The eosinophil

Annual Review of Immunology

Volumn 24, Issue , 2006, Pages 147-174

  Rothenberg, Marc E ^a   Hogan, Simon P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Allergy; Asthma; Cellular trafficking; Chemokines; Mucosal immunity

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; CHEMOKINE; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; CYCLOPHILIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYSTEINYL LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CYTOKINE; EOSINOPHIL PEROXIDASE; EOTAXIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROXYUREA; IMATINIB; INTERLEUKIN 3; INTERLEUKIN 5; INTERLEUKIN 5 ANTIBODY; LECTIN; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LIDOCAINE; MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; NEDOCROMIL; PEPTIDOLEUKOTRIENE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; SNARE PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA 1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE; ZILEUTON;

ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ALLERGY; ASTHMA; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; CANCER; CELL FUNCTION; CELL INTERACTION; CELL MOTILITY; CELL MOTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EOSINOPHIL; EOSINOPHILIA; EOSINOPHILIC ENTERITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; MAST CELL; MUCOSAL DISEASE; MUCOSAL IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PARASITOSIS; PLEIOTROPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SECRETION; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; THYMUS;

ANIMALS; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ASTHMA; EOSINOPHIL GRANULE PROTEINS; EOSINOPHILS; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, MUCOSAL; INFECTION; MAST CELLS; MICE; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; REPRODUCTION;

EID: 33646199964     PISSN: 07320582     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090720     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Gleich GJ, Loegering DA. 1984. Immunobiology of eosinophils. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2:429-59
2. Weller PF. 1994. Eosinophils: structure and functions. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6:85-90
3. Rothenberg ME. 1998. Eosinophilia. N. Engl. J. Med. 338:1592-600
4. Kita H. 1996. The eosinophil: a cytokine-producing cell? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 97:889-92
5. Gleich GJ, Adolphson CR. 1986. The eosinophilic leukocyte: structure and function. Adv. Immunol. 39:177-253
6. Tai P-C, Hayes DJ, Clark JB, Spry CJF. 1982. Toxic effects of eosinophil secretion products on isolated rat heart cells in vitro. Biochem. J. 204:75-80
7. Venge P, Dahl R, Hallgren R, Olsson I. 1980. Cationic proteins of human eosinophils and their role in the inflammatory reaction. In The Eosinophil in Health and Disease, ed. AAF Mahmoud, KF Austen, pp. 1131-42. New York: Grune & Stratton
8. Frigas E, Loegering DA, Gleich GJ. 1980. Cytotoxic effects of the guinea pig eosinophil major basic protein on tracheal epithelium. Lab. Invest. 42:35-43
9. Gleich GJ, Frigas E, Loegering DA, Wassom DL, Steinmuller D. 1979. The cytotoxic properties of the eosinophil major basic protein. J. Immunol. 123:2925
10. Young JD, Peterson CG, Venge P, Cohn ZA. 1986. Mechanism of membrane damage mediated by human eosinophil cationic protein. Nature 321:613-16
11. Slifman NR, Loegering DA, McKean DJ, Gleich GJ. 1986. Ribonuclease activity associated with human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and eosinophil cationic protein. J. Immunol. 137:2913-17
12. Gleich GJ, Loegering DA, Bell MP, Checkel JL, Ackerman SJ, McKean DJ. 1986. Biochemical and functional similarities between human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and eosinophil cationic protein: homology with ribonuclease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:3146-50
13. Rosenberg HF, Domachowske JB. 2001. Eosinophils, eosinophil ribonucleases, and their role in host defense against respiratory virus pathogens. J. Leukoc. Biol. 70:691-98
14. Venge P, Bystrom J, Carlson M, Hakansson L, Karawacjzyk M, et al. 1999. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP): molecular and biological properties and the use of ECP as a marker of eosinophil activation in disease. Clin. Exp. Allergy 29:1172-86
15. Zheutlin LM, Ackerman SJ, Gleich GJ, Thomas LL. 1984. Stimulation of basophil and rat mast cell histamine release by eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins. J. Immunol. 133:2180-85
16. Piliponsky AM, Pickholtz D, Gleich GJ, Levi-Schaffer F. 2001. Human eosinophils induce histamine release from antigen-activated rat peritoneal mast cells: a possible role for mast cells in late-phase allergic reactions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107:993-1000
17. Jacoby DB, Costello RM, Fryer AD. 2001. Eosinophil recruitment to the airway nerves. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107:211-18
18. Morgan RK, Costello RW, Durcan N, Kingham PJ, Gleich GJ, et al. 2005. Diverse effects of eosinophil cationic granule proteins on IMR-32 nerve cell signalling and survival. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 33:169-77
19. Agosti JM, Altman LC, Ayars GH, Loegering DA, Gleich GJ, Klebanoff SJ. 1987. The injurious effect of eosinophil peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and halides on pneumocytes in vitro. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 79:496-504
20. Wu W, Chen Y, Hazen SL. 1999. Eosinophil peroxidase, nitrates, protein tyrosyl residues. Implications for oxidative damage by nitrating intermediates in eosinophilic inflammatory disorders. J. Biol. Chem. 274:25933-44
21. MacPherson JC, Comhair SA, Erzuram SC, Klein DF, Lipscomb MF, et al. 2001. Eosinophils are a major source of nitric oxide-derived oxidants in severe asthma: Characterization of pathways available to eosinophils for generating reactive nitrogen species. J. Immunol. 166:5763-72
22. Logan MR, Odemuyiwa SO, Moqbel R. 2003. Understanding exocytosis in immune and inflammatory cells: the molecular basis of mediator secretion. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111:923-32
23. Dvorak AM, Furitsu T, Letourneau L, Ishizaka T, Ackerman SJ. 1991. Mature eosinophils stimulated to develop in human cord blood mononuclear cell cultures supplemented with recombinant human interleukin-5. Part I. Piecemeal degranulation of specific granules and distribution of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein. Am. J. Pathol. 138:69-82
24. Lacy P, Mahmudi-Azer S, Bablitz B, Hagen SC, Velazquez JR, et al. 1999. Rapid mobilization of intracellularly stored RANTES in response to interferon-γ in human eosinophils. Blood 94:23-32
25. Bandeira-Melo C, Gillard G, Ghiran I, Weller PF. 2000. EliCell: a gel-phase dual antibody capture and detection assay to measure cytokine release from eosinophils. J. Immunol. Methods 244:105-15
26. Logan MR, Lacy P, Bablitz B, Moqbel R. 2002. Expression of eosinophil target SNAREs as potential cognate receptors for vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 in exocytosis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109:299-306
27. Butterworth AE. 1977. The eosinophil and its role in immunity to helminth infection. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 77:127-68
28. Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Robertson SA, Dent LA. 2003. Interleukin-5 transgene expression and eosinophilia are associated with retarded mammary gland development in mice. Biol. Reprod. 69:224-33
29. Gouon-Evans V, Pollard JW. 2001. Eotaxin is required for eosinophil homing into the stroma of the pubertal and cycling uterus. Endocrinology 142:4515-21
30. Robertson SA, Mau VJ, Young IG, Matthaei KI. 2000. Uterine eosinophils and reproductive performance in interleukin 5-deficient mice. J. Reprod. Fertil. 120:423-32
31. Nagral A, Ben-Ari Z, Dhillon AP, Burroughs AK. 1998. Eosinophils in acute cellular rejection in liver allografts. Liver Transpl. Surg. 4:355-62
32. Tepper RI, Coffman RL, Leder P. 1992. An eosinophil-dependent mechanism for the antitumor effect of interleukin-4. Science 257:548-51
33. Robertson SA, Allanson M, Mau VJ. 1998. Molecular regulation of uterine recruitment during early pregnancy in the mouse. Trophobl. Res. 11:101-20
34. Zhang J, Lathbury LJ, Salamonsen LA. 2000. Expression of the chemokine eotaxin and its receptor, CCR3, in human endometrium. Biol. Reprod. 62:404-11
35. Gouon-Evans V, Lin EY, Pollard JW. 2002. Requirement of macrophages and eosinophils and their cytokines/chemokines for mammary gland development. Breast Cancer Res. 4:155-64
36. McMaster MT, Newton RC, Dey SK, Andrews GK. 1992. Activation and distribution of inflammatory cells in the mouse uterus during the preimplantation period. J. Immunol. 148:1699-705
37. Robertson SA, Mau VJ, Hudson SA, Tremellen KP. 1997. Cytokine-leukocyte networks and the establishment of preganancy in the mouse. J. Reprod. Fertil. 107:265-77
38. De M, Choudhuri R, Wood GW. 1991. Determination of the number and distribution of macrophages, lymphocytes and granulocytes in the mouse uterus from mating through implantation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 50:252-62
39. Wagner JM, Hustin J, Bonno M, Kephart GM, Gurian KV, Gleich GJ. 1994. Pregnancy-associated major basic protein: deposition of protein and expression of mRNA at the maternal-fetal junction in early and late gestation. Placenta 15:625-40
40. Gouon-Evans V, Rothenberg ME, Pollard JW. 2000. Postnatal mammary gland development requires macrophages and eosinophils. Development 127:2269-82
41. + eosinophils in themurine thymus: developmental regulation and recruitment upon MHC class I-restricted thymocyte deletion. J. Immunol. 165:1965-75
42. Matthews AN, Friend DS, Zimmermann N, Sarafi MN, Luster AD, et al. 1998. Eotaxin is required for the baseline level of tissue eosinophils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:6273-78
43. Shi HZ, Humbles A, Gerard C, Jin Z, Weller PF. 2000. Lymph node trafficking and antigen presentation by endobronchial eosinophils. J. Clin. Invest. 105:945-53
44. + Th2 lymphocyte function. J. Immunol. 167:3146-55
45. Shi H. 2004. Eosinophils function as antigen-presenting cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76:520-27
46. + T-cell proliferation. Immunology 81:584-91
47. Handzel ZT, Busse WW, Sedgwick JB, Vrtis R, Lee WM, et al. 1998. Eosinophils bind rhinovirus and activate virus-specific T cells. J. Immunol. 160:1279-84
48. van Rijt LS, Vos N, Hijdra D, De Vries VC, Hoogsteden HC, Lambrecht BN. 2003. Airways eosinophils accumulate in the mediastinal lymph nodes but lack antigen-presenting potential for naive T-cells. J. Immunol. 171:3372-78
49. Lacy P, Moqbel R. 2000. Eosinophil cytokines. Chem. Immunol. 76:134-55
50. Shinkai K, Mohrs M, Locksley RM. 2002. Helper T cells regulate type-2 innate immunity in vivo. Nature 420:825-29
51. Voehringer D, Shinkai K, Locksley RM. 2004. Type 2 immunity reflects orchestrated recruitment of cells committed to IL-4 production. Immunity 20:267-77
52. Khodoun MV, Orekhova T, Potter C, Morris S, Finkelman FD. 2004. Basophils initiate IL-4 production during a memory T-dependent response. J. Exp. Med. 200:857-70
53. Odemuyiwa SO, Ghahary A, Li Y, Puttagunta L, Lee JE, et al. 2004. Human eosinophils regulate T cell subset selection through indoleamine 2,3-dioxyenase. J. Immunol. 173:5909-13
54. Korsgren M, Erjefalt JS, Korsgren O, Sundler F, Persson CGA. 1997. Allergic eosinophil-rich inflammation develops in lungs and airways of B cell-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. 185:885-92
55. Hogan SP, Mishra A, Brandt EB, Royalty MP, Pope SM, et al. 2001. A pathological function for eotaxin and eosinophils in eosinophilic gastrointestinal inflammation. Nat. Immunol. 2:353-60
56. Mishra A, Hogan SP, Brandt EB, Rothenberg ME. 2000. Peyer's patch eosinophils: identification, characterization, and regulation by mucosal allergen exposure, interleukin-5, and eotaxin. Blood 96:1538-44
57. Piliponsky AM, Gleich GJ, Bar I, Levi-Schaffer F. 2002. Effects of eosinophils on mast cells: a new pathway for the perpetuation of allergic inflammation. Mol. Immunol. 38:1369
58. Solomon A, Aloe L, Pe'er J, Frucht-Pery J, Bonini S, Levi-Schaffer F. 1998. Nerve growth factor is preformed in and activates human peripheral blood eosinophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 102:454-60
59. Bullock ED, Johnson EM Jr 1996, Nerve growth factor induces the expression of certain cytokine genes and bcl-2 in mast cells. Potential role in survival promotion. J. Biol. Chem. 271:27500-8
60. Horigome K, Bullock ED, Johnson EM Jr. 1994. Effects of nerve growth factor on rat peritoneal mast cells. Survival promotion and immediate-early gene induction. J. Biol. Chem. 269:2695-702
61. Boyce JA, Friend D, Matsumoto R, Austen KF, Owen WF. 1995. Differentiation in vitro of hybrid eosinophil/basophil granulocytes: autocrine function of an eosinophil developmental intermediate. J. Exp. Med. 182:49-57
62. McNagny K, Graf T. 2002. Making eosinophils through subtle shifts in transcription factor expression. J. Exp. Med. 195:F43-47
63. Nerlov C, Graf T. 1998. PU.1 induces myeloid lineage commitment in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. Genes Dev. 12:2403-12
64. Nerlov C, McNagny KM, Doderlein G, Kowenz-Leutz E, Graf T. 1998. Distinct C/EBP functions are required for eosinophil lineage commitment and maturation. Genes Dev. 12:2413-23
65. DeKoter RP, Singh H. 2000. Regulation of B lymphocyte and macrophage development by graded expression of PU.1. Science 288:1439-41
66. Walsh JC, DeKoter RP, Lee HJ, Smith ED, Lancki DW, et al. 2002. Cooperative and antagonistic interplay between PU.1 and GATA-2 in the specification of myeloid cell fates. Immunity 17:665-76
67. Du J, Stankiewicz MJ, Liu Y, Xi Q, Schmitz JE, et al. 2002. Novel combinatorial interactions of GATA-1, PU.1, and C/EBPε isoforms regulate transcription of the gene encoding eosinophil granule major basic protein. J. Biol. Chem. 277:43481-94
68. Yu C, Cantor AB, Yang H, Browne C, Wells RA, et al. 2002. Targeted deletion of a high-affinity GATA-binding site in the GATA-1 promoter leads to selective loss of the eosinophil lineage in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 195:1387-95
69. Hirasawa R, Shimizu R, Takahashi S, Osawa M, Takayanagi S, et al. 2002. Essential and instructive roles of GATA factors in eosinophil development. J. Exp. Med. 195:1379-86
70. Zimmermann N, Daugherty BL, Kavanaugh JL, El-Awar FY, Moulton EA, Rothenberg ME. 2000. Analysis of the CC chemokine receptor 3 gene reveals a complex 5′ exon organization, a functional role for untranslated exon 1, and a broadly active promoter with eosinophil-selective elements. Blood 96:2346-54
71. Lopez AF, Begley CG, Williamson DJ, Warren DJ, Vadas MA, Sanderson CJ. 1986. Murine eosinophil differentiation factor. An eosinophil-specific colony-stimulating factor with activity for human cells. J. Exp. Med. 163:1085-99
72. Rothenberg ME, Pomerantz JL, Owen WF, Avraham S, Soberman RJ, et al. 1988. Characterization of a human eosinophil proteoglycan, and augmentation of its biosynthesis and size by interleukin 3, interleukin 5, and granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor. J. Biol. Chem. 263:13901-8
73. Lopez AF, Sanderson CJ, Gamble JR, Campbell HD, Young IG, Vadas MA. 1988. Recombinant human interleukin 5 is a selective activator of human eosinophil function. J. Exp. Med. 167:219-24
74. Takatsu K, Takaki S, Hitoshi Y. 1994. Interleukin-5 and its receptor system: implications in the immune system and inflammation. Adv. Immunol. 57:45-90
75. Vadas M, Lopez A, Gamble J, Khew-Goodall Y, Smith W, et al. 1994. Cytokines and allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 94:1289-93
76. Sanderson CJ. 1992. Interleukin-5, eosinophils, and disease. Blood 79:3101-9
77. Collins PD, Marleau S, Griffiths-Johnson DA, Jose PJ, Williams TJ. 1995. Cooperation between interleukin-5 and the chemokine eotaxin to induce eosinophil accumulation in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 182:1169-74
78. Dent LA, Strath M, Mellor AL, Sanderson CJ. 1990. Eosinophilia in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 5. J. Exp. Med. 172:1425-31
79. Tominaga A, Takaki S, Koyama N, Katoh S, Matsumoto R, et al. 1991. Transgenic mice expressing a B cell growth and differentiation factor (interleukin 5) develop eosinophilia and autoantibody production. J. Exp. Med. 173:429-39
80. Lee J, McGarry M, Farmer S, Denzler K, Larson K, et al. 1997. Interleukin-5 expression in the lung epithelium of transgenic mice leads to pulmonary changes pathogmomonic of asthma. J. Exp. Med. 185:2143-56
81. Mishra A, Hogan SP, Brandt EB, Wagner N, Crossman MW, et al. 2002. Enterocyte expression of the eotaxin and interleukin-5 transgenes induces compartmentalized dysregulation of eosinophil trafficking. J. Biol. Chem. 277:4406-12
82. Foster P, Hogan S, Ramsay A, Matthaei K, Young I. 1996. Interleukin-5 deficiency abolishes eosinophilia, airway hyperreactivity and lung damage in a mouse asthma model. J. Exp. Med. 183:195-201
83. + B-1 cells and lack eosinophilia but have normal antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses. Immunity 4:15-24
84. Owen WF, Rothenberg ME, Petersen J, Weller PF, Silberstein D, et al. 1989. Interleukin 5 and phenotypically altered eosinophils in the blood of patients with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. J. Exp. Med. 170:343-48
85. Leckie MJ, ten Brinke A, Khan J, Diamant Z, O'Connor BJ, et al. 2000. Effects of an interleukin-5 blocking monoclonal antibody on eosinophils, airway hyper-responsiveness, and the late asthmatic response. Lancet 356:2144-48
86. Flood-Page P, Phipps S, Menzies-Gow A, Ong YE, Kay AB. 2003. Effect of intravenous administration of an anti-IL-5 (mepolizumab) on allergen-induced tissue eosinophilia, the late-phase allergic reaction and the expression of a marker of repair/remodeling in human atopic subjects. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111:S261
87. Kips JC, O'Connor BJ, Langley SJ, Woodcock AA, Kerstjens HA, et al. 2003. Effect of SCH55700, a humanized anti-human interleukin-5 antibody, in severe persistent asthma: a pilot study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167:1655-59
88. Mishra A, Hogan SP, Lee JJ, Foster PS, Rothenberg ME. 1999. Fundamental signals that regulate eosinophil homing to the gastrointestinal tract. J. Clin. Invest. 103:1719-27
89. Humbles AA, Lu B, Friend DS, Okinaga S, Lora J, et al. 2002. The murine CCR3 receptor regulates both the role of eosinophils and mast cells in allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:1479-84
90. Pope SM, Fulkerson PC, Blanchard C, Akei HS, Nikolaidis NM, et al. 2005. Identification of a cooperative mechanism involving interleukin-13 and eotaxin-2 in experimental allergic lung inflammation. J. Biol. Chem. 280:13952-61
91. Rothenberg ME, Mishra A, Brandt EB, Hogan SP. 2001. Gastrointestinal eosinophils in health and disease. Adv. Immunol. 78:291-328
92. Rothenberg ME, Owen WF Jr, Silberstein DS, Soberman RJ, Austen KF, Stevens RL. 1987. Eosinophils co-cultured with endothelial cells have increased survival and functional properties. Science 237:645-47
93. Sher A, Coffman RL, Hieny S, Cheever AW. 1990. Ablation of eosinophil and IgE responses with anti-IL-5 or anti-IL-4 antibodies fails to affect immunity against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. J. Immunol. 145:3911-16
94. Horie S, Okubo Y, Hossain M, Sato E, Nomura H, et al. 1997. Interleukin-13 but not interleukin-4 prolongs eosinophil survival and induces eosinophil chemotaxis. Intern. Med. 36:179-85
95. Bochner BS, Schleimer RP. 1994. The role of adhesion molecules in human eosinophil and basophil recruitment. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 94:427-38
96. Zimmermann N, Hershey GK, Foster PS, Rothenberg ME. 2003. Chemokines in asthma: cooperative interaction between chemokines and IL-13. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111:227-42
97. Zhu Z, Zheng T, Homer RJ, Kim YK, Chen NY, et al. 2004. Acidic mammalian chitinase in asthmatic Th2 inflammation and IL-13 pathway activation. Science 304:1678-82
98. Rankin SM, Conroy DM, Williams TJ. 2000. Eotaxin and eosinophil recruitment: implications for human disease. Mol. Med. Today 6:20-27
99. Hogan SP, Koskinen A, Foster PS. 1997. Interleukin-5 and eosinophils induce airway damage and bronchial hyperreactivity during allergic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice. Immunol. Cell Biol. 75:284-88
100. Jose PJ, Griffiths-Johnson DA, Collins PD, Walsh DT, Moqbel R, et al. 1994. Eotaxin: a potent eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine detected in a guinea pig model of allergic airways inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 179:881-87
101. Rothenberg ME, Luster AD, Lilly CM, Drazen JM, Leder P. 1995. Constitutive and allergen-induced expression of eotaxin mRNA in the guinea pig lung. J. Exp. Med. 181:1211-16
102. Zimmermann N, Hogan SP, Mishra A, Brandt EB, Bodette TR, et al. 2000. Murine eotaxin-2: a constitutive eosinophil chemokine induced by allergen challenge and IL-4 overexpression. J. Immunol. 165:5839-46
103. Shinkai A, Yoshisue H, Koike M, Shoji E, Nakagawa S, et al. 1999. A novel human CC chemokine, eotaxin-3, which is expressed in IL-4-stimulated vascular endothelial cells, exhibits potent activity toward eosinophils. J. Immunol. 163:1602-10
104. Murphy PM. 1994. The molecular biology of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:593-633
105. Ponath PD, Qin S, Post TW, Wang J, Wu L, et al. 1996. Molecular cloning and characterization of a human eotaxin receptor expressed selectively on eosinophils. J. Exp. Med. 183:2437-48
106. Daugherty BL, Siciliano SJ, Demartino JA, Malkowitz L, Sirotina A, Springer MS. 1996. Cloning, expression, and characterization of the human eosinophil eotaxin receptor. J. Exp. Med. 183:2349-54
107. Pope SM, Zimmermann N, Stringer KF, Karow ML, Rothenberg ME. 2005. The eotaxin chemokines and CCR3 are fundemental regulators of allergen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia. J. Immunol. 175:5341-50
108. Fulkerson PC, Zhu H, Williams DA, Zimmermann N, Rothenberg ME. 2005. CXCL9 inhibits eosinophil responses by a CCR3- and Rac2-dependent mechanism. Blood 106:436-43
109. Rothenberg ME, MacLean JA, Pearlman E, Luster AD, Leder P. 1997. Targeted disruption of the chemokine eotaxin partially reduces antigen-induced tissue eosinophilia. J. Exp. Med. 185:785-90
110. Gonzalo JA, Lloyd CM, Wen D, Albar JP, Wells TN, et al. 1998. The coordinated action of CC chemokines in the lung orchestrates allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. J. Exp. Med. 188:157-67
111. Ma W, Bryce PJ, Humbles AA, Laouini D, Yalcindag A, et al. 2002. CCR3 is essential for skin eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of allergic skin inflammation. J. Clin. Invest. 109:621-28
112. Nakamura H, Luster AD, Nakamura T, In KH, Sonna LA, et al. 2001. Variant eotaxin: its effects on the asthma phenotype. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108:946-53
113. Chae SC, Park YR, Oh GJ, Lee JH, Chung HT. 2005. The suggestive association of eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3 gene polymorphisms in Korean population with allergic rhinitis. Immunogenetics 56:760-64
114. Menzies-Gow A, Ying S, Sabroe I, Stubbs VL, Soler D, et al. 2002. Eotaxin (CCL11) and eotaxin-2 (CCL24) induce recruitment of eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and macrophages as well as features of early- and late-phase allergic reactions following cutaneous injection in human atopic and nonatopic volunteers. J. Immunol. 169:2712-18
115. Artis D, Humphreys NE, Potten CS, Wagner N, Muller W, et al. 2000. β7 integrin-deficient mice: delayed leukocyte recruitment and attenuated protective immunity in the small intestine during enteric helminthic infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 30:1656-64
116. Pretolani M, Ruffie C, Lapa e Silva JR, Joseph D, Lobb RR, Vargaftig BB. 1994. Antibody to very late activation antigen 4 prevents antigen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity and cellular infiltration in the guinea pig airways. J. Exp. Med. 180:795-805
117. Nakajima H, Sano H, Nishimura T, Yoshida S, Iwamoto I. 1994. Role of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/very late activation antigen 4 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1/lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 interactions in antigen-induced eosinophil and T cell recruitment into the tissue. J. Exp. Med. 179:1145-54
118. Gonzalo JA, Lloyd CM, Kremer L, Finger E, Martinez AC, et al. 1996. Eosinophil recruitment to the lung in a murine model of allergic inflammation. The role of T cells, chemokines, and adhesion receptors. J. Clin. Invest. 98:2332-45
119. Jia GQ, Gonzalo JA, Hidalgo A, Wagner D, Cybulsky M, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. 1999. Selective eosinophil transendothelial migration triggered by eotaxin via modulation of Mac-1/ICAM-1 and VLA-4/VCAM-1 interactions. Int. Immunol. 11:1-10
120. Tager AM, Dufour JH, Goodarzi K, Bercury SD, von Andrian UH, Luster AD. 2000. BLTR mediates leukotriene B4-induced chemotaxis and adhesion and plays a dominant role in eosinophil accumulation in a murine model of peritonitis. J. Exp. Med. 192:439-46
121. Hirai H, Tanaka K, Yoshie O, Ogawa K, Kenmotsu K, et al. 2001. Prostaglandin D2 selectively induces chemotaxis in T helper type 2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils via seven-transmembrane receptor CRTH2. J. Exp. Med. 193:255-61
122. O'Reilly M, Alpert R, Jenkinson S, Gladue RP, Foo S, et al. 2002. Identification of a histamine H4 receptor on human eosinophils-role in eosinophil chemotaxis. J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res. 22:431-48
123. Behm CA, Ovington KS. 2000. The role of eosinophils in parasitic helminth infections: insights from genetically modified mice. Parasitol. Today 16:202-9
124. Korenaga M, Hitoshi Y, Yamaguchi N, Sato Y, Takatsu K, Tada I. 1991. The role of interleukin-5 in protective immunity to Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in mice. Immunology 72:502-7
125. Erickson LD, Foy TM, Waldschmidt TJ. 2001. Murine B1 B cells require IL-5 for optimal T cell-dependent activation. J. Immunol. 166:1531-39
126. Bischoff SC, Brunner T, De Weck AL, Dahinden CA. 1990. Interleukin 5 modifies histamine release and leukotriene generation by human basophils in response to diverse agonists. J. Exp. Med. 172:1577-82
127. Hakonarson H, Maskeri N, Carter C, Chuang S, Grunstein MM. 1999. Autocrine interaction between IL-5 and IL-1β mediates altered responsiveness of atopic asthmatic sensitized airway smooth muscle. J. Clin. Invest. 104:657-67
128. Gurish MF, Humbles A, Tao H, Finkelstein S, Boyce JA, et al. 2002. CCR3 is required for tissue eosinophilia and larval cytotoxicity after infection with Trichinella spiralis. J. Immunol. 168:5730-36
129. Simons JE, Rothenberg ME, Lawrence RA. 2005. Eotaxin-1-regulated eosinophils have a critical role in innate immunity against experimental Brugia malayi infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 35:189-97
130. Adamko DJ, Yost BL, Gleich GJ, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. 1999. Ovalbumin sensitization changes the inflammatory response to subsequent parainfluenza infection: Eosinophils mediate airway hyperresponsiveness, M2 muscarinic receptor dysfunction and antiviral effects. J. Exp. Med. 1999:1465-77
131. Jacoby DB, Gleich GJ, Fryer AD. 1993. Human eosinophil major basic protein is an endogenous allosteric antagonist at the inhibitory muscarinic M2 receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 91:1314-18
132. Bandeira-Melo C, Bozza PT, Weller PF. 2002. The cellular biology of eosinophil eicosanoid formation and function. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109:393-400
133. Hamelmann E, Gelfand EW. 2001. IL-5-induced airway eosinophilia-the key to asthma? Immunol. Rev. 179:182-91
134. Denzler KL, Farmer SC, Crosby JR, Borchers MT, Cieslewicz G, et al. 2000. Eosinophil major basic protein-1 does not contribute to allergen-induced airways pathologies in mouse models of asthma. J. Immunol. 165:5509-17
135. Boyce JA, Austen KF. 2005. No audible wheezing: nuggets and conundrums from mouse asthma models. J. Exp. Med. 201:1869-73
136. Hogan S, Koskinen A, Foster P. 1997. Interleukin-5 and eosinophils induce airway damage and bronchial hyperreactivity during allergic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice. Immunol. Cell Biol. 75:284-88
137. Foster P, Mould A, Yang M, Mackenzie J, Mattes J, et al. 2001. Elemental signals regulating eosinophil accumulation in the lung. Immunol. Rev. 179:173-81
138. + T cells play a pivotal role in aeroallergen-induced eosinophilia, bronchial hyperreactivity, and lung damage in mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157:210-18
139. Mattes J, Yang M, Mahalingam S, Kuehr J, Webb DC, et al. 2002. Intrinsic defect in T cell production of interleukin (IL)-13 in the absence of both IL-5 and eotaxin precludes the development of eosinophilia and airways hyperreactivity in experimental asthma. J. Exp. Med. 195:1433-44
140. Cony D, Folkesson H, Warnock M, Erle D, Matthay M, et al. 1996. Interleukin 4, but not interleukin 5 or eosinophils, is required in a murine model of acute airway hyperreactivity. J. Exp. Med. 183:109-17
141. Hamelmann E, Oshiba A, Loader J, Larsen GL, Gleich G, et al. 1997. Antiinterleukin-5 antibody prevents airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of airway sensitization. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155:819-25
142. Lee NA, McGarry MP, Larson KA, Horton MA, Kristensen AB, Lee JJ. 1997. Expression of IL-5 in thymocytes/T cells leads to the development of a massive eosinophilia, extramedullary eosinophilopoiesis, and unique histopathologies. J. Immunol. 158:1332-44
143. Brightling CE, Bradding P, Symon FA, Holgate ST, Wardlaw AJ, Pavord ID. 2002. Mast-cell infiltration of airway smooth muscle in asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 346:1699-705
144. Justice JP, Borchers MT, Crosby JR, Hines EM, Shen HH, et al. 2003. Ablation of eosinophils leads to a reduction of allergen-induced pulmonary pathology. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 284:L169-78
145. O'Byrne PM, Inman MD, Parameswaran K. 2001. The trials and tribulations of IL-5, eosinophils, and allergic asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108:503-8
146. Flood-Page P, Menzies-Gow A, Phipps S, Ying S, Wangoo A, et al. 2003. Anti-IL-5 treatment reduces deposition of ECM proteins in the bronchial subepithelial basement membrane of mild atopic asthmatics. J. Clin. Invest. 112:1029-36
147. Green RH, Brightling CE, McKenna S, Hargadon B, Parker D, et al. 2002. Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360:1715-21
148. Lee JJ, Dimina D, Macias MP, Ochkur SI, McGarry MP, et al. 2004. Defining a link with asthma in mice congenitally deficient in eosinophils. Science 305:1773-76
149. Humbles AA, Lloyd CM, McMillan SJ, Friend DS, Xanthou G, et al. 2004. A critical role for eosinophils in allergic airways remodeling. Science 305:1776-79
150. Rothenberg ME. 2004. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 113:11-28
151. Mishra A, Rothenberg ME. 2003. Intratracheal IL-13 induces eosinophilic esophagitis by an IL-5, eotaxin-1, and STAT6-dependent mechanism. Gastroenterology 125:1419-27
152. Mishra A, Hogan SP, Brandt EB, Rothenberg ME. 2001. An etiological role for aeroallergens and eosinophils in experimental esophagitis. J. Clin. Invest. 107:83-90
153. Forbes E, Smart VE, D'Aprile A, Henry P, Yang M, et al. 2004. T helper-2 immunity regulates bronchial hyperresponsiveness in eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disease in mice. Gastroenterology 127:105-18
154. Cools J, DeAngelo DJ, Gotlib J, Stover EH, Legare RD, et al. 2003. A tyrosine kinase created by fusion of the PDGFRA and FIP1L1 genes as a therapeutic target of imatinib in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 348:1201-14
155. Cools J, Stover EH, Wlodarska I, Marynen P, Gilliland DG. 2004. The FIP1L1-PDGFRα kinase in hypereosinophilic syndrome and chronic eosinophilic leukemia. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 11:51-57
156. Gleich GJ, Leiferman KM, Pardanani A, Tefferi A, Butterfield JH. 2002. Treatment of hypereosinophilic syndrome with imatinib mesilate. Lancet 359:1577-78
157. Stellato C, Matsukura S, Fal A, White J, Beck LA, et al. 1999. Differential regulation of epithelial-derived C-C chemokine expression by IL-4 and the glucocorticoid budesonide. J. Immunol. 163:5624-32
158. Schleimer RP, Bochner BS. 1994. The effect of glucocorticoids on human eosinophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 94:1202-13
159. Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. 1995. Steroid resistance in asthma. QJM 88:455-68
160. Aldebert D, Lamkhioued B, Desaint C, Gounni AS, Goldman M, et al. 1996. Eosinophils express a functional receptor for interferon α: inhibitory role of Interferon α on the release of mediators. Blood 87:2354-60
161. Bankers-Fulbright JL, Kephart GM, Loegering DA, Bradford AL, Okada S, et al. 1998. Sulfonylureas inhibit cytokine-induced eosinophil survival and activation. J. Immunol. 160:5546-53
162. Hunt LW, Frigas E, Butterfield JH, Kita H, Blomgren J, et al. 2004. Treatment of asthma with nebulized lidocaine: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 113:853-59
163. Kane GC, Pollice M, Kim CJ, Cohn J, Dworski RT, et al. 1996. A controlled trial of the effect of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, zileuton, on lung inflammation produced by segmental antigen challenge in human beings. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 97:646-54
164. Gaddy JN, Margolskee DJ, Bush RK, Williams VC, Busse WW. 1992. Broncho dilation with a potent and selective leukotriene D4 (LTD4) receptor antagonist (MK-571) in patients with asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:358-63
165. Snyman JR, Sommers DK, Gregorowski MD, Boraine H. 1992. Effect of cetirizine, ketotifen and chlorpheniramine on the dynamics of the cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction: a comparative study. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42:359-62
166. Redier H, Chanez P, De Vos C, Rifai N, Clauzel AM, et al. 1992. Inhibitory effect of cetirizine on the bronchial eosinophil recruitment induced by allergen inhalation challenge in allergic patients with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 90:215-24
167. Rand TH, Lopez AF, Gamble JR, Vadas MA. 1988. Nedocromil sodium and cromolyn (sodium cromoglycate) selectively inhibit antibody-dependent granulocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 87:151-58
168. Wegner CD, Gundel RH, Reilly P, Haynes N, Letts LG, Rothlein R. 1990. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of asthma. Science 247:456-59
169. Weg VB, Williams TJ, Lobb RR, Nourshargh S. 1993. A monoclonal antibody recognizing very late activation antigen-4 inhibits eosinophil accumulation in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 177:561-66
170. Kuijpers TW, Mul EP, Blom M, Kovach NL, Gaeta FC, et al. 1993. Freezing adhesion molecules in a state of high-avidity binding blocks eosinophil migration. J. Exp. Med. 178:279-84
171. von Andrian UH, Engelhardt B. 2003. α4 integrins as therapeutic targets in autoimmune disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 348:68-72
172. Mauser PJ, Pitman AM, Fernandez X, Foran SK, Adams GK 3rd, et al. 1995. Effects of an antibody to interleukin-5 in a monkey model of asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:467-72
173. Egan RW, Athwahl D, Chou CC, Emtage S, Jehn CH, et al. 1995. Inhibition of pulmonary eosinophilia and hyperreactivity by antibodies to interleukin-5. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 107:321-22
174. Blanchard C, Mishra A, Saito-Akei H, Monk P, Anderson I, Rothenberg ME. 2005. Inhibition of human interleukin-13-induced respiratory and oesophageal inflammation by anti-human-interleukin-13 antibody (CAT-354). Clin. Exp. Allergy 35:1096-103
175. Nutku E, Aizawa H, Hudson SA, Bochner BS. 2003. Ligation of Siglec-8: a selective mechanism for induction of human eosinophil apoptosis. Blood 101:5014-20