A multilevel view of intragroup conflict

Journal of Management

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1222-1252

  Korsgaard, Audrey M ^a   Soyoung Jeong, Sophia ^a   Mahony, Douglas M ^a   Pitariu, Adrian H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Conflict; Intragroup; Multilevel; Teams

Indexed keywords

EID: 56049105185     PISSN: 01492063     EISSN: 15571211     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0149206308325124     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Alper, S., Tjosvold, D., & Law, K.S. 1998. Interdependence and controversy in group decision making: Antecedents to effective self-managing teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74: 33-52.
2. Alper, S., Tjosvold, D., & Law, K.S. 2000. Conflict management, efficacy, and performance in organizational teams. Personnel Psychology, 53(3): 625-642.
3. Amason, A.C. 1996. Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1): 123-148.
4. Amason, A.C., & Sapienza, H.J. 1997. The effects of top management team size and interaction norms on cognitive and affective conflict. Journal of Management, 23(4): 495-516.
5. Amason, A., & Schweiger, D. 1994. Resolving the paradox of conflict, strategic decision making, and organizational performance. International Journal of Conflict Management, 5: 239-253.
6. Aquino, K., Tripp, T.M., & Bies, R.J. 2006. Getting even or moving on? Power, procedural justice, and types of offense as predictors of revenge, forgiveness, reconciliation, and avoidance in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 653-668.
7. Ashforth, B.E., & Fried, Y. 1988. The mindlessness of organizational behaviors. Human Relations, 41(4): 305-329.
8. Barki, H., & Hartwick, J. 2004. Conceptualizing the construct of interpersonal conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15(3): 216-244.
9. Baron, R.A. 1984. Reducing organizational conflict: An incompatible response approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(2): 272-279.
10. Baron, R.A. 1985. Reducing organizational conflict: The role of attributions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(3): 434-441.
11. Baron, R.A. 1988a. Attributions and organizational conflict: The mediating role of apparent sincerity. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 41(1): 111-128.
12. Baron, R.A. 1988b. Negative effects of destructive criticism: Impact on conflict, self-efficacy, and task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2): 199-207.
13. Baron, R. 1989. Personality and organizational conflict: Effects of the Type A behavior pattern and self-monitoring. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 44: 281-296.
14. Baron, R. 1990. Conflict in organizations. In K. Murphy & F. Saal (Eds.), Psychology in organizations: Integrating science and practice: 197-216. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
15. Barsade, S.G. 2002. The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4): 644-675.
16. Bazerman, M.H., & Curhan, J.R. 2000. Negotiation. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1): 279-314.
17. Beersma, B., Conlon, D.E., & Hollenbeck, J.R. 2007. Conflict and group decision making: The role of social motivation. In C. K. W. DeDreu & M. J. Gelfand (Eds.), The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organization: 115-147. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
18. Bell, C., & Song, F. 2005. Emotions in the conflict process: An application of the cognitive appraisal model of emotions to conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 16(1): 30-54.
19. Bergmann, T.J., & Volkema, R.J. 1989. Understanding and managing interpersonal conflict at work: Its issues, interactive processes, and consequences. In M. A. Rahim (Ed.), Managing conflict: An interdisciplinary approach: 7-19. New York: Praeger.
20. Bergmann, T.J., & Volkema, R.J. 1994. Issues, behavioral responses and consequences in interpersonal conflicts. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(5): 467-471.
21. Berry, C.M., Ones, D.S., & Sackett, P.R. 2007. Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2): 410-424.
22. Bies, R.J., & Tripp, T.M. 1996. Beyond distrust: "Getting even" and the need for revenge. In R. M. Kramer & T. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations: 246-260. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Bing, M.N., Davison, H.K., Stewart, S.M., Green, P.D., McIntyre, M.D., & James, L.R. 2007. An integrative typology of personality assessment for aggression: Implications for predicting counterproductive workplace behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3): 722-744.
24. Blake, R.R., & Mouton, J.S. 1984. Overcoming group warfare. Harvard Business Review, 62(6): 98-108.
25. Blau, P.M. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
26. Bliese, P.D., & Ployhart, R.E. 2002. Growth modeling using random coefficient models: Model building, testing, and illustrations. Organizational Research Methods, 5(4): 362.
27. Brett, J.M. 1984. Managing organizational conflict. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 15(5): 664-678.
28. Brown, J.R., & Day, R.L. 1981. Measures of manifest conflict in distribution channels. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3): 263-274.
29. Buchholtz, A.K., Amason, A.C., & Rutherford, M.A. 2005. The impact of board monitoring and involvement on top management team affective conflict. Journal of Managerial Issues, 17(4): 405-422.
30. Chan, D. 1998. The conceptualization and analysis of change over time: An integrative approach incorporating longitudinal means and covariance structures analysis (LMACS) and multiple indicator latent growth modeling (MLGM). Organizational Research Methods, 1: 421-483.
31. Chen, G. 2005. Newcomer adaptation in teams: Multilevel antecedents and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 48: 101-116.
32. Chen, G., Bliese, P.D., & Mathieu, J.E. 2005. Conceptual framework and statistical procedures for delineating and testing multilevel theories of homology. Organizational Research Methods, 8: 375-409.
33. Chen, G., & Kanfer, R. 2006. Toward a systems theory of motivated behavior in work teams. Research in Organizational Behavior, 27: 223-267.
34. Colquitt, J.A. 2001. On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3): 386-400.
35. Cosier, R.A., & Rose, G.L. 1977. Cognitive conflict and goal conflict effects on task performance. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 19(2): 378-391.
36. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M.S. 2005. Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6): 874-900.
37. Dawes, P.L., & Massey, G.R. 2005. Antecedents of conflict in marketing's cross-functional relationship with sales. European Journal of Marketing, 39(11-12): 1327-1344.
38. Dawes, R.M. 1980. Social dilemmas. Annual Review of Psychology, 31: 169-193.
39. Dawes, R.M., & Messick, D.M. 2000. Social dilemmas. International Journal of Psychology, 35: 111-116.
40. De Lara, P.Z.-M., & Verano-Tacoronte, D. 2007. Investigating the effects of procedural justice on workplace deviance. International Journal of Manpower, 28(8): 715-729.
41. DeDreu, C.K.W., & Gelfand, M.J. 2007. Conflict in the workplace: Sources, functions, and dynamics across multiple levels of analysis. In C. K. W. DeDreu & M. J. Gelfand (Eds.), The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organization: 3-54. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
42. DeDreu, C.K.W., & Weingart, L.R. 2003. Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4): 741-749.
43. DeDreu, C.K.W., & West, M.A. 2001. Minority dissent and team innovation: The importance of participation in decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6): 1191-1201.
44. Deutsch, M. 1949. A theory of cooperation and competition. Human Relations, 2: 129-152.
45. Deutsch, M. 1962. Cooperation and trust: Some theoretical notes. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: 275-320. Oxford, UK: University of Nebraska Press.
46. Digman, J.M. 1990. Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41(1): 417-440.
47. Dirks, K.T., & Ferrin, D.L. 2001. The role of trust in organizational settings. Organization Science, 12(4): 450-467.
48. Douglas, S.C., Kiewitz, C., Martinko, M.J., Harvey, P., Younhee, K., & Jae, C. 2008. Cognitions, emotions, and evaluations: An elaboration likelihood model for workplace aggression. Academy of Management Review, 33: 425-451.
49. Douglas, S.C., & Martinko, M.J. 2001. Exploring the role of individual differences in the prediction of workplace aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4): 547-559.
50. Duffy, M.K., Ganster, D.C., Shaw, J.D., Johnson, J.L., & Pagon, M. 2006. The social context of undermining behavior at work. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 101(1): 105-126.
51. Emerson, R. 1962. Power-dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27:31-41.
52. Felstiner, W.L., Abel, R.L., & Sarat, A. 1980. The emergence and transformation of disputes: Naming, blaming, claiming.... Law & Society Review, 15(3-4):631-654.
53. Ferrin, D.L., Kim, P.H., Cooper, C.D., & Dirks, K.T. 2007. Silence speaks volumes: The effectiveness of reticence in comparison to apology and denial for responding to integrity- and competence-based trust violations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 893-908.
54. Fink, C.F. 1968. Some conceptual difficulties in the theory of social conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 12(4): 412-460.
55. Folger, R., & Skarlicki, D.P. 1998. When tough times make tough bosses: Managerial distancing as a function of layoff blame. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1): 79-87.
56. Friedman, R.A., Tidd, S.T., Currall, S.C., & Tsai, J.C. 2000. What goes around comes around: The impact of personal conflict style on work conflict and stress. International Journal of Conflict Management, 11(1): 32-55.
57. Gajendran, R.S., & Harrison, D.A. 2007. The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6): 1524-1541.
58. Glomb, T.M., & Liao, H. 2003. Interpersonal aggression in work groups: Social influence, reciprocal, and individual effects. Academy of Management Journal, 46(4): 486-496.
59. Guetzkow, H., & Gyr, J. 1954. An analysis of conflict in decision making groups. Human Relations, 7: 367-381.
60. Habib, G.M. 1987. Measures of manifest conflict in international joint ventures. Academy of Management Journal, 30(4): 808-816.
61. Hambrick, D.C. 2007. The field of management's devotion to theory: Too much of a good thing? Academy of Management Journal, 50(6): 1346-1352.
62. Harinck, F., DeDreu, C.K., & van Vianen, A. 2000. The impact of conflict issues on fixed-pie perceptions, problem solving, and integrative outcomes in negotiation. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 81: 329-358.
63. Harrison, D., Price, K., Gavin, J., & Florey, A. 2002. Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface and deep level diversity on group functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 1029-1045.
64. Hershcovis, M.S., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K.A., Dupré, K.E., Inness, M., LeBlanc, M.M., & Sivanathan, N. 2007. Predicting workplace aggression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 228-238.
65. Hinds, P.J., & Mortensen, M. 2005. Understanding conflict in geographically distributed teams: The moderating effects of shared identity, shared context, and spontaneous communication. Organization Science, 16(3): 290-307.
66. Hitt, M.A., Beamish, P.W., Jackson, S.E., & Mathieu, J.E. 2007. Building theoretical and empirical bridges across levels: Multilevel research in management. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6): 1385-1399.
67. Hocker, J.L., & Wilmot, W.W. 1991. Interpersonal conflict. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.
68. Hogan, J., & Holland, B. 2003. Using theory to evaluate personality and job-performance relations: A socioanalytic perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1): 100-112.
69. Ilgen, D.R., Hollenbeck, J.R., Johnson, M., & Jundt, D. 2005. Teams in organizations: From input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1): 517-543.
70. James, L.R., McIntyre, M.D., Glisson, C.A., Green, P.D., Patton, T.W., LeBreton, J.M., Frost, B.C., Russell, S.M., Sablynski, C.J., Mitchell, T.R., & Williams, L.J. 2005. A conditional reasoning measure for aggression. Organizational Research Methods, 8: 69-99.
71. Janssen, O. 2003. Innovative behaviour and job involvement at the price of conflict and less satisfactory relations with co-workers. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 76(3): 347-364.
72. Janssen, O., Van De Vliert, E., & Veenstra, C. 1999. How task and person conflict shape the role of positive interdependence in management teams. Journal of Management, 25(2): 117-141.
73. Jawahar, I.M. 2002. A model of organizational justice and workplace aggression. Journal of Management, 28(6): 811-834.
74. Jehn, K.A. 1995. A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(2): 256-282.
75. Jehn, K.A. 1997. A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3): 530-557.
76. Jehn, K. 1999. Diversity, conflict, and team performance: Summary of a program of research. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 12(1): 6-19.
77. Jehn, K.A., & Bendersky, C. 2003. Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict-outcome relationship. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25: 187-243.
78. Jehn, K.A., Chadwick, C., & Thatcher, S.M.B. 1997. To agree or not to agree: The effects of value congruence, individual demographic dissimilarity, and conflict on workgroup outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 8(4): 287-305.
79. Jehn, K.A., & Mannix, E.A. 2001. The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2): 238-251.
80. Jockin, V., Arvey, R.D., & McGue, M. 2001. Perceived victimization moderates self-reports of workplace aggression and conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6): 1262-1269.
81. Kellermanns, F.W., & Eddleston, K.A. 2007. A family perspective on when conflict benefits family firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 60: 1048-1057.
82. Kilmann, R.H., & Thomas, K.W. 1977. Developing a forced choice measure of conflict handling behavior: The "MODE" instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37: 309-325.
83. Kim, P.H., Ferrin, D.L., Cooper, C.D., & Dirks, K.T. 2004. Removing the shadow of suspicion: The effects of apology versus denial for repairing competence- versus integrity-based trust violations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89: 104-118.
84. Komorita, S., & Parks, C. 1995. Interpersonal relations: Mixed-motive interaction. Annual Review of Psychology, 46: 83-108.
85. Kozlowski, S.W.J., & Bell, B.S. 2003. Work groups and teams in organizations. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology, Vol. 12: 333-375. London: Wiley.
86. Kozlowski, S.W.J., & Klein, K. 2000. A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions: 3-90. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
87. Kramer, R.M. 1998. Paranoid cognition in social systems: Thinking and acting in the shadow of doubt. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(4): 251-275.
88. Kramer, R.M. 2001. Organizational paranoia: Origins and dynamics. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23: 1-42.
89. Kumar, R. 1989. Affect, cognition and decision making in negotiation: A conceptual integration. In M. A. Rahim (Ed.), Managing conflict: An integrative approach: 185-194. New York: Praeger.
90. Lankau, M.J., Ward, A., Amason, A., Ng, T., Sonnenfeld, J.A., & Agle, B.A. 2007. Examining the impact of organizational value dissimilarity in top management teams. Journal of Managerial Issues, 19(1): 11-34.
91. Li, J., & Hambrick, D.C. 2005. Factional groups: A new vantage on demographic faultlines, conflict, and disintegration in work teams. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5): 794-813.
92. Liu, C., Spector, P.E., & Shi, L. 2007. Cross-national job stress: A quantitative and qualitative study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(2): 209-239.
93. Massey, G.R., & Dawes, P.L. 2007. The antecedents and consequence of functional and dysfunctional conflict between Marketing Managers and Sales Managers. Industrial Marketing Management, 36 (8):1118-1129.
94. May, R. 1972. Power and innocence: A search for the sources of violence. New York: Dell.
95. Medina, F.J., Munduate, L., Dorado, M.A., Martínez, I., & Guerra, J.M. 2005. Types of intragroup conflict and affective reactions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20: 219-230.
96. Mohammed, S., & Angell, L.C. 2004. Surface- and deep-level diversity in workgroups: Examining the moderating effects of team orientation and team process on relationship conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8): 1015-1039.
97. Mooney, A.C., Holahan, P.J., & Amason, A.C. 2007. Don't take it personally: Exploring cognitive conflict as a mediator of affective conflict. Journal of Management Studies, 44(5): 733-758.
98. Morgeson, F.P., & Hofmann, D.A. 1999. The Structure and Function of Collective Constructs: Implications for Multilevel Research and Theory Development. Academy of Management Review, 24(2): 249-265.
99. Morrell, D.L. 2008. Deviant workplace behavior scripts. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
100. Moye, N.A., & Langfred, C.W. 2004. Information sharing and group conflict: Going beyond decision making to understand the effects of information sharing on group performance. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15(4): 381-410.
101. Neuman, J.H., & Baron, R.A. 1998. Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence concerning specific forms, potential causes, and preferred targets. Journal of Management, 24(3): 391-419.
102. Ng, T.W.H., & Feldman, D.C. 2008. The Relationship of Age to Ten Dimensions of Job Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2): 392-423.
103. Nibler, R., & Harris, K.L. 2003. The effects of culture and cohesiveness on intragroup conflict and effectiveness. Journal of Social Psychology, 143(5): 613-631.
104. Ohbuchi, K.-I., & Suzuki, M. 2003. Three dimensions of conflict issues and their effects on resolution strategies in organizational settings. International Journal of Conflict Management, 14(1): 61-73.
105. Olekalns, M., Putnam, L.L., Weingart, L.R., & Metcalf, L. 2008. Communication processes and conflict management. In C. K. W. DeDreu & M. J. Gelfand (Eds.), The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organization: 80-114. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
106. Olson, B., Parayitam, S., & Bao, Y. 2007. 'Strategic Decision Making: The Effects of Cognitive Diversity, Conflict and Trust on Decision Outcomes.' Journal of Management, 33(2): 196-222.
107. Olson-Buchanan, J.B., & Boswell, W.R. 2008. An integrative model of experiencing and responding to mistreatment at work. Academy of Management Review, 33: 76-96.
108. Parayitam, S., & Dooley, R.S. 2007. The relationship between conflict and decision outcomes: Moderating effects of cognitive- and affect-based trust in strategic decision-making teams. International Journal of Conflict Management, 18(1): 42-73.
109. Pearce, C.L., & Giacalone, R.A. 2003. Teams behaving badly: Factors associated with anti-citizenship behavior in teams. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(1): 58-75.
110. Pearsall, M.J., Ellis, A.P.J., & Evans, J.M. 2008. Unlocking the effects of gender faultlines on team creativity: Is activation the key? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1): 225-234.
111. Pearson, A.W., Ensley, M.D., & Amason, A.C. 2002. An assessment and refinement of Jehn's Intragroup Conflict Scale. International Journal of Conflict Management, 13(2): 110-126.
112. Pelled, L.H., Eisenhardt, K.M., & Xin, K.R. 1999. Exploring the black box: An analysis of work group diversity, conflict, and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1): 1-28.
113. Pelled, L.H., Xin, K.R., & Weiss, A.M. 2001. No es como mi: Relational demography and conflict in a Mexican production facility. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 74(1): 63-84.
114. Peterson, R.S., & Behfar, K.J. 2003. The dynamic relationship between performance feedback, trust, and conflict in groups: A longitudinal study. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 92(1-2): 102-112.
115. Pinkley, R. 1990. Dimensions of the conflict frame: Disputant interpretations of conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 117-128.
116. Pinkley, R., Griffith, T., & Northcraft, G. 1995. "Fixed pie" a la mode: Information availability, information processing, and the negotiation of suboptimal agreements. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62: 101-112.
117. Polzer, J.T., Crisp, C.B., Jarvenpaa, S.L., & Kim, J.W. 2006. Extending the faultline model to geographically dispersed teams: How colocated subgroups can impair group functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4): 679-692.
118. Pondy, L.R. 1966. A systems theory of organizational conflict. Academy of Management Journal, 9(3): 246-256.
119. Pondy, L.R. 1967. Organizational conflict: Concepts and models. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12(2): 296-320.
120. Pruitt, D.G., & Rubin, J.Z. 1986. Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement. New York: McGraw-Hill.
121. Robinson, S.L., & O' Leary-Kelly, A.M. 1998. Monkey see monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees. Academy of Management Journal, 4: 658-672.
122. Rousseau, D.L., & Garcia-Retamero, R. 2007. Identity, power, and threat perception. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(5): 744-771.
123. Salancik, G.R., & Pfeffer, J.A. 1978. Social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(2): 224-253.
124. Shah, P.P., & Jehn, K.A. 1993. Do friends perform better than acquaintances? The interaction of friendship, conflict, and task. Group Decision and Negotiation, 2(2): 149-165.
125. Shapiro, D.L. 1991. The effects of explanations on negative reactions to deceit. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(4): 614-630.
126. Shaw, J.C., Wild, E., & Colquitt, J.A. 2003. To justify or excuse? A meta-analytic review of the effects of explanations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3): 444-458.
127. Simons, T.L., & Peterson, R.S. 2000. Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: The pivotal role of intragroup trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1): 102-111.
128. Singer, J.D., & Willett, J.B. 2003. Applied longitudinal data analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
129. Skarlicki, D.P., & Folger, R. 1997. Retaliation in the Workplace: The Roles of Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3): 434-443.
130. Skarlicki, D.P., Folger, R., & Tesluk, P. 1999. Personality as a moderator in the relationship between fairness and retaliation. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1): 100-108.
131. Smith-Crowe, K., Brief, A.P., & Umphress, E.E. 2007. On the outside looking in: Window shopping for insights into diversity-driven conflict. In C. K. W. DeDreu & M. J. Gelfand (Eds.), The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organization: 415-423. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
132. Tett, R.P., & Burnett, D.D. 2003. A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3): 500-517.
133. Thomas, K.W. 1992. Conflict and conflict management: Reflections and update. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(3): 265-274.
134. Thompson, L., & Hrebec, D. 1996. Lose-lose agreements in interdependent decision making. Psychological Bulletin, 120(3): 396-409.
135. Tidd, S.T., McIntyre, H.H., & Friedman, R.A. 2004. The importance of role ambiguity and trust in conflict perception: Unpacking the task conflict to relationship conflict linkage. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15(4): 364-380.
136. Tjosvold, D. 2007. Conflicts in the study of conflict in organizations. In C. K. W. DeDreu & M. J. Gelfand (Eds.), The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organization: 445-453. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
137. Tjosvold, D., & Sun, H.F. 2002. Understanding conflict avoidance: Relationship, motivations, actions, and consequences. International Journal of Conflict Management, 13(2): 142-164.
138. Vafeas, N. 1999. The nature of board nominating committees and their role in corporate governance. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 26: 199-225.
139. van Knippenberg, D., & Schippers, M.C. 2007. Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology, 58: 515-541.
140. Venkataramani, V., & Dalal, R.S. 2007. Who helps and harms whom? Relational antecedents of interpersonal helping and harming in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4): 952-966.
141. Vodosek, M. 2007. Intragroup conflict as a mediator between cultural diversity and work group outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 18(4): 345-375.
142. Volkema, R.J., Farquhar, K., & Bergman, T.J. 1996. Third-party sensemaking in interpersonal conflicts at work: A theoretical framework. Human Relations, 49(11): 1437-1454.
143. Wall, J.A., Jr., & Callister, R.R. 1995. Conflict and its Management. Journal of Management, 21(3): 515-558.
144. Wang, G., Jing, R., & Klossek, A. 2007. Antecedents and management of conflict: Resolution styles of Chinese top managers in multiple rounds of cognitive and affective conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 18(1): 74-97.
145. Weick, K.E. 1995. What theory is not, theorizing is. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3): 385-390.
146. Weiss, H.M., & Cropanzano, R. 1996. Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 18: 1-74.
147. Xin, K.R., & Pelled, L.H. 2003. Supervisor-subordinate conflict and perceptions of leadership behavior: A field study. Leadership Quarterly, 14(1): 25-40.
148. Zapf, D., & Gross, C. 2001. Conflict escalation and coping with workplace bullying: A replication and extension. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 10(4): 497-522.