Toward an understanding of the physiological function of mammalian stem cells

Developmental Cell

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 173-183

  Joseph, Nancy M ^a   Morrison, Sean J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTEIN P16INK4A;

ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY; ASTROCYTE; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL POPULATION; CELL RENEWAL; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CYTOLOGY; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; IN VIVO STUDY; JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS; MAMMAL CELL; NEURAL CREST CELL; NEURAL STEM CELL; NONHUMAN; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PANCREAS ISLET CELL; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TISSUE REGENERATION;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELLS, CULTURED; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STEM CELLS;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 22944463642     PISSN: 15345807     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.07.001     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. J. Adolfsson R. Mansson N. Buza-Vidas A. Hultquist K. Liuba C.T. Jensen D. Bryder L. Yang O.J. Borge L.A. Thoren et al. Identification of Flt3+ lympho-myeloid stem cells lacking erythro-megakaryocytic potential a revised road map for adult blood lineage commitment Cell 121 2005 295-306
2. K. Akashi D. Traver T. Miyamoto and I.L. Weissman A clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages Nature 404 2000 193-197
3. M. Alison Liver stem cells: A two compartment system Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10 1998 710-715
4. D.J. Anderson Stem cells and pattern formation in the nervous system: the possible versus the actual Neuron 30 2001 19-35
5. I. Arnold and F.M. Watt c-Myc activation in transgenic mouse epidermis results in mobilization of stem cells and differentiation of their progeny Curr. Biol. 11 2001 558-568
6. A. Baroffio E. Dupin and N.M. LeDouarin Clone-forming ability and differentiation potential of migratory neural crest cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 1988 5325-5329
7. E. Batlle J.T. Henderson H. Beghtel M.M. van den Born E. Sancho G. Huls J. Meeldijk J. Robertson M. van de Wetering T. Pawson and H. Clevers Beta-catenin and TCF mediate cell positioning in the intestinal epithelium by controlling the expression of EphB/ephrinB Cell 111 2002 251-263
8. S. Bixby G.M. Kruger J.T. Mosher N.M. Joseph and S.J. Morrison Cell-intrinsic differences between stem cells from different regions of the peripheral nervous system regulate the generation of neural diversity Neuron 35 2002 643-656
9. A. Bjorklund and O. Lindvall Cell replacement therapies for central nervous system disorders Nat. Neurosci. 3 2000 537-544
10. L.M. Bjorklund R. Sanchez-Pernaute S. Chung T. Andersson I.Y. Chen K.S. McNaught A.L. Brownell B.G. Jenkins C. Wahlestedt K.S. Kim and O. Isacson Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2002 2344-2349
11. C. Blanpain W.E. Lowry A. Geoghegan L. Polak and E. Fuchs Self-renewal, multipotency, and the existence of two cell populations within an epithelial stem cell niche Cell 118 2004 635-648
12. M. Bronner-Fraser and S.E. Fraser Cell lineage analysis reveals multipotency of some avian neural crest cells Nature 335 1988 161-164
13. M. Bronner-Fraser and S. Fraser Developmental potential of avian trunk neural crest cells in situ Neuron 3 1989 755-766
14. J. Cai Y. Qi X. Hu M. Tan Z. Liu J. Zhang Q. Li M. Sander and M. Qiu Generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells from mouse dorsal spinal cord independent of Nkx6 regulation and Shh signaling Neuron 45 2005 41-53
15. S. Cheshier S.J. Morrison X. Liao and I.L. Weissman In vivo proliferation and cell cycle kinetics of long-term self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 1999 3120-3125
16. M. Cobas A. Wilson B. Ernst S.J. Mancini H.R. MacDonald R. Kemler and F. Radtke Beta-catenin is dispensable for hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis J. Exp. Med. 199 2004 221-229
17. G. D'Ippolito S. Diabira G.A. Howard P. Menei B.A. Roos and P.C. Schiller Marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cells, a unique population of postnatal young and old human cells with extensive expansion and differentiation potential J. Cell Sci. 117 2004 2971-2981
18. I. Date Y. Miyoshi T. Ono T. Imaoka T. Furuta S. Asari T. Ohmoto and H. Iwata Preliminary report of polymer-encapsulated dopamine-secreting cell grafting into the brain Cell Transplant. 5 1996 S17-S19
19. F. Doetsch I. Caille D.A. Lim J.M. Garcia-Verdugo and A. Alvarez-Buylla Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain Cell 97 1999 703-716
20. P.J. Donovan Growth factor regulation of mouse primordial germ cell development Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 29 1994 189-225
21. Y. Dor J. Brown O.I. Martinez and D.A. Melton Adult pancreatic beta-cells are formed by self-duplication rather than stem-cell differentiation Nature 429 2004 41-46
22. P.S. Eriksson E. Perfilieva T. Bjork-Eriksson A.-M. Alborn C. Nordborg D.A. Peterson and F.H. Gage Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus Nat. Med. 4 1998 1313-1317
23. S.E. Fraser and M.E. Bronner-Fraser Migrating neural crest cells in the trunk of the avian embryo are multipotent Development 112 1991 913-920
24. C.R. Freed R.E. Breeze N.L. Rosenberg S.A. Schneck E. Kreik J.-X. Qi T. Lone Y.-B. Zhang J.A. Snyder T.H. Wells et al. Survival of implanted fetal dopamine cells and neurologic improvement 12 to 46 months after transplantation for Parkinson's disease N. Engl. J. Med. 327 1992 1549-1555
25. C.R. Freed P.E. Greene R.E. Breeze W.Y. Tsai W. DuMouchel R. Kao S. Dillon H. Winfield S. Culver J.Q. Trojanowski et al. Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease N. Engl. J. Med. 344 2001 710-719
26. L. Gabay S. Lowell L.L. Rubin and D.J. Anderson Deregulation of dorsoventral patterning by FGF confers trilineage differentiation capacity on CNS stem cells in vitro Neuron 40 2003 485-499
27. A.D. Garcia N.B. Doan T. Imura T.G. Bush and M.V. Sofroniew GFAP-expressing progenitors are the principal source of constitutive neurogenesis in adult mouse forebrain Nat. Neurosci. 7 2004 1233-1241
28. G. Gheusi H. Cremer H. McLean G. Chazal J.-D. Vincent and P.-M. Lledo Importance of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb for odor discrimination Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 2000 1823-1828
29. S. Gronthos A.C. Zannettino S.J. Hay S. Shi S.E. Graves A. Kortesidis and P.J. Simmons Molecular and cellular characterisation of highly purified stromal stem cells derived from human bone marrow J. Cell Sci. 116 2003 1827-1835
30. H. Hock M.J. Hamblen H.M. Rooke J.W. Schindler S. Saleque Y. Fujiwara and S.H. Orkin Gfi-1 restricts proliferation and preserves functional integrity of haematopoietic stem cells Nature 431 2004 1002-1007
31. H. Hock E. Meade S. Medeiros J.W. Schindler P.J. Valk Y. Fujiwara and S.H. Orkin Tel/Etv6 is an essential and selective regulator of adult hematopoietic stem cell survival Genes Dev. 18 2004 2336-2341
32. K. Ito A. Hirao F. Arai S. Matsuoka K. Takubo I. Hamaguchi K. Nomiyama K. Hosokawa K. Sakurada N. Nakagata et al. Regulation of oxidative stress by ATM is required for self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells Nature 431 2004 997-1002
33. N.B. Ivanova J.T. Dimos C. Schaniel J.A. Hackney K.A. Moore and I.R. Lemischka A stem cell molecular signature Science 298 2002 601-604
34. T.M. Jessell Neuronal specification in the spinal cord: Inductive signals and transcriptional codes Nat. Rev. Genet. 1 2000 20-29
35. Y. Jiang B.N. Jahagirdar R.L. Reinhardt R.E. Schwartz C.D. Keene X.R. Ortiz-Gonzalez M. Reyes T. Lenvik T. Lund M. Blackstad et al. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow Nature 418 2002 41-49
36. P.H. Jones S. Harper and F.M. Watt Stem cell patterning and fate in human epidermis Cell 80 1995 83-93
37. N.M. Joseph Y.S. Mukouyama J.T. Mosher M. Jaegle S.A. Crone E.L. Dormand K.F. Lee D. Meijer D.J. Anderson and S.J. Morrison Neural crest stem cells undergo multilineage differentiation in developing peripheral nerves to generate endoneurial fibroblasts in addition to Schwann cells Development 131 2004 5599-5612
38. A. Kalyani K. Hobson and M.S. Rao Neuroepithelial stem cells from the embryonic spinal cord: Isolation, characterization, and clonal analysis Dev. Biol. 186 1997 202-223
39. M. Kanatsu-Shinohara K. Inoue J. Lee M. Yoshimoto N. Ogonuki H. Miki S. Baba T. Kato Y. Kazuki S. Toyokuni et al. Generation of pluripotent stem cells from neonatal mouse testis Cell 119 2004 1001-1012
40. H. Kawasaki K. Mizuseki S. Nishikawa S. Kaneko Y. Kuwana S. Nakanishi S.I. Nishikawa and Y. Sasai Induction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity Neuron 28 2000 31-40
41. H. Kawasaki H. Suemori K. Mizuseki K. Watanabe F. Urano H. Ichinose M. Haruta M. Takahashi K. Yoshikawa S. Nishikawa et al. Generation of dopaminergic neurons and pigmented epithelia from primate ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2002 1580-1585
42. M.J. Kiel T. Iwashita O.H. Yilmaz and S.J. Morrison Spacial difference in hematopoiesis but not in stem cells indicate a lack of regional patterning in definitive hematopoietic stem cells Dev. Biol. 283 2005 29-39
43. M.J. Kiel Ö.H. Yilmaz T. Iwashita O.H. Yilmaz C. Terhorst and S.J. Morrison SLAM family receptors distinguish hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and reveal endothelial niches for stem cells Cell 121 2005 1109-1121
44. J.H. Kim J.M. Auerbach J.A. Rodriguez-Gomez I. Velasco D. Gavin N. Lumelsky S.H. Lee J. Nguyen R. Sanchez-Pernaute K. Bankiewicz and R. McKay Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease Nature 418 2002 50-56
45. G. Kogler S. Sensken J.A. Airey T. Trapp M. Muschen N. Feldhahn S. Liedtke R.V. Sorg J. Fischer C. Rosenbaum et al. A new human somatic stem cell from placental cord blood with intrinsic pluripotent differentiation potential J. Exp. Med. 200 2004 123-135
46. M. Kondo I.L. Weissman and K. Akashi Identification of clonogenic common lymphoid progenitors in mouse bone marrow Cell 91 1997 661-672
47. T. Kondo and M. Raff Oligodendrocyte precursor cells reprogrammed to become multipotential CNS stem cells Science 289 2000 1754-1757
48. V. Korinek N. Barker P. Moerer E. van Donselaar G. Huls P.J. Peters and H. Clevers Depletion of epithelial stem-cell compartments in the small intestine of mice lacking Tcf-4 Nat. Genet. 19 1998 379-383
49. G.M. Kruger J.T. Mosher S. Bixby N. Joseph T. Iwashita and S.J. Morrison Neural crest stem cells persist in the adult gut but undergo changes in self-renewal, neuronal subtype potential, and factor responsiveness Neuron 35 2002 657-669
50. N.M. Le Douarin Cell line segregation during peripheral nervous system ontogeny Science 231 1986 1515-1522
51. H. Li H. Liu and S. Heller Pluripotent stem cells from the adult mouse inner ear Nat. Med. 9 2003 1293-1299
52. O. Lindvall Z. Kokaia and A. Martinez-Serrano Stem cell therapy for human neurodegenerative disorders - how to make it work Nat. Med. Suppl 10 2004 S42-S50
53. Q.R. Lu T. Sun Z. Zhu N. Ma M. Garcia C.D. Stiles and D.H. Rowitch Common developmental requirement for Olig function indicates a motor neuron/oligodendrocyte connection Cell 109 2002 75-86
54. M.R. Luquin R.J. Montoro J. Guillen L. Saldise R. Insausti J. Del Rio and J. Lopez-Barneo Recovery of chronic parkinsonian monkeys by autotransplants of carotid body cell aggregates into putamen Neuron 22 1999 743-750
55. P. Malatesta M.A. Hack E. Hartfuss H. Kettenmann W. Klinkert F. Kirchhoff and M. Gotz Neuronal or glial progeny: Regional differences in radial glia fate Neuron 37 2003 751-764
56. G.S. Maro M. Vermeren O. Voiculescu L. Melton J. Cohen P. Charnay and P. Topilko Neural crest boundary cap cells constitute a source of neuronal and glial cells of the PNS Nat. Neurosci. 7 2004 930-938
57. Y. Matsui K. Zsebo and B.L.M. Hogan Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem cells from murine primordial germ cells in culture Cell 70 1992 841-847
58. R. Mizuguchi M. Sugimori H. Takebayashi H. Kosako M. Nagao S. Yoshida Y. Nabeshima K. Shimamura and M. Nakafuku Combinatorial roles of olig2 and neurogenin2 in the coordinated induction of pan-neuronal and subtype-specific properties of motoneurons Neuron 31 2001 757-771
59. A.V. Molofsky R. Pardal T. Iwashita I.K. Park M.F. Clarke and S.J. Morrison Bmi-1 dependence distinguishes neural stem cell self-renewal from progenitor proliferation Nature 425 2003 962-967
60. A.V. Molofsky S. He G.M. Kruger M. Bydon S.J. Morrison and R. Pardal Bmi-1 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal and neural development but not mouse growth and survival by repressing the p16Ink4a and p19Arf senescence pathways Genes Dev. 19 2005 1432-1437
61. S.J. Morrison and I.L. Weissman The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype Immunity 1 1994 661-673
62. S.J. Morrison A.M. Wandycz H.D. Hemmati D.E. Wright and I.L. Weissman Identification of a lineage of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors Development 124 1997 1929-1939
63. S.J. Morrison P.M. White C. Zock and D.J. Anderson Prospective identification, isolation by flow cytometry, and in vivo self-renewal of multipotent mammalian neural crest stem cells Cell 96 1999 737-749
64. S.J. Morrison M. Csete A.K. Groves W. Melega B. Wold and D.J. Anderson Culture in reduced levels of oxygen promotes clonogenic sympathoadrenal differentiation by isolated neural crest stem cells J. Neurosci. 20 2000 7370-7376
65. C.M. Morshead B.A. Reynolds C.G. Craig M.W. McBurney W.A. Staines D. Morassutti S. Weiss and D. van der Kooy Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian forebrain: A relatively quiescent subpopulation of subependymal cells Neuron 13 1994 1071-1082
66. C.M. Morshead P. Benveniste N.N. Iscove and D. van der Kooy Hematopoietic competence is a rare property of neural stem cells that may depend on genetic and epigenetic alterations Nat. Med. 8 2002 268-273
67. B. Murdoch K. Chadwick M. Martin F. Shojaei K.V. Shah L. Gallacher R.T. Moon and M. Bhatia Wnt-5A augments repopulating capacity and primitive hematopoietic development of human blood stem cells in vivo Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 2003 3422-3427
68. A. Nagy J. Rossant R. Nagy W. Abramow-Newerly and J.C. Roder Derivation of completely cell culture-derived mice from early-passage embryonic stem cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 1993 8424-8428
69. H. Nakatomi T. Kuriu S. Okabe S. Yamamoto O. Hatano N. Kawahara A. Tamura T. Kirino and M. Nakafuku Regeneration of hippocampal pyramidal neurons after ischemic brain injury by recruitment of endogenous neural progenitors Cell 110 2002 429-441
70. J. Nichols I. Chambers T. Taga and A. Smith Physiological rationale for responsiveness of mouse embryonic stem cells to gp130 cytokines Development 128 2001 2333-2339
71. E.K. Nishimura S.A. Jordan H. Oshima H. Yoshida M. Osawa M. Moriyama I.J. Jackson Y. Barrandon Y. Miyachi and S. Nishikawa Dominant role of the niche in melanocyte stem-cell fate determination Nature 416 2002 854-860
72. E.K. Nishimura S.R. Granter and D.E. Fisher Mechanisms of hair graying: incomplete melanocyte stem cell maintenance in the niche Science 307 2005 720-724
73. B.G. Novitch A.I. Chen and T.M. Jessell Coordinate regulation of motor neuron subtype identity and pan-neuronal properties by the bHLH repressor Olig2 Neuron 31 2001 773-789
74. C.W. Olanow C.G. Goetz J.H. Kordower A.J. Stoessl V. Sossi M.F. Brin K.M. Shannon G.M. Nauert D.P. Perl J. Godbold and T.B. Freeman A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease Ann. Neurol. 54 2003 403-414
75. H. Oshima A. Rochat C. Kedzia K. Kobayashi and Y. Barrandon Morphogenesis and renewal of hair follicles from adult multipotent stem cells Cell 104 2001 233-245
76. K. Overturf M. Al-Dhalimy M. Finegold and M. Grompe The repopulation potential of hepatocyte populations differing in size and prior mitotic expansion Am. J. Pathol. 155 1999 2135-2143
77. T.D. Palmer J. Takahashi and F.H. Gage The adult rat hippocampus contains primordial neural stem cells Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 8 1997 389-404
78. I.-K. Park D. Qian M. Kiel M. Becker M. Pihalja I.L. Weissman S.J. Morrison and M. Clarke Bmi-1 is required for the maintenance of adult self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells Nature 423 2003 302-305
79. E. Passegue E.F. Wagner and I.L. Weissman JunB deficiency leads to a myeloproliferative disorder arising from hematopoietic stem cells Cell 119 2004 431-443
80. A.L. Perrier V. Tabar T. Barberi M.E. Rubio J. Bruses N. Topf N.L. Harrison and L. Studer Derivation of midbrain dopamine neurons from human embryonic stem cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 2004 12543-12548
81. R.L. Phillips R.E. Ernst B. Brunk N. Ivanova M.A. Mahan J.K. Deanehan K.A. Moore G.C. Overton and I.R. Lemischka The genetic program of hematopoietic stem cells Science 288 2000 1635-1640
82. M.F. Pittenger A.M. Mackay S.C. Beck R.K. Jaiswal R. Douglas J.D. Mosca M.A. Moorman D.W. Simonetti S. Craig and D.R. Marshak Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells Science 284 1999 143-147
83. C.S. Potten and M. Loeffler Stem cells: Attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the crypt Development 110 1990 1001-1020
84. D.J. Prockop Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues Science 276 1997 71-74
85. M. Ramalho-Santos S. Yoon Y. Matsuzaki R.C. Mulligan and D.A. Melton "Stemness": Transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells Science 298 2002 597-600
86. T. Reya A.W. Duncan L. Ailles J. Domen D.C. Scherer K. Willert L. Hintz R. Nusse and I.L. Weissman A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells Nature 423 2003 409-414
87. C. Rochefort G. Gheusi J.D. Vincent and P.M. Lledo Enriched odor exposure increases the number of newborn neurons in the adult olfactory bulb and improves odor memory J. Neurosci. 22 2002 2679-2689
88. C. Schneider H. Wicht J. Enderich M. Wegner and H. Rohrer Bone morphogenetic proteins are required in vivo for the generation of sympathetic neurons Neuron 24 1999 861-870
89. N.M. Shah M.A. Marchionni I. Isaacs P.W. Stroobant and D.J. Anderson Glial growth factor restricts mammalian neural crest stem cells to a glial fate Cell 77 1994 349-360
90. N.M. Shah A. Groves and D.J. Anderson Alternative neural crest cell fates are instructively promoted by TGFβ superfamily members Cell 85 1996 331-343
91. A.M. Shapiro J.R. Lakey E.A. Ryan G.S. Korbutt E. Toth G.L. Warnock N.M. Kneteman and R.V. Rajotte Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen N. Engl. J. Med. 343 2000 230-238
92. C.J. Sherr The INK4a/ARF network in tumour suppression Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 2001 731-737
93. T.J. Shors G. Miesegaes A. Beylin M. Zhao T. Rydel and E. Gould Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories Nature 410 2001 372-376
94. M. Sieber-Blum and A. Cohen Clonal analysis of quail neural crest cells: they are pluripotent and differentiate in vitro in the absence of non-neural crest cells Dev. Biol. 80 1980 96-106
95. G.J. Spangrude S. Heimfeld and I.L. Weissman Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells Science 241 1988 58-62
96. D.D. Spencer R.J. Robbins F. Naftolin K.L. Marek T. Vollmer C. Leranth R.H. Roth L.H. Price A. Gjedde B.S. Bunney et al. Unilateral transplantation of human fetal mesencephalic tissue into the caudate nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease N. Engl. J. Med. 327 1992 1541-1548
97. D.L. Stemple and D.J. Anderson Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest Cell 71 1992 973-985
98. L. Studer V. Tabar and R.D.G. McKay Transplantation of expanded mesencephalic precursors leads to recovery in parkinsonian rats Nat. Neurosci. 1 1998 290-295
99. Y. Takagi J. Takahashi H. Saiki A. Morizane T. Hayashi Y. Kishi H. Fukuda Y. Okamoto M. Koyanagi M. Ideguchi et al. Dopaminergic neurons generated from monkey embryonic stem cells function in a Parkinson primate model J. Clin. Invest. 115 2005 102-109
100. S. Temple The development of neural stem cells Nature 414 2001 112-117
101. A.V. Terskikh M.C. Easterday L. Li L. Hood H.I. Kornblum D.H. Geschwind and I.L. Weissman From hematopoiesis to neuropoiesis: Evidence of overlapping genetic programs Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 2001 7934-7939
102. M. Trucco Regeneration of the pancreatic beta cell J. Clin. Invest. 115 2005 5-12
103. A. Vallstedt J.M. Klos and J. Ericson Multiple dorsoventral origins of oligodendrocyte generation in the spinal cord and hindbrain Neuron 45 2005 55-67
104. H. van Praag A.F. Schinder B.R. Christie N. Toni T.D. Palmer and F.H. Gage Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus Nature 415 2002 1030-1034
105. R.L. Waikel Y. Kawachi P.A. Waikel X.J. Wang and D.R. Roop Deregulated expression of c-Myc depletes epidermal stem cells Nat. Genet. 28 2001 165-168
106. F.M. Watt Stem cell fate and patterning in mammalian epidermis Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11 2001 410-417
107. R.L. Watts T. Subramanian A. Freeman C.G. Goetz R.D. Penn G.T. Stebbins J.H. Kordower and R.A.E. Bakay Effect of stereotaxic intrastriatal cografts of autologous adrenal medulla and peripheral nerve in Parkinson's disease: Two-year follow-up study Exp. Neurol. 147 1997 510-517
108. G. Wei and A.P. Mahowald The germline: Familiar and newly uncovered properties Annu. Rev. Genet. 28 1994 309-324
109. P.A. White and D.J. Anderson In vivo transplantation of mammalian neural crest cells into chick hosts reveals a new autonomic sublineage restriction Development 126 1999 4351-4363
110. P.M. White S.J. Morrison K. Orimoto C.J. Kubu J.M. Verdi and D.J. Anderson Neural crest stem cells undergo cell-intrinsic developmental changes in sensitivity to instructive differentiation signals Neuron 29 2001 57-71
111. H. Widner J. Tetrud S. Rehncrona B. Snow P. Brundin B. Gustavii A. Bjorklund O. Lindvall and J.W. Langston Bilateral fetal mesencephalic grafting in two patients with parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) N. Engl. J. Med. 327 1992 1556-1563
112. K. Willert J.D. Brown E. Danenberg A.W. Duncan I.L. Weissman T. Reya J.R. Yates 3rd and R. Nusse Wnt proteins are lipid-modified and can act as stem cell growth factors Nature 423 2003 448-452
113. Y. Zhao D. Glesne and E. Huberman A human peripheral blood monocyte-derived subset acts as pluripotent stem cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 2003 2426-2431
114. Q. Zhou and D.J. Anderson The bHLH transcription factors OLIG2 and OLIG1 couple neuronal and glial subtype specification Cell 109 2002 61-73