Trust, Trustworthiness, and Trust Propensity: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Unique Relationships With Risk Taking and Job Performance

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 92, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 909-927

  Colquitt, Jason A ^a   Scott, Brent A ^a   LePine, Jeffery A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

citizenship; commitment; integrity; trust; trustworthiness

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; META ANALYSIS; TRUST; WORKPLACE;

HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; RISK-TAKING; TRUST; WORKPLACE;

EID: 34548812842     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.909     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. Adams E.F. A multivariate study of subordinate perceptions of and attitudes toward minority and majority managers. Journal of Applied Psychology 63 (1978) 277-288
2. Albrecht S.L. Perceptions of integrity, ability and trust in senior management as determinants of cynicism toward change. Public Administration & Management 7 (2002) 320-343
3. Allen N.J., and Meyer J.P. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology 63 (1990) 1-18
4. Amason A.C., and Sapienza H.J. The effects of top management team size and interaction norms on cognitive and affective conflict. Journal of Management 23 (1997) 495-516
5. Ambrose M.L., and Schminke M. Organization structure as a moderator of the relationship between procedural justice, interactional justice, perceived organizational support, and supervisory trust. Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2003) 295-305
6. Armstrong-Stassen M. Production workers' reactions to a plant closing: The role of transfer, stress, and support. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 6 (1993) 201-214
7. Armstrong-Stassen M. Designated redundant but escaping lay-off: A special group of layoff survivors. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 75 (2002) 1-13
8. Arthur W., Bennett W., Edens P.S., and Bell S.T. Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2003) 234-245
9. Aryee S., Budhwar P.S., and Chen Z.X. Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: Test of a social exchange model. Journal of Organizational Behavior 23 (2002) 267-285
10. Aselage J., and Eisenberger R. Perceived organizational support and psychological contracts: A theoretical integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior 24 (2003) 491-509
11. Ball G.A., Trevino L.K., and Sims Jr. H.P. Justice and organizational punishment: Attitudinal outcomes of disciplinary events. Social Justice Research 6 (1993) 39-67
12. Barber B. The logic and limits of trust (1983), Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ
13. Bass B., and Mitchell C.W. Influences on the felt need for collective bargaining by business and science professionals. Journal of Applied Psychology 61 (1976) 770-773
14. Becker L.C. Trust as noncognitive security about motives. Ethics 107 (1996) 43-61
15. Bennett R.J., and Robinson S.L. Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology 85 (2000) 349-360
16. Bies R.J., and Moag J.F. Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. In: Lewicki R.J., Sheppard B.H., and Bazerman M.H. (Eds). Research on negotiations in organizations 1 (1986), JAI Press, Greenwich, CT 43-55
17. Bigley G.A., and Pearce J.L. Straining for shared meaning in organizational science: Problems of trust and distrust. Academy of Management Review 23 (1998) 405-421
18. Blau P.M. Exchange and power in social life (1964), Wiley, New York
19. Boon S.D., and Holmes J.G. The dynamics of interpersonal trust: Resolving uncertainty in the face of risk. In: Hinde R.A., and Groebel J. (Eds). Cooperation and prosocial behavior (1991), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England 190-211
20. Borman W.C., and Motowidlo S.J. Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In: Schmitt N., Borman W.C., and Associates (Eds). Personnel selection in organizations (1993), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 71-98
21. Brashear T.G., Manolis C., and Brooks C.M. The effects of control, trust, and justice on salesperson turnover. Journal of Business Research 58 (2005) 241-249
22. Brockner J., Siegel P.A., Daly J.P., Tyler T., and Martin C. When trust matters: The moderating effect of outcome favorability. Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (1997) 558-583
23. Brockner J., Wiesenfeld B.M., and Martin C.L. Decision frame, procedural justice, and survivors' reactions to job layoffs. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 63 (1995) 59-68
24. Burgoon J.K., and Hale J. Validation and measurement of the fundamental themes of relational communication. Communication Monographs 54 (1987) 19-41
25. Burt R.S. Structural holes: The social structure of competition (1992), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
26. Butler Jr. J.K. Toward understanding and measuring conditions of trust: Evolution of a conditions of trust inventory. Journal of Management 17 (1991) 643-663
27. Butler Jr. J.K., and Cantrell R.S. A behavioral decision theory approach to modeling dyadic trust in superiors and subordinates. Psychological Reports 55 (1984) 19-28
28. Butler Jr. J.K., Cantrell R.S., and Flick R.J. Transformational leadership behaviors, upward trust, and satisfaction in self-managed work teams. Organization Development Journal 17 (1999) 13-28
29. Campbell J.P. Modeling the performance prediction problem. In: Dunnette M.D., and Hough L.M. (Eds). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology 1 (1990), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA 687-732
30. Cardona, P., & Elola, A. (2003, August). Trust in management: The effect of managerial trustworthy behavior and reciprocity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle, WA.
31. Carson S.J., Madhok A., Varman R., and John G. Information processing moderators of the effectiveness of trust-based governance in interfirm R&D collaboration. Organization Science 14 (2003) 45-56
32. Child J., and Mollering G. Contextual confidence and active trust development in the Chinese business environment. Organization Science 14 (2003) 69-80
33. Clegg C., Unsworth K., Epitropaki O., and Parker G. Implicating trust in the innovation process. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 75 (2002) 409-422
34. Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Rich, B. L. (2004). Justice, trust, and uncertainty: When does fair treatment matter most? Unpublished manuscript.
35. Cook J., and Wall T. New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psychology 53 (1980) 39-52
36. Costa Jr. P.T., and McCrae R.R. The NEO PI-R professional manual (1992), Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL
37. Coyle-Shapiro J. A psychological contract perspective on organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior 23 (2002) 927-946
38. Cropanzano R., Prehar C., and Chen P.Y. Using social exchange theory to distinguish procedural from interactional justice. Group & Organization Management 27 (2002) 324-351
39. Cummings L.L., and Bromiley P. The organizational trust inventory (OTI): Development and validation. In: Kramer R.M., and Tyler T.R. (Eds). Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research (1996), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 302-330
40. Currall S.C., and Judge T.A. Measuring trust between organizational boundary role persons. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 64 (1995) 151-170
41. Davids A., and Mahoney J.T. Personality dynamics and accident proneness in an industrial setting. Journal of Applied Psychology 41 (1957) 303-306
42. Davidson M., and Friedman R.A. When excuses don't work: The persistent injustice effect among Black managers. Administrative Science Quarterly 43 (1998) 154-183
43. Davis J.H., Schoorman F.D., Mayer R.C., and Tan H.H. The trusted general manager and business unit performance: Empirical evidence of a competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal 21 (2000) 563-576
44. Deluga R.J. The relation between trust in the supervisor and subordinate organizational citizenship behavior. Military Psychology 7 (1995) 1-16
45. Deutsch M. Trust and suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2 (1958) 265-279
46. Deutsch M. The effect of motivational orientation upon trust and suspicion. Human Relations 13 (1960) 123-139
47. Dirks K.T., and Ferrin D.L. Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (2002) 611-628
48. Driscoll J.W. Trust and participation in organizational decision making as predictors of satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal 21 (1978) 44-56
49. Duffy M.K., and Ferrier W.J. Birds of a feather? How supervisor-subordinate dissimilarity moderates the influence of supervisor behaviors on workplace attitudes. Group & Organization Management 28 (2003) 217-248
50. Earley P.C. Trust, perceived importance of praise and criticism, and work performance: An examination of feedback in the United States and England. Journal of Management 12 (1986) 457-473
51. Earley P.C. Computer-generated performance feedback in the magazine-subscription industry. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 41 (1988) 50-64
52. Eby L.T., Adams D.M., Russell J., and Gaby S.H. Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: Factors related to employees' reactions to the implementation of team-based selling. Human Relations 53 (2000) 419-442
53. Eisenberger R., Armeli S., Rexwinkel B., Lynch P.D., and Rhoades L. Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (2001) 42-51
54. Ellison C.W., and Firestone I.J. Development of interpersonal trust as a function of self-esteem target status and target style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 (1974) 655-663
55. Elloy D.E., Everett J.E., and Flynn W.R. An examination of the correlates of job involvement. Group & Organization Studies 16 (1991) 160-177
56. Farh J., Tsui A.S., Xin K., and Cheng B. The influence of relational demography and guanxi: The Chinese case. Organization Science 9 (1998) 471-488
57. Ferrin D.L., and Dirks K.T. The use of rewards to increase and decrease trust: Mediating processes and differential effects. Organization Science 14 (2003) 18-31
58. Ferrin, D. L., Dirks, K. T., & Shah, P. P. (2003, August). Many routes toward trust: A social network analysis of the determinants of interpersonal trust. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle, WA.
59. Flores F., and Solomon R.C. Creating trust. Business Ethics Quarterly 8 (1998) 205-232
60. Folger R., and Konovsky M.A. Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise decisions. Academy of Management Journal 32 (1989) 115-130
61. Ford C.M., and Gioia D.A. Factors influencing creativity in the domain of managerial decision making. Journal of Management 26 (2000) 705-732
62. Freid Y., Tiegs R.B., and Bellamy A.R. Personal and interpersonal predictors of supervisors' avoidance of evaluating subordinates. Journal of Applied Psychology 77 (1992) 462-468
63. Fulk J., Brief A.P., and Barr S.H. Trust-in-supervisor and perceived fairness and accuracy of performance evaluations. Journal of Business Research 13 (1985) 299-313
64. Gabarro J.J. The development of trust, influence, and expectations. In: Athos A.G., and Gabarro J.J. (Eds). Interpersonal behaviors: Communication and understanding in relationships (1978), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 290-303
65. Gabarro J.J., and Athos J. Interpersonal relations and communications (1976), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
66. Gaines J.H. Upward communication in industry: An experiment. Human Relations 33 (1980) 929-942
67. Golembiewski R.T., and McConkie M. The centrality of interpersonal trust in group processes. In: Cooper C.L. (Ed). Theories of group processes (1975), Wiley, New York 131-185
68. Gopinath C., and Becker T.E. Communication, procedural justice, and employee attitudes: Relationships under conditions of divestiture. Journal of Management 26 (2000) 63-83
69. Gordon L.V. The therapeutic personality in the therapeutic community. Journal of Applied Psychology 58 (1973) 108-112
70. Gouldner A.W. The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review 25 (1960) 161-178
71. Govier T. Is it a jungle out there? Trust, distrust and the construction of social reality. Dialogue 33 (1994) 237-252
72. Gurtman M.B., and Lion C. Interpersonal trust and perceptual vigilance for trustworthiness descriptors. Journal of Research in Personality 16 (1982) 108-117
73. Hammer T.H., and Berman M. The role of noneconomic factors in faculty union voting. Journal of Applied Psychology 66 (1981) 415-421
74. Hardin R. Trustworthiness. Ethics 107 (1996) 26-42
75. Hua, W. (2003, August). A social exchange model of subordinate's trust in supervisors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle, WA.
76. Hunter J.E., and Schmidt F.L. Methods of meta-analysis (2004), Sage, Newbury Park, CA
77. Jackson, C. L., Colquitt, J. A., Wesson, M. J., & Zapata-Phelan, C. P. (2005). [Psychological collectivism, trust, and group member behaviors]. Unpublished raw data.
78. Jarvenpaa S.L., Knoll K., and Leidner D.E. Is anybody out there? Antecedents of trust in global virtual teams. Journal of Management Information Systems 14 (1998) 29-64
79. Jones G.R., and George J.M. The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork. Academy of Management Review 23 (1998) 531-546
80. Jones A.P., James L.R., and Bruni J.R. Perceived leadership behavior and employee confidence in the leader as moderated by job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology 60 (1975) 146-149
81. Jöreskog K.G., and Sörbom D. LISREL (Version 8) [Computer software and manual] (1996), Scientific Software International, Chicago
82. Judge T.A., Thoreson C.J., Bono J.E., and Patton G.K. The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin 127 (2001) 376-407
83. Jung D.I., and Avolio B.J. Opening the black box: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of trust and value congruence on transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior 21 (2000) 949-964
84. Kee H.W., and Knox R.E. Conceptual and methodological considerations in the study of trust and suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolution 14 (1970) 357-366
85. Kegan D.L., and Rubenstein A.H. Trust, effectiveness, and organizational development: A field study in R&D. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 9 (1973) 498-513
86. Kernan M.C., and Hanges P.J. Survivor reactions to reorganization: Antecedents and consequences of procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice. Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (2002) 916-928
87. Kim, P. H., Ferrin, D. L., Cooper, C. D., & Dirks, K. T. (2003, August). Removing the shadow of suspicion: The effects of apology versus denial for repairing ability versus integrity-based trust violations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle, WA.
88. Kim W.C., and Mauborgne R.A. Procedural justice, attitudes, and subsidiary top management compliance with multinationals' corporate strategic decisions. Academy of Management Journal 36 (1993) 502-526
89. Kirkpatrick S.A., and Locke E.A. Direct and indirect effects of three core charismatic leadership components on performance and attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology 81 (1996) 36-51
90. Kline R.B. Principles and practices of structural equation modeling. 2nd ed. (2005), Guilford Press, New York
91. Koberg C.S., Boss R.W., Chappell D., and Ringer R.C. Correlates and consequences of protégé mentoring in a large hospital. Group & Organization Management 19 (1994) 219-239
92. Koberg C.S., Boss R.W., Senjem J.C., and Goodman E.A. Antecedents and outcomes of empowerment. Group & Organization Management 24 (1999) 71-91
93. Konovsky M.A., and Cropanzano R. Perceived fairness of employee drug testing as a predictor of employee attitudes and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 76 (1991) 698-707
94. Konovsky M.A., and Pugh S.D. Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal 37 (1994) 656-669
95. Korsgaard M.A., Brodt S.E., and Whitener E.M. Trust in the face of conflict: The role of managerial trustworthy behavior and organizational context. Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (2002) 312-319
96. Korsgaard M.A., Roberson L., and Rymph R.D. What motivates fairness? The role of subordinate assertive behavior on managers' interactional fairness. Journal of Applied Psychology 83 (1998) 731-744
97. Korsgaard M.A., Sapienza H.J., and Schweiger D.M. Beaten before begun: The role of procedural justice in planning change. Journal of Management 28 (2002) 497-516
98. Kramer R.M. The sinister attribution error: Paranoid cognition and collective distrust in organizations. Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994) 199-230
99. Kramer R.M. Trust and distrust in organizations: Emerging perspectives, enduring questions. Annual Review of Psychology 50 (1999) 569-598
100. Kumar P., and Ghadially R. Organizational politics and its effects on members of organizations. Human Relations 4 (1989) 305-314
101. Lagace R.R. An exploratory study of reciprocal trust between sales managers and salespersons. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 2 (1991) 49-58
102. Lee C., and Farh J. The effects of gender in organizational justice perception. Journal of Organizational Behavior 20 (1999) 133-143
103. Lee C., Pillutla M., and Law K.S. Power-distance, gender, and organizational justice. Journal of Management 26 (2000) 685-704
104. Lee K., and Allen N.J. Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (2002) 131-142
105. Lehman W.E.K., and Simpson D.D. Employee substance abuse and on-the-job behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology 77 (1992) 309-321
106. Leventhal G.S. What should be done with equity theory? New approaches to the study of fairness in social relationships. In: Gergen K., Greenberg M., and Willis R. (Eds). Social exchange: Advances in theory and research (1980), Plenum Press, New York 27-55
107. Lewicki R.J., and Bunker B.B. Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. In: Kramer R.M., and Tyler T.R. (Eds). Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research (1996), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 114-139
108. Lewis J.D., and Weigert A. Trust as a social reality. Social Forces 63 (1985) 967-985
109. Lind E.A. Fairness heuristic theory: Justice judgments as pivotal cognitions in organizational relations. In: Greenberg J., and Cropanzano R. (Eds). Advances in organizational justice (2001), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA 56-88
110. Lui S.S., and Ngo H. The role of trust and contractual safeguards on cooperation in non-equity alliances. Journal of Management 30 (2004) 471-485
111. Luo Y. Building trust in cross-cultural collaborations: Toward a contingency perspective. Journal of Management 28 (2002) 669-694
112. Lynch P.D., Eisenberger R., and Armeli S. Perceived organizational support: Inferior versus superior performance by wary employees. Journal of Applied Psychology 84 (1999) 467-483
113. MacDonald A.P., Kessel V.S., and Fuller J.B. Self-disclosure and two kinds of trust. Psychological Reports 30 (1972) 143-148
114. MacKenzie S.B., Podsakoff P.M., and Rich G.A. Transformational and transactional leadership and salesperson performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 29 (2001) 115-134
115. Magner N., Welker R.B., and Johnson G.G. The interactive effects of participation and outcome favorability on turnover intentions and evaluations of supervisors. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 69 (1996) 135-143
116. Mayer R.C., and Davis J.H. The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 84 (1999) 123-136
117. Mayer R.C., Davis J.H., and Schoorman F.D. An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review 20 (1995) 709-734
118. Mayer R.C., and Gavin M.B. Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss?. Academy of Management Journal 48 (2005) 874-888
119. McAllister D.J. Affect- and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal 38 (1995) 24-59
120. McAllister D.J. The second face of trust: Reflections on the dark side of interpersonal trust in organizations. In: Lewicki R.J., Bies R.J., and Sheppard B.H. (Eds). Research on negotiation in organizations 6 (1997), JAI Press, Greenwich, CT 87-111
121. McEvoy G.M. Organization change and outdoor management education. Human Resource Management 36 (1997) 235-250
122. McKnight D.H., Cummings L.L., and Chervany N.L. Initial trust formation in new organizational relationships. Academy of Management Review 23 (1998) 473-490
123. Meyer J.P., and Allen N.J. Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application (1997), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
124. Meyer J.P., Stanley D.J., Herscovitch L., and Topolnytsky L. Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior 61 (2002) 20-52
125. Mishra A.K., and Mishra K.E. The role of mutual trust in effective downsizing strategies. Human Resource Management 33 (1994) 261-279
126. Moorman C., Zaltman G., and Deshpande R. Relationships between providers and users of market research: The dynamics of trust within and between organizations. Journal of Marketing Research 29 (1992) 314-328
127. Mowday R.T., Porter L.W., and Steers R.M. Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover (1982), Academic Press, New York
128. Mowday R.T., Steers R.M., and Porter L.W. The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior 14 (1979) 224-247
129. Naquin C.E., and Paulson G.D. Online bargaining and interpersonal trust. Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2003) 113-120
130. Ng, K., & Chua, R. Y. J. (2003, August). Do I contribute more when I trust more? A study on two boundary conditions of trust. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle, WA.
131. Nooteboom B., Berger H., and Noorderhaven N.G. Effects of trust and governance on relational risk. Academy of Management Journal 40 (1997) 308-338
132. Oldham G.R. The impact of supervisory characteristics on goal acceptance. Academy of Management Journal 18 (1975) 461-475
133. O'Reilly C.A. The intentional distortion of information in organizational communication: A laboratory and field investigation. Human Relations 31 (1978) 173-193
134. O'Reilly C.A., and Anderson J.C. Trust and the communication of performance appraisal information: The effect of feedback on performance and job satisfaction. Human Communication Research 6 (1979) 289-298
135. Ostroff C., and Harrison D.A. Meta-analysis, level of analysis, and best estimates of population correlations: Cautions for interpreting meta-analytic results in organizational behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology 84 (1999) 260-270
136. Pearce J.L. Toward an organizational behavior of contract laborers: Their psychological involvement and effects on employee co-workers. Academy of Management Journal 36 (1993) 1082-1096
137. Pearce J.L., Branyiczki I., and Bigley G.A. Insufficient bureaucracy: Trust and commitment in particularistic organizations. Organization Science 11 (2000) 148-162
138. Pettit Jr. J.D., Goris J.R., and Vaught B.C. An examination of organizational communication as a moderator of the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Communication 34 (1997) 81-98
139. Piccolo, R. F., & Colquitt, J. A. (2005). [Transformational leadership, trust, and job behaviors]. Unpublished raw data, University of Florida.
140. Pillai R., Schriesheim C.A., and Williams E.S. Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two-sample study. Journal of Management 25 (1999) 897-933
141. Podsakoff P.M., MacKenzie S.B., and Bommer W.H. Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management 22 (1996) 259-298
142. Podsakoff P.M., MacKenzie S.B., Moorman R.H., and Fetter R. Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly 1 (1990) 107-142
143. Puffer S.M. Prosocial behavior, noncompliant behavior, and work performance among commission salespeople. Journal of Applied Psychology 72 (1987) 615-621
144. Read W.H. Upward communication in industrial hierarchies. Human Relations (1962) 3-16
145. Rich G.A. The sales manager as a role model: Effects on trust, job satisfaction, and performance of salespeople. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 25 (1997) 319-328
146. Riker W.H. The nature of trust. In: Tedeschi J.T. (Ed). Perspectives on social power (1971), Aldine, Chicago 63-81
147. Roberts K.H., and O'Reilly C.A. Measuring organizational communication. Journal of Applied Psychology 59 (1974) 321-326
148. Robinson S.L. Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (1996) 574-599
149. Robinson S.L., and O'Leary-Kelly A.M. Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees. Academy of Management Journal 41 (1998) 658-672
150. Robinson S.L., and Rousseau D.M. Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior 15 (1994) 245-259
151. Robinson S.L., and Wolfe-Morrison E. Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior 16 (1995) 289-298
152. Rosenberg M. Misanthropy and political ideology. American Sociological Review 21 (1956) 690-695
153. Ross W., and LaCroix J. Multiple meanings of trust in negotiation theory and research: A literature review and integrative model. International Journal of Conflict Management 7 (1996) 314-360
154. Rotter J.B. A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality 35 (1967) 651-665
155. Rotter J.B. Generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust. American Psychologist 26 (1971) 443-452
156. Rotter J.B. Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness, and gullibility. American Psychologist 35 (1980) 1-7
157. Rotundo M., and Sackett P.R. The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (2002) 66-80
158. Rousseau D.M., Sitkin S.B., Burt R.S., and Camerer C. Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review 23 (1998) 393-404
159. Rousseau D.M., and Tijoriwala S.A. What's a good reason to change? Motivated reasoning and social accounts in promoting organizational change. Journal of Applied Psychology 84 (1999) 514-528
160. Rynes S.L. Recruitment, job choice, and post-hire consequences: A call for new research directions. In: Dunnette M.D., and Hough L.M. (Eds). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology 2 (1991), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA 399-444
161. Sackett P.R., and DeVore C.J. Counterproductive behaviors at work. In: Anderson N., Ones D.S., Sinangil H.K., and Viswesvaran C. (Eds). Handbook of industrial, work, and organizational psychology 1 (2001), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 145-151
162. Salas E., Rozell D., Mullen B., and Driskell J.E. The effect of team building on performance: An integration. Small Group Research 30 (1999) 309-329
163. Sanchez, R. J., Olsen-Buchanan, J. B., Rechner, P. L., & Schmidtke, J. M. (2003, August). The effects of dispositional trust and team-member exchange in the virtual environment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle, WA.
164. Sapienza H.J., and Korsgaard M.A. Procedural justice in entrepreneur-investor relations. Academy of Management Journal 3 (1996) 544-574
165. Schindler P.L., and Thomas C.C. The structure of interpersonal trust in the workplace. Psychological Reports 73 (1993) 563-573
166. Schmidt F.L., and Hunter J.E. Select on intelligence. In: Locke E.A. (Ed). Blackwell handbook of principles of organizational behavior (2000), Blackwell, Malden, MA 3-8
167. Schoorman, D. F., Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (1996, April). Empowerment in veterinary clinics: The role of trust in delegation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
168. Schweiger D.M., and Denisi A.S. Communication with employees following a merger: A longitudinal field experiment. Academy of Management Journal 34 (1991) 110-135
169. Shamir B., Zakay E., Breinin E., and Popper M. Correlates of charismatic leader behavior in military units: Subordinates' attitudes, unit characteristics, and superiors' appraisals of leader performance. Academy of Management Journal 41 (1998) 387-409
170. Shapiro D., Sheppard B.H., and Cheraskin L. Business on a handshake. The Negotiation Journal 8 (1992, October) 365-378
171. Shore L.M., Tetrick L.E., Lynch P., and Barksdale K. Social and economic exchange: Construct development and validation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36 (2006) 837-867
172. Sitkin S.B., and Roth N.L. Explaining the limited effectiveness of legalistic "remedies" for trust/distrust. Organization Science 4 (1993) 367-392
173. Skarlicki D.P., and Latham G.P. Increasing citizenship behavior within a labor union: A test of organizational justice theory. Journal of Applied Psychology 81 (1996) 161-169
174. Smith C.A., Organ D.W., and Near J.P. Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology 68 (1983) 653-663
175. Spreitzer G.M., and Mishra A.K. To stay or to go: Voluntary survivor turnover following an organizational downsizing. Journal of Organizational Behavior 23 (2002) 707-729
176. Stack L.C. Trust. In: London H., and Exner Jr. J.E. (Eds). Dimensionality of personality (1978), Wiley, New York 561-599
177. Stewart, K. J., & Zhang, Y. (2003, August). The role of hypertext links in building and degrading trust. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle, WA.
178. Stone-Romero E.F., and Rosopa P.J. Inference problems with hierarchical multiple regression-based tests of mediating effects. In: Martocchio J. (Ed). Research in personnel and human resources management 23 (2004), Elsevier, Oxford, England 249-290
179. Strutton D., Toma A., and Pelton L.E. Relationship between psychological climate and trust between salespersons and their managers in sales organizations. Psychological Reports 72 (1993) 931-939
180. Tan H.H., and Tan C.S.F. Toward the differentiation of trust in supervisor and trust in organization. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 126 (2000) 241-260
181. Thompson, N. J., Raftery, J., & Thompson, K. E. (2003). Client conditions of trust, within virtual organizations: An application of Butler's Conditions of Trust Inventory in the UK construction sector. Unpublished manuscript, Middlesex University Business School, Hendon, London.
182. Tjosvold D., Andrews I.R., and Struthers J.T. Power and interdependence in work groups. Group & Organization Studies 16 (1991) 285-299
183. Treadway D.C., Hochwarter W.A., Ferris G.R., Kacmar C.J., Douglas C., and Ammeter A.P. Leader political skill and employee reactions. Leadership Quarterly 15 (2004) 493-513
184. Turnley W.H., Bolino M.C., Lester S.W., and Bloodgood J.M. The impact of psychological contract fulfillment on the performance of in-role and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management 29 (2003) 187-206
185. Tyler T.R., and Degoey P. Collective restraint in social dilemmas: Procedural justice and social identification effects on support for authorities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 482-497
186. Tyler T.R., and Lind E.A. A relational model of authority in groups. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 25 (1992), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 115-191
187. Van Dyne L., and LePine J.A. Helping and voice extra-role behavior: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal 41 (1998) 108-119
188. Van Dyne L., Vandewalle D., Kostova T., Latham M.E., and Cummings L.L. Collectivism, propensity to trust and self-esteem as predictors of organizational citizenship in a non-work setting. Journal of Organizational Behavior 21 (2000) 3-23
189. Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2003, August). Managerial quality, administrative performance, and citizens' trust in governance: Can we point to causality? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle, WA.
190. Viswesvaran C., and Ones D.S. Theory testing: Combining psychometric meta-analysis and structural equations modeling. Personnel Psychology 48 (1995) 865-885
191. Wageman R. The meaning of interdependence. In: Turner M.E. (Ed). Groups at work: Theory and research (2001), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 197-217
192. Wagner S.L., and Rush M.C. Altruistic organizational citizenship behavior: Context, disposition, and age. Journal of Social Psychology 140 (2000) 379-391
193. Wayne S.J., Shore L.M., and Liden R.C. Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal 40 (1997) 82-111
194. Webb W.M., and Worchel P. Trust and distrust. In: Worchel S., and Austin W.G. (Eds). Psychology of intergroup relations (1986), Nelson-Hall, Chicago 213-228
195. Whitener E.M. Confusion of confidence intervals and credibility intervals in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 75 (1990) 315-321
196. Wild, R. E. (2004). Trust in urgent moments: An exploration of trust among firefighters. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.
197. Williams K.D., and Karau S.J. Social loafing and social compensation: The effects of expectations of co-worker performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991) 570-581
198. Williams L.J., and Anderson S.E. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management 17 (1991) 601-617
199. Williams M. In whom we trust: Group membership as an affective context for trust development. Academy of Management Review 26 (2001) 377-396
200. Yamagishi T. The provision of a sanctioning system as a public good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 110-116
201. Yoon M.H., and Suh J. Organizational citizenship behaviors and service quality as external effectiveness of contact employees. Journal of Business Research 56 (2003) 597-611
202. Young A.M., and Perrewe P.L. What did you expect? An examination of career-related support and social support among mentors and protégés. Journal of Management 26 (2000) 611-632
203. Zaheer A., McEvily B., and Perrone V. Does trust matter? Exploring the effects of interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance. Organization Science 9 (1998) 141-159
204. Zand D.E. Trust and managerial problem solving. Administrative Science Quarterly 17 (1972) 229-239
205. Zapata-Phelan, C. P., & Colquitt, J. A. (2005). [Personality, stressors, trust, and job behaviors]. Unpublished raw data, University of Florida.
206. Zeitz G., Johannesson R., and Ritchie Jr. J.E. An employee survey measuring total quality management practices and culture. Group & Organization Management 22 (1997) 414-444