Leptin and atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

Volumn 189, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 47-60

  Beltowski, Jerzy ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF LUBLIN   (Poland)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Endothelial dysfunction; Leptin; Nitric oxide; Obesity; Oxidative stress; Paraoxonase

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE 1; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FISH OIL; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; LEPTIN; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; NITRIC OXIDE; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE STEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; THROMBOMODULIN; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

ARTERY CALCIFICATION; ARTERY INTIMA PROLIFERATION; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ARTERY WALL; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MARKER; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENDOTHELIUM INJURY; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FOOD INTAKE; HEMOSTASIS; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPERLEPTINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; STROKE; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE;

EID: 33748970803     PISSN: 00219150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.03.003     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Wofford M.R., and Hall J.E. Pathophysiology and treatment of obesity hypertension. Curr Pharm Des 10 (2004) 3621-3637
2. International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. April 14, 2005: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/Metac_syndrome_def.pdf.
3. Manson J.E., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., et al. Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med 333 (1995) 677-685
4. Eckel R.H., and Krauss R.M. American Heart Association call to action: obesity as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. AHA Nutrition Committee. Circulation 97 (1998) 2099-2100
5. McGill Jr. H.C., McMahan C.A., Herderick E.E., et al., Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. Obesity accelerates the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in young men. Circulation 105 (2002) 2712-2718
6. De Michele M., Panico S., Iannuzzi A., et al. Association of obesity and central fat distribution with carotid artery wall thickening in middle-aged women. Stroke 33 (2002) 2923-2928
7. Reaven G.M. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37 (1988) 1595-1607
8. Wingard D.L., Barrett-Connor E.L., and Ferrara A. Is insulin really a heart disease risk factor. Diabetes Care 18 (1995) 1299-1304
9. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., et al. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372 (1994) 425-432
10. Ahima R.S. Central actions of adipocyte hormones. Trends Endocrinol Metab 16 (2005) 307-313
11. Ahima R.S., and Osei S.Y. Leptin signaling. Physiol Behav 81 (2004) 223-241
12. Margetic S., Gazzola C., Pegg G.G., and Hill R.A. Leptin: a review of its peripheral actions and interactions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26 (2002) 1407-1433
13. Considine R.V., Sinha M.K., Heiman M.L., et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 292-295
14. Mark A.L., Correia M.L., Rahmouni K., and Haynes W.G. Selective leptin resistance: a new concept in leptin physiology with cardiovascular implications. J Hypertens 20 (2002) 1245-1250
15. Ren J. Leptin and hyperleptinemia-from friend to foe for cardiovascular function. J Endocrinol 181 (2004) 1-10
16. de Courten M., Zimmet P., Hodge A., et al. Hyperleptinaemia: the missing link in the, metabolic syndrome?. Diabet Med 14 (1997) 200-208
17. Matsubara M., Chiba H., Maruoka S., and Katayose S. Elevated serum leptin concentrations in women with components of multiple risk factor clustering syndrome. J Atheroscler Thromb 7 (2000) 231-237
18. Correia M.L., and Haynes W.G. Leptin, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 13 (2004) 215-223
19. Sharma V., and McNeill J.H. The emerging roles of leptin and ghrelin in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 3 (2005) 169-180
20. Seufert J. Leptin effects on pancreatic beta-cell gene expression and function. Diabetes 53 Suppl 1 (2004) S152-S158
21. Boger R.H., Bode-Boger S.M., and Frolich J.C. The l-arginine-nitric oxide pathway: role in atherosclerosis and therapeutic implications. Atherosclerosis 127 (1996) 1-11
22. Lembo G., Vecchione C., Fratta L., et al. Leptin induces direct vasodilation through distinct endothelial mechanisms. Diabetes 49 (2000) 293-297
23. Kimura K., Tsuda K., Baba A., et al. Involvement of nitric oxide in endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation by leptin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 273 (2000) 745-749
24. Vecchione C., Maffei A., Colella S., et al. Leptin effect on endothelial nitric oxide is mediated through Akt-endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation pathway. Diabetes 51 (2002) 168-173
25. Frühbeck G. Pivotal role of nitric oxide in the control of blood pressure after leptin administration. Diabetes 48 (1999) 903-908
26. Bełtowski J., Wójcicka G., and Borkowska E. Human leptin stimulates systemic nitric oxide production in the rat. Obes Res 10 (2002) 939-946
27. Mastronardi C.A., Yu W.H., and McCann S.M. Resting and circadian release of nitric oxide is controlled by leptin in male rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (2002) 5721-5726
28. Bełtowski J., Jochem J., Wójcicka G., and Żwirska-Korczala K. Influence of intravenously administered leptin on nitric oxide production, renal hemodynamics and renal function in the rat. Regul Pept 120 (2004) 59-67
29. Naseem K.M. The role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Aspects Med 26 (2005) 33-65
30. Mitchell J.L., Morgan D.A., Correia M.L., et al. Does leptin stimulate nitric oxide to oppose the effects of sympathetic activation?. Hypertension 38 (2001) 1081-1086
31. Knudson J.D., Dincer U.D., Zhang C., et al. Leptin receptors are expressed in coronary arteries, and hyperleptinemia causes significant coronary endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289 (2005) H48-H56
32. ob) mice. J Appl Physiol 89 (2000) 2382-2390
33. Zanetti M., Barazzoni R., Vadori M., et al. Lack of direct effect of moderate hyperleptinemia to improve endothelial function in lean rat aorta: role of calorie restriction. Atherosclerosis 175 (2004) 253-259
34. Bełtowski J., Wójcicka G., Marciniak A., and Jamroz A. Oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, and renal sodium handling in leptin-induced hypertension. Life Sci 74 (2004) 2987-3000
35. Bełtowski J. Effect of hyperleptinemia on endothelial nitric oxide production. Atherosclerosis 178 (2005) 403-404
36. Sundell J., Huupponen R., Raitakari O.T., Nuutila P., and Knuuti J. High serum leptin is associated with attenuated coronary vasoreactivity. Obes Res 11 (2003) 776-782
37. Porreca E., Di Febbo C., Fusco L., et al. Soluble thrombomodulin and vascular adhesion molecule-1 are associated to leptin plasma levels in obese women. Atherosclerosis 172 (2004) 175-180
38. Małyszko J., Wolczynski S., Małyszko J., and Myśliwiec M. Leptin correlates with some hemostatic parameters in CAPD patients. Nephron 92 (2002) 721-724
39. Piatti P., Di Mario C., Monti L.D., et al. Association of insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, and impaired nitric oxide release with in-stent restenosis in patients undergoing coronary stenting. Circulation 108 (2003) 2074-2081
40. Cleland S.J., Sattar N., Petrie J.R., et al. Endothelial dysfunction as a possible link between C-reactive protein levels and cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci 98 (2000) 531-535
41. Singhal A., Farooqi I.S., Cole T.J., et al. Influence of leptin on arterial distensibility: a novel link between obesity and cardiovascular disease?. Circulation 106 (2002) 1919-1924
42. Oflaz H., Ozbey N., Mantar F., et al. Determination of endothelial function and early atherosclerotic changes in healthy obese women. Diabetes Nutr Metab 16 (2003) 176-181
43. Knudson J.D., Dincer U.D., Dick G.M., et al. Leptin resistance extends to the coronary vasculature in prediabetic dogs and provides a protective adaptation against endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289 (2005) H1038-H1046
44. Maingrette F., and Renier G. Leptin increases lipoprotein lipase secretion by macrophages: involvement of oxidative stress and protein kinase C. Diabetes 52 (2003) 2121-2128
45. O'Rourke L., Yeaman S.J., and Shepherd P.R. Insulin and leptin acutely regulate cholesterol ester metabolism in macrophages by novel signaling pathways. Diabetes 50 (2001) 955-961
46. O'Rourke L., Gronning L.M., Yeaman S.J., and Shepherd P.R. Glucose-dependent regulation of cholesterol ester metabolism in macrophages by insulin and leptin. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 42557-42562
47. Rainwater D.L., Comuzzie A.G., VandeBerg J.L., Mahaney M.C., and Blangero J. Serum leptin levels are independently correlated with two measures of HDL. Atherosclerosis 132 (1997) 237-243
48. Hergenc G., Schulte H., Assmann G., and von Eckardstein A. Associations of obesity markers, insulin, and sex hormones with HDL-cholesterol levels in Turkish and German individuals. Atherosclerosis 145 (1999) 147-156
49. Nishina P.M., Naggert J.K., Verstuyft J., and Paigen B. Atherosclerosis in genetically obese mice: the mutants obese, diabetes, fat, tubby, and lethal yellow. Metabolism 43 (1994) 554-558
50. Silver D.L., Jiang X.C., and Tall A.R. Increased high density lipoprotein (HDL), defective hepatic catabolism of ApoA-I and ApoA-II, and decreased ApoA-I mRNA in ob/ob mice. Possible role of leptin in stimulation of HDL turnover. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 4140-4146
51. Silver D.L., Wang N., and Tall A.R. Defective HDL particle uptake in ob/ob hepatocytes causes decreased recycling, degradation, and selective lipid uptake. J Clin Invest 105 (2000) 151-159
52. Lundasen T., Liao W., Angelin B., and Rudling M. Leptin induces the hepatic high density lipoprotein receptor scavenger receptor B type I (SR-BI) but not cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 43224-43228
53. Yudkin J.S., Kumari M., Humphries S.E., and Mohamed-Ali V. Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link?. Atherosclerosis 48 (2000) 209-214
54. Lind L. Circulating markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 169 (2003) 203-214
55. Ridker P.M. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 103 (2001) 1813-1818
56. Ridker P.M., Buring J.E., Cook N.R., and Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 107 (2003) 391-397
57. Venugopal S.K., Devaraj S., and Jialal I. Effect of C-reactive protein on vascular cells: evidence for a proinflammatory, proatherogenic role. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 14 (2005) 33-37
58. Faggioni R., Feingold K.R., and Grunfeld C. Leptin regulation of the immune response and the immunodeficiency of malnutrition. FASEB J 15 (2001) 2565-2571
59. La Cava A., Alviggi C., and Matarese G. Unraveling the multiple roles of leptin in inflammation and autoimmunity. J Mol Med 82 (2004) 4-11
60. Otero M., Lago R., Lago F., et al. Leptin, from fat to inflammation: old questions and new insights. FEBS Lett 579 (2005) 295-301
61. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115 (2005) 911-919
62. Shamsuzzaman A.S., Winnicki M., Wolk R., et al. Independent association between plasma leptin and C-reactive protein in healthy humans. Circulation 109 (2004) 2181-2185
63. van Dielen F.M., van't Veer C., Schols A.M., et al. Increased leptin concentrations correlate with increased concentrations of inflammatory markers in morbidly obese individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 (2001) 1759-1766
64. Kazumi T., Kawaguchi A., Hirano T., and Yoshino G. C-reactive protein in young, apparently healthy men: associations with serum leptin, QTc interval, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Metabolism 52 (2003) 1113-1116
65. Hukshorn C.J., van Dielen F.M., Buurman W.A., et al. The effect of pegylated recombinant human leptin (PEG-OB) on weight loss and inflammatory status in obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26 (2002) 504-509
66. Monzillo L.U., Hamdy O., Horton E.S., et al. Effect of lifestyle modification on adipokine levels in obese subjects with insulin resistance. Obes Res 11 (2003) 1048-1054
67. Hukshorn C.J., Lindeman J.H., Toet K.H., et al. Leptin and the proinflammatory state associated with human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 1773-1778
68. Canavan B., Salem R.O., Schurgin S., et al. Effects of physiologic leptin administration on markers of inflammation, platelet activation and platelet aggregation during caloric deprivation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 5779-5785
69. Stocker R., and Keaney J.F. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 84 (2004) 1381-1478
70. Dobrian A.D., Davies M.J., Prewitt R.L., and Lauterio T.J. Development of hypertension in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Hypertension 35 (2000) 1009-1015
71. Bełtowski J., Wójcicka G., Górny D., and Marciniak A. The effect of dietary-induced obesity on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and total plasma antioxidant capacity. J Physiol Pharmacol 51 (2000) 883-896
72. Keaney J.F., et al. Obesity and systemic oxidative stress: clinical correlates of oxidative stress in the Framingham Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 (2003) 434-439
73. Watson A.M., Poloyac S.M., Howard G., and Blouin R.A. Effect of leptin on cytochrome P-450, conjugation, and antioxidant enzymes in the ob/ob mouse. Drug Metab Dispos 27 (1999) 695-700
74. Ozata M., Uckaya G., Aydin A., Isimer A., and Ozdemir I.C. Defective antioxidant defense system in patients with a human leptin gene mutation. Horm Metab Res 32 (2000) 269-272
75. Bouloumie A., Marumo T., Lafontan M., and Busse R. Leptin induces oxidative stress in human endothelial cells. FASEB J 13 (1999) 1231-1238
76. Yamagishi S.I., Edelstein D., Du X.L., et al. Leptin induces mitochondrial superoxide production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells by increasing fatty acid oxidation via protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 25096-25100
77. Li L., Mamputu J.C., Wiernsperger N., and Renier G. Signaling pathways involved in human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression induced by leptin: inhibitory effect of metformin. Diabetes 54 (2005) 2227-2234
78. Balasubramaniyan V., Kalaivani Sailaja J., and Nalini N. Role of leptin on alcohol-induced oxidative stress in Swiss mice. Pharmacol Res 47 (2003) 211-216
79. Bełtowski J., Wójcicka G., and Jamroz A. Leptin decreases plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and induces oxidative stress: the possible novel mechanism for proatherogenic effect of chronic hyperleptinemia. Atherosclerosis 170 (2003) 21-29
80. Kutlu S., Canpolat S., Aydin M., et al. Exogenous leptin increases lipid peroxidation in the mouse brain. Tohoku J Exp Med 206 (2005) 233-236
81. Dong F., Zhang X., and Ren J. Leptin regulates cardiomyocyte contractile function through endothelin-1 receptor-NADPH oxidase pathway. Hypertension 47 (2006) 222-229
82. Xu F.P., Chen M.S., Wang Y.Z., et al. Leptin induces hypertrophy via endothelin-1-reactive oxygen species pathway in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Circulation 110 (2004) 1269-1275
83. Quehenberger P., Exner M., Sunder-Plassmann R., et al. Leptin induces endothelin-1 in endothelial cells in vitro. Circ Res 90 (2002) 711-718
84. Raso G.M., Pacilio M., Esposito E., et al. Leptin potentiates IFN-gamma-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in murine macrophage J774A.1. Br J Pharmacol 137 (2002) 799-804
85. Bełtowski J., Wójcicka G., Jamroz-Wiśniewska A., Borkowska E., and Marciniak A. Antioxidant treatment normalizes nitric oxide production, renal sodium handling and blood pressure in experimental hyperleptinemia. Life Sci 77 (2005) 1855-1868
86. Porreca E., Di Febbo C., Moretta V., et al. Circulating leptin is associated with oxidized LDL in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 175 (2004) 139-143
87. Nakanishi S., Yamane K., Kamei N., et al. A protective effect of adiponectin against oxidative stress in Japanese Americans: the association between adiponectin or leptin and urinary isoprostane. Metabolism 54 (2005) 194-199
88. Ng C.J., Shih D.M., Hama S.Y., et al. The paraoxonase gene family and atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 38 (2005) 153-163
89. Bełtowski J. Protein homocysteinylation: a new mechanism of atherogenesis?. Postepy Hig Med Dosw 59 (2005) 392-404 [Online]
90. Deakin S.P., and James R.W. Genetic and environmental factors modulating serum concentrations and activities of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1. Clin Sci 107 (2004) 435-447
91. Shih D.M., Gu L., Xia Y.R., et al. Mice lacking serum paraoxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis. Nature 394 (1998) 284-287
92. Mackness B., Durrington P., McElduff P., et al. Low paraoxonase activity predicts coronary events in the Caerphilly Prospective Study. Circulation 107 (2003) 2775-2779
93. Bełtowski J., Jamroz-Wiśniewska A., Borkowska E., and Wójcicka G. Differential effect of antioxidant treatment on plasma and tissue paraoxonase activity in hyperleptinemic rats. Pharmacol Res 51 (2005) 523-532
94. Tselepis A.D., and John Chapman M. Inflammation, bioactive lipids and atherosclerosis: potential roles of a lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase. Atheroscler Suppl 3 (2002) 57-68
95. Ferretti G., Bacchetti T., Moroni C., et al. Paraoxonase activity in high-density lipoproteins: a comparison between healthy and obese females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 1728-1733
96. Uzun H., Zengin K., Taskin M., et al. Changes in leptin, plasminogen activator factor and oxidative stress in morbidly obese patients following open and laparoscopic Swedish adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg 14 (2004) 659-665
97. Nakata M., Yada T., Soejima N., and Maruyama I. Leptin promotes aggregation of human platelets via the long form of its receptor. Diabetes 48 (1999) 426-429
98. Corsonello A., Malara A., Ientile R., and Corica F. Leptin enhances adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Obes Res 10 (2002) 306
99. Corsonello A., Malara A., De Domenico D., et al. Identifying pathways involved in leptin-dependent aggregation of human platelets. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28 (2004) 979-984
100. Wallaschofski H., Kobsar A., Sokolova O., et al. Differences in platelet activation by prolactin and leptin. Horm Metab Res 36 (2004) 453-457
101. Elbatarny H.S., and Maurice D.H. Leptin-mediated activation of human platelets: involvement of a leptin receptor and phosphodiesterase 3A-containing cellular signaling complex. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289 (2005) E695-E702
102. Konstantinides S., Schafer K., Koschnick S., and Loskutoff D.J. Leptin-dependent platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis suggests a mechanism for atherothrombotic disease in obesity. J Clin Invest 108 (2001) 1533-1540
103. Bodary P.F., Westrick R.J., Wickenheiser K.J., Shen Y., and Eitzman D.T. Effect of leptin on arterial thrombosis following vascular injury in mice. JAMA 287 (2002) 1706-1709
104. Konstantinides S., Schafer K., Neels J.G., Dellas C., and Loskutoff D.J. Inhibition of endogenous leptin protects mice from arterial and venous thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 (2004) 2196-2201
105. Corsonello A., Perticone F., Malara A., et al. Leptin-dependent platelet aggregation in healthy, overweight and obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27 (2003) 566-573
106. Ozata M., Avcu F., Durmus O., et al. Leptin does not play a major role in platelet aggregation in obesity and leptin deficiency. Obes Res 9 (2001) 627-630
107. Giandomenico G., Dellas C., Czekay R.P., Koschnick S., and Loskutoff D.J. The leptin receptor system of human platelets. J Thromb Haemost 3 (2005) 1042-1049
108. Davi G., Guagnano M.T., Ciabattoni G., et al. Platelet activation in obese women: role of inflammation and oxidant stress. JAMA 288 (2002) 2008-2014
109. Thogersen A.M., Soderberg S., Jansson J.H., et al. Interactions between fibrinolysis, lipoproteins and leptin related to a first myocardial infarction. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 11 (2004) 33-40
110. De Mitrio V., De Pergola G., Vettor R., et al. Plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-I is associated with plasma leptin irrespective of body mass index, body fat mass, and plasma insulin and metabolic parameters in premenopausal women. Metabolism 48 (1999) 960-964
111. Chu N.F., Spiegelman D., Hotamisligil G.S., et al. Plasma insulin, leptin, and soluble TNF receptors levels in relation to obesity-related atherogenic and thrombogenic cardiovascular disease risk factors among men. Atherosclerosis 157 (2001) 495-503
112. Soderberg S., Olsson T., Eliasson M., Johnson O., and Ahren B. Plasma leptin levels are associated with abnormal fibrinolysis in men and postmenopausal women. J Intern Med 245 (1999) 533-543
113. Skurk T., van Harmelen V., Lee Y.M., Wirth A., and Hauner H. Relationship between IL-6, leptin and adiponectin and variables of fibrinolysis in overweight and obese hypertensive patients. Horm Metab Res 34 (2002) 659-663
114. Guagnano M.T., Romano M., Falco A., et al. Leptin increase is associated with markers of the hemostatic system in obese healthy women. J Thromb Haemost 1 (2003) 2330-2334
115. Oda A., Taniguchi T., and Yokoyama M. Leptin stimulates rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Kobe J Med Sci 47 (2001) 141-150
116. Shin H.J., Oh J., Kang S.M., et al. Leptin induces hypertrophy via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 329 (2005) 18-24
117. Zeidan A., Purdham D.M., Rajapurohitam V., et al. Leptin induces vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy through angiotensin II -and endothelin-1 dependent mechanisms and mediates stretch-induced hypertrophy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315 (2005) 1075-1084
118. Park H.Y., Kwon H.M., Lim H.J., et al. Potential role of leptin in angiogenesis: leptin induces endothelial cell proliferation and expression of matrix metalloproteinases in vivo and in vitro. Exp Mol Med 33 (2001) 95-102
119. Barton M., Carmona R., Ortmann J., Krieger J.E., and Traupe T. Obesity-associated activation of angiotensin and endothelin in the cardiovascular system. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 35 (2003) 826-837
120. Takahashi K., Totsune K., Sone M., Kikuchi K., and Murakami O. Effects of adipokines on expression of adrenomedullin and endothelin-1 in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Peptides 26 (2005) 845-851
121. Wolf G., Hamann A., Han D.C., et al. Leptin stimulates proliferation and TGF-β expression in renal glomerular endothelial cells: potential role in glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 56 (1999) 860-872
122. Porreca E., Di Febbo C., Vitacolonna E., et al. Transforming growth factor-β1 levels in hypertensive patients: association with body mass index and leptin. Am J Hypertens 15 (2002) 759-765
123. Ghosh J., Murphy M.O., Turner N., et al. The role of transforming growth factor beta1 in the vascular system. Cardiovasc Pathol 14 (2005) 28-36
124. Parhami F., Tintut Y., Ballard A., Fogelman A.M., and Demer L.L. Leptin enhances the calcification of vascular cells: artery wall as a target of leptin. Circ Res 88 (2001) 954-960
125. Schafer K., Halle M., Goeschen C., et al. Leptin promotes vascular remodeling and neointimal growth in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 (2004) 112-117
126. Stephenson K., Tunstead J., Tsai A., et al. Neointimal formation after endovascular arterial injury is markedly attenuated in db/db mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 (2003) 2027-2033
127. Park S.H., Marso S.P., Zhou Z., et al. Neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury is increased in a rat model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Circulation 104 (2001) 815-819
128. Hasty A.H., Shimano H., Osuga J., et al. Severe hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and atherosclerosis in mice lacking both leptin and the low density lipoprotein receptor. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 37402-37408
129. Mertens A., Verhamme P., Bielicki J.K., et al. Increased low-density lipoprotein oxidation and impaired high-density lipoprotein antioxidant defense are associated with increased macrophage homing and atherosclerosis in dyslipidemic obese mice: LCAT gene transfer decreases atherosclerosis. Circulation 107 (2003) 1640-1646
130. Verreth W., De Keyzer D., Pelat M., et al. Weight-loss-associated induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma correlate with reduced atherosclerosis and improved cardiovascular function in obese insulin-resistant mice. Circulation 110 (2004) 3259-3269
131. Wu K.K., Wu T.J., Chin J., et al. Increased hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in mice lacking both ApoE and leptin receptor. Atherosclerosis 181 (2005) 251-259
132. Bodary P.F., Gu S., Shen Y., et al. Recombinant leptin promotes atherosclerosis and thrombosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005) e119-e122
133. Soderberg S., Ahren B., Jansson J.H., et al. Leptin is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction. J Intern Med 246 (1999) 409-418
134. Wallerstedt S.M., Eriksson A.L., Niklason A., Ohlsson C., and Hedner T. Serum leptin and myocardial infarction in hypertension. Blood Press 13 (2004) 243-246
135. Makris T.K., Hatzizacharias A.N., Krespi P.G., et al. Markers of risk in young offspring with paternal history of myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 89 (2003) 287-293
136. Wallace A.M., McMahon A.D., Packard C.J., et al. Plasma leptin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the west of Scotland coronary prevention study (WOSCOPS). Circulation 104 (2001) 3052-3056
137. Wolk R., Berger P., Lennon R.J., et al. Plasma leptin and prognosis in patients with established coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 44 (2004) 1819-1824
138. Couillard C., Lamarche B., Mauriege P., et al. Leptinemia is not a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in men. Prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Diabetes Care 21 (1998) 782-786
139. Piemonti L., Calori G., Mercalli A., et al. Fasting plasma leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2, and monocyte chemoattracting protein 1 concentration in a population of glucose-tolerant and glucose-intolerant women: impact on cardiovascular mortality. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 2883-2889
140. Soderberg S., Ahren B., Stegmayr B., et al. Leptin is a risk marker for first-ever hemorrhagic stroke in a population-based cohort. Stroke 30 (1999) 328-337
141. Soderberg S., Stegmayr B., Stenlund H., et al. Leptin, but not adiponectin, predicts stroke in males. J Intern Med 256 (2004) 128-136
142. Soderberg S., Stegmayr B., Ahlbeck-Glader C., et al. High leptin levels are associated with stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 15 (2003) 63-69
143. Meisel S.R., Ellis M., Pariente C., et al. Serum leptin levels increase following acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology 95 (2001) 206-211
144. Ciccone M., Vettor R., Pannacciulli N., et al. Plasma leptin is independently associated with the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 (2001) 805-810
145. Atabek M.E., Kurtoglu S., Demir F., and Baykara M. Relation of serum leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels to intima-media thickness and functions of common carotid artery in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Acta Paediatr 93 (2004) 1052-1057
146. van den Beld A.W., Bots M.L., Janssen J.A., et al. Endogenous hormones and carotid atherosclerosis in elderly men. Am J Epidemiol 157 (2003) 25-31
147. Mangge H., Schauenstein K., Stroedter L., et al. Low grade inflammation in juvenile obesity and type 1 diabetes associated with early signs of atherosclerosis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 112 (2004) 378-382
148. Reilly M.P., Iqbal N., Schutta M., et al. Plasma leptin levels are associated with coronary atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 3872-3878
149. Cohn J.N. Arterial compliance to stratify cardiovascular risk: more precision in therapeutic decision making. Am J Hypertens 14 (2001) 258S-263S
150. Tounian P., Aggoun Y., Dubern B., et al. Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: a prospective study. Lancet 358 (2001) 1400-1404
151. Glader C.A., Birgander L.S., Soderberg S., et al. Lipoprotein(a), Chlamydia pneumoniae, leptin and tissue plasminogen activator as risk markers for valvular aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J 24 (2003) 198-208
152. Scarpace P.J., Matheny M., Zolotukhin S., Tumer N., and Zhang Y. Leptin-induced leptin resistant rats exhibit enhanced responses to the melanocortin agonist MT II. Neuropharmacology 45 (2003) 211-219
153. Zhao S.P., and Wu Z.H. Atorvastatin reduces serum leptin concentration in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Clin Chim Acta 360 (2005) 133-140
154. Toruner F., Akbay E., Cakir N., et al. Effects of PPARγ and PPARα agonists on serum leptin levels in diet-induced obese rats. Horm Metab Res 36 (2004) 226-230
155. De Vos P., Lefebvre A.M., Miller S.G., et al. Thiazolidinediones repress ob gene expression in rodents via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J Clin Invest 98 (1996) 1004-1009
156. Winnicki M., Somers V.K., Accurso V., et al. Fish-rich diet, leptin, and body mass. Circulation 106 (2002) 289-291