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The thermophoretic force is naturally present in the near-substrate areas of most low-temperature plasmas and is controlled by the difference between the gas temperatures in the plasma bulk Tgb and near the substrate Tgs. If Tgs > Tgb, Fth repels the particles from the substrate. On the other hand, if Tgs < Tgb, the thermophoretic force is attractive. If the substrate is additionally heated (which is a usual requirement in the PECVD of various functional thin films), the difference between Tgb and Tgs also changes (Refs. 7 33).
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The equilibrium charge of nanosized particles in dense enough dust clouds ∫ Zdcloud ∫ can be remarkably smaller than that of an individual particle ∫ Zdind ∫ under the same conditions of plasma processing experiments. In the example given in Sec. of Ref., ∫ Zdcloud ∫ ∼0.6 ∫ Zdind ∫.
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