Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two-sample study

Journal of Management

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 897-933

  Pillai, Rajnandini ^a   Schriesheim, Chester A ^b   Williams, Eric S ^b  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033473890     PISSN: 01492063     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/014920639902500606     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Adams, J. S. 1965. Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology: 267-299. New York, NY: Academic Press.
2. Alexander, S., & Ruderman, M. 1987. The role of procedural and distributive justice in organizational behaviors. Social Justice Research, 1: 177-198.
3. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. 1988. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103: 411-423.
4. Argyris, C. 1964. Integrating the Individual and the Organization. New York: Wiley.
5. Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. 1996. Construct Validation of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire MLQ-Form 5X. Binghamton, New York; Center for Leadership Studies, Binghamton University Report 96-1.
6. Bass, B. M. 1985. Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. New York: Free Press.
7. Bass, B. M. 1990. Bass and Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications. New York: Free Press.
8. Bass, B. M. 1995. Transformational leadership redux. Leadership Quarterly, 6: 463-478.
9. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. 1991. The Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo, Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
10. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. 1993. Transformational leadership: A response to critiques. In M. M. Chemers & R. Ayman (Eds.), Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions: 49-80. San Diego: Academic Press.
11. Bennis, W., & Nanus, B. 1985. Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge. New York: Harper & Row.
12. Bentler, P. M., & Bonnet, D. G. 1980. Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88: 588-606.
13. Bies, R. J., & Tyler, T. R. 1993. The "litigation mentality" in organizations: A test of alternative psychological explanations. Organizational Science, 4: 352-366.
14. Blalock, H. M. 1964. Causal Inferences in Nonexperimental Research. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
15. Blau, P. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley.
16. Bollen, K. A. 1989. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: Wiley.
17. Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. 1951. An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35: 307-311.
18. Brockner, J., Konovsky, M., Cooper-Schneider, R., Folger, R., Martin, C., & Bies, R. 1994. Interactive effects of procedural justice and outcome negativity on victims and survivors of job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 397-409.
19. Brockner, J., & Siegel, P. 1995. Understanding the interaction between procedural and distributive justice: The role of trust. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research: 391-413. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
20. Burns, J. M. 1978. Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
21. Burt, R. S. 1976. Interpretational confounding of unobserved variables in structural equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 5: 3-52.
22. Butler, J. K. 1991. Toward understanding and measuring conditions of trust: Evolution of a conditions of trust inventory. Journal of Management, 17: 643-663.
23. Bycio, P., Hackett, R., & Allen, J. 1995. Further assessments of Bass's (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80: 468-478.
24. Cattell, R. B. 1966. The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1: 245-276.
25. Cole, R. 1974. Causality and sufficient reason. The Review of Metaphysics, 28: 3-23.
26. Deluga, R. J. 1995. The relation between trust in the supervisor and subordinate organizational citizenship behavior. Military Psychology, 7: 1-16.
27. Driscoll, J. W. 1978. Trust and participation in organizational decision making as predictors of satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 21: 44-56.
28. Folger, R., & Greenberg, J. 1985. Procedural justice: An interpretive analysis of personnel systems. In K. M. Rowland & G. R. Ferris (Eds.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, vol. 1: 141-183. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
29. Folger, R., & Konovsky, M. 1989. Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 115-130.
30. Fryxell, G. E., & Gordon, M. E. 1989. Workplace justice and job satisfaction as predictors of satisfaction with union and management. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 851-866.
31. Gavin, M. B., Green, S. G., & Fairhurst, G. T. 1995. Managerial control strategies for poor performance over time and the impact on subordinate reactions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63: 207-221.
32. Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. 1992. Monte Carlo evaluations of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 21: 132-160.
33. Gerbing, D. W., & Hamilton, J. G. 1996. Viability of exploratory factor analysis as a precursor to confirmatory factor analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 1: 62-72.
34. Goffin, R. D. 1993. A comparison of two new indices for the assessment of fit of structural equation models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 28: 205-214.
35. Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. 1995. Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level-multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6: 219-247.
36. Greenberg, J. 1987. A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. Academy of Management Review, 12: 9-22.
37. Greenberg, J. 1990. Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16: 399-432.
38. Greenberg, J. 1996. The Quest for Justice on the Job: Essays and Experiments. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. Gregersen, H. B., & Black, J. S. 1992. Antecedents to commitment to a parent company and a foreign operation. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 65-90.
40. Haitovsky, Y. 1969. Multicolinearity in regression analysis: A comment. Review of Economics and Statistics, 51: 486-489.
41. Harman, H. H. 1976. Modern Factor Analysis (3rd Ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
42. Hayduk, L. A. 1987. Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL: Essentials and Advances. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Press.
43. Heise, D. R. 1969. Problems in path analysis and causal inferences. In E. F. Borgatta & G. W. Bohrnstedt (Eds.), Sociological Methodology 1969. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
44. Hosmer, L. T. 1995. Trust: The connecting link between organizational theory and philosophical ethics. Academy of Management Review, 20: 379-403.
45. House, R. J. 1996. Path-goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory. Leadership Quarterly, 7: 323-352.
46. House, R. J., & Podsakoff, P. M. 1996. Leadership effectiveness: Past perspectives and future directions for research. In J. Greenberg (Ed.), Organizational Behavior: The State of the Science: 45-82. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. House, R. J., & Shamir, B. 1993. Toward the integration of transformational, charismatic, and visionary theories. In M. M. Chemers & R. Ayman (Eds.), Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions: 81-103. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
48. House, R. J., Spangler, W. D., & Woycke, J. 1991. Personality and charisma in the U.S. presidency: A psychological theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 364-396.
49. Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J. 1993. Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated business-unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 891-902.
50. Jermier, J. M., & Schriesheim, C. A. 1978. Causal analysis in the organizational sciences and alternative model specification and evaluation. Academy of Management Review, 3: 326-337.
51. Jöreskog, K. G., &, Sörbom, D. 1989. LISREL 7: A Guide to the Program and Applications (2nd Ed.). Chicago, IL: SPSS.
52. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. 1993. LISREL 8: User's Reference Guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software.
53. Konovsky, M. A., & Cropanzano, R. 1991. Perceived fairness of employee drug testing as a predictor of employee attitudes and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 698-707.
54. Konovsky, M. A., & Organ, D. W. 1996. Dispositional and contextual determinants of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12: 253-266.
55. Konovsky, M. A., & Pugh, D. S. 1994. Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 656-669.
56. Korsgaard, M. A., Schweiger, D. M., & Sapienza, H. J. 1995. Building commitment, attachment, and trust in strategic decision-making teams: The role of procedural justice. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 60-84.
57. Kouzes, J. K., & Posner, B. Z. 1987. The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
58. Lagace, R. R. 1991. An exploratory study of reciprocal trust between sales managers and salespersons. Journal of Personnel Selling and Sales Management, 11: 49-58.
59. Lewicki, R. J., & Bunker, B. B. 1995. Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research: 114-139. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
60. Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. 1988. The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Plenum Press.
61. Liou, T. K. 1995. Understanding employee commitment in the public organization: A study of the juvenile detention center. International Journal of Public Administration, 18: 1269-1295.
62. MacCallum, R. 1986. Specification searches in covariance structural modeling. Psychological Bulletin, 100: 107-120.
63. MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Fetter, R. 1993. The impact of organizational citizenship behavior on evaluations of salesperson performance. Journal of Marketing, 57: 70-80.
64. MacNeil, I. R. 1985. Relational contracts: What we do and do not know. Wisconsin Law Review: 483-525.
65. Manogran, P., & Conlon, E. J. 1994. A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors and job satisfaction, commitment, procedural and distributive justice and conscientiousness. Paper Presented at the 1994 Academy of Management Meeting, Dallas, TX.
66. Marlowe, Jr., H. A., & Nyhan, R. C. 1992. Development and Psychometric Properties of the Organizational Trust Inventory. Unpublished manuscript, University of Florida.
67. Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. 1988. Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103: 391-410.
68. Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. 1995. An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20: 709-734.
69. McDonald, R. P., & Marsh, H. W. 1990. Choosing a multivariate model: Noncentrality and goodness-of-fit. Psychological Bulletin, 107: 247-255.
70. McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D. 1992. Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction with personal and organizational outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 626-637.
71. McNemar, Q. 1969. Psychological Statistics (4th Ed.). New York: Wiley.
72. Medsker, G. J., Williams, L. J., & Holahan, P. J. 1994. A review of current practice for evaluating causal models in organizational behavior and human resources management research. Journal of Management, 20: 439-464.
73. Meindl, J. R. 1990. On leadership: An alternative to the conventional wisdom. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 12: 159-203. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
74. Mishra, A. K. 1996. Organizational responses to crisis: The centrality of trust. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research: 261-287. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
75. Moorman, R. H. 1991. Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 845-855.
76. Moorman, R. H., Niehoff, B. P., & Organ, D. W. 1993. Treating employees fairly and organizational citizenship behavior: Sorting the effects of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and procedural justice. Employees Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 6: 209-225.
77. Morrow, P. C. 1983. Concept redundancy in organizational research: The case of work commitment. Academy of Management Review, 8: 486-500.
78. Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. 1989. Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105: 430-445.
79. Nanus, B. 1989. The Leader's Edge: The Seven Keys to Leadership in a Turbulent World. Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books.
80. Nunally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. 1994. Psychometric Theory (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
81. O'Reilly, C., & Chatman, J. 1986. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification and internalization on prosaic behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 492-499.
82. Organ, D. W. 1988. Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington.
83. Organ, D. W. 1990. The motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 12: 43-72. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
84. Organ, D. W., & Konovsky, M. A. 1989. Cognitive versus affective determinants of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 157-164.
85. Pillai, R. 1995. Context and charisma: The relationship of organic structure, collectivism, and crisis to charismatic leadership. Best Paper Proceedings, Academy of Management Meeting, Vancouver, BC: 332-336.
86. Pillai, R. 1996. Crisis and the emergence of charismatic leadership in groups: An experimental investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26: 543-562.
87. Platt, J. 1964. Strong inference. Science, 146: 347-353.
88. Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. 1989. A Second Generation Measure of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Unpublished manuscript, Indiana University, Bloomington.
89. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. 1990. Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1: 107-142.
90. Popper, K. R. 1968. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Harper & Row.
91. Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. 1986. Distributive justice. In J. L. Price & C. W. Muller (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Measurement: 122-127. MA: Pitman.
92. Robinson, S. L., & Wolf, E. 1995. Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16: 289-298.
93. Rockwell, R. C. 1975. Assessment of multicolinearity: The Haitovsky test of the determinant. Sociological Methods and Research, 3: 308-320.
94. Rummel, R. J. 1970. Applied Factor Analysis. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
95. Settoon, R. P., Bennett, N., & Liden, R. 1996. Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81: 219-227.
96. Schaubroeck, J., & Ganster, D. C. 1991. Beyond the call to duty: A field study of extra-role behavior in voluntary organizations. Human Relations, 44: 569-582.
97. Scholl, R. W., Cooper, E. A., & McKenna, J. F. 1987. Referent selecting in determining equity perceptions: Differential effects on behavioral and attitudinal outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 40: 113-124.
98. Schriesheim, C. A., House, R. J., & Kerr, S. 1976. Leader initiating structure: A reconciliation of discrepant research results and some empirical tests. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 15: 297-321.
99. Schriesheim, C. A., Powers, K. J., Scandura, T. A., Gardiner, C. C., & Lankau, M. J. 1993. Improving construct measurement in management research: Comments and a quantitative approach for assessing the theoretical content adequacy of paper-and-pencil survey-type instruments. Journal of Management, 19, 385-417.
100. Shore, L. M., & Wayne, S. J. 1993. Commitment and employee behavior: Comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 774-780.
101. Siegel, P., Brockner, J., & Tyler, T. 1995. Revisiting the interactive relationship between procedural and distributive justice: The role of trust. Paper Presented at the Academy of Management Meeting, Vancouver.
102. Stogdill, R. M. 1963. Manual for the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire - Form XII. Columbus: Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University.
103. Tanaka, J. S. 1993. Multifaceted conceptions of fit in structural equation models. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
104. Tansky, J. W. 1993. Justice and organizational citizenship behavior: What is the relationship? Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 6: 195-207.
105. Tepper, B. J., & Percy, P. M. 1994. Structural validity of the multi-factor leadership questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54: 734-744.
106. Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. 1975. Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
107. Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. 1973. The reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psy-chometrika, 38: 1-10.
108. Tyler, T. R. 1986. The psychology of leadership evaluation. In H. Bierhoff et al. (Eds.), Justice in Social Relations. NY: Plenum Press.
109. Tyler, T. R., & Degoey, P. 1996. Trust in organizational authorities: The influence of motive attributions on willingness to accept decisions. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research: 331-350. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
110. Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. 1990. Intrinsic versus community-based justice models: When does group membership matter? Journal of Social Issues, 46: 83-94.
111. Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. 1997. Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40: 82-111.
112. Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. 1991. Job satisfaction and organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17: 601-617.
113. Williams, L. J., & Hazer, J. T. 1986. Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71 : 219-231.
114. Yammarino, F. J., & Dubinsky, A. J. 1994. Transformational leadership theory: Using levels of analysis to determine boundary conditions. Personnel Psychology, 47: 787-811.
115. Yammarino, F. J., Spangler, W. D., & Bass, B. M. 1993. Transformational leadership and performance: A longitudinal investigation. Leadership Quarterly, 4: 81-102.