메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 283, Issue 5398, 1999, Pages 70-74

Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR;

EID: 0032947526     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5398.70     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (1801)

References (36)
  • 1
    • 0027905017 scopus 로고
    • H. Komuro and P. Rakic, Science 260, 95 (1993); L. Guerrini, F. Blasi, D. Denis-Donini, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 9077 (1995).
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 95
    • Komuro, H.1    Rakic, P.2
  • 6
    • 0028133050 scopus 로고
    • R. Balazs, N. Hack, O. S. Jorgensen, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 8, 347 (1990); G. M. Yan, B. Ni, K. A. Wood, S. M. Paul, Brain Res. 656, 43 (1994).
    • (1994) Brain Res. , vol.656 , pp. 43
    • Yan, G.M.1    Ni, B.2    Wood, K.A.3    Paul, S.M.4
  • 8
    • 0026648674 scopus 로고
    • Y. Gavrieli, Y. Sherman, S. A. Ben-Sasson, J. Cell Biol. 119, 493 (1992). In apoptotic cell death DNA undergoes internucleosomal cleavage into fragments that can be detected by tissue staining. TUNEL staining is not specific for apoptosis, but it can be used for identifying and mapping apoptotic neurons if apoptosis is confirmed by ultrastrurtural evaluation. For TUNEL staining the rats were deeply anesthetized and the brains perfused with fixative containing paraformaldehyde (4%) in phosphate buffer and embedded in paraffin. Brains were either sectioned into 70-μm-thick slices by vibratome or embedded in paraffin and sectioned into 10-μm-thick slices. Serial sections from the entire forebrain were stained by TUNEL (ApopTag) and counterstained with methyl green. Nuclei displaying DNA cleavage stained dark brown, surrounded by green cytoplasm.
    • (1992) J. Cell Biol. , vol.119 , pp. 493
    • Gavrieli, Y.1    Sherman, Y.2    Ben-Sasson, S.A.3
  • 9
    • 0015244675 scopus 로고
    • J. S. DeOlmos and W. R. Ingram, Brain Res. 33, 523 (1971). DeOlmos cupric silver staining can be used to detect degenerating neurons that are dying by apoptotic or nonapoptotic mechanisms. We used this method to verify the distribution and numerical density of apoptotic cells identified by TUNEL. Both staining procedures produced the same pattern of degeneration in the brains of vehicle-treated rats and the same pattern of increased degeneration in the brains of (+)MK801-treated rats. To visualize degenerating cells by DeOlmos cupric silver staining, we perfused the brains with fixative containing paraformaldehyde (4%) in phosphate buffer, and serial transverse sections (70 μm thick) were cut by vibratome from the entire forebrain and stained with silver nitrate and cupric nitrate. Degenerating cells incorporate silver and appear dark against a light background.
    • (1971) Brain Res. , vol.33 , pp. 523
    • DeOlmos, J.S.1    Ingram, W.R.2
  • 10
    • 0025217533 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal degeneration was quantified in 16 brain regions (Table 1) using the optical disector and fractionator method as described [L. L. Cruz-Orive and E. R. Weibel, Am. J. Physiol. 258, L148 (1990)]. A counting frame (0.05 mm by 0.05 mm, dissector height 0.07 mm), and a high-aperture objective were used for visualizing and counting neurons. Unbiased sampling of each brain region was performed by randomly selecting 8 to 10 viewing fields over which the counting frame was positioned for counting at different focal levels by the optical dissector method. The numerical density of normal neurons in any given region was determined by counting neuronal profiles in 70-μm-thick sections stained with a Nissl stain (methylene blue, azure II). The numerical density of degenerating neurons in any given region was determined by counting argyrophilic profiles in 70-μm-thick sections stained by the DeOlmos silver method (7). Counting was performed in a blinded manner.
    • (1990) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.258
    • Cruz-Orive, L.L.1    Weibel, E.R.2
  • 12
    • 0029294613 scopus 로고
    • C. Charriaut-Marlangue and Y. Ben-Ari, Neuroreport 7, 61 (1995); B. Grasl-Kraupp et al., Hepatology 21, 1465 (1995).
    • (1995) Hepatology , vol.21 , pp. 1465
    • Grasl-Kraupp, B.1
  • 14
    • 0345443205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. J. Ishimaru, C. Ikonomidou, K. Dikranian, J. W. Olney, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23, 895 (1997). Physiological cell death (PCD), an example of apoptosis, occurs naturally in the developing central nervous system. In the fetal rat brain, with the exception of germinal matrix zones where apoptosis is frequent, apoptotic neurons are confined primarily to lower brain centers. In the early neonatal period (P1 to P5) apoptotic profiles become increasingly abundant throughout many non-germinal matrix regions of the midbrain and forebrain. By P7, PCD has largely run its course and apoptotic profiles are not found in high concentration in any forebrain region.
    • (1997) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.23 , pp. 895
    • Ishimaru, M.J.1    Ikonomidou, C.2    Dikranian, K.3    Olney, J.W.4
  • 15
    • 0344643549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Double labeling for GFAP and TUNEL was performed by first staining sections by TUNEL (6), washing them thoroughly at room temperature in a solution of 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-Triton X-100 (0.5%), and incubating them for 1 hour in the same solution with 1% bovine serum albumin. The sections were then incubated overnight at 4°C in the presence of monoclonal antibody against GFAP (1:400 dilution; G3893, Sigma). After PBS rinses, sections were incubated with goat antibody to mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) (1:200; BODIPY, Molecular Probes) in PBS-Triton X-100 for 1 hour at room temperature. Microscopic fields were photographed with a Kodak digital camera under fluorescence illumination to detect localization of the BODIPY fluorescence probe and under ordinary illumination to detect the TUNEL diaminobenzidine reaction product. The two images from a given field were then superimposed with PhotoShop software to determine whether the GFAP and TUNEL labels were colocalized in the same cells.
  • 16
    • 0024592715 scopus 로고
    • MK801 remains detectable in the rodent brain or cerebrospinal fluid for 3 to 4 hours after systemic administration. Elimination half-life of MK801 in rats was estimated to be 1.9 hours. The drug reaches maximal concentrations in the brain within 10 to 30 min after administration [A. Vezzani et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 249, 278 (1989)]. Phencyclidine (PCP), which freely penetrates blood-brain barriers, has a plasma elimination half-life of 3.9 hours and an even longer half-life in the rat brain [J. L. Valentine, L. W. Arnold, S. M. Owens, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269, 1079 (1994)]. A single dose of PCP (10 mg/kg ip) was used because it produces behavioral symptoms indicative of NMDA receptor blockade lasting for 8 to 10 hours in 7-day-old rats. Ketamine freely penetrates the brain but is excreted rapidly and has a short half-life in the brain [P. F. White, M. P. Marietta, C. R. Pudwill W. L. Way, A. J. Trevor, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 196, 545 (1976) ]. It was administered in a series of seven injections spaced evenly over 9 hours, each injection delivering a dose of 20 mg/kg sc CPP penetrates blood-brain barriers poorly but has a long half-life in the brain [J. D. Kristensen, P. Hartvig, R. Karlsten, T. Gordh, M. Halldin, Br. J. Anaesth. 74, 193 (1995)]. To maintain a steady blockade of NMDA receptors for 8 hours, we administered CPP at a dose of 15 mg/kg ip at 0, 50, and 100 min and at 4 and 8 hours. Rat pups were killed at 24 hours after the first treatment.
    • (1989) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.249 , pp. 278
    • Vezzani, A.1
  • 17
    • 0028238389 scopus 로고
    • MK801 remains detectable in the rodent brain or cerebrospinal fluid for 3 to 4 hours after systemic administration. Elimination half-life of MK801 in rats was estimated to be 1.9 hours. The drug reaches maximal concentrations in the brain within 10 to 30 min after administration [A. Vezzani et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 249, 278 (1989)]. Phencyclidine (PCP), which freely penetrates blood-brain barriers, has a plasma elimination half-life of 3.9 hours and an even longer half-life in the rat brain [J. L. Valentine, L. W. Arnold, S. M. Owens, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269, 1079 (1994)]. A single dose of PCP (10 mg/kg ip) was used because it produces behavioral symptoms indicative of NMDA receptor blockade lasting for 8 to 10 hours in 7-day-old rats. Ketamine freely penetrates the brain but is excreted rapidly and has a short half-life in the brain [P. F. White, M. P. Marietta, C. R. Pudwill W. L. Way, A. J. Trevor, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 196, 545 (1976) ]. It was administered in a series of seven injections spaced evenly over 9 hours, each injection delivering a dose of 20 mg/kg sc CPP penetrates blood-brain barriers poorly but has a long half-life in the brain [J. D. Kristensen, P. Hartvig, R. Karlsten, T. Gordh, M. Halldin, Br. J. Anaesth. 74, 193 (1995)]. To maintain a steady blockade of NMDA receptors for 8 hours, we administered CPP at a dose of 15 mg/kg ip at 0, 50, and 100 min and at 4 and 8 hours. Rat pups were killed at 24 hours after the first treatment.
    • (1994) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.269 , pp. 1079
    • Valentine, J.L.1    Arnold, L.W.2    Owens, S.M.3
  • 18
    • 0017249222 scopus 로고
    • MK801 remains detectable in the rodent brain or cerebrospinal fluid for 3 to 4 hours after systemic administration. Elimination half-life of MK801 in rats was estimated to be 1.9 hours. The drug reaches maximal concentrations in the brain within 10 to 30 min after administration [A. Vezzani et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 249, 278 (1989)]. Phencyclidine (PCP), which freely penetrates blood-brain barriers, has a plasma elimination half-life of 3.9 hours and an even longer half-life in the rat brain [J. L. Valentine, L. W. Arnold, S. M. Owens, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269, 1079 (1994)]. A single dose of PCP (10 mg/kg ip) was used because it produces behavioral symptoms indicative of NMDA receptor blockade lasting for 8 to 10 hours in 7-day-old rats. Ketamine freely penetrates the brain but is excreted rapidly and has a short half-life in the brain [P. F. White, M. P. Marietta, C. R. Pudwill W. L. Way, A. J. Trevor, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 196, 545 (1976) ]. It was administered in a series of seven injections spaced evenly over 9 hours, each injection delivering a dose of 20 mg/kg sc CPP penetrates blood-brain barriers poorly but has a long half-life in the brain [J. D. Kristensen, P. Hartvig, R. Karlsten, T. Gordh, M. Halldin, Br. J. Anaesth. 74, 193 (1995)]. To maintain a steady blockade of NMDA receptors for 8 hours, we administered CPP at a dose of 15 mg/kg ip at 0, 50, and 100 min and at 4 and 8 hours. Rat pups were killed at 24 hours after the first treatment.
    • (1976) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.196 , pp. 545
    • White, P.F.1    Marietta, M.P.2    Pudwill, C.R.3    Way, W.L.4    Trevor, A.J.5
  • 19
    • 0028816389 scopus 로고
    • MK801 remains detectable in the rodent brain or cerebrospinal fluid for 3 to 4 hours after systemic administration. Elimination half-life of MK801 in rats was estimated to be 1.9 hours. The drug reaches maximal concentrations in the brain within 10 to 30 min after administration [A. Vezzani et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 249, 278 (1989)]. Phencyclidine (PCP), which freely penetrates blood-brain barriers, has a plasma elimination half-life of 3.9 hours and an even longer half-life in the rat brain [J. L. Valentine, L. W. Arnold, S. M. Owens, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269, 1079 (1994)]. A single dose of PCP (10 mg/kg ip) was used because it produces behavioral symptoms indicative of NMDA receptor blockade lasting for 8 to 10 hours in 7-day-old rats. Ketamine freely penetrates the brain but is excreted rapidly and has a short half-life in the brain [P. F. White, M. P. Marietta, C. R. Pudwill W. L. Way, A. J. Trevor, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 196, 545 (1976) ]. It was administered in a series of seven injections spaced evenly over 9 hours, each injection delivering a dose of 20 mg/kg sc CPP penetrates blood-brain barriers poorly but has a long half-life in the brain [J. D. Kristensen, P. Hartvig, R. Karlsten, T. Gordh, M. Halldin, Br. J. Anaesth. 74, 193 (1995)]. To maintain a steady blockade of NMDA receptors for 8 hours, we administered CPP at a dose of 15 mg/kg ip at 0, 50, and 100 min and at 4 and 8 hours. Rat pups were killed at 24 hours after the first treatment.
    • (1995) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.74 , pp. 193
    • Kristensen, J.D.1    Hartvig, P.2    Karlsten, R.3    Gordh, T.4    Halldin, M.5
  • 20
    • 0025297358 scopus 로고
    • I. Izquierdo et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11, 309 (1990); A. C. Kappelle et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 108, 780 (1993).
    • (1990) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.11 , pp. 309
    • Izquierdo, I.1
  • 21
    • 0027340228 scopus 로고
    • I. Izquierdo et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11, 309 (1990); A. C. Kappelle et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 108, 780 (1993).
    • (1993) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.108 , pp. 780
    • Kappelle, A.C.1
  • 24
    • 0027050889 scopus 로고
    • H. Lee and B. H. Choi, Exp. Neurol. 118, 284 (1992); J. Zhong, D. P. Carrozza, K. Williams, D. B. Pritchett, P. B. Molinoff, J. Neurochem. 64, 531 (1995).
    • (1992) Exp. Neurol. , vol.118 , pp. 284
    • Lee, H.1    Choi, B.H.2
  • 26
    • 0018372689 scopus 로고
    • J. Dobbing and J. Sands, Early Hum. Dev. 3, 79 (1979); J. D. Reynolds and J. F. Brien, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73, 1209 (1995); L. S. Meyer, L. E. Kotch, E. P. Riley, Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 14, 23 (1990).
    • (1979) Early Hum. Dev. , vol.3 , pp. 79
    • Dobbing, J.1    Sands, J.2
  • 27
    • 0029611006 scopus 로고
    • J. Dobbing and J. Sands, Early Hum. Dev. 3, 79 (1979); J. D. Reynolds and J. F. Brien, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73, 1209 (1995); L. S. Meyer, L. E. Kotch, E. P. Riley, Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 14, 23 (1990).
    • (1995) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , vol.73 , pp. 1209
    • Reynolds, J.D.1    Brien, J.F.2
  • 28
    • 0025097006 scopus 로고
    • J. Dobbing and J. Sands, Early Hum. Dev. 3, 79 (1979); J. D. Reynolds and J. F. Brien, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73, 1209 (1995); L. S. Meyer, L. E. Kotch, E. P. Riley, Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 14, 23 (1990).
    • (1990) Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 23
    • Meyer, L.S.1    Kotch, L.E.2    Riley, E.P.3
  • 29
    • 0024535962 scopus 로고
    • D. M. Lovinger, G. White, F. F. Weight, Science 243, 1721 (1989); P. L. Hoffman, C. S. Rabe, F. Moses, B. Tabakoff, J. Neurochem. 52, 1937 (1989).
    • (1989) Science , vol.243 , pp. 1721
    • Lovinger, D.M.1    White, G.2    Weight, F.F.3
  • 31
    • 0015821371 scopus 로고
    • K. L. Jones and D. W. Smith, Lancet ii, 999 (1973); C. D. Coles, I. E. Smith, A. Falek, Adv. Alcohol Subst. Abuse 6, 87 (1987). Intrauterine exposure of the human fetus to ethanol results in microcephaly and a syndrome of neurobehavioral deficits referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome. It is thought that the neurobehavioral deficits result primarily from a deleterious effect of ethanol during fetal development in late pregnancy.
    • (1973) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 999
    • Jones, K.L.1    Smith, D.W.2
  • 32
    • 0023574705 scopus 로고
    • K. L. Jones and D. W. Smith, Lancet ii, 999 (1973); C. D. Coles, I. E. Smith, A. Falek, Adv. Alcohol Subst. Abuse 6, 87 (1987). Intrauterine exposure of the human fetus to ethanol results in microcephaly and a syndrome of neurobehavioral deficits referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome. It is thought that the neurobehavioral deficits result primarily from a deleterious effect of ethanol during fetal development in late pregnancy.
    • (1987) Adv. Alcohol Subst. Abuse , vol.6 , pp. 87
    • Coles, C.D.1    Smith, I.E.2    Falek, A.3
  • 33
    • 0024517165 scopus 로고
    • D. L. Reich and G. Silvey, Can. J. Anaesth. 36, 186 (1989); P. F. White, W. L. Way, A. J. Trevor, Anesthesiology 56, 119 (1982).
    • (1989) Can. J. Anaesth. , vol.36 , pp. 186
    • Reich, D.L.1    Silvey, G.2
  • 35
    • 2642593034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • V. Jevtovic-Todorovic et al., Nature Med. 4, 460 (1998). Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is an NMDA antagonist at concentrations relevant to its use as an anesthetic.
    • (1998) Nature Med. , vol.4 , pp. 460
    • Jevtovic-Todorovic, V.1
  • 36
    • 0345074212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supported in part by BMBF grant 01K095151 and grants from the National Institute of Aging (AG 11355), the National Institute of Drug Abuse (DA 05072), and the Research Scientist Award from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 38894) to J.W.O.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.