Health effects of inhaled engineered and incidental nanoparticles Health effects of inhaled nanoparticles

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

Volumn 39, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 629-658

  Madl, Amy K ^a,b   Pinkerton, Kent E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CARDNO CHEMRISK   (United States)

Author keywords

Carbon nanotube; Health risk; Nanoparticles; Particle physicochemistry; Pulmonary; Titanium dioxide

Indexed keywords

ALLOY; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARBON; COLLAGEN; CYTOCHROME P450; FULLERENE; GLUTATHIONE; GOLD; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 5; IRIDIUM; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 2; MANGANESE OXIDE; METAL OXIDE; MULTI WALLED NANOTUBE; NANOPARTICLE; NANOTUBE; NANOWIRE; PROTEIN; QUANTUM DOT; SILICON; SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBE; TECHNETIUM; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AEROSOL; AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ANTIGENICITY; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL VIABILITY; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CRYSTAL; CYTOTOXICITY; DENSITY; DISPERSION; DRY DEPOSITION; DUST CONTROL; ELECTRICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXPIRATORY FLOW; HEALTH HAZARD; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INGESTION; INHALATION; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LUNG; LUNG CLEARANCE; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG FUNCTION; LUNG GAS EXCHANGE; LUNG INJURY; LUNG LAVAGE; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; MARKETING; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; MITOGENESIS; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARTICLE SIZE; PHOTOREACTIVITY; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; POROSITY; PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; REVIEW; SEMICONDUCTOR; SOLUBILITY; SURFACE PROPERTY; T LYMPHOCYTE; WETTABILITY; ZETA POTENTIAL;

HUMANS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; NANOPARTICLES; PUBLIC HEALTH; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 70350517049     PISSN: 10408444     EISSN: 15476898     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408440903133788     Document Type: Review

References (255)

1. Adachi M, Murata Y, Takao J, Jiu J, Sakamoto M, Wang F. 2004. Highly efcient dye-sensitized solar cells with a titania thin-flm electrode composed of a network structure of single-crystal-like TiO2 nanowires made by the "oriented attachment" mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 126:14943-14949.
2. Agrawal A, Xing Y, Gao X, Nie S. 2007. Quantum dots. In: Vo-Dinh T, ed. Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine: Methods, Devices, and Applications. Boca Rotan, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp 10-11.
3. Aitken RJ, Chaudhry MQ, Boxall AB, Hull M. 2006. Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: Current status in the UK and global trends. Occup Med (Lond) 56:300-306.
4. Akerman ME, Chan WC, Laakkonen P, Bhatia SN, Ruoslahti E. 2002. Nanocrystal targeting in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:12617-12621.
5. Alivisatos P. 2000. Colloidal quantum dots. From scaling laws to biological applications. Pure Appl Chem 72:3-9.
6. Andersen ZJ, Wahlin P, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ketzel M, Scheike T, Loft S. 2008. Size distribution and total number concentration of ultrafne and accumulation mode particles and hospital admissions in children and the elderly in Copenhagen, Denmark. Occup Environ Med 65:458-466.
7. Araujo JA, Barajas B, Kleinman M, Wang X, Bennett BJ, Gong KW, Navab M, Harkema J, Sioutas C, Lusis AJ, Nel AE. 2008. Ambient particulate pollutants in the ultrafne range promote early atherosclerosis and systemic oxidative stress. Circ Res 102:589-596.
8. ASTM International. 2006. Standard terminology relating to nanotechnology. In: Designation: E 2456-06. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International). pp 1-4.
9. Baker SE, Cai W, Lasseter TL, Weidkamp KP, Hamers RJ. 2002. Covalently bonded adducts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oligonucleotides with single-wall carbon nanotubes: Synthesis and hybridization. Nano Lett 2:1413-1417.
10. Ballou B, Lagerholm BC, Ernst LA, Bruchez MP, Waggoner AS. 2004. Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice. Bioconjug Chem 15:79-86.
11. Barbeau A. 1984. Manganese and extrapyramidal disorders. Neurotoxicology 5:13-36.
12. Baughman, R.H. 2000. MATERIALS SCIENCE: Putting a New Spin on Carbon Nanotubes. Science 290 (5495):1310-1311.
13. Beaurepaire E, Buissette V, Sauviat MP, Giaume D, Lahlil K, Mercuri A, Casanova D, Huignard A, Martin JL, Gacoin T, Boilot JP, Alexandrou A. 2004. Functionalized fuorescent oxide nanoparticles: Artifcial toxins for sodium channel targeting and imaging at the single-molecule level. Nano Lett 4:2079-2083.
14. Bell DC, Wu Y, Barrelet CJ, Gradecak S, Xiang J, Timko BP, Lieber CM. 2004. Imaging and analysis of nanowires. Microsc Res Tech 64:373-389.
15. Bermudez E, Mangum JB, Asgharian B, Wong BA, Reverdy EE, Janszen DB, Hext PM, Warheit DB, Everitt JI. 2002. Long-term pulmonary responses of three laboratory rodent species to subchronic inhalation of pigmentary titanium dioxide particles. Toxicol Sci 70:86-97.
16. Bermudez E, Mangum JB, Wong BA, Asgharian B, Hext PM, Warheit DB, Everitt JI. 2004. Pulmonary responses of mice, rats, and hamsters to subchronic inhalation of ultrafne titanium dioxide particles. Toxicol Sci 77:347-357.
17. Bianco A, Hoebeke J, Kostarelos K, Prato M, Partidos CD. 2005a. Carbon nanotubes: On the road to deliver. Curr Drug Deliv 2:253-259.
18. Bianco A, Kostarelos K, Partidos CD, Prato M. 2005b. Biomedical applications of functionalised carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 5:571-577. (Pubitemid 40299037)
19. Bianco A, Kostarelos K, Prato M. 2005c. Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 9:674-679.
20. Bianco A, Prato M. 2003. Can carbon nanotubes be considered useful tools for biological applications? Adv Mater 15:1765-1768.
21. Bodian D. 1941a. Experimental studies on intraneural spread of poliomyelitis virus. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 69:248-267.
22. Bodian D. 1941b. Te rate of progression of poliomyelitis virus in nerves. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 69:79-85.
23. Bottini M, Bruckner S, Nika K, Bottini N, Bellucci S, Magrini A, Bergamaschi A, Mustelin T. 2006. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce T lymphocyte apoptosis. Toxicol Lett 160:121-126.
24. Brain JD, Knudson DE, Sorokin SP, Davis MA. 1976. Pulmonary distribution of particles given by intratracheal instillation or by aerosol inhalation. Environ Res 11:13-33.
25. Brook JR, Dann TF. 1997. Te relationship among TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and inorganic constituents of atmospheric particulate matter at multiple Canadian locations. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 47:2-19.
26. Brouwer DH, Gijsbers JH, Lurvink MW. 2004. Personal exposure to ultrafne particles in the workplace: Exploring sampling techniques and strategies. Ann Occup Hyg 48:439-453.
27. Brown JS, Zeman KL, Bennett WD. 2002. Ultrafne particle deposition and clearance in the healthy and obstructed lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:1240-1247.
28. Card JW, Zeldin DC, Bonner JC, Nestmann ER. 2008. Pulmonary applications and toxicity of engineered nanoparticles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295:L400-L411.
29. Carter JD, Qu YRP, Hoang L, Masiel DJ, Guo T. 2005. Silicon-based nanowires from silicon wafers catalyzed by cobalt nanoparticles in hydrogen environment. Chem Commun 17:2274-2276.
30. Chalupa DC, Morrow PE, Oberdorster G, Utell MJ, Frampton MW. 2004. Ultrafne particle deposition in subjects with asthma. Environ Health Perspect 112:879-882.
31. Chan CC, Chuang KJ, Shiao GM, Lin LY. 2004. Personal exposure to submicrometer particles and heart rate variability in human subjects. Environ Health Perspect 112:1063-1067.
32. Chao CC, Aust AE. 1994. Efect of long-term removal of iron from asbestos by desferrioxamine B on subsequent mobilization by other chelators and induction of DNA single-strand breaks. Arch Biochem Biophys 308:64-69.
33. Chen YF, Ji TH, Rosenzweig Z. 2003. Synthesis of glyconanospheres containing luminescent CdSe-ZnS quantum dots. Nano Lett 3:581-584.
34. Chen X, Lee GS, Zettl A, Bertozzi CR. 2004. Biomimetic engineering of carbon nanotubes by using cell surface mucin mimics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 43:6111-6116.
35. Cherukuri P, Gannon CJ, Leeuw TK, Schmidt HK, Smalley RE, Curley SA, Weisman RB. 2006. Mammalian pharmacokinetics of carbon nanotubes using intrinsic near-infrared fuorescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:18882-18886.
36. Churg A, Brauer M. 1997. Human lung parenchyma retains PM2.5. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:2109-2111.
37. Churg A, Brauer M, del Carmen Avila-Casado M, Fortoul TI, Wright JL. 2003. Chronic exposure to high levels of particulate air pollution and small airway remodeling. Environ Health Perspect 111:714-718.
38. Churg A, Brauer M, Vedal S, Stevens B. 1999. Ambient mineral particles in small airways of the normal human lung. J Environ Med 1:39-45.
39. Churg A, Wright JL. 2003. Bronchiolitis caused by occupational and ambient atmospheric particles. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 24:577-584.
40. Colton HM, Falls JG, Ni H, Kwanyuen P, Creech D, McNeil E, Casey WM, Hamilton G, Cariello NF. 2004. Visualization and quantitation of peroxisomes using fuorescent nanocrystals: Treatment of rats and monkeys with fbrates and detection in the liver. Toxicol Sci 80:183-192.
41. Cui D. 2005. Efect of single wall carbon nanotubes on human HEK293 cells. Toxicol Lett 155:73-85.
42. Cullen RT, Tran CL, Buchanan D, Davis JM, Searl A, Jones AD, Donaldson K. 2000. Inhalation of poorly soluble particles. I. Diferences in infammatory response and clearance during exposure. Inhal Toxicol 12:1089-1111.
43. Dai J, Churg A. 2001. Relationship of fber surface iron and active oxygen species to expression of procollagen, PDGF-A, and TGF-beta(1) in tracheal explants exposed to amosite asbestos. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 24:427-435.
44. Dai J, Xie C, Churg A. 2002. Iron loading makes a nonfbrogenic model air pollutant particle fbrogenic in rat tracheal explants. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26:685-693.
45. Dai J, Xie C, Vincent R, Churg A. 2003. Air pollution particles produce airway wall remodeling in rat tracheal explants. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 29(3 Pt 1):352-358. (Pubitemid 37093993)
46. Daigle CC, Chalupa DC, Gibb FR, Morrow PE, Oberdorster G, Utell MJ, Frampton MW. 2003. Ultrafne particle deposition in humans during rest and exercise. Inhal Toxicol 15:539-552.
47. de Hartog JJ, Hoek G, Peters A, Timonen KL, Ibald-Mulli A, Brunekreef B, Heinrich J, Tiittanen P, van Wijnen JH, Kreyling W, Kulmala M, Pekkanen J. 2003. Efects of fne and ultrafne particles on cardiorespiratory symptoms in elderly subjects with coronary heart disease: Te ULTRA study. Am J Epidemiol 157:613-623.
48. De Villiers MM, Lvov Y. 2007. Nanoshells for drug delivery. In: Kumar C, ed. Nanomaterials for Medical Diagnosis and Terapy. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag. pp 349-423.
49. Delehanty JB, Mattoussi H, Medintz IL. 2009. Delivering quantum dots into cells: Strategies, progress and remaining issues. Anal Bioanal Chem 393:1091-1105.
50. Delfno RJ, Sioutas C, Malik S. 2005. Potential role of ultrafne particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health. Environ Health Perspect 113:934-946.
51. DeLorenzo AJD. 1970. Te old factory neuron and the blood-brain barrier. In: Wolstenholme G, Knight J, eds. Taste and Smell in Vertebrates. London: Churchill. pp 151-176.
52. Derfus AM, Chan WCW, Bhatia SN. 2004. Probing the cytoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett 4:11-18.
53. Ding L, Stilwell J, Zhang T, Elboudwarej O, Jiang H, Selegue JP, Cooke PA, Gray JW, Chen FF. 2005. Molecular characterization of the cytotoxic mechanism of multiwall carbon nanotubes and nano-onions on human skin fbroblast. Nano Lett 5:2448-2464.
54. Dockery DW. 2001. Epidemiologic evidence of cardiovascular efects of particulate air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 109(Suppl 4):483-486.
55. Donaldson J. 1987. Te physiopathologic signifcance of manganese in brain: Its relation to schizophrenia and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurotoxicology 8:451-462.
56. Donaldson K, Aitken R, Tran L, Stone V, Dufn R, Forrest G, Alexander A. 2006. Carbon nanotubes: A review of their properties in relation to pulmonary toxicology and workplace safety. Toxicol Sci 92:5-22.
57. Donaldson K, Li XY, MacNee W. 1998. Ultrafne (nanometre) particle mediated lung injury. J Aerosol Sci 29:553-560.
58. Donaldson K, Stone V, Clouter A, Renwick L, MacNee W. 2001. Ultrafne particles. Occup Environ Med 58:211-216.
59. Donaldson K, Stone V, Seaton A, Tran L, Aitken R, Poland C. 2008. Re: Induction of mesothelioma in p53+/-mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-wall carbon nanotube. J Toxicol Sci 33:385; author reply 386-388.
60. Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G. 2001. Carbon nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications. New York, NY: Phaedon Avouris and LINK, Springer.
61. Drexler KE. 1992. Nanosystems: Molecular, Machinery, Manufacturing, and Composition. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience Publication.
62. Driscoll KE, Costa D, Hatch G, Henderson R, Oberdorster G, Salem H, Schlesinger RB. 2000. Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity: Uses and limitations. Toxicol Sci 55:24-35.
63. Dubertret B, Skourides P, Norris DJ, Noireaux V, Brivanlou AH, Libchaber A. 2002. In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles. Science 298:1759-1762.
64. Dufn R, Tran L, Brown D, Stone V, Donaldson K. 2007. Proinfammogenic efects of low-toxicity and metal nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro: Highlighting the role of particle surface area and surface reactivity. Inhal Toxicol 19:849-856.
65. Dumortier H, Lacotte S, Pastorin G, Marega R, Wu W, Bonifazi D, Briand JP, Prato M, Muller S, Bianco A. 2006. Functionalized carbon nanotubes are non-cytotoxic and preserve the functionality of primary immune cells. Nano Lett 6:1522-1528.
66. Ekimov AI, Onushchenko AA. 1982. Quantum size efect in the optical spectra of semiconductor microcrystals. Sov Phys Semicond 16:775-777.
67. Elder A, Gelein R, Silva V, Feikert T, Opanashuk L, Carter J, Potter R, Maynard A, Ito Y, Finkelstein J, Oberdorster G. 2006. Translocation of inhaled ultrafne manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system. Environ Health Perspect 114:1172-1178.
68. Elder A, Oberdorster G. 2006. Translocation and efects of ultrafne particles outside of the lung. Clin Occup Environ Med 5:785-796.
69. Fechter LD, Johnson DL, Lynch RA. 2002. Te relationship of particle size to olfactory nerve uptake of a non-soluble form of manganese into brain. Neurotoxicology 23:177-183.
70. Ferin J. 1991. Pulmonary tissue access of ultrafne particles. J Aerosol Med 4:57-68.
71. Ferin J, Oberdorster G. 1992. Translocation of particles from the pulmonary alveoli into the interstitium. J Aerosol Med 5:179-187.
72. Ferin J, Oberdorster G, Penney DP. 1992. Pulmonary retention of ultrafne and fne particles in rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 6:535-542.
73. Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN. 2000. Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Teory, Experiments, and Applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp 527-556.
74. Foldvari M, Bagonluri M. 2008a. Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: I. Pharmaceutical properties. Nanomedicine 4:173-182.
75. Foldvari M, Bagonluri M. 2008b. Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: II. Drug delivery and biocompatibility issues. Nanomedicine 4:183-200.
76. Fortina, P., L. J. Kricka, S. Surrey, and P. Grodzinski. 2005. Nanobiotechnology: the promise and reality of new approaches to molecular recognition. Trends Biotechnol 23 (4):168-173.
77. Frampton MW, Stewart JC, Oberdorster G, Morrow PE, Chalupa D, Pietropaoli AP, Frasier LM, Speers DM, Cox C, Huang LS, Utell MJ. 2006. Inhalation of ultrafine particles alters blood leukocyte expression of adhesion molecules in humans. Environ Health Perspect 114:51-58.
78. Frampton MW, Utell MJ, Zareba W, Oberdorster G, Cox C, Huang LS, Morrow PE, Lee FE, Chalupa D, Frasier LM, Speers DM, Stewart J. 2004. Efects of exposure to ultrafne carbon particles in healthy subjects and subjects with asthma. Boston, MA, Health Efects Institute Research Report 126. pp 1-47.
79. Gao, M., S. Huang, L. Dai, G. Wallace, R. Gao, and Z. Wang. 2000. Aligned coaxial nanowires of carbon nanotubes sheathed with conducting polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 39 (20):3664-3667.
80. Gao X, Cui Y, Levenson RM, Chung LW, Nie S. 2004. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 22:969-976.
81. Gardi C, Calzoni P, Ferrali M, Comporti M. 1997. Iron mobilization from crocidolite as enhancer of collagen content in rat lung fbroblasts. Biochem Pharmacol 53:1659-1665.
82. Geiser M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Kapp N, Schurch S, Kreyling W, Schulz H, Semmler M, Im Hof V, Heyder J, Gehr P. 2005. Ultrafne particles cross cellular membranes by nonphagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells. Environ Health Perspect 113:1555-1560.
83. Geldenhuys WJ, Lockman PR, McAfee JH, Fitzpatrick KT, Van der Schyf CJ, Allen DD. 2004. Molecular modeling studies on the active binding site of the blood-brain barrier choline transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 14:3085-3092.
84. Ghio AJ, Zhang J, Piantadosi CA. 1992. Generation of hydroxyl radical by crocidolite asbestos is proportional to surface [Fe3+]. Arch Biochem Biophys 298:646-650.
85. Gilmour P. 1997. Surface free radical activity of PM10 and ultrafne titamium dioxide: A unifying factor in their toxicity? Ann Occup Hyg 41:32-38.
86. Gold J, Amandusson H, Krozer A, Kasemo B, Ericsson T, Zanetti G, Fubini B. 1997. Chemical characterization and reactivity of iron chelator-treated amphibole asbestos. Environ Health Perspect 105(Suppl 5):1021-1030.
87. Goldman ER, Balighian ED, Mattoussi H, Kuno MK, Mauro JM, Tran PT, Anderson GP. 2002. Avidin: A natural bridge for quantum dot-antibody conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 124:6378-6382.
88. Green GM. 1973. Alveolobronchiolar transport mechanisms. Arch Intern Med 131:109-114.
89. Han SG, Andrews R, Gairola CG, Bhalla DK. 2008. Acute pulmonary efects of combined exposure to carbon nanotubes and ozone in mice. Inhal Toxicol 20:391-398.
90. Han SK, Kim RS, Lee JH, Tae G, Cho SH, Yuk SH. 2007. Core-shell nanoparticles for drug delivery and molecular imaging. In: Kumar C, ed. Nanomaterials for Medical Diagnosis and Terapy. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag. pp 143-188.
91. Hanaki K, Momo A, Oku T, Komoto A, Maenosono S, Yamaguchi Y, Yamamoto K. 2003. Semiconductor quantum dot/albumin complex is a long-life and highly photostable endosome marker. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 302:496-501.
92. Hardman R. 2006. A toxicologic review of quantum dots: Toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ Health Perspect 114:165-172.
93. Hawxhurst D. 2007. Project on emerging nanotechnologies: A nanotechnology consumer products inventory. Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. http://www.nanotechproject. org/44.
94. Hebert P. 2006. Nanotech venture capital to exceed $650 million in 2006: Lux Research, Inc. New York, NY. December 4, 2006. http://www. luxresearchinc.com/press/RELEASE-VCreport.pdf.
95. Henderson RF, Driscoll KE, Harkema JR, Lindenschmidt RC, Chang IY, Maples KR, Barr EB. 1995. A comparison of the infammatory response of the lung to inhaled versus instilled particles in F344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 24:183-197.
96. Henriksson J, Tallkvist J, Tjalve H. 1999. Transport of manganese via the olfactory pathway in rats: Dosage dependency of the uptake and subcellular distribution of the metal in the olfactory epithelium and the brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 156:119-128.
97. Hext PM. 1994. Current perspectives on particulate induced pulmonary tumours. Hum Exp Toxicol 13:700-715.
98. Hext PM, Tomenson JA, Tompson P. 2005. Titanium dioxide: Inhalation toxicology and epidemiology. Ann Occup Hyg 49:461-472.
99. Hopkins L, Pinkerton KE. 2007. Nose-to-brain translocation of inhaled nanoparticles. Toxicologist 96:234.
100. Hoshino A. 2004. Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modifcation. Nano Lett 4:2163-2169.
101. Hu H, Haddon RC, Ni Y, Montana V, Parpura V. 2004. Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes as substrates for neuronal growth. Nano Lett 4:507-511.
102. Hu JT, Odom TW, Lieber CM. 1999. Chemistry and physics in one dimension: Synthesis and properties of nanowires and nanotubes. Acc Chem Res 32:435-445.
103. Huang Y. 2004. Integrated nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics: Exploring nanoscale science and technology through semiconductor nanowires. Pure Appl Chem 76:2051-2068.
104. Huang, Z. 2003. Longitudinal patent analysis for nanoscale science and engineering: Country, institution and technology feld. J Nanoparticle Res 5:333-363.
105. Huczko A, Lange H. 2001. Carbon nanotubes: Experimental evidence for a null risk of skin irritation and allergy. Fullerene Sci Tech 9:247-250.
106. Huczko A, Lange H, Calko E. 1999. Fullerenes: Experimental evidence for a null risk of skin irritation and allergy. Fullerene Sci Tech 7:935-939.
107. Huczko A, Lange H, Calko E, Grubek-Jaworska H, Droszcz P. 2001. Physiological testing of carbon nanotubes: Are they asbestos-like? Fullerene Sci Tech 9:251-254.
108. Hunter DD, Dey RD. 1998. Identifcation and neuropeptide content of trigeminal neurons innervating the rat nasal epithelium. Neuroscience 83:591-599.
109. Hunter DD, Undem BJ. 1999. Identifcation and Substance P content of vagal aferent neurons innervating the epithelium of the guinea pig trachea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:1943-1948.
110. Ibald-Mulli A, Timonen KL, Peters A, Heinrich J, Wolke G, Lanki T, Buzorius G, Kreyling WG, de Hartog J, Hoek G, ten Brink HM, Pekkanen J. 2004. Efects of particulate air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate in subjects with cardiovascular disease: A multicenter approach. Environ Health Perspect 112:369-377.
111. Ichihara G, Castranova V, Tanioka A, Miyazawa K. 2008. Re: Induction of mesothelioma in p53+/-mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-wall carbon nanotube. J Toxicol Sci 33:381-382; author reply 382-384.
112. Idee JM, Port M, Raynal I, Schaefer M, Bonnemain B, Prigent P, Robert P, Robic C, Corot C. 2007. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles of iron oxides for magnetic resonance imaging applications. In: Kumar, ed. Nanomaterials for Medical Diagnosis and Terapy. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag. pp 51-84
113. ILSI. 2000. Te relevance of the rat lung response to particle overload for human risk assessment: A workshop consensus report. ILSI Risk Science Institute Workshop Participants. Inhal Toxicol 12:1-17.
114. Inoue K, Takano H, Yanagisawa R, Sakurai M, Ichinose T, Sadakane K, Yoshikawa T. 2005. Efects of nano particles on antigen-related airway infammation in mice. Respir Res 6:106-118.
115. International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1994. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. A report of a Task Group of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Ann ICRP 24:1-482.
116. Jia G, Wang H, Yan L, Wang X, Pei R, Yan T, Zhao Y, Guo X. 2005. Cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials: Single-wall nanotube, multi-wall nanotube, and fullerene. Environ Sci Technol 39:1378-1383.
117. Juzenas P, Chen W, Sun Y P, Coelho MA, Generalov R, Generalova N, Christensen IL. 2008. Quantum dots and nanoparticles for photodynamic and radiation therapies of cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60:1600-1614.
118. Katz, E., and I. Willner. 2004. Biomolecule-functionalized carbon nanotubes: applications in nanobioelectronics. Chemphyschem 5 (8):1084-1104.
119. Kato T, Yashiro T, Murata Y, Herbert DC, Oshikawa K, Bando M, Ohno S, Sugiyama Y. 2003. Evidence that exogenous substances can be phagocytized by alveolar epithelial cells and transported into blood capillaries. Cell Tissue Res 311:47-51.
120. Kesisoglou F, Panmai S, Wu Y. 2007. Nanosizing--oral formulation development and biopharmaceutical evaluation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:631-644.
121. Kettunen J, Lanki T, Tiittanen P, Aalto PP, Koskentalo T, Kulmala M, Salomaa V, Pekkanen J. 2007. Associations of fne and ultrafne particulate air pollution with stroke mortality in an area of low air pollution levels. Stroke 38:918-922.
122. Kooter I, Pennings J, Opperhuizen A, Cassee F. 2005. Gene expression pattern in spontaneously hypertensive rats exposed to urban particulate matter (EHC-93). Inhal Toxicol 17:53-65.
123. Kreuter J. 2001. Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 47:65-81.
124. Kreyling WG, Semmler M, Erbe F, Mayer P, Takenaka S, Schulz H, Oberdorster G, Ziesenis A. 2002. Translocation of ultrafne insoluble iridium particles from lung epithelium to extrapulmonary organs is size dependent but very low. J Toxicol Environ Health A 65:1513-1530.
125. Kreyling WG, Semmler M, Moller W. 2004. Dosimetry and toxicology of ultrafne particles. J Aerosol Med 17:140-152.
126. Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Moller W. 2006. Ultrafne particle-lung interactions: Does size matter? J Aerosol Med 19:74-83.
127. Ku BK, Maynard AD. 2005. Comparing aerosol surface-area measurements of monodisperse ultrafne silver agglomerates by mobility analysis, transmission electron microscopy and difusion charging. J Aerosol Sci 36:1108-1124.
128. Ku BK, Maynard AD. 2006. Generation and investigation of airborne silver nanoparticles with specifc size and morphology by homogeneous nucleation, coagulation and sintering. J Aerosol Sci 37:452-470.
129. Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R, Arepalli S, Hunter RL. 2006. A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks. Crit Rev Toxicol 36:189-217.
130. Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R, Hunter RL. 2004. Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation. Toxicol Sci 77:126-134.
131. Leong BK, Coombs JK, Sabaitis CP, Rop DA, Aaron CS. 1998. Quantitative morphometric analysis of pulmonary deposition of aerosol particles inhaled via intratracheal nebulization, intratracheal instillation or nose-only inhalation in rats. J Appl Toxicol 18:149-160.
132. Li JG, Li WX, Xu JY, Cai XQ, Liu RL, Li YJ, Zhao QF, Li QN. 2007a. Comparative study of pathological lesions induced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes in lungs of mice by intratracheal instillation and inhalation. Environ Toxicol 22:415-421.
133. Li Z, Hulderman T, Salmen R, Chapman R, Leonard SS, Young SH, Shvedova S, Luster MI, Simeonova PP. 2007b. Cardiovascular efects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes. Environ Health Perspect 115:377-382.
134. Li ZJ. 2005. Pulmonary exposure to carbon nanotubes induces vascular toxicity. Toxicologist 84:213.
135. Li ZJ. 2006. Relationship between pulmonary exposure to multiple doses of single wall carbon nanotubes and atherosclerosis in ApoE-/-mouse model. Toxicologist 90:318.
136. Lidke DS, Nagy P, Heintzmann R, Arndt-Jovin DJ, Post JN, Grecco HE, Jares-Erijman EA, Jovin TM. 2004. Quantum dot ligands provide new insights into erbB/HER receptor-mediated signal transduction. Nat Biotechnol 22:198-203.
137. Lieber C. 2003. Nanoscale science and technology: Building a big future from small things. MRS Bull 28:486-491.
138. Limbach LK, Li Y, Grass RN, Brunner TJ, Hintermann MA, Muller M, Gunther D, Stark WJ. 2005. Oxide nanoparticle uptake in human lung fbroblasts: Efects of particle size, agglomeration, and difusion at low concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 39:9370-9376.
139. Lingerfelt BM, Mattoussi H, Goldman ER, Mauro JM, Anderson GP. 2003. Preparation of quantum dot-biotin conjugates and their use in immunochromatography assays. Anal Chem 75:4043-4048.
140. Lison D, Tomassen LC, Rabolli V, Gonzalez L, Napierska D, Seo JW, Kirsch-Volders M, Hoet P, Kirschhock CE, Martens JA. 2008. Nominal and efective dosimetry of silica nanoparticles in cytotoxicity assays. Toxicol Sci 104:155-162.
141. Lockman PR, Koziara JM, Mumper RJ, Allen DD. 2004a. Nanoparticle surface charges alter blood-brain barrier integrity and permeability. J Drug Target 12:635-641.
142. Lockman PR, McAfee JH, Geldenhuys WJ, Allen DD. 2004b. Cation transport specifcity at the blood-brain barrier. Neurochem Res 29:2245-2250.
143. Lovat V, Pantarotto D, Lagostena L, Cacciari B, Grandolfo M, Righi M, Spalluto G, Prato M, Ballerini L. 2005. Carbon nanotube substrates boost neuronal electrical signaling. Nano Lett 5:1107-1110.
144. Lux Research, Inc. 2006. Te Nanotech Report. New York, NY: Lux Research, Inc.
145. Magrez A, Kasas S, Salicio V, Pasquier N, Seo JW, Celio M, Catsicas S, Schwaller B, Forro L. 2006. Cellular toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials. Nano Lett 6:1121-1125.
146. Mahtab R, Rogers JP, Murphy CJ. 1995. Protein-sized quantum-dot luminescence can distinguish between straight, bent, and kinked oligonucleotides. J Am Chem Soc 117:9099-9100.
147. Manna SK, Sarkar S, Barr J, Wise K, Barrera EV, Jejelowo O, Rice-Ficht AC, Ramesh GT. 2005. Single-walled carbon nanotube induces oxidative stress and activates nuclear transcription factor-kappaB in human keratinocytes. Nano Lett 5:1676-1684.
148. Mattson MP, Haddon RC, Rao AM. 2000. Molecular functionalization of carbon nanotubes and use as substrates for neuronal growth. J Mol Neurosci 14:175-182.
149. Maynard AD, Baron PA, Foley M, Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Castranova V. 2004. Exposure to carbon nanotube material: Aerosol release during the handling of unrefned single-walled carbon nanotube material. J Toxicol Environ Health A 67:87-107.
150. Maynard AD, Kuempel ED. 2005. Airborne nanostructured particles and occupational health. J Nanopart Res 7:587-614.
151. Mercer RR, Scabilloni J, Wang L, Kisin E, Murray AR, Schwegler-Berry D, Shvedova AA, Castranova V. 2008. Alteration of deposition pattern and pulmonary response as a result of improved dispersion of aspirated single-walled carbon nanotubes in a mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 294:L87-L97.
152. Michalet X, Pinaud FF, Bentolila LA, Tsay JM, Doose S, Li JJ, Sundaresan G, Wu AM, Gambhir SS, Weiss S. 2005. Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 307:538-544.
153. Mills NL. 2005. Do inhaled carbon nanoparticles translocate directly into the circulation in humans? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:426-431.
154. Mills NL, Tornqvist H, Gonzalez MC, Vink E, Robinson SD, Soderberg S, Boon NA, Donaldson K, Sandstrom T, Blomberg A, Newby DE. 2007. Ischemic and thrombotic efects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in men with coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 357:1075-1082.
155. Mills NL, Tornqvist H, Robinson SD, Gonzalez M, Darnley K, MacNee W, Boon NA, Donaldson K, Blomberg A, Sandstrom T, Newby DE. 2005. Diesel exhaust inhalation causes vascular dysfunction and impaired endogenous fbrinolysis. Circulation 112 (25):3930-3936.
156. Mitchell LA, Gao J, Wal RV, Gigliotti A, Burchiel SW, McDonald JD. 2007. Pulmonary and systemic immune response to inhaled multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Sci 100:203-214.
157. Moller W, Seitz J, Sommerer K, Heyder J, Kreyling WG. 2003. Deposition and clearance of radiolabelled ultrafne carbon particles in the human airways after bolus inhalation. J Aerosol Med 16:201.
158. Monteiller C, Tran L, MacNee W, Faux S, Jones A, Miller B, Donaldson K. 2007. Te pro-infammatory efects of low-toxicity low-solubility particles, nanoparticles and fne particles, on epithelial cells in vitro: Te role of surface area. Occup Environ Med 64:609-615.
159. Monteiro-Riviere NA, Nemanich RJ, Inman AO, Wang YY, Riviere JE. 2005. Multi-walled carbon nanotube interactions with human epidermal keratinocytes. Toxicol Lett 155:377-384.
160. Mor G, Shankar K, Paulose M, Varghese O, Grimes C. 2006. Use of highly-ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett 6:215-218. (Pubitemid 43382954)
161. Muller J, Delos M, Panin N, Rabolli V, Huaux F, Lison D. 2009. Absence of carcinogenic response to multi-wall carbon nanotubes in a 2-year bioassay in the peritoneal cavity of the rat. Toxicol Sci. 110:442-448.
162. Muller J, Huaux F, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Moreau N, Delos M, Raymundo-Pinero E, Beguin F, Kirsch-Volders M, Fenoglio I, Fubini B, Lison D. 2008. Structural defects play a major role in the acute lung toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes: Toxicological aspects. Chem Res Toxicol 21:1698-1705.
163. Muller J, Huaux F, Moreau N, Misson P, Heilier JF, Delos M, Arras M, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Lison D. 2005. Respiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207:221-231.
164. Murdock RC, Braydich-Stolle L, Schrand AM, Schlager JJ, Hussain SM. 2008. Characterization of nanomaterial dispersion in solution prior to in vitro exposure using dynamic light scattering technique. Toxicol Sci 101:239-253.
165. Navrotsky A. 2001. Termochemistry of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles Environ 44:73-103.
166. Nemmar A. 2002. Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation 105:411-414
167. NIOSH. 2005. Current intelligence bulletin: Evaluation of health hazard and recommendations for occupational exposure to titanium dioxide (draft). Atlanta, GA: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Department of Human and Health Services
168. NNI 2007. Funding opportunities: National Nanotechnology Initiative, Washington DC http://www.nano.gov/html/funding/home-funding. html.
169. Nordenhall C, Pourazar J, Blomberg A, Levin JO, Sandstrom T, Adelroth E. 2000. Airway infammation following exposure to diesel exhaust: A study of time kinetics using induced sputum. Eur Respir J 15:1046-1051.
170. Oberdorster G. 1996. Signifcance of particle parameters in the evaluation of exposure-dose-response relationships of inhaled particles. Inhal Toxicol 8(Suppl):73-89.
171. Oberdorster G, Ferin J, Gelein R, Soderholm SC, Finkelstein J. 1992. Role of the alveolar macrophage in lung injury: Studies with ultrafne particles. Environ Health Perspect 97:193-199.
172. Oberdorster G, Ferin J, Lehnert BE. 1994. Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 5):173-179.
173. Oberdorster G, Gelein RM, Ferin J, Weiss B. 1995. Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: Involvement of ultrafne
174. Oberdorster G, Oberdorster E, Oberdorster J. 2005. Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafne particles. Environ Health Perspect 113:823-839.
175. Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Kreyling W, Cox C. 2004. Translocation of inhaled ultrafne particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol 16:437-445.
176. Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Lunts A, Kreyling W, Cox C. 2002. Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafne carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 65:1531-1543.
177. Oberdorster G, Utell MJ. 2002. Ultrafne particles in the urban air: To the respiratory tract-and beyond? Environ Health Perspect 110:A440-A441
178. OECD. 2008. List of manufactured nanomaterials and list of endpoints for phase one of the OECD testing programme. Paris, France: Environment Directorate Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ENV/JM/MONO(2008)13.
179. Osaki F, Kanamori T, Sando S, Sera T, Aoyama Y. 2004. A quantum dot conjugated sugar ball and its cellular uptake on the size efects of endocytosis in the subviral region. J Am Chem Soc 126:6520-6521.
180. Osier M, Baggs RB, Oberdorster G. 1997. Intratracheal instillation versus intratracheal inhalation: Infuence of cytokines on infammatory response. Environ Health Perspect 105(Suppl 5):1265-1271.
181. Osier M, Oberdorster G. 1997. Intratracheal inhalation vs intratracheal instillation: Diferences in particle efects. Fundam Appl Toxicol 40:220-227.
182. Park EJ, Brasuel M, Behrend C, Philbert MA, Kopelman R. 2003a. Ratiometric optical PEBBLE nanosensors for real-time magnesium ion concentrations inside viable cells. Anal Chem 75 (15):3784-3791.
183. Park KH, Chhowalla M, Iqbal Z, Sesti F. 2003b. Single-walled carbon nanotubes are a new class of ion channel blockers. J Biol Chem 278:50212-50216.
184. Patolsky F. 2005. Nanowire nanosensors. Materials Today 8:20-28.
185. Patolsky F, Zheng G, Lieber CM. 2006. Nanowire sensors for medicine and the life sciences. Nanomedicine 1:51-65.
186. Pekkanen J, Peters A, Hoek G, Tittanen P, Brunekreef B, de Hartog J, Heinrich J, Ibald-Mulli A, Kreyling WG, Lanki T, Timonen KL, Vanninen E. 2002. Particulate air pollution and risk of ST-segment depression during repeated submaximal exercise tests among subjects with coronary heart disease: Te exposure and risk assessment for fne and ultrafne particles in ambien air. Circulation 106:933-938.
187. Pellegrino T, Manna L, Kudera S, Liedl T, Koktysh D, Rogach AL, Keller S, Radler J, Natile G, Parak WJ. 2004. Hydrophobic nanocrystals coated with amphiphilic polymer shell: A general route to water soluble nanocrystals. Nano Lett 4:703-707.
188. Persson E, Henriksson J, Tallkvist J, Rouleau C, Tjalve H. 2003. Transport and subcellular distribution of intranasally administered zinc in the olfactory system of rats and pikes. Toxicology 191:97-108.
189. Peters A, Veronesi B, Calderon-Garciduenas L, Gehr P, Chen LC, Geiser M, Reed W, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schurch S, Schulz H. 2006. Translocation and potential neurological efects of fne and ultrafne particles a critical update. Part Fibre Toxicol 3:1-13.
190. Pietropaoli AP, Frampton MW, Hyde RW, Morrow PE, Oberdorster G, Cox C, Speers DM, Frasier LM, Chalupa DC, Huang LS, Utell MJ. 2004. Pulmonary function, difusing capacity, and infammation in healthy and asthmatic subjects exposed to ultrafne particles. Inhal Toxicol 16(Suppl 1):59-72.
191. Pinkerton KE, Green FH, Saiki C, Vallyathan V, Plopper CG, Gopal V, Hung D, Bahne EB, Lin SS, Menache MG, Schenker MB. 2000. Distribution of particulate matter and tissue remodeling in the human lung. Environ Health Perspect 108:1063-1069.
192. Poland CA, Dufn R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace WA, Seaton A, Stone V, Brown S, Macnee W, Donaldson K. 2008. Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nat Nanotechnol 3:423-428
193. Pope CA 3rd. 2000. Epidemiology of fne particulate air pollution and human health: Biologic mechanisms and who's at risk? Environ Health Perspect 108(Suppl 4):713-723.
194. Powers KW. 2006. Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials part VI. Characterization of nanoscale particles for toxicological evaluation. Toxicol Sci 90:296-303.
195. Qu Y, Porter R, Shan F, Carter J, Guo T. 2006. Synthesis of tubular gold and silver nanoshells using silica nanowire core templates. Langmuir 22:6367-6374.
196. Rao GV, Tinkle S, Weissman DN, Antonini JM, Kashon ML, Salmen R, Battelli LA, Willard PA, Hoover MD, Hubbs AF. 2003. Efcacy of a technique for exposing the mouse lung to particles aspirated from the pharynx. J Toxicol Environ Health A 66:1441-1452.
197. Renwick LC, Donaldson K, Clouter A. 2001. Impairment of alveolar macrophage phagocytosis by ultrafne particles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 172:119-127.
198. Rieger J, Jerome C, Jerome R, Auzely-Velty R. 2007. Polymeric nanomaterials- Synthesis, functionalization and applications in diagnosis and therapy. In: Kumar C, ed. Nanomaterials for Medical Diagnosis and Terapy. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag. pp 342-408.
199. Rimai DS, Quesnel DJ, Busnaina AA. 2000. Te adhesion of dry particles in the nanometer to micrometer-size range. Coll Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 165:3-10.
200. Rinderknecht A, Elder A, Prud'homme R, Gindy M, Oberdörster G. 2007. Are poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized nanoparticles biocompatible? Toxicologist 96:232.
201. Roth C. 1994. Clearance measurements with radioactively labelled ultrafne particles. Ann Occup Hyg 38:101-106.
202. Roth C. 1997. Deposition and clearance of fne particles in the human respiratory tract. Ann Occup Hyg 40:503-508.
203. Roth C, Scheuch G, Stahlhofen W. 1993. Clearance of the human lungs for ultrafne partcles. J Aerosol Sci 24:S95-S96.
204. Ruckerl R, Phipps RP, Schneider A, Frampton M, Cyrys J, Oberdorster G, Wichmann HE, Peters A. 2007. Ultrafne particles and platelet activation in patients with coronary heart disease-Results from a prospective panel study. Partice Fibre Toxicol 4:1-14.
205. Rudell B, Sandström T, Stjernberg N, Kolmodin-Hedman B. 1990. Controlled diesel exhaust exposure in an exposure chamber: Pulmonary efects investigated with bronchoalveolar lavage. J Aerosol Sci 21 (Suppl 1):S41-S414.
206. Rudell B, Ledin MC, Hammarstrom U, Stjernberg N, Lundback B, Sandstrom T. 1996. Efects on symptoms and lung function in humans experimentally exposed to diesel exhaust. Occup Environ Med 53:658-662.
207. Rudell B, Sandstrom T, Hammarstrom U, Ledin ML, Horstedt P, Stjernberg N. 1994. Evaluation of an exposure setup for studying efects of diesel exhaust in humans. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 66:77-83.
208. Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA. 2006. Penetration of intact skin by quantum dots with diverse physicochemical properties. Toxicol Sci 91:159-165.
209. Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Tewksbury EW, Moss OR, Cesta MF, Wong BA, Bonner JC. 2008. Inhaled multi-walled carbon nanotubes potentiate airway fbrosis in murine allergic asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 40:348-358.
210. Samet JM, Dominici F, Curriero FC, Coursac I, Zeger SL. 2000. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987-1994. N Engl J Med 343:1742-1749.
211. Sayes CM, Fortner JD, Guo W, Lyon D, Boyd AM, Ausman KD, Tao YJ, Sitharaman B, Wilson LJ, Hughes JB, West JL, Colvin VL. 2004. Te diferential cytotoxicity of water-soluble fullerenes. Nano Lett 4:1881-1887.
212. Sayes CM, Marchione AA, Reed KL, Warheit DB. 2007. Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessments of C60 water suspensions in rats: Few diferences in fullerene toxicity in vivo in contrast to in vitro profles. Nano Lett 7:2399-2406.
213. Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, Warheit DB, Colvin VL. 2006. Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: A cytotoxicity and infammatory response study with human dermal fbroblasts and human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci 92:174-185.
214. Schipper ML, Nakayama-Ratchford N, Davis CR, Kam NW, Chu P, Liu Z, Sun X, Dai H, Gambhir SS. 2008. A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. Nat Nanotechnol 3:216-221.
215. Semmler M, Seitz J, Erbe F, Mayer P, Heyder J, Oberdorster G, Kreyling WG. 2004. Long-term clearance kinetics of inhaled ultrafne insoluble iridium particles from the rat lung, including transient translocation into secondary organs. Inhal Toxicol 16:453-459.
216. Semmler-Behnke M, Takenaka S, Fertsch S, Wenk A, Seitz J, Mayer P, Oberdorster G, Kreyling WG. 2007. Efcient elimination of inhaled nanoparticles from the alveolar region: Evidence for interstitial uptake and subsequent reentrainment onto airways epithelium. Environ Health Perspect 115:728-733.
217. Shvedova AA, Castranova V, Kisin ER, Schwegler-Berry D, Murray AR, Gandelsman VZ, Maynard A, Baron P. 2003. Exposure to carbon nanotube material: Assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A 66:1909-1926.
218. Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Mercer R, Murray AR, Johnson VJ, Potapovich AI, Tyurina YY, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Schwegler-Berry D, Hubbs AF, Antonini J, Evans DE, Ku BK, Ramsey D, Maynard A, Kagan VE, Castranova V, Baron P. 2005. Unusual infammatory and fbrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289:L698-L708.
219. Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Murray AR, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Castranova V, Young SH, Gao F, Tyurina YY, Oury TD, Kagan VE. 2007. Vitamin E defciency enhances pulmonary infammatory response and oxidative stress induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 221:339-348.
220. Shvedova AA, Kisin E, Murray AR, Johnson VJ, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Hubbs AF, Mercer RR, Keohavong P, Sussman N, Jin J, Yin J, Stone S, Chen BT, Deye G, Maynard A, Castranova V, Baron PA, Kagan VE. 2008. Inhalation vs. aspiration of single-walled carbon nanotubes in C57BL/6 mice: Infammation, fbrosis, oxidative stress, and mutagenesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295:L552-L565.
221. Singh R, Pantarotto D, Lacerda L, Pastorin G, Klumpp C, Prato M, Bianco A, Kostarelos K. 2006. Tissue biodistribution and blood clearance rates of intravenously administered carbon nanotube radiotracers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:3357-3362.
222. Sint T, Donohue JF, Ghio AJ. 2008. Ambient air pollution particles and the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inhal Toxicol 20:25-29.
223. Smalley R. 2001. Wires of wonder. Technol Rev 104:86-91.
224. Smith KR, Kim S, Recendez JJ, Teague S V, Menache MG, Grubbs DE, Sioutas C, Pinkerton KE. 2003. Airborne particles of the california central valley alter the lungs of healthy adult rats. Environ Health Perspect 111:902-908; discussion A408-A409.
225. Takagi A, Hirose A, Nishimura T, Fukumori N, Ogata A, Ohashi N, Kitajima S, Kanno J. 2008. Induction of mesothelioma in p53+/-mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-wall carbon nanotube. J Toxicol Sci 33:105-116.
226. Takenaka S, Karg E, Kreyling WG, Lentner B, Moller W, Behnke-Semmler M, Jennen L, Walch A, Michalke B, Schramel P, Heyder J, Schulz H. 2006. Distribution pattern of inhaled ultrafne gold particles in the rat lung. Inhal Toxicol 18:733-740.
227. Teeguarden JG, Hinderliter PM, Orr G, Trall BD, Pounds JG. 2007. Particokinetics in vitro: Dosimetry considerations for in vitro nanoparticle toxicity assessments. Toxicol Sci 95:300-312.
228. Tian F, Cui D, Schwarz H, Estrada GG, Kobayashi H. 2006. Cytotoxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes on human fbroblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 20:1202-1212.
229. Timonen KL, Vanninen E, de Hartog J, Ibald-Mulli A, Brunekreef B, Gold DR, Heinrich J, Hoek G, Lanki T, Peters A, Tarkiainen T, Tiittanen P, Kreyling W, Pekkanen J. 2006. Efects of ultrafne and fne particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiac autonomic control in subjects with coronary artery disease: Te ULTRA study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16:332-341.
230. Tjalve H, Henriksson J, Tallkvist J, Larsson BS, Lindquist NG. 1996. Uptake of manganese and cadmium from the nasal mucosa into the central nervous system via olfactory pathways in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 79:347-356.
231. Tjalve H, Mejare C, Borg-Neczak K. 1995. Uptake and transport of manganese in primary and secondary olfactory neurones in pike. Pharmacol Toxicol 77:23-31.
232. Tong H, McGee JK, Saxena RK, Kodavanti UP, Devlin RB, Gilmour MI. 2009. Infuence of acid functionalization on the cardiopulmonary toxicity of carbon nanotubes and carbon black particles in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.019.
233. Tornqvist H, Mills NL, Gonzalez M, Miller MR, Robinson SD, Megson IL, Macnee W, Donaldson K, Soderberg S, Newby DE, Sandstrom T, Blomberg A. 2007. Persistent endothelial dysfunction in humans after diesel exhaust inhalation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:395-400.
234. Tran CL, Buchanan D, Cullen RT, Searl A, Jones AD, Donaldson K. 2000. Inhalation of poorly soluble particles. II. Infuence of particle surface area on infammation and clearance. Inhal Toxicol 12:1113-1126.
235. Tsay JM, Michalet X. 2005. New light on quantum dot cytotoxicity. Chem Biol 12:1159-1161.
236. Usui Y, Aoki K, Narita N, Murakami N, Nakamura I, Nakamura K, Ishigaki N, Yamazaki H, Horiuchi H, Kato H, Taruta S, Kim YA, Endo M, Saito N. 2008. Carbon nanotubes with high bone-tissue compatibility and bone-formation acceleration efects. Small 4:240-246.
237. Veranth JM, Cutler NS, Kaser EG, Reilly CA, Yost GS. 2008. Efects of cell type and culture media on Interleukin-6 secretion in response to environmental particles. Toxicol In Vitro 22:498-509.
238. Warheit DB. 2008. How meaningful are the results of nanotoxicity studies in the absence of adequate material characterization? Toxicol Sci 101:183-185.
239. Warheit DB, Brock WJ, Lee KP, Webb TR, Reed KL. 2005. Comparative pulmonary toxicity inhalation and instillation studies with diferent TiO2 particle formulations: Impact of surface treatments on particle toxicity. Toxicol Sci 88:514-524.
240. Warheit DB, Laurence BR, Reed KL, Roach DH, Reynolds GA, Webb TR. 2004. Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats. Toxicol Sci 77:117-125.
241. Warheit DB, Webb TR, Reed KL. 2006a. Pulmonary toxicity screening studies in male rats with TiO2 particulates substantially encapsulated with pyrogenically deposited, amorphous silica. Part Fibre Toxicol 3:3-12.
242. Warheit DB, Webb TR, Reed KL, Frerichs S, Sayes CM. 2007. Pulmonary toxicity study in rats with three forms of ultrafne-TiO2 particles: Diferential responses related to surface properties. Toxicology 230:90-104.
243. Warheit DB, Webb TR, Sayes CM, Colvin VL, Reed KL. 2006b. Pulmonary instillation studies with nanoscale TiO2 rods and dots in rats: Toxicity is not dependent upon particle size and surface area. Toxicol Sci 91:227-236.
244. Weitzman SA, Chester JF, Gracefa P. 1988. Binding of deferoxamine to asbestos fbers in vitro and in vivo. Carcinogenesis 9:1643-1645.
245. Weitzman SA, Weitberg AB. 1985. Asbestos-catalysed lipid peroxidation and its inhibition by desferroxamine. Biochem J 225 (1):259-262.
246. West JL, Halas NJ. 2003. Engineered nanomaterials for biophotonics applications: Improving sensing, imaging, and therapeutics. Ann Rev Biomed Eng 5:285-292.
247. Whitby KT, Sverdrup GM. 1980. California aerosols: Teir physical and chemical characteristics. Adv Environ Sci Technol 8:477-525.
248. Wick P, Manser P, Limbach LK, Dettlaf-Weglikowska U, Krumeich F, Roth S, Stark WJ, Bruinink A. 2007. Te degree and kind of agglomeration afect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 168:121-131.
249. Wiebert P, Sanchez-Crespo A, Seitz J, Falk R, Philipson K, Kreyling WG, Moller W, Sommerer K, Larsson S, Svartengren M. 2006. Negligible clearance of ultrafne particles retained in healthy and afected human lungs. Eur Respir J 28:286-290.
250. Williams KA, Veenhuizen PTM, de la Torre BG, Eritja R, Dekker C. 2002. Nanotechnology-Carbon nanotubes with DNA recognition. Nature 420:761.
251. Wu X, Liu H, Liu J, Haley KN, Treadway JA, Larson JP, Ge N, Peale F, Bruchez MP. 2003. Immunofuorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 21:41-46.
252. Yamaguchi Y, Igarashi R. 2007. NANOEGG technology for drug delivery. In: Kumar C, ed. Nanomaterials for Medical Diagnosis and Terapy. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag. pp 310-341.
253. Yamamoto A, Honma R, Sumita M, Hanawa T. 2003. Cytotoxicity evaluation of ceramic particles of diferent sizes and shapes. J Biomed Mater Res A 68:244-256.
254. Zavaleta C, de la Zerda A, Liu Z, Keren S, Cheng Z, Schipper M, Chen X, Dai H, Gambhir SS. 2008. Noninvasive Raman spectroscopy in living mice for evaluation of tumor targeting with carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 8:2800-3285.
255. Zhang T, Stilwell JL, Gerion D, Ding L, Elboudwarej O, Cooke PA, Gray JW, Alivisatos AP, Chen FF. 2006. Cellular efect of high doses of silica-coated quantum dot profled with high throughput gene expression analysis and high content cellomics measurements. Nano Lett 6:800-808.