008) 1118-1126
229. Numakawa T., Yagasaki Y., Ishimoto T., Okada T., Suzuki T., Iwata N., Ozaki N., Taguchi T., Tatsumi M., Kamijima K., Straub R.E., Weinberger D.R., Kunugi H., and Hashimoto R. Evidence of novel neuronal functions of dysbindin, a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Hum. Mol. Genet. 13 (2004) 2699-2708
230. O'Brien K.B., Miller R.F., and Bowser M.T. d-Serine uptake by isolated retinas is consistent with ASCT-mediated transport. Neurosci. Lett. 385 (2005) 58-63
231. Oda M., Kure S., Sugawara T., Yamaguchi S., Kojima K., Shinka T., Sato K., Narisawa A., Aoki Y., Matsubara Y., Omae T., Mizoi K., and Kinouchi H. Direct correlation between ischemic injury and extracellular glycine concentration in mice with genetically altered activities of the glycine cleavage multienzyme system. Stroke 38 (2007) 2157-2164
232. Ohnuma T., Sakai Y., Maeshima H., Hatano T., Hanzawa R., Abe S., Kida S., Shibata N., Suzuki T., and Arai H. Changes in plasma glycine, l-serine, and d-serine levels in patients with schizophrenia as their clinical symptoms improve: Results from the Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP). Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 32 (2008) 1905-1912
233. Olney J.W. New mechanisms of excitatory transmitter neurotoxicity. J. Neural Trans. Suppl. 43 (1994) 47-51
234. Opgen-Rhein C., Lencz T., Burdick K.E., Neuhaus A.H., DeRosse P., Goldberg T.E., and Malhotra A.K. Genetic variation in the DAOA gene complex: impact on susceptibility for schizophrenia and on cognitive performance. Schizophr. Res. 103 (2008) 169-177
235. Otte D.M., Bilkei-Gorzó A., Filiou M.D., Turck C.W., Yilmaz O., Holst M.I., Schilling K., Abou-Jamra R., Schumacher J., Benzel I., Kunz W.S., Beck H., and Zimmer A. Behavioral changes in G72/G30 transgenic mice. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. (2009) 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.12.009
236. Panatier A., Theodosis D.T., Mothet J.P., Touquet B., Pollegioni L., Poulain D.A., and Oliet S.H. Glia-derived d-serine controls NMDA receptor activity and synaptic memory. Cell 125 (2006) 775-784
237. Panizzutti R., Rausch M., Zurbrügg S., Baumann D., Beckmann N., and Rudin M. The pharmacological stimulation of NMDA receptors via co-agonist site: an fMRI study in the rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 380 (2005) 111-115
238. Papaleo F., Crawley J.N., Song J., Lipska B.K., Pickel J., Weinberger D.R., and Chen J. Genetic dissection of the role of catechol-O-methyltransferase in cognition and stress reactivity in mice. J. Neurosci. 28 (2008) 8709-8723
239. Parnas A.S., Weber M., and Richardson R. Effects of multiple exposures to d-cycloserine on extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 83 (2005) 224-231
240. Paterlini M., Zakharenko S.S., Lai W.S., Qin J., Zhang H., Mukai J., Westphal K.G., Olivier B., Sulzer D., Pavlidis P., Siegelbaum S.A., Karayiorgou M., and Gogos J.A. Transcriptional and behavioral interaction between 22q11.2 orthologs modulates schizophrenia-related phenotypes in mice. Nat. Neurosci. 8 (2005) 1586-1594
241. Patil S.T., Zhang L., Martenyi F., Lowe S.L., Jackson K.A., Andreev B.V., Avedisova A.S., Bardenstein L.M., Gurovich I.Y., Morozova M.A., Mosolov S.N., Neznanov N.G., Reznik A.M., Smulevich A.B., Tochilov V.A., Johnson B.G., Monn J.A., and Schoepp D.D. Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial. Nat. Med. 13 (2007) 1102-1107
242. Perry K.W., Falcone J.F., Fell M.J., Ryder J.W., Yu H., Love P.L., Katner J., Gordon K.D., Wade M.R., Man T., Nomikos G.G., Phebus L.A., Cauvin A.J., Johnson K.W., Jones C.K., Hoffmann B.J., Sandusky G.E., Walter M.W., Porter W.J., Yang L., Merchant K.M., Shannon H.E., and Svensson K.A. Neurochemical and behavioral profiling of the selective GlyT1 inhibitors ALX5407 and LY2365109 indicate a preferential action in caudal vs. cortical brain areas. Neuropharmacology 55 (2008) 743-754
243. Pilowsky L.S., Bressan R.A., Stone J.M., Erlandsson K., Mulligan R.S., Krystal J.H., and Ell P.J. First in vivo evidence of an NMDA receptor deficit in medication-free schizophrenic patients. Mol. Psychiatry 33 (2006) 239-243
244. Pletnikov M.V., Ayhan Y., Nikolskaia O., Xu Y., Ovanesov M.V., Huang H., Mori S., Moran T.H., and Ross C.A. Inducible expression of mutant human DISC1 in mice is associated with brain and behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 13 (2008) 173-186
245. Pollegioni L., Falbo A., and Pilone M.S. Specificity and kinetics of Rhodotorula gracilis d-amino acid oxidase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1120 (1992) 11-16
246. Potkin S.G., Jin Y., Bunney B.G., Costa J., and Gulasekaram B. Effect of clozapine and adjunctive high-dose glycine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 156 (1999) 145-147
247. Poyatos I., Ponce J., Aragón C., Giménez C., and Zafra F. The glycine transporter GLYT2 is a reliable marker for glycine-immunoreactive neurons. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 49 (1997) 63-70
248. Prata D., Breen G., Osborne S., Munro J., St Clair D., and Collier D. Association of DAO and G72(DAOA)/G30 genes with bipolar affective disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 147B (2008) 914-917
249. Rajji T., Chapman D., Eichenbaum H., and Greene R. The role of CA3 hippocampal NMDA receptors in paired associate learning. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 908-915
250. Rascle C., Mazas O., Vaiva G., Tournant M., Raybois O., Goudemand M., and Thomas P. Clinical features of latent inhibition in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 51 (2001) 149-161
251. Ressler K.J., Rothbaum B.O., Tannenbaum L., Anderson P., Graap K., Zimand E., Hodges L., and Davis M. Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of d-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61 (2004) 1136-1144
252. Reynolds G.P., Abdul-Monim Z., Neill J.C., and Zhang Z.J. Calcium binding protein markers of GABA deficits in schizophrenia-postmortem studies and animal models. Neurotox. Res. 6 (2004) 57-61
253. Ribeiro C.S., Reis M., Panizzutti R., de Miranda J., and Wolosker H. Glial transport of the neuromodulator d-serine. Brain Res. 929 (2002) 202-209
254. Rietschel M., Beckmann L., Strohmaier J., Georgi A., Karpushova A., Schirmbeck F., Boesshenz K.V., Schmäl C., Bürger C., Jamra R.A., Schumacher J., Höfels S., Kumsta R., Entringer S., Krug A., Markov V., Maier W., Propping P., Wüst S., Kircher T., Nöthen M.M., Cichon S., and Schulze T.G. G72 and its association with major depression and neuroticism in large population-based groups from Germany. Am. J. Psychiatry 165 (2008) 753-762
255. Rimer M., Barrett D.W., Maldonado M.A., Vock V.M., and Gonzalez-Lima F. Neuregulin-1 immunoglobulin-like domain mutant mice: clozapine sensitivity and impaired latent inhibition. Neuroreport 16 (2005) 271-275
256. Rondi-Reig L., Libbey M., Eichenbaum H., and Tonegawa S. CA1-specific N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor knockout mice are deficient in solving a nonspatial transverse patterning task. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (2001) 3543-3548
257. Ross C.A., Margolis R.L., Reading S.A., Pletnikov M., and Coyle J.T. Neurobiology of schizophrenia. Neuron 52 (2006) 139-153
258. Rosse R.B., Fay-McCarthy M., Kendrick K., Davis R.E., and Deutsch S.I. d-Cycloserine adjuvant therapy to molindone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 19 (1996) 444-450
259. Rosse R.B., Theut S.K., Banay-Schwartz M., Leighton M., Scarcella E., Cohen C.G., and Deutsch S.I. Glycine adjuvant therapy to conventional neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia: an open-label, pilot study. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 12 (1989) 416-424
260. Rutter A.R., Fradley R.L., Garrett E.M., Chapman K.L., Lawrence J.M., Rosahl T.W., and Patel S. Evidence from gene knockout studies implicates Asc-1 as the primary transporter mediating d-serine reuptake in the mouse CNS. Eur. J. Neurosci. 25 (2007) 1757-1766
261. Sacchi S., Bernasconi M., Martineau M., Mothet J.P., Ruzzene M., Pilone M.S., Pollegioni L., and Molla G. pLG72 modulates intracellular d-serine levels through its interaction with d-amino acid oxidase: effect on schizophrenia susceptibility. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 22244-22256
262. Sakata Y., Owada Y., Sato K., Kojima K., Hisanaga K., Shinka T., Suzuki Y., Aoki Y., Satoh J., Kondo H., Matsubara Y., and Kure S. Structure and expression of the glycine cleavage system in rat central nervous system. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 94 (2001) 119-130
263. Salt T.E. Modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated responses by glycine and d-serine in the rat thalamus in vivo. Brain Res. 481 (1989) 403-406
264. Sasabe J., Chiba T., Yamada M., Okamoto K., Nishimoto I., Matsuoka M., and Aiso S. d-Serine is a key determinant of glutamate toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. EMBO J. 26 (2007) 4149-4159
265. Sawa A., and Cascella N.G. Peripheral olfactory system for clinical and basic psychiatry: a promising entry point to the mystery of brain mechanism and biomarker identification in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 166 (2009) 139-1139
266. Schell M.J., Molliver M.E., and Snyder S.H. d-Serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator: localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (1995) 3948-3952
267. Schell M.J., Brady Jr. R.O., Molliver M.E., and Snyder S.H. d-Serine as a neuromodulator: regional and developmental localizations in rat brain glia resemble NMDA receptors. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 1604-1615
268. Schumacher J., Jamra R.A., Freudenberg J., Becker T., Ohlraun S., Otte A.C.J., Tullius M., Kovalenko S., Bogaert A.V., and Maier W.e.a. Examination of G72 and d-amino acid oxidase as genetic risk factor for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 9 (2004) 203-207
269. Schumacher J., Abou Jamra R., Becker T., Klopp N., Franke P., Jacob C., Sand P., Fritze J., Ohlraun S., Schulze T.G., Rietschel M., Illig T., Propping P., Cichon S., Deckert J., and Nöthen M.M. Investigation of the DAOA/G30 locus in panic disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 10 (2005) 428-429
270. Schwarcz R., Rassoulpour A., Wu H.Q., Medoff D., Tamminga C.A., and Roberts R.C. Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 50 (2001) 521-530
271. Seeman P., Chau-Wong M., Tedesco J., and Wong K. Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: direct binding assays. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 (1975) 4376-4380
272. Sheinin A., Shavit S., and Benveniste M. Subunit specificity and mechanism of action of NMDA partial agonist d-cycloserine. Neuropharmacology 41 (2001) 151-158
273. Sheldrick A.J., Krug A., Markov V., Leube D., Michel T.M., Zerres K., Eggermann T., and Kircher T. Effect of COMT val158met genotype on cognition and personality. Eur. Psychiatry 23 (2008) 385-389
274. Shen S., Lang B., Nakamoto C., Zhang F., Pu J., Kuan S.L., Chatzi C., He S., Mackie I., Brandon N.J., Marquis K.L., Day M., Hurko O., McCaig C.D., Riedel G., and St Clair D. Schizophrenia-related neural and behavioral phenotypes in transgenic mice expressing truncated Disc1. J. Neurosci. 28 (2008) 10893-10904
275. Shi J., Badner J.A., Gershon E.S., and Liu C. Allelic association of G72/G30 with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 98 (2008) 89-97
276. Shimizu E., Tang Y.P., Rampon C., and Tsien J.Z. NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic reinforcement as a crucial process for memory consolidation. Science 290 (2000) 1170-1174
277. Shinkai T., De Luca V., Hwang R., Müller D.J., Lanktree M., Zai G., Shaikh S., Wong G., Sicard T., Potapova N., Trakalo J., King N., Matsumoto C., Hori H., Wong A.H., Ohmori O., Macciardi F., Nakamura J., and Kennedy J.L. Association analyses of the DAOA/G30 and D-amino-acid oxidase genes in schizophrenia: further evidence for a role in schizophrenia. Neuromol. Med. 9 (2007) 169-177
278. Shleper M., Kartvelishvily E., and Wolosker H. d-serine is the dominant endogenous coagonist for NMDA receptor neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slices. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 9413-9417
279. Shoji K., Mariotto S., Ciampa A.R., and Suzuki H. Mutual regulation between serine and nitric oxide metabolism in human glioblastoma cells. Neurosci. Lett. 394 (2006) 163-167
280. Shoji K., Mariotto S., Ciampa A.R., and Suzuki H. Regulation of serine racemase activity by d-serine and nitric oxide in human glioblastoma cells. Neurosci. Lett. 392 (2006) 75-78
281. Singer P., Boison D., Möhler H., Feldon J., and Yee B.K. Enhanced recognition memory following glycine transporter 1 deletion in forebrain neurons. Behav. Neurosci. 121 (2007) 815-825
282. Single F.N., Rozov A., Burnashev N., Zimmermann F., Hanley D.F., Forrest D., Curran T., Jensen V., Hvalby O., Sprengel R., and Seeburg P.H. Dysfunctions in mice by NMDA receptor point mutations NR1(N598Q) and NR1(N598R). J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 2558-2566
283. Smith S.M., Uslaner J., Yao L., Mullins C., Surles N., Huszar S., McNaughton C., Pascarella D., Kandebo M., Hinchliffe R., Sparey T., Brandon N.J., Jones B., Venkatraman S., Young M.B., Sachs N., Jacobson M., and Hutson P.H. The behavioral and neurochemical effects of a novel D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor 4H-thieno [3,2-b] pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (compound 8) and d-serine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 328 (2008) 921-930
284. Smothers C.T., and Woodward J.J. Pharmacological characterization of glycine-activated currents in HEK 293 cells expressing N-methyl-d-aspartate NR1 and NR3 subunits. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 322 (2007) 739-748
285. Stefansson H., Sigurdsson E., Steinthorsdottir V., Bjornsdottir S., Sigmundsson T., Ghosh S., Brynjolfsson J., Gunnarsdottir S., Ivarsson O., Chou T.T., Hjaltason O., Birgisdottir B., Jonsson H., Gudnadottir V.G., Gudmundsdottir E., Bjornsson A., Ingvarsson B., Ingason A., Sigfusson S., Hardardottir H., Harvey R.P., Lai D., Zhou M., Brunner D., Mutel V., Gonzalo A., Lemke G., Sainz J., Johannesson G., Andresson T., Gudbjartsson D., Manolescu A., Frigge M.L., Gurney M.E., Kong A., Gulcher J.R., Petursson H., and Stefansson K. Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71 (2002) 877-892
286. Steffek A.E., Haroutunian V., and Meador-Woodruff J.H. Serine racemase protein expression in cortex and hippocampus in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 17 (2006) 1181-1185
287. Stevens E.R., Esguerra M., Kim P.M., Newman E.A., Snyder S.H., Zahs K.R., and Miller R.F. d-Serine and serine racemase are present in the vertebrate retina and contribute to the physiological activation of NMDA receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) 6789-6794
288. Straub R.E., Jiang Y., MacLean C.J., Ma Y., Webb B.T., Myakishev M.V., Harris-Kerr C., Wormley B., Sadek H., Kadambi B., Cesare A.J., Gibberman A., Wang X., O'Neill F.A., Walsh D., and Kendler K.S. Genetic variation in the 6p22.3 gene DTNBP1, the human ortholog of the mouse dysbindin gene, is associated with schizophrenia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71 (2002) 337-348
289. Strísovský K., Jirásková J., Mikulová A., Rulísek L., and Konvalinka J. Dual substrate and reaction specificity in mouse serine racemase: identification of high-affinity dicarboxylate substrate and inhibitors and analysis of the beta-eliminase activity. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 13091-13100
290. Strohmaier J., Georgi A., Schirmbeck F., Schmael C., Jamra R.A., Schumacher J., Becker T., Höfels S., Klopp N., Illig T., Propping P., Cichon S., Nöthen M.M., Rietschel M., and Schulze T.G. No association between the serine racemase gene (SRR) and schizophrenia in a German case-control sample. Psychiatr. Genet. 17 (2007) 125
291. Sumiyoshi T., Jin D., Jayathilake K., Lee M., and Meltzer H.Y. Prediction of the ability of clozapine to treat negative symptoms from plasma glycine and serine levels in schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 8 (2005) 451-455
292. Sumiyoshi T., Anil A.E., Jin D., Jayathilake K., Lee M., and Meltzer H.Y. Plasma glycine and serine levels in schizophrenia compared to normal controls and major depression: relation to negative symptoms. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 7 (2004) 1-8
293. Supplisson S., and Bergman C. Control of NMDA receptor activation by a glycine transporter co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 4580-4590
294. Szeszko P.R., Hodgkinson C.A., Robinson D.G., Derosse P., Bilder R.M., Lencz T., Burdick K.E., Napolitano B., Betensky J.D., Kane J.M., Goldman D., and Malhotra A.K. DISC1 is associated with prefrontal cortical gray matter and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychol. 79 (2008) 103-110
295. Takao K., Toyama K., Nakanishi K., Hattori S., Takamura H., Takeda M., Miyakawa T., and Hashimoto R. Impaired long-term memory retention and working memory in sdy mutant mice with a deletion in Dtnbp1, a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Mol. Brain 1 (2008) 11
296. Tang Y.P., Shimizu E., Dube G.R., Rampon C., Kerchner G.A., Zhuo M., Liu G., and Tsien J.Z. Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature 401 (1999) 63-69
297. Terashima A., Pelkey K.A., Rah J.C., Suh Y.H., Roche K.W., Collingridge G.L., McBain C.J., and Isaac J.T. An essential role for PICK1 in NMDA receptor-dependent bidirectional synaptic plasticity. Neuron 57 (2008) 872-882
298. Thiels E., Weisz D.J., and Berger T.W. In vivo modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation by the glycine modulatory site. Neurosci. 46 (1992) 501-509
299. Thompson D.M., Winsauer P.J., and Mastropaolo J. Effects of phencyclidine, ketamine and MDMA on complex operant behavior in monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 26 (1987) 401-405
300. Thomson A.M., Walker V.E., and Flynn D.M. Glycine enhances NMDA-receptor mediated synaptic potentials in neocortical slices. Nature 338 (1989) 422-424
301. Tomppo L., Hennah W., Miettunen J., Järvelin M.R., Veijola J., Ripatti S., Lahermo P., Lichtermann D., Peltonen L., and Ekelund J. Association of variants in DISC1 with psychosis-related traits in a large population cohort. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66 (2009) 134-141
302. Torrey E.F., Barci B.M., Webster M.J., Bartko J.J., Meador-Woodruff J.H., and Knable M.B. Neurochemical markers for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression in postmortem brains. Biol. Psychiatry 57 (2005) 252-260
303. Tsai G., Yang P., Chung L.-C., Lange N., and Coyle J.T. d-Serine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 44 (1998) 1081-1089
304. Tsai G., Lane H.Y., Yang P., Chong M.Y., and Lange N. Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to antipsychotics for treatment of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 55 (2004) 452-456
305. Tsai G., Ralph-Williams R.J., Martina M., Bergeron R., Berger-Sweeney J., Dunham K.S., Jiang Z., Caine S.B., and Coyle J.T. Gene knockout of glycine transporter 1: characterization of the behavioral phenotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (2004) 8485-8490
306. Tsai G.E., Yang P., Chung L.C., Tsai I.C., Tsai C.W., and Coyle J.T. d-Serine added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 156 (1999) 1822-1825
307. Tsukada H., Nishiyama S., Fukumoto D., Sato K., Kakiuchi T., and Domino E.F. Chronic NMDA antagonism impairs working memory, decreases extracellular dopamine, and increases D1 receptor binding in prefrontal cortex of conscious monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (2005) 1861-1869
308. Tuominen H.J., Tiihonen J., and Wahlbeck K. Glutamatergic drugs for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 72 (2005) 225-234
309. Tuominen H.J., Tiihonen J., and Wahlbeck K. Glutamatergic drugs for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 19 (2006) CD003730
310. van Berckel B.N., Hijman R., van der Linden J.A., Westenberg H.G., van Ree J.M., and Kahn R.S. Efficacy and tolerance of d-cycloserine in drug-free schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry 40 (1996) 1298-1300
311. van Berckel B.N., Evenblij C.N., van Loon B.J., Maas M.F., van der Geld M.A., Wynne H.J., van Ree J.M., and Kahn R.S. d-Cycloserine increases positive symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients when administered in addition to antipsychotics: a double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology 21 (1999) 203-210
312. van der Meulen J.A., Bilbija L., Joosten R.N., de Bruin J.P., and Feenstra M.G. The NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801 selectively disrupts reversal learning in rats. Neuroreport 14 (2003) 2225-2228
313. Verrall L., Walker M., Rawlings N., Benzel I., Kew J.N., Harrison P.J., and Burnet P.W. d-Amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in human brain: normal distribution and altered expression in schizophrenia. Eur. J. Neurosci. 26 (2007) 1657-1669
314. Vyklický Jr. L., Benveniste M., and Mayer M.L. Modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor desensitization by glycine in mouse cultured hippocampal neurones. J. Physiol. 428 (1990) 313-331
315. Wake K., Yamazaki H., Hanzawa S., Konno R., Sakio H., Niwa A., and Hori Y. Exaggerated responses to chronic nociceptive stimuli and enhancement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in mutant mice lacking d-amino-acid oxidase. Neurosci. Lett. 297 (2001) 25-28
316. Walker D.L., Ressler K.J., Lu K.T., and Davis M. Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of d-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 2343-2351
317. Wang L.Z., and Zhu X.Z. Spatiotemporal relationships among d-serine, serine racemase, and d-amino acid oxidase during mouse postnatal development. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 24 (2003) 965-974
318. Waziri R. Glycine therapy of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 23 (1988) 210-211
319. Wedzony K., Fijał K., and Chocyk A. Blockade of NMDA receptors in postnatal period decreased density of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive axonal arbors in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult rats. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 56 (2005) 205-221
320. Wedzony K., Fijal K., Mackowiak M., Chocyk A., and Zajaczkowski W. Impact of postnatal blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors on rat behavior: a search for a new developmental model of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 153 (2008) 1370-1379
321. Weiner I. The "two-headed" latent inhibition model of schizophrenia: modeling positive and negative symptoms and their treatment. Psychopharmacology 169 (2003) 257-297
322. Wilcox K.S., Fitzsimonds R.M., Johnson B., and Dichter M.A. Glycine regulation of synaptic NMDA receptors in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 76 (1996) 3415-3424
323. Wilhelm S., Buhlmann U., Tolin D.F., Meunier S.A., Pearlson G.D., Reese H.E., Cannistraro P., Jenike M.A., and Rauch S.L. Augmentation of behavior therapy with d-cycloserine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 165 (2008) 335-341
324. Williams J.B., Mallorga P.J., Jeffrey Conn P., Pettibone D.J., and Sur C. Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on human glycine transporters. Schizophr. Res. 71 (2004) 103-112
325. Williams N.M., Green E.K., Macgregor S., Dwyer S., Norton N., Williams H., Raybould R., Grozeva D., Hamshere M., Zammit S., Jones L., Cardno A., Kirov G., Jones I., O'Donovan M.C., Owen M.J., and Craddock N. Variation at the DAOA/G30 locus influences susceptibility to major mood episodes but not psychosis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63 (2006) 366-373
326. Williams S.M., Diaz C.M., Macnab L.T., Sullivan R.K., and Pow D.V. Immunocytochemical analysis of d-serine distribution in the mammalian brain reveals novel anatomical compartmentalizations in glia and neurons. Glia 53 (2006) 401-411
327. Wolosker H., Dumin E., Balan L., and Foltyn V.N. D-amino acids in the brain: d-serine in neurotransmission and neurodegeneration. FEBS J. 275 (2008) 3514-3526
328. Wolosker H., Sheth K.N., Takahashi M., Mothet J., Brady R.O.J., Ferris C.D., and Snyder S.H. Purification of serine racemase: Biosynthesis of the neuromodulator d-serine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (1999) 721-725
329. Wood L.S., Pickering E.H., and Dechairo B.M. Significant support for DAO as a schizophrenia susceptibility locus: examination of five genes putatively associated with schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 61 (2007) 1195-1199
330. Wu S.Z., Bodles A.M., Porter M.M., Griffin W.S., Basile A.S., and Barger S.W. Induction of serine racemase expression and d-serine release from microglia by amyloid beta-peptide. J. Neuroinflammation 1 (2004) 2
331. Xia M., Liu Y., Figueroa D.J., Chiu C.S., Wei N., Lawlor A.M., Lu P., Sur C., Koblan K.S., and Connolly T.M. Characterization and localization of a human serine racemase. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 125 (2004) 96-104
332. Xie X., Dumas T., Tang L., Brennan T., Reeder T., Thomas W., Klein R.D., Flores J., O'Hara B.F., Heller H.C., and Franken P. Lack of the alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 1 causes tremors, seizures, and early postnatal death in mice. Brain Res. 1052 (2005) 212-221
333. Yagi K., Nagatsu T., and Ozawa T. Inhibitory action of chlorpromazine on the oxidation of d-amino-acid in the diencephalon part of the brain. Nature 177 (1956) 891-892
334. Yamada K., Ohnishi T., Hashimoto K., Ohba H., Iwayama-Shigeno Y., Toyoshima M., Okuno A., Takao H., Toyota T., Minabe Y., Nakamura K., Shimizu E., Itokawa M., Mori N., Iyo M., and Yoshikawa T. Identification of multiple serine racemase (SRR) mRNA isoforms and genetic analyses of SRR and DAO in schizophrenia and d-serine levels. Biol. Psychiatry 57 (2005) 1493-1503
335. Yamauchi K., Aki H., Tomotake M., Iga J., Numata S., Motoki I., Izaki Y., Tayoshi S., Kinouchi S., Sumitani S., Tayoshi S., Takikawa Y., Kaneda Y., Taniguchi T., Ishimoto Y., Ueno S., and Ohmori T. Predictors of subjective and objective quality of life in outpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 62 (2008) 404-411
336. Yang Y., Ge W., Chen Y., Zhang Z., Shen W., Wu C., Poo M., and Duan S. Contribution of astrocytes to hippocampal long-term potentiation through release of d-serine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) 15194-15199
337. Yee B.K., Chang D.T., and Feldon J. The effects of dizocilpine and phencyclidine on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex and on prepulse-elicited reactivity in C57BL6 mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2004) 1865-1877
338. Yee B.K., Balic E., Singer P., Schwerdel C., Grampp T., Gabernet L., Knuesel I., Benke D., Feldon J., Mohler H., and Boison D. Disruption of glycine transporter 1 restricted to forebrain neurons is associated with a procognitive and antipsychotic phenotypic profile. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 3169-3181
339. Yoshikawa M., Nakajima K., Takayasu N., Noda S., Sato Y., Kawaguchi M., Oka T., Kobayashi H., and Hashimoto A. Expression of the mRNA and protein of serine racemase in primary cultures of rat neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 548 (2006) 74-76
340. Yurgelun-Todd D.A., Coyle J.T., Gruber S.A., Renshaw P.F., Silveri M.M., Amico E., Cohen B., and Goff D.C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of schizophrenic patients during word production: effects of D-cycloserine. Psychiatr. Res. 138 (2005) 23-31