Genetics and epigenetics of renal cell cancer

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Reviews on Cancer

Volumn 1785, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 133-155

  Baldewijns, Marcella M L ^a   van Vlodrop, Iris J H ^a   Schouten, Leo J ^a   Soetekouw, Patricia M M B ^b   de Bruïne, Adriaan P ^a   van Engeland, Manon ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

DNA methylation; Epigenetics; Genetics; Kidney cancer; Renal cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; BEVACIZUMAB; CANCER VACCINE; INTERLEUKIN 2; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TEMSIROLIMUS; TUBERIN; VON HIPPEL LINDAU PROTEIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER GENETICS; CANCER STAGING; CARCINOGENESIS; CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA; DISEASE COURSE; DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENETICS; HUMAN; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; ONCOGENE; PAPILLARY CARCINOMA; PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROMOTER REGION; REVIEW; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL; DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; HUMANS; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 42049106830     PISSN: 0304419X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.12.002     Document Type: Review

References (250)

1. Ferlay J., Bray F., Pisani P., and Parkin D. GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide (2004), IARC Press, Lyon
2. Mathew A., Devesa S.S., Fraumeni Jr. J.F., and Chow W.H. Global increases in kidney cancer incidence, 1973-1992. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 11 (2002) 171-178.
3. Nguyen M.M., Gill I.S., and Ellison L.M. The evolving presentation of renal carcinoma in the United States: trends from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. J. Urol. 176 (2006) 2397-2400 discussion 2400
4. Hock L.M., Lynch J., and Balaji K.C. Increasing incidence of all stages of kidney cancer in the last 2 decades in the United States: an analysis of surveillance, epidemiology and end results program data. J. Urol. 167 (2002) 57-60
5. Dhote R., Pellicer-Coeuret M., Thiounn N., Debre B., and Vidal-Trecan G. Risk factors for adult renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and implications for prevention. BJU Int. 86 (2000) 20-27
6. Lindblad P. Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. Scand. J. Surg. 93 (2004) 88-96
7. McLaughlin J.K., Lipworth L., Tarone R.E., and Blot W.J. Kidney cancer. In: Schottenfeld D., and Fraumeni J.F. (Eds). Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (2006), Oxford University Press, Oxford 1087-1100
8. Mellemgaard A. Human renal-cell carcinoma - epidemiological and mechanistic aspects. IARC Sci. Publ. (1999) 69-80
9. Wolk A., Lindblad P., and Adami H.O. Nutrition and renal cell cancer. Cancer Causes Control 7 (1996) 5-18
10. Grossman E., Messerli F.H., Boyko V., and Goldbourt U. Is there an association between hypertension and cancer mortality?. Am. J. Med. 112 (2002) 479-486
11. Grossman E., Messerli F.H., and Goldbourt U. Does diuretic therapy increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma?. Am. J. Cardiol. 83 (1999) 1090-1093
12. Hunt J.D., van der Hel O.L., McMillan G.P., Boffetta P., and Brennan P. Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: meta-analysis of 24 studies. Int. J. Cancer 114 (2005) 101-108
13. Bergstrom A., Hsieh C.C., Lindblad P., Lu C.M., Cook N.R., and Wolk A. Obesity and renal cell cancer - a quantitative review. Br. J. Cancer 85 (2001) 984-990
14. Bergstrom A., Pisani P., Tenet V., Wolk A., and Adami H.O. Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int. J. Cancer 91 (2001) 421-430
15. McLaughlin J.K., Chow W.H., Mandel J.S., Mellemgaard A., McCredie M., Lindblad P., Schlehofer B., Pommer W., Niwa S., and Adami H.O. International renal-cell cancer study. VIII. Role of diuretics, other anti-hypertensive medications and hypertension. Int. J. Cancer 63 (1995) 216-221
16. Shapiro J.A., Williams M.A., Weiss N.S., Stergachis A., LaCroix A.Z., and Barlow W.E. Hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149 (1999) 521-530
17. Brennan J.F., Stilmant M.M., Babayan R.K., and Siroky M.B. Acquired renal cystic disease: implications for the urologist. Br. J. Urol. 67 (1991) 342-348
18. Chow W.H., McLaughlin J.K., Linet M.S., Niwa S., and Mandel J.S. Use of analgesics and risk of renal cell cancer. Int. J. Cancer 59 (1994) 467-470
19. Lornoy W., Becaus S., de Vleeschouwer M., Morelle V., Fonteyne E., Thienpoint L., and Mestdagh J. Renal cell carcinoma, a new complication of analgesic nephropathy. Lancet 1 (1986) 1271-1272
20. McCredie M., Pommer W., McLaughlin J.K., Stewart J.H., Lindblad P., Mandel J.S., Mellemgaard A., Schlehofer B., and Niwa S. International renal-cell cancer study. II. Analgesics. Int. J. Cancer 60 (1995) 345-349
21. McLaughlin J.K., Lipworth L., Tarone R.E., and Blot W.J. Kidney Cancer (2006), Oxford University Press, Oxford 1087-1100
22. Brauch H., Weirich G., Hornauer M.A., Storkel S., Wohl T., and Bruning T. Trichloroethylene exposure and specific somatic mutations in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91 (1999) 854-861
23. Brauch H., Weirich G., Klein B., Rabstein S., Bolt H.M., and Bruning T. VHL mutations in renal cell cancer: does occupational exposure to trichloroethylene make a difference?. Toxicol. Lett. 151 (2004) 301-310
24. Yu M.C., Mack T.M., Hanisch R., Cicioni C., and Henderson B.E. Cigarette smoking, obesity, diuretic use, and coffee consumption as risk factors for renal cell carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77 (1986) 351-356
25. Pelucchi C., La Vecchia C., Negri E., Talamini R., and Franceschi S. Alcohol drinking and renal cell carcinoma in women and men. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 11 (2002) 543-545
26. Brownson R.C. A case-control study of renal cell carcinoma in relation to occupation, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Arch. Environ. Health 43 (1988) 238-241
27. Maclure M., and Willett W. A case-control study of diet and risk of renal adenocarcinoma. Epidemiology 1 (1990) 430-440
28. McLaughlin J.K., Gao Y.T., Gao R.N., Zheng W., Ji B.T., Blot W.J., and Fraumeni Jr. J.F. Risk factors for renal-cell cancer in Shanghai, China. Int. J. Cancer 52 (1992) 562-565
29. Benhamou S., Lenfant M.H., Ory-Paoletti C., and Flamant R. Risk factors for renal-cell carcinoma in a French case-control study. Int. J. Cancer 55 (1993) 32-36
30. Kreiger N., Marrett L.D., Dodds L., Hilditch S., and Darlington G.A. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: results of a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 4 (1993) 101-110
31. Hu J., Mao Y., and White K. Diet and vitamin or mineral supplements and risk of renal cell carcinoma in Canada. Cancer Causes Control 14 (2003) 705-714
32. Rashidkhani B., Akesson A., Lindblad P., and Wolk A. Major dietary patterns and risk of renal cell carcinoma in a prospective cohort of Swedish women. J. Nutr. 135 (2005) 1757-1762
33. Nicodemus K.K., Sweeney C., and Folsom A.R. Evaluation of dietary, medical and lifestyle risk factors for incident kidney cancer in postmenopausal women. Int. J. Cancer 108 (2004) 115-121
34. Mahabir S., Leitzmann M.F., Virtanen M.J., Virtamo J., Pietinen P., Albanes D., and Taylor P.R. Prospective study of alcohol drinking and renal cell cancer risk in a cohort of Finnish male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14 (2005) 170-175
35. Parker A.S., Cerhan J.R., Lynch C.F., Ershow A.G., and Cantor K.P. Gender, alcohol consumption, and renal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155 (2002) 455-462
36. Lee J.E., Hunter D.J., Spiegelman D., Adami H.O., Albanes D., Bernstein L., van den Brandt P.A., Buring J.E., Cho E., Folsom A.R., Freudenheim J.L., Giovannucci E., Graham S., Horn-Ross P.L., Leitzmann M.F., McCullough M.L., Miller A.B., Parker A.S., Rodriguez C., Rohan T.E., Schatzkin A., Schouten L.J., Virtanen M., Willett W.C., Wolk A., Zhang S.M., and Smith-Warner S.A. Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99 (2007) 801-810
37. Lamiell J.M., Salazar F.G., and Hsia Y.E. von Hippel-Lindau disease affecting 43 members of a single kindred. Medicine (Baltimore) 68 (1989) 1-29
38. Pavlovich C.P., and Schmidt L.S. Searching for the hereditary causes of renal-cell carcinoma. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4 (2004) 381-393
39. Washecka R., and Hanna M. Malignant renal tumors in tuberous sclerosis. Urology 37 (1991) 340-343
40. Breslow N., Beckwith J.B., Ciol M., and Sharples K. Age distribution of Wilms' tumor: report from the National Wilms' Tumor Study. Cancer Res. 48 (1988) 1653-1657
41. Gallagher D.J., Duffy A., and McCaffrey J. Wilms' tumour in adults: a case report and review of the literature. Ir. J. Med. Sci. 176 (2007) 49-51
42. Huser J., Grignon D.J., Ro J.Y., Ayala A.G., Shannon R.L., and Papadopoulos N.J. Adult Wilms' tumor: a clinicopathologic study of 11 cases. Mod. Pathol. 3 (1990) 321-326
43. Kovacs G., Akhtar M., Beckwith B.J., Bugert P., Cooper C.S., Delahunt B., Eble J.N., Fleming S., Ljungberg B., Medeiros L.J., Moch H., Reuter V.E., Ritz E., Roos G., Schmidt D., Srigley J.R., Storkel S., van den Berg E., and Zbar B. The Heidelberg classification of renal cell tumours. J. Pathol. 183 (1997) 131-133
44. Storkel S., Eble J.N., Adlakha K., Amin M., Blute M.L., Bostwick D.G., Darson M., Delahunt B., and Iczkowski K. Classification of renal cell carcinoma: workgroup no. 1. Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Cancer 80 (1997) 987-989
45. Moch H., Gasser T., Amin M.B., Torhorst J., Sauter G., and Mihatsch M.J. Prognostic utility of the recently recommended histologic classification and revised TNM staging system of renal cell carcinoma: a Swiss experience with 588 tumors. Cancer 89 (2000) 604-614
46. Matsuyama H., Hirata H., Korenaga Y., Wada T., Nagao K., Yamaguchi S., Yoshihiro S., and Naito K. Clinical significance of lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 39 (2005) 30-35
47. Minervini A., Lilas L., Morelli G., Traversi C., Battaglia S., Cristofani R., and Minervini R. Regional lymph node dissection in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: is it useful in patients with no suspected adenopathy before or during surgery?. BJU Int. 88 (2001) 169-172
48. Nassir A., Jollimore J., Gupta R., Bell D., and Norman R. Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma: a series of 12 cases and review of the literature. Urology 60 (2002) 421-427
49. Eble J.N., and Bonsib S.M. Extensively cystic renal neoplasms: cystic nephroma, cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma, multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma, and cystic hamartoma of renal pelvis. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 15 (1998) 2-20
50. Corica F.A., Iczkowski K.A., Cheng L., Zincke H., Blute M.L., Wendel A., Sebo T.J., Neumann R., and Bostwick D.G. Cystic renal cell carcinoma is cured by resection: a study of 24 cases with long-term follow up. J. Urol. 161 (1999) 408-411
51. Gong K., Zhang N., He Z., Zhou L., Lin G., and Na Y. Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma: an experience of clinical management for 31 cases. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. (2007)
52. Murad T., Komaiko W., Oyasu R., and Bauer K. Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 95 (1991) 633-637
53. Suzigan S., Lopez-Beltran A., Montironi R., Drut R., Romero A., Hayashi T., Gentili A.L., Fonseca P.S., deTorres I., Billis A., Japp L.C., Bollito E., Algaba F., and Requena-Tapias M.J. Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma: a report of 45 cases of a kidney tumor of low malignant potential. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 125 (2006) 217-222
54. Delahunt B., and Eble J.N. Papillary renal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 105 tumors. Mod. Pathol. 10 (1997) 537-544
55. Lager D.J., Huston B.J., Timmerman T.G., and Bonsib S.M. Papillary renal tumors. Morphologic, cytochemical, and genotypic features. Cancer 76 (1995) 669-673
56. Amin M.B., Corless C.L., Renshaw A.A., Tickoo S.K., Kubus J., and Schultz D.S. Papillary (chromophil) renal cell carcinoma: histomorphologic characteristics and evaluation of conventional pathologic prognostic parameters in 62 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 21 (1997) 621-635
57. Delahunt B., Eble J.N., McCredie M.R., Bethwaite P.B., Stewart J.H., and Bilous A.M. Morphologic typing of papillary renal cell carcinoma: comparison of growth kinetics and patient survival in 66 cases. Hum. Pathol. 32 (2001) 590-595
58. Crotty T.B., Farrow G.M., and Lieber M.M. Chromophobe cell renal carcinoma: clinicopathological features of 50 cases. J. Urol. 154 (1995) 964-967
59. Rumpelt H.J., Storkel S., Moll R., Scharfe T., and Thoenes W. Bellini duct carcinoma: further evidence for this rare variant of renal cell carcinoma. Histopathology 18 (1991) 115-122
60. Srigley J.R., and Eble J.N. Collecting duct carcinoma of kidney. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 15 (1998) 54-67
61. Swartz M.A., Karth J., Schneider D.T., Rodriguez R., Beckwith J.B., and Perlman E.J. Renal medullary carcinoma: clinical, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic analysis with pathogenetic implications. Urology 60 (2002) 1083-1089
62. Zisman A., Chao D.H., Pantuck A.J., Kim H.J., Wieder J.A., Figlin R.A., Said J.W., and Belldegrun A.S. Unclassified renal cell carcinoma: clinical features and prognostic impact of a new histological subtype. J. Urol. 168 (2002) 950-955
63. Argani P., Antonescu C.R., Couturier J., Fournet J.C., Sciot R., Debiec-Rychter M., Hutchinson B., Reuter V.E., Boccon-Gibod L., Timmons C., Hafez N., and Ladanyi M. PRCC-TFE3 renal carcinomas: morphologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular analysis of an entity associated with the t(X;1)(p11.2;q21). Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 26 (2002) 1553-1566
64. Argani P., Antonescu C.R., Illei P.B., Lui M.Y., Timmons C.F., Newbury R., Reuter V.E., Garvin A.J., Perez-Atayde A.R., Fletcher J.A., Beckwith J.B., Bridge J.A., and Ladanyi M. Primary renal neoplasms with the ASPL-TFE3 gene fusion of alveolar soft part sarcoma: a distinctive tumor entity previously included among renal cell carcinomas of children and adolescents. Am. J. Pathol. 159 (2001) 179-192
65. Ferlicot S., Lupo A., Lazure T., Bedossa P., and Vieillefond A. A novel entity: low-grade mucinous tubular renal carcinoma. Histopathology 47 (2005) 218-219
66. Koyle M.A., Hatch D.A., Furness III P.D., Lovell M.A., Odom L.F., and Kurzrock E.A. Long-term urological complications in survivors younger than 15 months of advanced stage abdominal neuroblastoma. J. Urol. 166 (2001) 1455-1458
67. Novick C.S., and AC. Renal Tumors, Chapter 75 (2002) 2672-2731
68. Pantuck A.J., Zisman A., and Belldegrun A.S. The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 166 (2001) 1611-1623
69. Patard J.J., Leray E., Rioux-Leclercq N., Cindolo L., Ficarra V., Zisman A., De La Taille A., Tostain J., Artibani W., Abbou C.C., Lobel B., Guille F., Chopin D.K., Mulders P.F., Wood C.G., Swanson D.A., Figlin R.A., Belldegrun A.S., and Pantuck A.J. Prognostic value of histologic subtypes in renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (2005) 2763-2771
70. K.M. Smits, L.J. Schouten, B.A.C. van Dijk, C.A. Hulsbergen-van de Kaa, K.A.D. Wouters, E. Oosterwijk, M. van Engeland, P.A. vanden Brandt, Genetic and epigenetic alterations in the von Hippel-Lindau gene: the influence on renal cancer prognosis, Clin. Cancer Res. (in press).
71. Oken M.M., Creech R.H., Tormey D.C., Horton J., Davis T.E., McFadden E.T., and Carbone P.P. Toxicity and response criteria of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 5 (1982) 649-655
72. Frank I., Blute M.L., Leibovich B.C., Cheville J.C., Lohse C.M., and Zincke H. Independent validation of the 2002 American Joint Committee on cancer primary tumor classification for renal cell carcinoma using a large, single institution cohort. J. Urol. 173 (2005) 1889-1892
73. S.G., Eble J.N., Epstein J.I., and Sesterhenn I.A. WHO Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics. Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs (2004)
74. Fuhrman S.A., Lasky L.C., and Limas C. Prognostic significance of morphologic parameters in renal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 6 (1982) 655-663
75. Kim H.L., Belldegrun A.S., Freitas D.G., Bui M.H., Han K.R., Dorey F.J., and Figlin R.A. Paraneoplastic signs and symptoms of renal cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis. J. Urol. 170 (2003) 1742-1746
76. Symbas N.P., Townsend M.F., El-Galley R., Keane T.E., Graham S.D., and Petros J.A. Poor prognosis associated with thrombocytosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 86 (2000) 203-207
77. Amin M.B., Tamboli P., Javidan J., Stricker H., de-Peralta Venturina M., Deshpande A., and Menon M. Prognostic impact of histologic subtyping of adult renal epithelial neoplasms: an experience of 405 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 26 (2002) 281-291
78. Cheville J.C., Lohse C.M., Zincke H., Weaver A.L., and Blute M.L. Comparisons of outcome and prognostic features among histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 27 (2003) 612-624
79. Sengupta S., Lohse C.M., Leibovich B.C., Frank I., Thompson R.H., Webster W.S., Zincke H., Blute M.L., Cheville J.C., and Kwon E.D. Histologic coagulative tumor necrosis as a prognostic indicator of renal cell carcinoma aggressiveness. Cancer 104 (2005) 511-520
80. Frank I., Blute M.L., Cheville J.C., Lohse C.M., Weaver A.L., and Zincke H. An outcome prediction model for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy based on tumor stage, size, grade and necrosis: the SSIGN score. J. Urol. 168 (2002) 2395-2400
81. Cangiano T., Liao J., Naitoh J., Dorey F., Figlin R., and Belldegrun A. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: biologic behavior, prognosis, and response to combined surgical resection and immunotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 17 (1999) 523-528
82. Van Poppel H., Vandendriessche H., Boel K., Mertens V., Goethuys H., Haustermans K., Van Damme B., and Baert L. Microscopic vascular invasion is the most relevant prognosticator after radical nephrectomy for clinically nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 158 (1997) 45-49
83. Eggener S.E., Yossepowitch O., Pettus J.A., Snyder M.E., Motzer R.J., and Russo P. Renal cell carcinoma recurrence after nephrectomy for localized disease: predicting survival from time of recurrence. J. Clin. Oncol. 24 (2006) 3101-3106
84. Elson P.J., Witte R.S., and Trump D.L. Prognostic factors for survival in patients with recurrent or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 48 (1988) 7310-7313
85. Kattan M.W., Reuter V., Motzer R.J., Katz J., and Russo P. A postoperative prognostic nomogram for renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 166 (2001) 63-67
86. Lam J.S., Shvarts O., Leppert J.T., Pantuck A.J., Figlin R.A., and Belldegrun A.S. Postoperative surveillance protocol for patients with localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma based on a validated prognostic nomogram and risk group stratification system. J. Urol. 174 (2005) 466-472 discussion 472; quiz 801
87. Leibovich B.C., Cheville J.C., Lohse C.M., Zincke H., Frank I., Kwon E.D., Merchan J.R., and Blute M.L. A scoring algorithm to predict survival for patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. J. Urol. 174 (2005) 1759-1763 discussion 1763
88. Leibovich B.C., Han K.R., Bui M.H., Pantuck A.J., Dorey F.J., Figlin R.A., and Belldegrun A. Scoring algorithm to predict survival after nephrectomy and immunotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. Cancer 98 (2003) 2566-2575
89. Maldazys J.D., and deKernion J.B. Prognostic factors in metastatic renal carcinoma. J. Urol. 136 (1986) 376-379
90. Mekhail T.M., Abou-Jawde R.M., Boumerhi G., Malhi S., Wood L., Elson P., and Bukowski R. Validation and extension of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering prognostic factors model for survival in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (2005) 832-841
91. Motzer R.J., Bacik J., Murphy B.A., Russo P., and Mazumdar M. Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 20 (2002) 289-296
92. Motzer R.J., Mazumdar M., Bacik J., Berg W., Amsterdam A., and Ferrara J. Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 17 (1999) 2530-2540
93. Negrier S., Escudier B., Gomez F., Douillard J.Y., Ravaud A., Chevreau C., Buclon M., Perol D., and Lasset C. Prognostic factors of survival and rapid progression in 782 patients with metastatic renal carcinomas treated by cytokines: a report from the Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. Ann. Oncol. 13 (2002) 1460-1468
94. Zisman A., Pantuck A.J., Dorey F., Said J.W., Shvarts O., Quintana D., Gitlitz B.J., deKernion J.B., Figlin R.A., and Belldegrun A.S. Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system. J. Clin. Oncol. 19 (2001) 1649-1657
95. Thompson R.H., Gillett M.D., Cheville J.C., Lohse C.M., Dong H., Webster W.S., Krejci K.G., Lobo J.R., Sengupta S., Chen L., Zincke H., Blute M.L., Strome S.E., Leibovich B.C., and Kwon E.D. Costimulatory B7-H1 in renal cell carcinoma patients: indicator of tumor aggressiveness and potential therapeutic target. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004) 17174-17179
96. Mizutani Y., Nakanishi H., Yamamoto K., Li Y.N., Matsubara H., Mikami K., Okihara K., Kawauchi A., Bonavida B., and Miki T. Downregulation of Smac/DIABLO expression in renal cell carcinoma and its prognostic significance. J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (2005) 448-454
97. Parker A.S., Kosari F., Lohse C.M., Houston Thompson R., Kwon E.D., Murphy L., Riehle D.L., Blute M.L., Leibovich B.C., Vasmatzis G., and Cheville J.C. High expression levels of survivin protein independently predict a poor outcome for patients who undergo surgery for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 107 (2006) 37-45
98. Velickovic M., Delahunt B., McIver B., and Grebe S.K. Intragenic PTEN/MMAC1 loss of heterozygosity in conventional (clear-cell) renal cell carcinoma is associated with poor patient prognosis. Mod. Pathol. 15 (2002) 479-485
99. Jacobsen J., Rasmuson T., Grankvist K., and Ljungberg B. Vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 163 (2000) 343-347
100. Lidgren A., Hedberg Y., Grankvist K., Rasmuson T., Vasko J., and Ljungberg B. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha is a favorable independent prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (2005) 1129-1135
101. Bui M.H., Seligson D., Han K.R., Pantuck A.J., Dorey F.J., Huang Y., Horvath S., Leibovich B.C., Chopra S., Liao S.Y., Stanbridge E., Lerman M.I., Palotie A., Figlin R.A., and Belldegrun A.S. Carbonic anhydrase IX is an independent predictor of survival in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (2003) 802-811
102. Kim H.L., Seligson D., Liu X., Janzen N., Bui M.H., Yu H., Shi T., Figlin R.A., Horvath S., and Belldegrun A.S. Using protein expressions to predict survival in clear cell renal carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (2004) 5464-5471
103. Gelb A.B., Sudilovsky D., Wu C.D., Weiss L.M., and Medeiros L.J. Appraisal of intratumoral microvessel density, MIB-1 score, DNA content, and p53 protein expression as prognostic indicators in patients with locally confined renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 80 (1997) 1768-1775
104. Leibovich B.C., and Blute M.L. Surgical management of renal cell carcinoma. Semin. Oncol. 33 (2006) 552-562
105. Flanigan R.C., Salmon S.E., Blumenstein B.A., Bearman S.I., Roy V., McGrath P.C., Caton Jr. J.R., Munshi N., and Crawford E.D. Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 345 (2001) 1655-1659
106. Mickisch G.H., Garin A., van Poppel H., de Prijck L., and Sylvester R. Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-alfa-based immunotherapy compared with interferon alfa alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 358 (2001) 966-970
107. McDermott D.F., Regan M.M., Clark J.I., Flaherty L.E., Weiss G.R., Logan T.F., Kirkwood J.M., Gordon M.S., Sosman J.A., Ernstoff M.S., Tretter C.P., Urba W.J., Smith J.W., Margolin K.A., Mier J.W., Gollob J.A., Dutcher J.P., and Atkins M.B. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 versus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (2005) 133-141
108. Drucker B.J. Renal cell carcinoma: current status and future prospects. Cancer Treat Rev. 31 (2005) 536-545
109. Yagoda A., Abi-Rached B., and Petrylak D. Chemotherapy for advanced renal-cell carcinoma: 1983-1993. Semin. Oncol. 22 (1995) 42-60
110. Horio M., Gottesman M.M., and Pastan I. ATP-dependent transport of vinblastine in vesicles from human multidrug-resistant cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85 (1988) 3580-3584
111. Mignogna C., Staibano S., Altieri V., De Rosa G., Pannone G., Santoro A., Zamparese R., D'Armiento M., Rocchetti R., Mezza E., Nasti M., Strazzullo V., Montanaro V., Mascolo M., and Bufo P. Prognostic significance of multidrug-resistance protein (MDR-1) in renal clear cell carcinomas: a five year follow-up analysis. BMC Cancer 6 (2006) 293
112. Oliver R.T., Nethersell A.B., and Bottomley J.M. Unexplained spontaneous regression and alpha-interferon as treatment for metastatic renal carcinoma. Br. J. Urol. 63 (1989) 128-131
113. Childs R., Chernoff A., Contentin N., Bahceci E., Schrump D., Leitman S., Read E.J., Tisdale J., Dunbar C., Linehan W.M., Young N.S., and Barrett A.J. Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (2000) 750-758
114. Kubler H., and Vieweg J. Vaccines in renal cell carcinoma. Semin. Oncol. 33 (2006) 614-624
115. Yagoda A., Petrylak D., and Thompson S. Cytotoxic chemotherapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Urol. Clin. North Am. 20 (1993) 303-321
116. Muss H.B., Costanzi J.J., Leavitt R., Williams R.D., Kempf R.A., Pollard R., Ozer H., Zekan P.J., Grunberg S.M., Mitchell M.S., et al. Recombinant alfa interferon in renal cell carcinoma: a randomized trial of two routes of administration. J. Clin. Oncol. 5 (1987) 286-291
117. McDermott D.F., and Atkins M.B. Interleukin-2 therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma - predictors of response. Semin. Oncol. 33 (2006) 583-587
118. Yang J.C., Sherry R.M., Steinberg S.M., Topalian S.L., Schwartzentruber D.J., Hwu P., Seipp C.A., Rogers-Freezer L., Morton K.E., White D.E., Liewehr D.J., Merino M.J., and Rosenberg S.A. Randomized study of high-dose and low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21 (2003) 3127-3132
119. Motzer R.J., Hutson T.E., Tomczak P., Michaelson M.D., Bukowski R.M., Rixe O., Oudard S., Negrier S., Szczylik C., Kim S.T., Chen I., Bycott P.W., Baum C.M., and Figlin R.A. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (2007) 115-124
120. Escudier B., Eisen T., Stadler W.M., Szczylik C., Oudard S., Siebels M., Negrier S., Chevreau C., Solska E., Desai A.A., Rolland F., Demkow T., Hutson T.E., Gore M., Freeman S., Schwartz B., Shan M., Simantov R., and Bukowski R.M. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (2007) 125-134
121. Hudes G., Carducci M., Tomczak P., Dutcher J., Figlin R., Kapoor A., Staroslawska E., Sosman J., McDermott D., Bodrogi I., Kovacevic Z., Lesovoy V., Schmidt-Wolf I.G., Barbarash O., Gokmen E., O'Toole T., Lustgarten S., Moore L., and Motzer R.J. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (2007) 2271-2281
122. Yang J.C., Haworth L., Sherry R.M., Hwu P., Schwartzentruber D.J., Topalian S.L., Steinberg S.M., Chen H.X., and Rosenberg S.A. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (2003) 427-434
123. Linehan W.M., Vasselli J., Srinivasan R., Walther M.M., Merino M., Choyke P., Vocke C., Schmidt L., Isaacs J.S., Glenn G., Toro J., Zbar B., Bottaro D., and Neckers L. Genetic basis of cancer of the kidney: disease-specific approaches to therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (2004) 6282S-6289S
124. Kim W.Y., and Kaelin W.G. Role of VHL gene mutation in human cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 22 (2004) 4991-5004
125. Seizinger B.R., Rouleau G.A., Ozelius L.J., Lane A.H., Farmer G.E., Lamiell J.M., Haines J., Yuen J.W., Collins D., Majoor-Krakauer D., et al. Von Hippel-Lindau disease maps to the region of chromosome 3 associated with renal cell carcinoma. Nature 332 (1988) 268-269
126. Latif F., Tory K., Gnarra J., Yao M., Duh F.M., Orcutt M.L., Stackhouse T., Kuzmin I., Modi W., Geil L., et al. Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science 260 (1993) 1317-1320
127. Stolle C., Glenn G., Zbar B., Humphrey J.S., Choyke P., Walther M., Pack S., Hurley K., Andrey C., Klausner R., and Linehan W.M. Improved detection of germline mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Hum. Mutat. 12 (1998) 417-423
128. Choyke P.L., Glenn G.M., Walther M.M., Zbar B., and Linehan W.M. Hereditary renal cancers. Radiology 226 (2003) 33-46
129. Mandriota S.J., Turner K.J., Davies D.R., Murray P.G., Morgan N.V., Sowter H.M., Wykoff C.C., Maher E.R., Harris A.L., Ratcliffe P.J., and Maxwell P.H. HIF activation identifies early lesions in VHL kidneys: evidence for site-specific tumor suppressor function in the nephron. Cancer Cell 1 (2002) 459-468
130. van Houwelingen K.P., van Dijk B.A., Hulsbergen-van de Kaa C.A., Schouten L.J., Gorissen H.J., Schalken J.A., van den Brandt P.A., and Oosterwijk E. Prevalence of von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations in sporadic renal cell carcinoma: results from The Netherlands cohort study. BMC Cancer 5 (2005) 57
131. Weiss R.H., and Lin P.Y. Kidney cancer: identification of novel targets for therapy. Kidney Int. 69 (2006) 224-232
132. Zbar B., Klausner R., and Linehan W.M. Studying cancer families to identify kidney cancer genes. Annu. Rev. Med. 54 (2003) 217-233
133. Gnarra J.R., Tory K., Weng Y., Schmidt L., Wei M.H., Li H., Latif F., Liu S., Chen F., Duh F.M., et al. Mutations of the VHL tumour suppressor gene in renal carcinoma. Nat. Genet. 7 (1994) 85-90
134. Kondo K., Yao M., Yoshida M., Kishida T., Shuin T., Miura T., Moriyama M., Kobayashi K., Sakai N., Kaneko S., Kawakami S., Baba M., Nakaigawa N., Nagashima Y., Nakatani Y., and Hosaka M. Comprehensive mutational analysis of the VHL gene in sporadic renal cell carcinoma: relationship to clinicopathological parameters. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34 (2002) 58-68
135. Cohen H.T., and McGovern F.J. Renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (2005) 2477-2490
136. Blankenship C., Naglich J.G., Whaley J.M., Seizinger B., and Kley N. Alternate choice of initiation codon produces a biologically active product of the von Hippel Lindau gene with tumor suppressor activity. Oncogene 18 (1999) 1529-1535
137. Iliopoulos O., Ohh M., and Kaelin Jr. W.G. pVHL19 is a biologically active product of the von Hippel-Lindau gene arising from internal translation initiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 (1998) 11661-11666
138. Schoenfeld A., Davidowitz E.J., and Burk R.D. A second major native von Hippel-Lindau gene product, initiated from an internal translation start site, functions as a tumor suppressor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 (1998) 8817-8822
139. Kondo K., and Kaelin Jr. W.G. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene. Exp. Cell Res. 264 (2001) 117-125
140. Gordan J.D., and Simon M.C. Hypoxia-inducible factors: central regulators of the tumor phenotype. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 17 (2007) 71-77
141. Kaelin Jr. W.G. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein and clear cell renal carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 13 (2007) 680s-684s
142. Maxwell P.H., Wiesener M.S., Chang G.W., Clifford S.C., Vaux E.C., Cockman M.E., Wykoff C.C., Pugh C.W., Maher E.R., and Ratcliffe P.J. The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis. Nature 399 (1999) 271-275
143. Clifford S.C., Cockman M.E., Smallwood A.C., Mole D.R., Woodward E.R., Maxwell P.H., Ratcliffe P.J., and Maher E.R. Contrasting effects on HIF-1alpha regulation by disease-causing pVHL mutations correlate with patterns of tumourigenesis in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (2001) 1029-1038
144. Zbar B., Tory K., Merino M., Schmidt L., Glenn G., Choyke P., Walther M.M., Lerman M., and Linehan W.M. Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 151 (1994) 561-566
145. Sudarshan S., and Linehan W.M. Genetic basis of cancer of the kidney. Semin. Oncol. 33 (2006) 544-551
146. Schmidt L., Duh F.M., Chen F., Kishida T., Glenn G., Choyke P., Scherer S.W., Zhuang Z., Lubensky I., Dean M., Allikmets R., Chidambaram A., Bergerheim U.R., Feltis J.T., Casadevall C., Zamarron A., Bernues M., Richard S., Lips C.J., Walther M.M., Tsui L.C., Geil L., Orcutt M.L., Stackhouse T., Lipan J., Slife L., Brauch H., Decker J., Niehans G., Hughson M.D., Moch H., Storkel S., Lerman M.I., Linehan W.M., and Zbar B. Germline and somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the MET proto-oncogene in papillary renal carcinomas. Nat. Genet. 16 (1997) 68-73
147. Schmidt L., Junker K., Nakaigawa N., Kinjerski T., Weirich G., Miller M., Lubensky I., Neumann H.P., Brauch H., Decker J., Vocke C., Brown J.A., Jenkins R., Richard S., Bergerheim U., Gerrard B., Dean M., Linehan W.M., and Zbar B. Novel mutations of the MET proto-oncogene in papillary renal carcinomas. Oncogene 18 (1999) 2343-2350
148. Sudarshan S., Pinto P.A., Neckers L., and Linehan W.M. Mechanisms of disease: hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer - a distinct
149. Tomlinson I.P., Alam N.A., Rowan A.J., Barclay E., Jaeger E.E., Kelsell D., Leigh I., Gorman P., Lamlum H., Rahman S., Roylance R.R., Olpin S., Bevan S., Barker K., Hearle N., Houlston R.S., Kiuru M., Lehtonen R., Karhu A., Vilkki S., Laiho P., Eklund C., Vierimaa O., Aittomaki K., Hietala M., Sistonen P., Paetau A., Salovaara R., Herva R., Launonen V., and Aaltonen L.A. Germline mutations in FH predispose to dominantly inherited uterine fibroids, skin leiomyomata and papillary renal cell cancer. Nat. Genet. 30 (2002) 406-410
150. Isaacs J.S., Jung Y.J., Mole D.R., Lee S., Torres-Cabala C., Chung Y.L., Merino M., Trepel J., Zbar B., Toro J., Ratcliffe P.J., Linehan W.M., and Neckers L. HIF overexpression correlates with biallelic loss of fumarate hydratase in renal cancer: novel role of fumarate in regulation of HIF stability. Cancer Cell 8 (2005) 143-153
151. Pollard P.J., Spencer-Dene B., Shukla D., Howarth K., Nye E., El-Bahrawy M., Deheragoda M., Joannou M., McDonald S., Martin A., Igarashi P., Varsani-Brown S., Rosewell I., Poulsom R., Maxwell P., Stamp G.W., and Tomlinson I.P. Targeted inactivation of fh1 causes proliferative renal cyst development and activation of the hypoxia pathway. Cancer Cell 11 (2007) 311-319
152. Linehan W.M., and Zbar B. Focus on kidney cancer. Cancer Cell 6 (2004) 223-228
153. Birt A.R., Hogg G.R., and Dube W.J. Hereditary multiple fibrofolliculomas with trichodiscomas and acrochordons. Arch. Dermatol. 113 (1977) 1674-1677
154. Roth J.S., Rabinowitz A.D., Benson M., and Grossman M.E. Bilateral renal cell carcinoma in the Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 29 (1993) 1055-1056
155. Toro J.R., Glenn G., Duray P., Darling T., Weirich G., Zbar B., Linehan M., and Turner M.L. Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome: a novel marker of kidney neoplasia. Arch. Dermatol. 135 (1999) 1195-1202
156. Warren M.B., Torres-Cabala C.A., Turner M.L., Merino M.J., Matrosova V.Y., Nickerson M.L., Ma W., Linehan W.M., Zbar B., and Schmidt L.S. Expression of Birt-Hogg-Dube gene mRNA in normal and neoplastic human tissues. Mod. Pathol. 17 (2004) 998-1011
157. Nagy A., Zoubakov D., Stupar Z., and Kovacs G. Lack of mutation of the folliculin gene in sporadic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and renal oncocytoma. Int. J. Cancer 109 (2004) 472-475
158. Khoo S.K., Kahnoski K., Sugimura J., Petillo D., Chen J., Shockley K., Ludlow J., Knapp R., Giraud S., Richard S., Nordenskjold M., and Teh B.T. Inactivation of BHD in sporadic renal tumors. Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 4583-4587
159. Gad S., Lefevre S.H., Khoo S.K., Giraud S., Vieillefond A., Vasiliu V., Ferlicot S., Molinie V., Denoux Y., Thiounn N., Chretien Y., Mejean A., Zerbib M., Benoit G., Herve J.M., Allegre G., Bressac-de Paillerets B., Teh B.T., and Richard S. Mutations in BHD and TP53 genes, but not in HNF1beta gene, in a large series of sporadic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 96 (2006) 336-340
160. Dorai T., Sawczuk I., Pastorek J., Wiernik P.H., and Dutcher J.P. Role of carbonic anhydrases in the progression of renal cell carcinoma subtypes: proposal of a unified hypothesis. Cancer Invest. 24 (2006) 754-779
161. Mak B.C., and Yeung R.S. The tuberous sclerosis complex genes in tumor development. Cancer Invest. 22 (2004) 588-603
162. Henske E.P. Tuberous sclerosis and the kidney: from mesenchyme to epithelium, and beyond. Pediatr. Nephrol. 20 (2005) 854-857
163. Rakowski S.K., Winterkorn E.B., Paul E., Steele D.J., Halpern E.F., and Thiele E.A. Renal manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex: incidence, prognosis, and predictive factors. Kidney Int. 70 (2006) 1777-1782
164. O'Callaghan F.J., Noakes M.J., Martyn C.N., and Osborne J.P. An epidemiological study of renal pathology in tuberous sclerosis complex. BJU Int. 94 (2004) 853-857
165. O'Callaghan F.J., Shiell A.W., Osborne J.P., and Martyn C.N. Prevalence of tuberous sclerosis estimated by capture-recapture analysis. Lancet 351 (1998) 1490
166. Kobayashi T., Hirayama Y., Kobayashi E., Kubo Y., and Hino O. A germline insertion in the tuberous sclerosis (Tsc2) gene gives rise to the Eker rat model of dominantly inherited cancer. Nat. Genet. 9 (1995) 70-74
167. Kobayashi T., Minowa O., Kuno J., Mitani H., Hino O., and Noda T. Renal carcinogenesis, hepatic hemangiomatosis, and embryonic lethality caused by a germ-line Tsc2 mutation in mice. Cancer Res. 59 (1999) 1206-1211
168. Parry L., Maynard J.H., Patel A., Clifford S.C., Morrissey C., Maher E.R., Cheadle J.P., and Sampson J.R. Analysis of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes in sporadic renal cell carcinomas. Br. J. Cancer 85 (2001) 1226-1230
169. Liu M.Y., Poellinger L., and Walker C.L. Up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha in renal cell carcinoma associated with loss of Tsc-2 tumor suppressor gene. Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 2675-2680
170. Oya M., Takayanagi A., Horiguchi A., Mizuno R., Ohtsubo M., Marumo K., Shimizu N., and Murai M. Increased nuclear factor-kappa B activation is related to the tumor development of renal cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 24 (2003) 377-384
171. Oya M., Ohtsubo M., Takayanagi A., Tachibana M., Shimizu N., and Murai M. Constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappaB prevents TRAIL-induced apoptosis in renal cancer cells. Oncogene 20 (2001) 3888-3896
172. An J., Fisher M., and Rettig M.B. VHL expression in renal cell carcinoma sensitizes to bortezomib (PS-341) through an NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism. Oncogene 24 (2005) 1563-1570
173. Qi H., and Ohh M. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein sensitizes renal cell carcinoma cells to tumor necrosis factor-induced cytotoxicity by suppressing the nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent antiapoptotic pathway. Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 7076-7080
174. An J., and Rettig M.B. Mechanism of von Hippel-Lindau protein-mediated suppression of nuclear factor kappa B activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2005) 7546-7556
175. Makino Y., Cao R., Svensson K., Bertilsson G., Asman M., Tanaka H., Cao Y., Berkenstam A., and Poellinger L. Inhibitory PAS domain protein is a negative regulator of hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Nature 414 (2001) 550-554
176. Thomas G.V., Tran C., Mellinghoff I.K., Welsbie D.S., Chan E., Fueger B., Czernin J., and Sawyers C.L. Hypoxia-inducible factor determines sensitivity to inhibitors of mTOR in kidney cancer. Nat. Med. 12 (2006) 122-127
177. Neckers L. Hsp90 inhibitors as novel cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Trends Mol. Med. 8 (2002) S55-S61
178. Kim M.S., Kwon H.J., Lee Y.M., Baek J.H., Jang J.E., Lee S.W., Moon E.J., Kim H.S., Lee S.K., Chung H.Y., Kim C.W., and Kim K.W. Histone deacetylases induce angiogenesis by negative regulation of tumor suppressor genes. Nat. Med. 7 (2001) 437-443
179. Hudson C.C., Liu M., Chiang G.G., Otterness D.M., Loomis D.C., Kaper F., Giaccia A.J., and Abraham R.T. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha expression and function by the mammalian target of rapamycin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (2002) 7004-7014
180. Semenza G.L. Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3 (2003) 721-732
181. Isaacs J.S., Jung Y.J., Mimnaugh E.G., Martinez A., Cuttitta F., and Neckers L.M. Hsp90 regulates a von Hippel Lindau-independent hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha-degradative pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 29936-29944
182. R.O., Rini B., and Bukowski R. AG-013736, a multi-target tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, demonstrates anti-tumor activity in a phase 2 study of cytokine-refractory, metastatic renal cancer (RCC). J. clin. oncol. 23 (2005)
183. M.A., Amato R.J., and Khan M. A Phase II trial of RAD001 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC). J. clin. oncol. 24 (2006)
184. C.D., Dupont J., and Gordon M. Phase I study of VEGF Trap in patients with solid tumors and lymphoma. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 22 (2003) 194
185. Kaelin Jr. W.G. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene and kidney cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (2004) 6290S-6295S
186. Kong-Beltran M., Stamos J., and Wickramasinghe D. The Sema domain of Met is necessary for receptor dimerization and activation. Cancer Cell 6 (2004) 75-84
187. Zhang Y.W., Graveel C., Shinomiya N., and Vande Woude G.F. Met decoys: will cancer take the bait?. Cancer Cell 6 (2004) 5-6
188. Christensen J.G., Schreck R., Burrows J., Kuruganti P., Chan E., Le P., Chen J., Wang X., Ruslim L., Blake R., Lipson K.E., Ramphal J., Do S., Cui J.J., Cherrington J.M., and Mendel D.B. A selective small molecule inhibitor of c-Met kinase inhibits c-Met-dependent phenotypes in vitro and exhibits cytoreductive antitumor activity in vivo. Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 7345-7355
189. Sattler M., Pride Y.B., Ma P., Gramlich J.L., Chu S.C., Quinnan L.A., Shirazian S., Liang C., Podar K., Christensen J.G., and Salgia R. A novel small molecule met inhibitor induces apoptosis in cells transformed by the oncogenic TPR-MET tyrosine kinase. Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 5462-5469
190. Callinan P.A., and Feinberg A.P. The emerging science of epigenomics. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 Spec No 1 (2006) R95-R101
191. Esteller M. The necessity of a human epigenome project. Carcinogenesis 27 (2006) 1121-1125
192. Bernstein B.E., Meissner A., and Lander E.S. The mammalian epigenome. Cell 128 (2007) 669-681
193. Brock M.V., Herman J.G., and Baylin S.B. Cancer as a manifestation of aberrant chromatin structure. Cancer J. 13 (2007) 3-8
194. Herman J.G., and Baylin S.B. Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation. N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (2003) 2042-2054
195. Wilson A.S., Power B.E., and Molloy P.L. DNA hypomethylation and human diseases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1775 (2007) 138-162
196. Herman J.G., Latif F., Weng Y., Lerman M.I., Zbar B., Liu S., Samid D., Duan D.S., Gnarra J.R., Linehan W.M., et al. Silencing of the VHL tumor-suppressor gene by DNA methylation in renal carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 (1994) 9700-9704
197. Esteller M. Cancer epigenomics: DNA methylomes and histone-modification maps. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8 (2007) 286-298
198. Ting A.H., McGarvey K.M., and Baylin S.B. The cancer epigenome - components and functional correlates. Genes Dev. 20 (2006) 3215-3231
199. Fahrner J.A., Eguchi S., Herman J.G., and Baylin S.B. Dependence of histone modifications and gene expression on DNA hypermethylation in cancer. Cancer Res. 62 (2002) 7213-7218
200. Kouzarides T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 128 (2007) 693-705
201. Lan F., Bayliss P.E., Rinn J.L., Whetstine J.R., Wang J.K., Chen S., Iwase S., Alpatov R., Issaeva I., Canaani E., Roberts T.M., Chang H.Y., and Shi Y. A histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase regulates animal posterior development. Nature 449 (2007) 689-694
202. Tan H., Wu S., Wang J., and Zhao Z.K. The JMJD2 members of histone demethylase revisited. Mol. Biol. Rep. (2007)
203. Klose R.J., and Zhang Y. Regulation of histone methylation by demethylimination and demethylation. Nat. Rev., Mol. Cell Biol. 8 (2007) 307-318
204. Li B., Carey M., and Workman J.L. The role of chromatin during transcription. Cell 128 (2007) 707-719
205. Balmain A., Gray J., and Ponder B. The genetics and genomics of cancer. Nat. Genet. 33 (2003) 238-244 Suppl
206. Jones P.A., and Baylin S.B. The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3 (2002) 415-428
207. Schuebel K.E., Chen W., Cope L., Glockner S.C., Suzuki H., Yi J.M., Chan T.A., Neste L.V., Criekinge W.V., Bosch S.V., van Engeland M., Ting A.H., Jair K., Yu W., Toyota M., Imai K., Ahuja N., Herman J.G., and Baylin S.B. Comparing the DNA hypermethylome with gene mutations in human colorectal cancer. PLoS Genet. 3 (2007) e157
208. Derks S., Lentjes M.H., Hellebrekers D.M., de Bruine A.P., Herman J.G., and van Engeland M. Methylation-specific PCR unraveled. Cell Oncol. 26 (2004) 291-299
209. Foster K., Prowse A., van den Berg A., Fleming S., Hulsbeek M.M., Crossey P.A., Richards F.M., Cairns P., Affara N.A., Ferguson-Smith M.A., et al. Somatic mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumour suppressor gene in non-familial clear cell renal carcinoma. Hum. Mol. Genet. 3 (1994) 2169-2173
210. Clifford S.C., Prowse A.H., Affara N.A., Buys C.H., and Maher E.R. Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene and allelic losses at chromosome arm 3p in primary renal cell carcinoma: evidence for a VHL-independent pathway in clear cell renal tumourigenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 22 (1998) 200-209
211. Banks R.E., Tirukonda P., Taylor C., Hornigold N., Astuti D., Cohen D., Maher E.R., Stanley A.J., Harnden P., Joyce A., Knowles M., and Selby P.J. Genetic and epigenetic analysis of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene alterations and relationship with clinical variables in sporadic renal cancer. Cancer Res. 66 (2006) 2000-2011
212. Dulaimi E., Ibanez de Caceres I., Uzzo R.G., Al-Saleem T., Greenberg R.E., Polascik T.J., Babb J.S., Grizzle W.E., and Cairns P. Promoter hypermethylation profile of kidney cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (2004) 3972-3979
213. Battagli C., Uzzo R.G., Dulaimi E., Ibanez de Caceres I., Krassenstein R., Al-Saleem T., Greenberg R.E., and Cairns P. Promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in urine from kidney cancer patients. Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 8695-8699
214. da Silva N.F., Gentle D., Hesson L.B., Morton D.G., Latif F., and Maher E.R. Analysis of the Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) tumour suppressor gene in sporadic renal cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer. J. Med. Genet. 40 (2003) 820-824
215. Breault J.E., Shiina H., Igawa M., Ribeiro-Filho L.A., Deguchi M., Enokida H., Urakami S., Terashima M., Nakagawa M., Kane C.J., Carroll P.R., and Dahiya R. Methylation of the gamma-catenin gene is associated with poor prognosis of renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (2005) 557-564
216. Chen J., Lui W.O., Vos M.D., Clark G.J., Takahashi M., Schoumans J., Khoo S.K., Petillo D., Lavery T., Sugimura J., Astuti D., Zhang C., Kagawa S., Maher E.R., Larsson C., Alberts A.S., Kanayama H.O., and Teh B.T. The t(1;3) breakpoint-spanning genes LSAMP and NORE1 are involved in clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Cancer Cell 4 (2003) 405-413
217. Hoque M.O., Begum S., Topaloglu O., Jeronimo C., Mambo E., Westra W.H., Califano J.A., and Sidransky D. Quantitative detection of promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in the tumor, urine, and serum DNA of patients with renal cancer. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 5511-5517
218. Morris M.R., Hesson L.B., Wagner K.J., Morgan N.V., Astuti D., Lees R.D., Cooper W.N., Lee J., Gentle D., Macdonald F., Kishida T., Grundy R., Yao M., Latif F., and Maher E.R. Multigene methylation analysis of Wilms' tumour and adult renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 22 (2003) 6794-6801
219. Yamada D., Kikuchi S., Williams Y.N., Sakurai-Yageta M., Masuda M., Maruyama T., Tomita K., Gutmann D.H., Kakizoe T., Kitamura T., Kanai Y., and Murakami Y. Promoter hypermethylation of the potential tumor suppressor DAL-1/4.1B gene in renal clear cell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 118 (2006) 916-923
220. Costa V.L., Henrique R., Ribeiro F.R., Pinto M., Oliveira J., Lobo F., Teixeira M.R., and Jeronimo C. Quantitative promoter methylation analysis of multiple cancer-related genes in renal cell tumors. BMC Cancer 7 (2007) 133
221. Christoph F., Weikert S., Kempkensteffen C., Krause H., Schostak M., Kollermann J., Miller K., and Schrader M. Promoter hypermethylation profile of kidney cancer with new proapoptotic p53 target genes and clinical implications. Clin. Cancer Res. 12 (2006) 5040-5046
222. Kempkensteffen C., Hinz S., Schrader M., Christoph F., Magheli A., Krause H., Schostak M., Miller K., and Weikert S. Gene expression and promoter methylation of the XIAP-associated factor 1 in renal cell carcinomas: correlations with pathology and outcome. Cancer Lett. (2007)
223. Lee M.G., Huh J.S., Chung S.K., Lee J.H., Byun D.S., Ryu B.K., Kang M.J., Chae K.S., Lee S.J., Lee C.H., Kim J.I., Chang S.G., and Chi S.G. Promoter CpG hypermethylation and downregulation of XAF1 expression in human urogenital malignancies: implication for attenuated p53 response to apoptotic stresses. Oncogene 25 (2006) 5807-5822
224. Sanz-Casla M.T., Maestro M.L., del Barco V., Zanna I., Moreno J., Vidaurreta M., Almansa I., Fernandez C., Blanco J., Maestro C., and Resel L. Loss of heterozygosity and methylation of p16 in renal cell carcinoma. Urol. Res. 31 (2003) 159-162
225. Agathanggelou A., Cooper W.N., and Latif F. Role of the Ras-association domain family 1 tumor suppressor gene in human cancers. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 3497-3508
226. Dreijerink K., Braga E., Kuzmin I., Geil L., Duh F.M., Angeloni D., Zbar B., Lerman M.I., Stanbridge E.J., Minna J.D., Protopopov A., Li J., Kashuba V., Klein G., and Zabarovsky E.R. The candidate tumor suppressor gene, RASSF1A, from human chromosome 3p21.3 is involved in kidney tumorigenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001) 7504-7509
227. Gonzalgo M.L., Yegnasubramanian S., Yan G., Rogers C.G., Nicol T.L., Nelson W.G., and Pavlovich C.P. Molecular profiling and classification of sporadic renal cell carcinoma by quantitative methylation analysis. Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (2004) 7276-7283
228. Hori Y., Oda Y., Kiyoshima K., Yamada Y., Nakashima Y., Naito S., and Tsuneyoshi M. Oxidative stress and DNA hypermethylation status in renal cell carcinoma arising in patients on dialysis. J. Pathol. 212 (2007) 218-226
229. Morrissey C., Martinez A., Zatyka M., Agathanggelou A., Honorio S., Astuti D., Morgan N.V., Moch H., Richards F.M., Kishida T., Yao M., Schraml P., Latif F., and Maher E.R. Epigenetic inactivation of the RASSF1A 3p21.3 tumor suppressor gene in both clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 7277-7281
230. Yoon J.H., Dammann R., and Pfeifer G.P. Hypermethylation of the CpG island of the RASSF1A gene in ovarian and renal cell carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer 94 (2001) 212-217
231. Cairns P. Gene methylation and early detection of genitourinary cancer: the road ahead. Nat. Rev. Cancer 7 (2007) 531-543
232. Peters I., Rehmet K., Wilke N., Kuczyk M., Hennenlotter J., Eilers T., Machtens S., Jonas U., and Serth J. RASSF1A promoter methylation and expression analysis in normal and neoplastic kidney indicates a role in early tumorigenesis. Mol. Cancer 6 (2007) 49
233. Bachman K.E., Herman J.G., Corn P.G., Merlo A., Costello J.F., Cavenee W.K., Baylin S.B., and Graff J.R. Methylation-associated silencing of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 gene suggest a suppressor role in kidney, brain, and other human cancers. Cancer Res. 59 (1999) 798-802
234. Ibanez de Caceres I., Dulaimi E., Hoffman A.M., Al-Saleem T., Uzzo R.G., and Cairns P. Identification of novel target genes by an epigenetic reactivation screen of renal cancer. Cancer Res. 66 (2006) 5021-5028
235. Astuti D., Da Silva N.F., Dallol A., Gentle D., Martinsson T., Kogner P., Grundy R., Kishida T., Yao M., Latif F., and Maher E.R. SLIT2 promoter methylation analysis in neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumour and renal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 90 (2004) 515-521
236. Morris M.R., Gentle D., Abdulrahman M., Maina E.N., Gupta K., Banks R.E., Wiesener M.S., Kishida T., Yao M., Teh B., Latif F., and Maher E.R. Tumor suppressor activity and epigenetic inactivation of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 2/SPINT2 in papillary and clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 4598-4606
237. Okuda H., Toyota M., Ishida W., Furihata M., Tsuchiya M., Kamada M., Tokino T., and Shuin T. Epigenetic inactivation of the candidate tumor suppressor gene HOXB13 in human renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 25 (2006) 1733-1742
238. Zhang Q., Ying J., Zhang K., Li H., Ng K.M., Zhao Y., He Q., Yang X., Xin D., Liao S.K., Tao Q., and Jin J. Aberrant methylation of the 8p22 tumor suppressor gene DLC1 in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 249 (2006) 220-226
239. Urakami S., Shiina H., Enokida H., Hirata H., Kawamoto K., Kawakami T., Kikuno N., Tanaka Y., Majid S., Nakagawa M., Igawa M., and Dahiya R. Wnt antagonist family genes as biomarkers for diagnosis, staging, and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma using tumor and serum DNA. Clin. Cancer Res. 12 (2006) 6989-6997
240. Brandes J.C., Carraway H., and Herman J.G. Optimal primer design using the novel primer design program: MSP primer provides accurate methylation analysis of the ATM promoter. Oncogene 26 (2007) 6229-6237
241. Laird P.W. Oncogenic mechanisms mediated by DNA methylation. Mol. Med. Today 3 (1997) 223-229
242. Baylin S.B., Herman J.G., Graff J.R., Vertino P.M., and Issa J.P. Alterations in DNA methylation: a fundamental aspect of neoplasia. Adv. Cancer Res. 72 (1998) 141-196
243. Pantuck A.J., Zisman A., Rauch M.K., and Belldegrun A. Incidental renal tumors. Urology 56 (2000) 190-196
244. Kim H.L., Seligson D., Liu X., Janzen N., Bui M.H., Yu H., Shi T., Belldegrun A.S., Horvath S., and Figlin R.A. Using tumor markers to predict the survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 173 (2005) 1496-1501
245. Wei S.H., Chen C.M., Strathdee G., Harnsomburana J., Shyu C.R., Rahmatpanah F., Shi H., Ng S.W., Yan P.S., Nephew K.P., Brown R., and Huang T.H. Methylation microarray analysis of late-stage ovarian carcinomas distinguishes progression-free survival in patients and identifies candidate epigenetic markers. Clin. Cancer Res. 8 (2002) 2246-2252
246. Esteller M., Garcia-Foncillas J., Andion E., Goodman S.N., Hidalgo O.F., Vanaclocha V., Baylin S.B., and Herman J.G. Inactivation of the DNA-repair gene MGMT and the clinical response of gliomas to alkylating agents. N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (2000) 1350-1354
247. Esteller M., Gaidano G., Goodman S.N., Zagonel V., Capello D., Botto B., Rossi D., Gloghini A., Vitolo U., Carbone A., Baylin S.B., and Herman J.G. Hypermethylation of the DNA repair gene O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase and survival of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94 (2002) 26-32
248. Bar-Sela G., Jacobs K.M., and Gius D. Histone deacetylase inhibitor and demethylating agent chromatin compaction and the radiation response by cancer cells. Cancer J. 13 (2007) 65-69
249. Reu F.J., Bae S.I., Cherkassky L., Leaman D.W., Lindner D., Beaulieu N., MacLeod A.R., and Borden E.C. Overcoming resistance to interferon-induced apoptosis of renal carcinoma and melanoma cells by DNA demethylation. J. Clin. Oncol. 24 (2006) 3771-3779
250. Shang D., Ito N., Kamoto T., and Ogawa O. Demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine enhances susceptibility of renal cell carcinoma to paclitaxel. Urology 69 (2007) 1007-1012