Inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism and its implication on cell proliferation and tumour-angiogenesis

International Immunopharmacology

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 701-715

  Hyde, C A C ^a   Missailidis, S ^a  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Arachidonic acid; Cancer; COX inhibitors; CYP450; LOX inhibitors

Indexed keywords

5 (4 CHLOROPHENYL) 1 (4 METHOXYPHENYL) 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL 1H PYRAZOLE; 5 (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 1 [(4 METHYLSULFONYL)PHENYL] 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYLPYRAZOLE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ARACHIDONATE 5 LIPOXYGENASE; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CELECOXIB; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYCLOOXYGENASE 3; CYTOCHROME P450; DICLOFENAC; ETODOLAC; ETORICOXIB; IBUPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; KETOPROFEN; MELOXICAM; N (2 CYCLOHEXYLOXY 4 NITROPHENYL)METHANESULFONAMIDE; NABUMETONE; NAPROXEN; NIMESULIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PARACETAMOL; PHENACETIN; PIROXICAM; ROFECOXIB; SULINDAC; TILMACOXIB; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLISM; CANCER INHIBITION; CELL PROLIFERATION; ENZYME ACTIVE SITE; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME INHIBITOR INTERACTION; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ARACHIDONIC ACID; ASPIRIN; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; ENZYME INHIBITORS; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PYRAZOLES;

EID: 67349091428     PISSN: 15675769     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.02.003     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Hammamieh R., Sumaida D., Zhang X., Das R., and Jett M. Control of the growth of human breast cancer cells in culture by manipulation of arachidonate metabolism. BMC Cancer 7 (2007) 138
2. Janne P.A., and Mayer R.J. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1960-1968
3. Shaheen N.J., Straus W.L., and Sandler R.S. Chemoprevention of gastrointestinal malignancies with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Cancer 94 (2002) 950-963
4. Thun M.J., Henley S.J., and Patrono C.J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as anticancer agents: mechanistic pharmacologic and clinical issues. J Natl Cancer Inst 94 (2002) 252-266
5. Asano T.K., and McLeod R.S. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin for the prevention of colorectal adenomas and cancer: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum 47 (2004) 665-673
6. Burdge G.C., and Calder P.C. Conversion of α-linolenic acid to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reprod Nutr Dev 45 (2005) 581-597
7. Farooqui A.A., and Horrocks L.A. Signaling and interplay mediated by phospholipase A2, C, and D in LA-N-1 cell nuclei. Reprod Nutr Develop 45 5 (2005) 613-631
8. Lombardo D., Fanni T., Plückthun A., and Dennis E.A. Rate-determining step in phospholipase A2 mechanism. J Biol Chem 261 25 (1986) 11663-11666
9. Murakami M., Kambe T., Shimbara S., Higashino K., Hanasaki K., Arita H., et al. Different functional aspects of the group II subfamily (types IIA and V) and type X secretory phospholipase A(2)s in regulating arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin generation. Implications of cyclooxygenase-2 induction and phospholipid scramblase-mediated cellular membrane perturbation. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 31435-31444
10. Cabral G.A. Lipids as bioeffectors in the immune system. Life Sci 77 14 (2005) 1699-1710
11. Jayadev S., Hayter H.L., Andrieu N., Gamard C.J., Liu B., Balu R., et al. Phospholipase A2 is necessary for tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced ceramide generation in L929 cells. J Biol Chem 272 (1997) 17196-17203
12. Chan T.A., Morin P.J., Vogelstein B., and Kinzler K.W. Mechanisms underlying nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-mediated apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 2 (1998) 681-686
13. Williams C.S., Mann M., and DuBois R.N. The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer and development. Oncogene 18 55 (1999) 7908-7916
14. Chandrasekharan N.V., Dai H., Roos K.L., Evanson N.K., Tomsik J., Elton T.S., et al. COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic / antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure and expression. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 99 (2002) 13926-13931
15. Morita I. Distinct functions of COX-1 and COX-2. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 68-69 (2002) 165-175
16. Patrignani P., Tacconelli S., Sciulli M.G., and Capone M.L. New insights into COX-2 biology and inhibition. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 48 (2005) 352-359
17. Urade Y., Watanabe K., and Hayaishi O. Prostaglandin D, E, and F synthases. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal 12 (1995) 257-273
18. Kabashima K., Nagamachi M., Honda T., Nishigori C., Miyachi Y., Tokura Y., et al. Prostaglandin E2 is required for ultraviolet B-induced skin inflammation via EP2 and EP4 receptors. Lab Invest 87 (2007) 49-55
19. McCoy J.M., Wicks J.R., and Audoly L.P. The role of prostaglandin E2 receptors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 110 5 (2002) 651-658
20. Matsuoka T., Hirata M., Tanaka H., Takahashi Y., Murata T., Kabashima K., et al. Prostaglandin D2 as a mediator of allergic asthma. Science 287 5460 (2000) 2013-2017
21. Subbaramaiah K., Yoshimatsu K., Scherl E., Das K.M., Glazier K.D., Golijanin D., et al. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is overexpressed in inflammatory bowel disease. Evidence for involvement of the transcription factor Egr-1. J Biol Chem 279 13 (2004) 12647-12678
22. Carty E., De Brabander M., Feakins R.M., and Rampton D.S. Measurement of in vivo rectal mucosal cytokine and eicosanoid production in ulcerative colitis using filter paper. Gut 46 (2000) 487-492
23. Banan A., Smith G.S., Rieckenberg C.L., Kokoska E.R., and Miller T.A. Protection against ethanol injury by prostaglandin in a human intestinal cell line: role of microtubules. Am J Physiol 274 1 Pt 1 (1998) G111-121
24. Redfern J.S., and Feldman M. Role of endogenous prostaglandins in preventing gastrointestinal ulceration: induction of ulcers by antibodies to prostaglandins. Gastroenterology 96 2 Pt 2 Suppl (1989) 596-605
25. Kandil H.M., Argenzio R.A., and Sartor R.B. Low endogenous prostaglandin E2 predisposes to relapsing inflammation in experimental rat enterocolitis. Dig Dis Sci 44 10 (1999) 2110-2118
26. Krysan K., Dohadwala M., Luo J., Lin Y., Zhu L., Heuze-Vourc'h N., et al. Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent expression of survivin in non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 125 5 Suppl (2004) 140S
27. Barnes N., Haywood P., Flint P., Know W.F., and Bundred N.J. Surviving expression in in situ and invasive breast cancer relates to COX-2 expression and DCIS recurrence. Br J Cancer 94 (2006) 253-258
28. Chan A.T., Ogino S., and Fuchs C.S. Aspirin and risk of colorectal cancer in relation to the expression of COX-2. N Engl J Med. 356 21 (2007) 2131-2142
29. Lee L.M., Pan C.C., Cheng C.J., Chi C.W., and Liu T.Y. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in prostate adenocarcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Anticancer Res 21 (2001) 1291-1294
30. Tang D.W., Lin S.C., Chang K.W., Chi C.W., Chang C.S., and Liu T.Y. Elevated expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma-evidence for COX-2 inducation by areca quid ingredients in oral keratinocytes. J Oral Pathol Med 32 (2003) 522-529
31. Uefuji K., Ichikura T., and Mochizuki H. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human gastric adenomas and adenocarcinomas. J Surg Oncol 76 (2001) 26-30
32. Hasegawa K., Ohashi Y., Ishikawa K., Yasue A., Kato R., Achiwa Y., et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in uterine endometrial cancer and anti-tumor effects of a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Int J Oncol 26 (2005) 1419-1428
33. Shoji T., Konno H., Tanaka T., Sakaguchi T., Sunayama K., Baba M., et al. Orthotopic implantation of a colon cancer xenograft induces high expression of cyclooxygenase-2. Cancer Lett 195 2 (2003) 235-241
34. Sano H., Kawahito Y., Wilder R.L., Hashiramoto A., Mukai S., Asai K., et al. Expression of cyclooxygnease-1 and -2 in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 55 (1995) 3785-3789
35. Liu C.H., Chang S., Narko K., Trifan O.C., Wu M., Smith E., et al. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 is sufficient to induce tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 18563-18569
36. Gallo O., Franchi A., Magnelli L., Sardi I., Vannacci A., Boddi V., et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 pathway correlates with VEGF expression in head and neck cancer. Implications for tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Neoplasia 3 1 (2001) 53-61
37. Wang D., and DuBois R.N. Cyclooxygenase 2-derived prostaglandin E2 regulates the angiogenic switch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (2004) 415-416
38. Pold M., Zhu L.X., Sharma S., Burdick M.D., Lin Y., Lee P.P., et al. Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent expression of angiogenic CXC chemokines ENA-78/CXC Ligand (CXCL) 5 and interleukin-8/CXCL8 in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 64 (2004) 1853-1860
39. Castellone M.D., Teramoto H., Williams B.O., Druey K.M., and Gutkind J.S. Prostaglandin E2 promotes colon cancer cell growth through a Gs-axin-beta-catenin signaling axis. Science 310 (2005) 1504-1510
40. Oshima H., Matsunaga A., Fujimura T., Tsukamato T., Taketo M.M., and Oshima M. Carcinogenesis in mouse stomach by simultaneous activation of the Wnt signaling and prostaglandin E2 pathway. Gastroenterology 131 4 (2006) 1086-1095
41. Endo K., Mehara Y., Baba H., Yamamoto M., Tomisaki S., Watanabe A., et al. Elevated levels of serum and plasma metalloproteinases in patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 17 (1997) 2253-2258
42. Sun W.H., Sun Y.L., Fang R.N., Shao Y., Xu H.C., Xue Q.P., et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in gastric carcinoma and its correlation with angiogenesis. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 35 12 (2005) 707-713
43. Hara A., and Okayasu I. Cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human astrocytic gliomas: correlation with angiogenesis and prognostic significance. Acta Neuropathol 108 1 (2004) 43-48
44. Williams C.S., Tsujii M., Reese J., Dey S.K., and DuBois R.N. Host cyclooxygenase-2 modulates carcinoma growth. J Clin Invest 105 11 (2000) 1589-1594
45. Lu X., Weilin X., Reed D., Bradshaw W.S., and Simmons D.L. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs caise apoptosis and induce cyclooxygenases in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 (1995) 7961-7965
46. Sen C.K., and Pucker L. Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription. FASEB J 10 (1996) 709-720
47. Ding J., Zhang X., Li J., Song L., Ouyang W., Zhang D., et al. Nickel compounds render anti-apoptotic effect to human bronchial epithelial Beas-2B cells by induction of cyclooxygenase-2 through an IKKbeta/p65-dependent and IKKalpha- and p50-independent pathway. J Biol Chem 281 51 (2006) 39022-39032
48. Kuhn H., and Thiele B.J. The diversity of the lipoxygenase family. Many sequence data but little information on biological significance. FEBS Lett 449 (1999) 7-11
49. Brash A.R. Lipoxygenases: occurrence, functions, catalysis and acquisition of substrate. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 23679-23682
50. Reid G.K., Kargman S., Vickers P.J., Mancini J.A., Léveillé C., Ethier D., et al. Correlation between expression of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, 5-lipoxygenase, and cellular leukotriene synthesis. J Biol Chem 265 (1990) 19818-19823
51. Powell W.S., and Rokach J. Biochemistry, biology and chemistry of the 5-lipoxygenase product 5-oxo-ETE. Prog Lipid Res 44 (2005) 154-183
52. Funk C.D. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 294 (2001) 1871-1875
53. Kieran N.E., Maderna P., and Godson C. Lipoxins: potential anti-inflammatory, proresolution, and antifibrotic mediators in renal disease. Kidney Int 65 (2004) 1145-1154
54. Serhan C.N. A search for endogenous mechanisms of anti-inflammation uncovers novel chemical mediators: missing links to resolution. Histochem Cell Biol 122 (2004) 305-321
55. Falgueyret J.P., and Riendeau D. LTA4-derived 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid: pH-dependent formation and interaction with the LTB4 receptor of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Cell Biol Lipids 1484 1 (2000) 51-58
56. Ford-Hutchinson A.W., Gresser M., and Young R.N. 5-lipoxygenase. Annu Rev Biochem 63 (1994) 383-417
57. Haeggström J.Z. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase/aminopeptidase, the gatekeeper of chemotactic leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 50639-50642
58. Werz O., and Steinhilber D. Therapeutic options for 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 112 (2006) 701-718
59. Gravel J., Falgueyret J.P., Yergey J., Trimble L., and Riendeau D. Identification of 5-Keto-(7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid as a novel nonenzymatic rearrangement product of leukotriene A4. Arch Biochem Biophys 306 2 (1993) 469-475
60. Brash A.R., Boeglin W.E., and Chang M.S. Discovery of a second 15S-lipoxygenase in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 (1997) 6148-6152
61. Murakami A., Nishizawa T., Egawa K., Kawada T., Nishikawa Y., Uenakai K., et al. New class of linoleic acid metabolites biosynthesized by corn and rice lipoxygenases: suppression of proinflammatory mediator expression via attenuation of MAPK- and Akt-, but not PPARγ-, dependent pathways in stimulated macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 70 9 (2005) 1330-1342
62. Shappell S.B., Gupta R.A., Manning S., Whitehead R., Boeglin W.E., Schneider C., et al. 15S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and inhibits proliferation in PC3 prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 61 2 (2001) 497-503
63. Jiang W.G., Douglas-Jones A., and Mansel R.E. Levels of expression of lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenase-2 in human breast cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 69 4 (2003) 275-281
64. Shureiqi I., and Lippman S.M. Lipoxygenase modulation to reverse carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 61 (2001) 6307-6312
65. Henning R., Ding X.Z., Tong W.G., Schneider M.B., Standop J., Friess H., et al. 5-lipoxygnease and leukotriene B(4) receptor are expressed in human pancreatic cancers but not in pancreatic ducts in normal tissue. Am J Pathol 161 2 (2002) 421-428
66. Nie D., Nemeth J., Qiao Y., Zacharek A., Li L., Hanna K., et al. Increased metastatic potential in human prostate carcinoma cells by overexpression of arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase. Clin Exp Metastasis 20 7 (2003) 657-663
67. Hirsch F.R., and Lippman S.M. Advances in the biology of lung cancer prevention. J Clin Oncol 23 14 (2005) 3186-3197
68. Yoshimura R., Matsuyama M., Tsuchida K., Kawahito Y., Sano H., and Nakatani T. Expression of lipoxygenase in human bladder carcinoma and growth inhibition by its inhibition. J Urol 170 (2003) 1994-1999
69. Kennedy T.J., Talamonti M., Ujiki M., Ding X.Z., Ternent C.A., Bell R.H., et al. Lipoxygenase expression in colon polyps and inhibition of colon cancer growth by lipoxygenase blockade. J Am Coll Surg 199 3 (2006) 78
70. Kelavkar U.P., Nixon J.B., Cohen C., Dillehay D., Eling T.E., and Badr K.F. Overexpression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells increases tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 22 11 (2001) 1765-1773
71. Jiang W.G., Watkins G., Douglas-Jones A., and Mansel R.E. Reduction of isoforms of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX)-1 and 15-LOX-2 in human breast cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 74 4 (2006) 235-245
72. Hsi L.C., Wilson L.C., and Eling T.E. Opposing effects of 15-lipoxygenase-1 and -2 metabolites on MAPK signaling in prostate. J Biol Chem 277 43 (2002) 40549-40566
73. Yoshinaga M., Buchanan F.G., and DuBois R.N. 15-LOX-1 inhibits p21 (Cip/WAF 1) expression by enhancing MEK-ERK1/2 signaling in colon carcinoma cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 73 1-2 (2004) 111-122
74. Hetzel M., Walcher D., Grüb M., Bach H., Hombach V., and Marx N. Inhibition of MMP-9 expression by PPARgamma activators in human bronchial epithelial cells. Thorax 58 9 (2003) 778-783
75. Yoshinaga M., Buchanan F.G., and DuBois R.N. 15-LOX-1 inhibits p21 (Cip/WAF 1) expression by enhancing MEK-ERK1/2 signaling in colon carcinoma cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 73 1-2 (2004) 111-122
76. Shappell S.B., Boeglin W.E., Olson S.J., Kasper S., and Brash A.R. 15-lipoxygenase-2 (15-LOX-2) is expressed in benign prostatic epithelium and reduced in prostate adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 155 1 (1999) 235-245
77. Wu J., Xia H.H., Tu S.P., Fan D.M., Lin M.C., Kung H.F., et al. 15-Lipoxygenase-1 mediates cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer. Carcinogenesis 24 2 (2003) 243-247
78. Ziboh V.A., Cho Y., Mani I., and Xi S. Biological significance of essential fatty acids/prostanoids/ lipoxygenase-derived monohydroxy fatty acids in the skin. Arch Pharm Res 25 6 (2002) 747-758
79. Avis I., Hong S.H., Martinez A., Moody T., Choi Y.H., Trepel J., et al. Five-lipoxygenase inhibitors can mediate apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines through complex eicosanoid interactions. FASEB J 15 11 (2001) 2007-2009
80. Anthonsen M.W., Andersen S., Solhaug A., and Johansen B. Atypical lambda/iota PKC conveys 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene B4-mediated cross-talk between phospholipase A2s regulating NF-kappa B activation in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleikin-1beta. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 35344-35351
81. Bonizzi G., Piette J., Schoonbroodt S., Greimers R., Havard L., Merville M.P., et al. Reactive oxygen intermediate-dependent NF-kappaB activation by interleukin-1β requires 5-lipoxygenase or NADPH oxidase activity. Mol Cell Biol 19 (1999) 1950-1960
82. Yoshimura R., Matsuyama M., Mitsuhashi M., Takemoto Y., Tsuchida K., Kawahito Y., et al. Relationship between lipoxygenase and human testicular cancer. Int J Mol Med 13 (2004) 389-393
83. Romano M., Catalano A., Nutini M., D'Urbano E., Crescenzi C., Claria J., et al. 5-lipoxygenase regulates malignant mesothelial cell survival: involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor. FASEB J 15 13 (2001) 2326-2336
84. Andersson P., Serhan C.N., Petasis N.A., and Palmblad J. Interactions between lipoxin A4, the stable analogue 16-phenoxy-lipoxin A4 and leukotriene B4 in cytokine generation by human monocytes. Scand J Immunol 60 (2004) 249-256
85. Capdevila J., Parkhill L., Chacos N., Werrinloer J., Prough R.A., and Estabrook R.W. Liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78 (1981) 5362-5366
86. Capdevila J.H., Falck J.R., and Harris R.C. Cytochrome P450 and arachidonic acid bioactivation: molecular and functional properties of the arachidonate monooxygenase. J Lipid Res 41 (2002) 163-181
87. Bonvalet J.P., Pradelles P., and Farman N. Segmental synthesis and actions of prostaglandins along the nephron. Am J Physiol 253 (1987) F377-F387
88. Jiang J.G., Ning Y.G., Chen C., Ma D., Liu Z.J., Yang S., et al. Cytochrome p450 epoxygenase promotes human cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 67 14 (2007) 6665-6674
89. Potente M., Michaelis U.R., Fisslthaler B., Busse R., and Fleming I. Cytochrome P450 2C9-induced endothelial cell proliferation involves induction of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-1, inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and up-regulation of cyclin D1. J Biol Chem 277 18 (2002) 15671-15676
90. Michaelis E.R., Fisslthaler B., Barbosa-Sicard E., Falck J.R., Fleming I., and Busse R. Cytochrome P450 epoxygenases 2C8 and 2C9 are implicated in hypoxia-induced endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. J Cell Sci 118 (2005) 5489-5498
91. Chen J.K., Capdevila J., and Harris R.C. Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid inhibits apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 21 (2001) 6322-6331
92. Goodman A.I., Choudhury M., da Silva J.L., Schwartzman M.L., and Abraham N.G. Overexpression of the heme oxygenase gene in renal cell carcinoma. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 214 1 (1997) 54-61
93. Jiang J.G., Chen C.L., Card J.W., Yang S., Chen J.X., Fu X.N., et al. Cytochrome P450 2J2 promotes the neoplastic phenotype of carcinoma cells and is up-regulated in human tumors. Cancer Res 65 (2005) 4707-4715
94. Chen P., Guo M., Wygle D., Edwards P.A., Falck J.R., Roman R.J., et al. Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 4A suppress angiogenic responses. Am J Pathol 166 (2005) 615-624
95. Ljubimov A.V., and Grant M.B. P450 in the angiogenesis affair: the unusual suspect. Am J Pathol 166 (2005) 341-344
96. Wheeler-Jones C., Abu-Ghazaleh R., Cospedal R., Houliston R.A., Martin J., and Zachary I. Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates prostacyclin production and activation of cytosolic phospholipase A in endothelial cells via p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase. FEBS Lett 420 (1997) 28-32
97. Sa G., Murugesan G., Jaye M., Ivashenko Y., and Fox P.L. Activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) by basic fibroblast growth factor via a p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation pathway in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 270 (1995) 2360-2366
98. Muthalif M.M., Benter I.F., Karzoun N., Fatima S., Harper J., Uddin M.R., et al. 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid mediates calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (1998) 12701-12706
99. Jacobs E.R., Zhu D., Gruenloh S.K., Lopez B., and Medhora M. VEGF-induced relaxation of pulmonary arteries is mediated by endothelial cytochrome P450 hydroxylase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 291 (2006) L369-377
100. Kalgutkar A.S., Kozak K.R., Crews B.C., Hochgesang G.P., and Marnett L.J. Covalent modification of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) acetoxyphenyl alkyl sulfides, a new class of selective COX-2 inactivators. J Med Chem 41 24 (1998) 4800-4818
101. Selinsky B.S., Gupta K., Sharkey C.T., and Loll P.J. Structural analysis of NSAID binding by prostaglandin H2 synthase. Biochemistry 40 (2001) 5172-5180
102. Rowlinson S.W., Kiefer J.R., Prusakiewicz J., Pawlitz J.L., Kozak K.R., Kalgutkar A.S., et al. A novel mechanism of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition involving interactions with Ser530 and Tyr385. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 45763-45769
103. Gupta K., Selinsky B.S., Kaub C.J., Katz A.K., and Loll P.J. The 2.0 angstrom resolution crystal structure of prostaglandin H2 synthase. J Mol Biol 335 (2004) 503-518
104. Luong C., Miller A., Barnett J., Chow J., Ramesha C., and Browner M.F. Flexibility of the NSAID binding site in the structure of human cyclooxygenase-2. Nat Struct Biol 3 (1996) 927-933
105. Picot D., Loll P.G., and Garavito R.M. The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1. Nature 367 (1994) 243-249
106. Kurummbail R.G., Stevens A.M., Gierse J.K., McDonald J.J., Stegeman R.A., Pak J.Y., et al. Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents. Nature 384 (1996) 644-648
107. Copeland R.A., Williams J.M., Giannaras J., Nurnberg S., Covington M., Pinto D., et al. Mechanism of selective inhibition of the inducible isoform of prostaglandin G/H synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 (1994) 11202-11206
108. Hunt R.H., Harper S., Watson D.J., Yu C., Quan H., Lee M., et al. The gastrointestinal safety of the COX-2 selective inhibitor etoricoxib assessed by both endoscopy and analysis of upper gastrointestinal events. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 1725-1733
109. Psaty B.M., and Furberg C.D. COX-2 inhibitors-lessons in drug safety. N Engl J Med. 352 (2005) 1133-1135
110. Wang D., Wang M., Cheng Y., and Fitzgerald G.A. Cardiovascular hazard and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Curr Opin Pharmacol 5 (2005) 204-210
111. Bresalier R.S., Sandler R.S., Quan H., Bolognese J.A., Oxenius B., Horgan K., et al. Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx (APPROVe) Trial Investigators. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N Engl J Med 352 11 (2005) 1092-1102
112. Bertagnolli M.M., Eagle C.J., Zauber A.G., Redston M., Solomon S.D., Kim K., et al. APC Study Investigators. Celecoxib for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 355 9 (2006) 873-884
113. Solomon S.D., Schneeweiss S., Glynn R.J., Kiyota Y., Levin R., Mogun H., et al. Relationship between selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and acute myocardial infarction in older adults. Circulation 109 17 (2004) 2068-2073
114. Arber N., Eagle C.J., Spicak J., Rácz I., Dite P., Hajer J., et al. Celecoxib for the prevention of colorectal adenomatous polyps. N Engl J Med 355 9 (2006) 885-895
115. Cheng Y., Austin S.C., Rocca B., Koller B.H., Coffman T.M., Grosser T., et al. Role of prostacyclin in the cardiovascular response to thromboxane A2. Science 296 5567 (2002) 539-541
116. Reeder M.K., Pamakcu R., Weinstein I.B., Hoffman K., and Thompson W.J. Select cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors in colon tumor chemoprevention and chemotherapy. In: Hawk E.T., Kelloff G.J., and Sigman C.C. (Eds). Cancer chemoprevention. Promising cancer chemoprevention agents vol. 1 (2004), Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ 401-416
117. Soh J.W., and Weinstein I.B. Role of COX-independent targets of NSAIDs and related compounds in cancer prevention and treatment. Prog Exp Tumor Res 37 (2003) 261-285
118. Yamamoto Y., Yin M.J., Lin K.M., and Gaynor R.B. Sulindac inhibits activation of the NF-κB pathway. J Biol Chem 274 38 (1999) 27307-27314
119. Waskewich C., Blumenthal R.D., Li H., Stein R., Goldenberg D.M., and Burton J. Celecoxib exhibits the greatest potency amongst cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors for growth inhibition of COX-2-negative hematopoietic and epithelial cell lines. J Cancer Res 62 7 (2002) 2029-2033
120. Grösch S., Maier T.J., Schiffmann S., and Geisslinger G. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-independent anticarcinogenic effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors. J Natl Cancer Inst 98 11 (2006) 736-747
121. Williams J.L., Borgo S., Hasan I., Castillo E., Traganos F., and Rigas B. Nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alter the kinetics of human colon cancer cell lines more effectively than traditional NSAIDs: implications for colon cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res 61 (2001) 3285-3289
122. Wallace J.L., and DelSoldato P. The therapeutic potential of NO-NSAIDs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 17 1 (2003) 11-20
123. Jacobs E.J., Thun M.J., Bain E.B., Rodriguez C., Henley S.J., and Calle E.E. A large cohort study of long-term daily use of adult-strength aspirin and cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 99 8 (2007) 608-615
124. Kulkarni S.K., Jain N.K., and Singh A. Cyclooxygenase isoenzymes and newer therapeutic potential for selective COX-2 inhibitors. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 22 5 (2000) 291-298
125. Claria J., and Serhan C.N. Aspirin triggers previously undescribed bioactive eicosanoids by human endothelial cell-leukocyte interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 (1995) 9475-9479
126. 4 and inhibits thrombaxane in a randomized human trial. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 42 (2004) 15178-15183
127. 4 inhibit peroxynitrite formation, NF-κB and AP-1 activation, and IL-8 gene expression in human leukocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 20 (2002) 13266-13271
128. Serhan C.N., Hong S., Gronert K., Colgan S.P., Devchand P.R., Mirick G., et al. Resolvins: a family of bioactive products of omega-3 fatty acid transformation circuits initiated by aspirin treatment that counter proinflammation signals. J Exp Med 196 (2002) 1025-1037
129. Serhan C.N., Arita M., Hong S., and Gotlinger K. Resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotectins, novel omega-3-derived mediators, and their endogenous aspirin-triggered epimers. Lipids 39 11 (2004) 1125-1132
130. Chen X., Wang S., Wu N., Sood S., Wang P., Jin Z., et al. Overexpression of 5-lipoxygenase in rat and human esophageal adenocarcinoma and inhibitory effects of zileuton and celecoxib on carcinogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 10 19 (2004) 6703-6709
131. Li Q.B., You Y., Chen Z.C., Lü J., Shao J., and Zou P. Role of Baicalein in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis in human myeloma RPMI8226 cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 119 11 (2006) 948-952
132. Ishii S., Noguchi M., Miyano M., Matsumoto T., and Noma M. Mutagenesis studies on the amino acid residues involved in the iron-binding and the activity of human 5-lipoxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 182 (1992) 1482-1490
133. Coffa G., and Brash A.R. A single active site residue directs oxygenation stereospecificity in lipoxygenases: stereocontrol is linked to the position of oxygenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101 44 (2004) 15579-15584
134. Gan Q.F., Browner M.F., Sloane D.L., and Sigal E. Defining the arachidonic acid binding site of human 15-lipoxygenase. J Biol Chem 271 41 (1996) 25412-25418
135. Menard L., Pilote S., Naccache P.H., Laviolette M., and Borgeat P. Inhibitory effects of MK-886 on arachidonic acid metabolism in human phagocytes. Br J Pharmacol 100 (1990) 15-20
136. Ford-Hutchinson A.W., Gresser M., and Young R.N. 5-Lipoxygenase. Annu Rev Biochem 63 (1994) 383-417
137. Datta K., Biswal S.S., and Kehrer J.P. The 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor, MK886, induces apoptosis independently of FLAP. Biochem J 340 (1999) 371-375
138. Riendeau D., Falgueyret J.P., Nathaniel D.J., Rokach J., Ueda N., and Yamamoto S. Sensitivity of immunoaffinity-purified porcine 5-lipoxygenase to inhibitors and activating lipid hydroperoxides. Biochem Pharmacol 38 (1989) 2313-2321
139. Poulos T.L. Cytochrome P450: molecular architecture, mechanism, and prospect for rational inhibitor design. Pharm Res 5 2 (1988) 67-75
140. Nieves D., and Moreno J.J. Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids released through the cytochrome P-450 pathway regulate 3T6 fibroblast growth. J Lipid Res 47 12 (2006) 2681-2689
141. Chavarro J.E., Stampfer M.J., Li H., Campos H., Kurth T., and Ma J. A prospective study of polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in blood and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 16 7 (2007) 1364-1370
142. Simonsen N., van't Veer P., Strain J.J., Martin-Moreno J.M., Huttunen J.K., Navajas J.F., et al. Adipose tissue omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid content and breast cancer in the EURAMIC study. European Community Multicenter Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Breast Cancer. Am J Epidemiol 147 4 (1998) 342-352
143. Theodoratou E., McNeill G., Cetnarskyj R., Farrington S.M., Tenesa A., Barnetson R., et al. Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 166 2 (2007) 181-195
144. Bang H.O., Dyerberg J., and Hjoorne N. The composition of food consumed by Greenland Eskimos. Acta Med Scand 200 (1976) 69-73
145. Blot W.J., Lanier A., Fraumeni Jr. J.F., and Bender T.R. Cancer mortality among Alaskan natives, 1960-69. J Natl Cancer Ins 55 (1975) 547-554
146. Kuriki K., Hirose K., Wakai K., Matsuo K., Ito H., Suzuki T., et al. Breast cancer risk and erythrocyte compositions of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in Japanese. Int J Cancer 121 2 (2007) 377-385
147. Narayanan B.A., Narayanan N.K., and Reddy B.S. Docosahexaenoic acid regulated genes and transcription factors inducing apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Internatl J Oncol 19 (2001) 1255-1262
148. DeSouza P.M., Newson J., and Gilroy D.W. Targeting lipoxygenases with care. Chem Biol 13 11 (2006) 1121-1122
149. Kim H.Y. Novel metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid in neural cells. J Biol Chem 282 26 (2007) 18661-18665
150. Arita M., Ohira T., Sun Y.P., Elangovan S., Chiang N., and Serhan C.N. Resolvin E1 selectively interacts with leukotriene B4 receptor BLT1 and ChemR23 to regulate inflammation. J Immunol 178 (2007) 3912-3917
151. Connor K.M., SanGiovanni J.P., Lofqvist C., Aderman C.M., Chen J., Higuchi A., et al. Increased dietary intake of ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces pathological retinal angiogenesis. Nat Med 13 (2007) 868-873
152. Denkins Y., Kempf D., Ferniz M., Nileshwar S., and Marchetti D. Role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cyclooxygenase-2 metabolism in brain-metastatic melanoma. J Lipid Res 46 (2005) 1278-1284
153. Boudreau M.D., Sohn K.H., Rhee S.H., Lee S.W., Hunt J.D., and Hwang D.H. Suppression of tumor cell growth both in nude mice and in culture by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: mediation through cyclooxygenase-independent pathways. Cancer Res 61 (2001) 1386-1391
154. Massaro M., Habib A., Lubrano L., DelTurco S., Lazzerini G., Bourcier T., et al. The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoate attenuates endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 induction through both NADP(H) oxidase and PKC epsilon inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 41 (2006) 15184-15189
155. Larsson S.C., Kumlin M., Ingelman-Sundberg M., and Wolk A. Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 79 6 (2004) 935-945
156. Taccone-Gallucci M., Manca-di-Villahermosa S., Battistini L., Stuffler R.G., Tedesco M., and Maccarrone M. N-3 PUFAs reduce oxidative stress in ESRD patients on maintenance HD by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity. Kidney Int 69 (2006) 1450-1454
157. Cianchi F., Cortesini C., Magnelli L., Fanti E., Papucci L., Schiavone N., et al. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by MK886 augments the antitumor activity of celecoxib in human colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 5 11 (2006) 2716-2726
158. Heise C.E., O'Dowd B.F., Figueroa D.J., Sawyer N., Nguyen T., Im D.S., et al. Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor. J Biol Chem 275 39 (2000) 30531-30536
159. Ohd J.F., Nielsen C.K., Campbell J., Landberg G., Lofberg H., and Sjolander A. Expression of the leukotriene D4 receptor CysLT1, COX-2, and other cell survival factors in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 124 1 (2003) 57-70
160. Yokomizo T., Kato K., Terawaki K., Izumi T., and Shimizu T. A second leukotriene B(4) receptor, BLT2. A new therapeutic target in inflammation and immunological disorders. J Exp Med 192 3 (2000) 421-432
161. Tong W.G., Ding X.Z., Henning R., Witt R.C., Standop J., Pour P.M., et al. Leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist LY293111 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 8 10 (2002) 3232-3242
162. Funk C.D. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid
163. Bos C.L., Richel D.J., Ritsema T., Peppelenbosch M.P., and Versteeg H.H. Prostanoids and prostanoid receptors in signal transduction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36 7 (2004) 1187-1205
164. 1-4 subtype, COX and PPARγ receptor expression in colorectal cancer in prediction of disease-specific mortality. Int J Cancer 121 2 (2007) 232-240
165. Maxis K., Delalandre A., Martel-Pelletier J., Pelletier J.P., Duval N., and Lajeunesse D. The shunt from the cyclooxygenase to lipoxygenase pathway in human osteoarthritic subchondral osteoblasts is linked with a variable expression of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein. Arthritis Res Ter 8 6 (2006) R181
166. Yang K., Ma W., Liang H., Ouyang Q., Tang C., and Lai L. Dynamic simulations on the arachidonic acid metabolic network. PLoS Comput Biol 3 3 (2007) e55
167. 2 subtype receptors in serum-induced 3T6 fibroblast cycle progression and proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282 (2002) C280-C288
168. Chung Y.M., Bae Y.S., and Lee S.Y. Molecular ordering of ROS production, mitochondrial changes, and caspase activation during sodium salicylate-induced apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 34 4 (2003) 434-442
169. Yamamoto Y., Yin M.J., Lin K.M., and Gaynor R.B. Sulindac inhibits activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. J Biol Chem 274 38 (1999) 27307-27314
170. Dairam A., Chetty P., and Daya S. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, tolmetin and sulindac, attenuate oxidative stress in rat brain homogenate and reduce quinolinic acid-induced neurodegeneration in rat hippocampal neurons. Metab Brain Dis 21 2-3 (2006) 211-223
171. Fernandes E., Toste S.A., Lima J.L., and Reis S. The metabolism of sulindac enhances its scavenging activity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med 35 9 (2003) 1008-1017
172. Hong S.H., Avis I., Vos M.D., Martinez A., Treston A.M., and Mulshine J. Relationship of arachidonic acid metabolizing enzyme expression in epithelial cancer cell lines to the growth effect of selective biochemical inhibitors. Cancer Res 59 (1999) 2223-2228
173. Lush C.W., Cepinskas G., and Kvietys P.R. Regulation of intestinal nuclear factor-κB activity and E-selectin expression during sepsis: a role for peroxynitrite. Gastroenterology 124 1 (2003) 118-128
174. Chandrasekharan N.V., Dai H., Roos K.L., Evasnon N.K., Tomsik J., Elron T.S., et al. COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 (2002) 13926-13931
175. Schwab J.M., Schluesener H.J., and Laufer S. COX-3: just another COX or the solitary elusive target of paracetamol?. Lancet 361 9362 (2003) 981-982
176. Anderson B.J. Paracetamol: (acetominophen): mechanisms of action. Paediatr Anaesth 18 10 (2008) 915-921
177. Kankuri E., Solatunturi E., and Vapaatalo H. Effects of phenacetin and its metabolite p-phenetidine on COX-1 and COX-2 activities and expression in vitro. Thromb Res 110 5-6 (2003) 299-303
178. Huls G., Koornstra J.J., and Kleibeuker J.H. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and molecular carcinogenesis of colorectal carcinomas. Lancet 362 9379 (2003) 230-232
179. Chan A.T., Ogino S., and Fuchs C.S. Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in relation to the expression of COX-2. N Engl J Med 356 21 (2007) 2131-2142
180. Falkowsk M., Skogstad S., Shahzidi S., Smedsröd B., and Sveinbjörnsson B. The effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac on experimental murine colon carcinoma. Anticancer Res 23 3B (2003) 2303-2308
181. Cannon C.P., Curtis S.P., FitzGerald G.A., Krum H., Kaur A., Bolognese J.A., et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with etoricoxib and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the Multinational Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Arthritis Long-term (MEDAL) programme: a randomised comparison. Lancet 368 9549 (2006) 1771-1781
182. Kearney P.M., Baigent C., Godwin J., Halls H., Emberson J.R., and Patrono C. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 332 7553 (2006) 1302-1308
183. Sugimoto T., Aoyama M., Kikuchi K., Sakaguchi M., Deji N., Uzu T., et al. Membranous nephropathy associated with the relatively selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, etodolac, in a patient with early rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Med 46 13 (2007) 1055-1058
184. Okamoto A., Shirakawa T., Bito T., Shigemura K., Hamada K., Gotoh A., et al. Etodolac, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, induces upregulation of E-cadherin and has antitumor effect on human bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Urology 71 1 (2008) 156-160
185. Yao M., Zhou W., Sangha S., Chang A.J., Liu T.C., and Wolfe M.M. Effects of nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibition with low-dose ibuprofen on tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and survival in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11 4 (2005) 1618-1628
186. Li W., Xu R.J., Lin Z.Y., Zhuo G.C., and Zhang H.H. Effects of a cyclooxygenase-1-selective inhibitor in a mouse model of ovarian cancer, administered alone or in combination with ibuprofen, a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Med Oncol (2008) (Electronic publication ahead of print)
187. Tavares A.I. The effects of meloxicam, indomethacin or NS-398 on eicosanoid synthesis by fresh human gastric mucosa. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14 6 (2000) 795-799
188. Touhey S., O'Connor R., Plunkett S., Maguire A., and Clynes M. Structure-activity relationship of indomethacin analogues for MRP-1, COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition: identification of novel chemotherapeutic drug resistance modulators. Eur J Cancer 38 12 (2002) 1661-1670
189. Marjanović M., Zorc B., Pejnović L., Zovko M., and Kralj M. Fenoprofen and ketoprofen amides as potential antitumor agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 69 3 (2007) 222-226
190. Del Tacca M., Colucci R., Fornai M., and Blandizzi C. Efficacy and tolerability of meloxicam, a COX-2 preferential nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Clin Drug Invest 22 12 (2002) 799-818
191. Naruse T., Nishida Y., Hosono K., and Ishiguro N. Meloxicam inhibits osteosarcoma growth, invasiveness and metastasis by COX-2-dependent and independent routes. Carcinogenesis 27 3 (2006) 584-592
192. Nakanishi Y., Kamijo R., Takizawa K., Hatori M., and Nagumo M. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) suppressed the proliferation and differentiation of human leukaemia cell lines. Eur J Cancer 37 12 (2001) 1570-1578
193. Vural F., Özcan M.A., Özsan G.H., Ate H., Demirkan F., Pişkin Ö., et al. Cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitor, nabumetone, inhibits proliferation in chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines. Leuk Lymphoma 46 5 (2005) 753-756
194. Farkouh M.E., Kirshner H., Harrington R.A., Ruland S., Verheugt F.W., Schnitzer T.J., et al. Comparison of lumiracoxib with naproxen and ibuprofen in the Therapeutic Arthritis Research and Gastrointestinal Event Trial (TARGET), cardiovascular outcomes, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364 9435 (2004) 675-684
195. Genç S., Attar E., Gürdöl F., Kendigelen S., Bilir A., and Serdaroǧlu H. The effect of COX-2 inhibitor, nimesulide, on angiogenetic factors in primary endometrial carcinoma cell culture. Clin Exp Med 7 1 (2007) 6-10
196. Inoue T., Hirata I., and Murano M. Effects of nimesulide, a cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor, on colitis induced tumors. Inflammopharmacology 16 1 (2008) 36-39
197. Palmerini E., Risio M., Biasco G., Yang K., Hakim R., and Lipkin M. Piroxicam promotes apoptosis and has a twofold effect on colon tumorigenesis in Mlh1/Apc mouse. J Clin Oncol, 2005 ASCO Annu Meet Proc 23 16S, Part I of II (2005) 1026
198. Dvory-Sobol H., Kazanov D., Liberman E., Birkenfeld S., Bulvik B., Luk P., et al. MF tricyclic and sulindac retard tumor formation in an animal model. Int J Cancer 118 1 (2006) 11-16
199. Riendeau D., Percival M.D., Boyce S., Brideau C., Charleson S., Cromlish W., et al. Biochemical and pharmacological profile of a tetrasubstituted furanone as a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 121 (1997) 105-117
200. Matsumoto G., Rahman M.A., Muta M., Nakamura T., Bando H., Saji S., et al. DFU, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, suppresses MCF-7 xenograft tumor growth in mice. Oncol Rep 12 2 (2004) 281-285
201. Hétu P.O., and Riendeau D. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 contributes to constitutive prostanoid production in rat kidney and brain. Biochem J 391 Pt 3 (2005) 561-566
202. Ahmed F., Adsule S., Ali A.S., Banerjee S., Ali S., Kulkarni S., et al. A novel copper complex of 3-benzoyl-α methyl benzene acetic acid with antitumor activity mediated via cyclooxygenase pathway. Int J Cancer 120 4 (2007) 734-742
203. Hashimoto H., Imamura K., Haruta J., and Wakitani K. 4-(4-cycloalkyl/aryl-oxazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamides as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: enhancement of the selectivity by introduction of a fluorine atom and identification of a potent, highly selective, and orally active COX-2 inhibitor JTE-522(1). J Med Chem 45 7 (2002) 1511-1517
204. Kobayashi H., Gonda T., Uetake H., Higuchi T., Enomoto M., and Sugihara K. JTE-522, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, interferes with the growth of lung metastases from colorectal cancer in rats due to inhibition of neovascularization: a vascular cast model study. Int J Cancer 112 6 (2004) 920-926
205. Futaki N., Takahashi S., Yokoyama M., Arai I., Higuchi S., and Otomo S. NS-398, a new anti-inflammatory agent, selectively inhibits prostaglandin G/H synthase/cyclooxygenase (COX-2) activity in vitro. Prostaglandins 47 1 (1994) 55-59
206. Minter H.A., Eveson J.W., Huntley S., Elder D.J., and Hague A. The cyclooxygenase 2-selective inhibitor NS398 inhibits proliferation of oral carcinoma cell lines by mechanisms dependent and independent of reduced prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Clin Cancer Res 9 5 (2003) 1885-1897
207. Brenneis C., Maier T.J., Schmidt R., Hofacker A., Zulauf L., Jakobsson P.J., et al. Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthesis by SC-560 is independent of cyclooxygenase 1 inhibition. FASEB J 20 9 (2006) 1352-1360
208. Sheng G.G., Shao J., Sheng H., Hooton E.B., Isakson P.C., Morrow J.D., et al. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor suppresses the growth of H-ras-transformed rat intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 113 6 (1997) 1883-1891
209. Ding J., Chang Q., and Gong S. Inhibitory effects of Celecoxib and Sc-58125 on proliferation of human carcinoma of larynx Hep-2 in vitro. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 25 2 (2005) 202-205
210. Silverstein F.E., Faich G., Goldstein J.L., Simon L.S., Pincus T., Whelton A., et al. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 284 10 (2000) 1247-1255
211. Solomon S.D., McMurray J.V., Pfeffer M.A., Wittes J., Fowler R., Finn P., et al. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med 352 11 (2005) 1071-1080
212. Bombardier C., Laine L., Reicin A., Shapiro D., Burgos-Vargas R., Davis B., et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl J Med 343 21 (2000) 1520-1528
213. Ott E., Nussmeier N.A., Duke P.C., Feneck R.O., Alston R.P., Snabes M.C., et al. Ischemia Research and Education Foundation (IREF) Investigators. Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125 6 (2003) 1481-1492
214. White W.B., Strand V., Roberts R., and Whelton A. Effects of the cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor valdecoxib versus nonsteroidal antiin. Amatory agents and placebo on cardiovascular thrombotic events in patients with arthritis. Am J Ther 11 4 (2004) 244-250
215. Nussmeier N.A., Whelton A.A., Brown M.T., Langford R.M., Hoeft A., Parlow J.L., et al. Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 352 11 (2005) 1081-1091
216. de Leval X., Julemont F., Delarge J., Pirotte B., and Dogne J.M. New trends in dual 5-LOX/COX inhibition. Curr Med Chem 9 9 (2002) 941-962
217. Inagaki M., Tsuri T., Jyoyama H., Ono T., Yamada K., Kobayashi M., et al. Novel antiarthritic agents with 1,2-isothiazolidine-1-,1-dioxide (γ- sultam) skeleton: cytokine suppressive dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. J Med Chem 43 10 (2000) 2040-2048
218. Reginster J.Y., Bias P., and Buchner A. First clinical results of licofelone (ML3000), an inhibitor of COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX, for the treatment of osteoarhtritis. Ann Rheum Dis 61 Suppl. 1 (2002) 116-117
219. Skelly M.M., and Hawkey C.J. COX-LOX inhibition: current evidence for an emerging new therapy. Int J Clin Pract 57 (2003) 301-304
220. Tries S., Neupert W., and Laufer S. The mechanism of action of the new antiinflammatory compound ML3000: inhibition of 5-LOX and COX-1/2. Inflamm Res 51 3 (2002) 135-143
221. Moon C., Ahn M., Wie M.B., Kim H.M., Koh C.S., Hong S.C., et al. Phenidone, a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases, ameliorates rat paralysis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing its target enzymes. Brain Res 1035 2 (2005) 206-210
222. Filliatre Le G., Sayah S., Latournerie V., Renaud J.F., Finet M., and Hanf R. Cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in mast cell dependent-neurogenic inflammation induced by electrical stimulation of the rat saphenous nerve. Br J Pharmacol 132 7 (2001) 1581-1589