Cannabinoid tolerance and dependence: A review of studies in laboratory animals

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Volumn 81, Issue 2 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 300-318

  González, Sara ^a   Cebeira, Maribel ^a   Fernández Ruiz, Javier ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Cannabinoid CB1 receptor; Dependence; Endocannabinoids; Precipitated withdrawal; SR141716; Tolerance; 9 tetrahydrocannabinol

Indexed keywords

11 HYDROXYDRONABINOL; 2,3 DIHYDRO 5 METHYL 3 (MORPHOLINOMETHYL) 6 (1 NAPHTHOYL)PYRROLO[1,2,3 DE][1,4]BENZOXAZINE; 4 (1,1 DIMETHYLHEPTYL) 1',2',3',4',5',6' HEXAHYDRO 2,3' DIHYDROXY 6' (3 HYDROXYPROPYL)BIPHENYL; ALCOHOL; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR; CANNABIS; DELTA8 TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; DRONABINOL; ENDOCANNABINOID; LEVONANTRADOL; LITHIUM; METHANANDAMIDE; MORPHINE; NABILONE; NICOTINE; OPIATE; RIMONABANT; VALPROIC ACID;

ADRENAL FUNCTION; ALCOHOLISM; ANALGESIA; ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY; ANTIEMETIC ACTIVITY; ANTINOCICEPTION; ANXIETY; ATAXIA; BASAL GANGLION; CANNABIS ADDICTION; CARDIOVASCULAR SYMPTOM; CATALEPSY; CEREBELLUM; CHRONIC PAIN; CONFERENCE PAPER; DESENSITIZATION; DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER; DRUG EXPOSURE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERANCE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EUPHORIA; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; HEALTH HAZARD; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; HYPOTHERMIA; INCREASED APPETITE; INTESTINE MOTILITY; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; LIMBIC CORTEX; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MEMORY DISORDER; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MOTOR NERVE BLOCK; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; SEDATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

ANIMALIA; CANNABIS;

EID: 20444388640     PISSN: 00913057     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.01.028     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (167)

1. M.E. Abood, and B.R. Martin Neurobiology of marijuana abuse Trends Pharmacol Sci 13 1992 201 206
2. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol without alteration of cannabinoid receptor binding or mRNA levels in whole brain Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46 1993 575 579
3. M.D. Aceto, S.M. Scates, J.A. Lowe, and B.R. Martin Cannabinoid precipitated withdrawal by the selective cannabinoids receptor antagonist, SR141716A Eur J Pharmacol 282 1995 R1 R2
4. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: studies on precipitated and abrupt withdrawal J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278 1996 1290 1295
5. M.D. Aceto, S.M. Scates, and B.R. Martin Spontaneous and precipitated withdrawal with a synthetic cannabinoid, WIN55,212-2 Eur J Pharmacol 416 2001 75 81
6. I.B. Adams, and B.R. Martin Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans Addiction 91 1996 1585 1614
7. K. Anggadiredja, T. Yamaguchi, H. Tanaka, Y. Shoyama, S. Watanabe, and T. Yamamoto Prostaglandin E2 attenuates SR141716A-precipitated withdrawal in tetrahydrocannabinol-dependent mice Brain Res 966 2003 47 53
8. C.H. Ashton Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review Br J Psychiatry 178 2001 101 106
9. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice Drug Alcohol Depend 60 2000 113 119
10. P.M. Beardsley, R.L. Balster, and L.S. Harris Dependence on tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys J Pharmacol Exp Ther 239 1986 311 319
11. L.M. Bornheim, E.T. Everhart, J. Li, and M.A. Correia Induction and regulation of mouse hepatic cytochrome P450 by cannabidiol Biochem Pharmacol 48 1994 161 171
12. C.S. Breivogel, L.J. Sim, and S.R. Childers Regional differences in cannabinoid receptor/G-protein coupling in rat brain J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282 1997 1632 1642
13. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment produces a time-dependent loss of cannabinoid receptors and cannabinoid receptor-activated G proteins in rat brain J Neurochem 73 1999 2447 2459
14. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol physical dependence on brain cannabinoid receptors Eur J Pharmacol 459 2003 139 150
15. T.T. Brown, and A.S. Dobs Endocrine effects of marijuana J Clin Pharmacol 42 2002 90S 96S
16. A.J. Budney, P.L. Novy, and J.R. Hughes Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence Addiction 94 1999 1311 1322
17. A.J. Budney, J.R. Hughes, B.A. Moore, and R. Vandrey Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome Am J Psychiatry 161 2004 1967 1977
18. 9- tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-sensitization with morphine Psychopharmacology (Berl) 158 2001 259 266
19. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats Brain Res 809 1998 1 4
20. C. Castellano, C. Rossi-Arnaud, V. Cestari, and M. Costanzi Cannabinoids and memory: animal studies Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 2 2003 389 402
21. L.D. Chait, and J.L. Perry Acute and residual effects of alcohol and marijuana, alone and in combination, on mood and performance Psychopharmacology (Berl) 115 1994 340 349
22. K. Chen, and D.B. Kandel Predictors of cessation of marijuana use: an event history analysis Drug Alcohol Depend 50 1998 109 121
23. 1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of nicotine addiction Pharmacol Biochem Behav 81 2005 387 395 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.01.024
24. G. Colombo, S. Serra, G. Vacca, M.A.M. Carai, and G.L. Gessa Endocannabinoid system and alcohol addiction: pharmacological studies Pharmacol Biochem Behav 81 2005 369 380 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.01.022
25. 9- tetrahydrocannabinol J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285 1998 1150 1156
26. 1-cannabinoid receptors in the caudate-putamen Mol Brain Res 67 1999 148 157
27. J. Corchero, J. Manzanares, and J.A. Fuentes Cannabinoid/opioid crosstalk in the central nervous system Crit Rev Neurobiol 16 2004 159 172
28. B. Costa, D. Parolaro, and M. Colleoni Chronic cannabinoid, CP-55,940, administration alters biotransformation in the rat Eur J Pharmacol 313 1996 17 24
29. B. Costa, G. Giagnoni, and M. Colleoni Precipitated and spontaneous withdrawal in rats tolerant to anandamide Psychopharmacology (Berl) 149 2000 121 128
30. 1 receptors in hippocampal neurons J Neurosci 21 2001 2425 2433
31. S.S. Cui, R.C. Bowen, G.B. Gu, D.K. Hannesson, P.H. Yu, and X. Zhang Prevention of cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome by lithium: involvement of oxytocinergic neuronal activation J Neurosci 21 2001 9867 9876
32. C.A. Dackis, and C.P. O'Brien Cocaine dependence: a disease of the brain's reward centers J Subst Abuse Treat 21 2001 111 117
33. R. De Miguel, R. de Miguel, J. Romero, R.M. Munoz, L. Garcia-Gil, and S. Gonzalez Effects of cannabinoids on prolactin and gonadotrophin secretion: involvement of changes in hypothalamic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inputs Biochem Pharmacol 56 1998 1331 1338
34. 1 receptor in mice Pharmacol Biochem Behav 69 2001 251 259
35. T.J. De Vries, Y. Shaham, J.R. Homberg, H. Crombag, K. Scluurman, and J. Dieben A cannabinoid mechanism in relapse to cocaine seeking Nat Med 7 2001 1151 1154
36. T.J. De Vries, J.R. Homberg, R. Binnekade, H. Raaso, and A.N. Schoffelmeer Cannabinoid modulation of the reinforcing and motivational properties of heroin and heroin-associated clues in rats Psychopharmacology 168 2003 164 169
37. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol following 35 days of exposure Neurosci Res Commun 17 1995 9 18
38. L. Degenhardt, W. Hall, and M. Lynskey The relationship between cannabis use and other substance use in the general population Drug Alcohol Depend 64 2001 319 327
39. W.L. Dewey Cannabinoid pharmacology Pharmacol Rev 38 1986 151 178
40. 9- tetrahydrocannabinol-tolerant rats J Neurochem 74 2000 1627 1635
41. M. Diana, M. Melis, A.L. Muntoni, and G.L. Gessa Mesolimbic dopaminergic decline after cannabinoid withdrawal PNAS USA 95 1998 10269 10273
42. J.A. Dill, and A.C. Howlett Regulation of adenylate cyclase by chronic exposure to cannabimimetic drugs J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244 1988 1157 1163
43. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, CP 55,940 and WIN 55,212 J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271 1994 1383 1390
44. F. Fan, F. Fan, Q. Tao, M. Abood, and B.R. Martin Cannabinoid receptor down-regulation without alteration of the inhibitory effect of CP 55,940 on adenylyl cyclase in the cerebellum of CP 55,940-tolerant mice Brain Res 706 1996 13 20
45. D.M. Fergusson, and L.J. Horwood Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use? Addiction 95 2000 505 520
46. 1 receptors in hypothalamic structures and their involvement in the effects of cannabimimetics Biochem Pharmacol 53 1997 1919 1927
47. J. Fernández-Ruiz, I. Lastres-Becker, A. Cabranes, S. González, and J.A. Ramos Endocannabinoids and basal ganglia functionality Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 66 2002 263 273
48. 9- tetrahydrocannabinol in chimpanzees Science 179 1973 490 492
49. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rates of local cerebral glucose utilization in rat Synapse 45 2002 134 142
50. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol Brain Res 697 1995 83 90
51. R.R. Gainetdinov, R.T. Premont, L.M. Bohn, R.J. Lefkowitz, and M.G. Caron Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors and neuronal functions Annu Rev Neurosci 27 2004 107 144
52. J.E. Gallate, T. Saharov, P.E. Mallet, and I.S. McGregor Increased motivation for beer in rats following administration of a cannabinoid receptor agonist Eur J Pharmacol 370 1999 233 240
53. 1 cannabinoid receptor Mol Pharmacol 62 2002 1385 1392
54. 1 cannabinoid receptor J Neurosci 18 1998 2834 2841
55. E.L. Gardner Addictive potential of cannabinoids: the underlying neurobiology Chem Phys Lipids 121 2002 267 290
56. E.L. Gardner Endocannabinoid signaling system and brain reward: emphasis on dopamine Pharmacol Biochem Behav 81 2005 263 284 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.01.032
57. E.L. Gardner, and S.R. Vorel Cannabinoid transmission and reward-related events Neurobiol Dis 5 1998 502 533
58. F. Georges, L. Stinus, and C. Le Moine Mapping of c-fos gene expression in the brain during morphine dependence and precipitated withdrawal, and phenotypic identification of the striatal neurons involved Eur J Neurosci 12 2000 4475 4486
59. 1 receptor mRNA in the pituitary gland Neuroendocrinology 70 1999 137 145
60. 9- tetrahydrocannabinol-tolerant rats: an experimental model of cannabinoid abstinence Drug Alcohol Depend 74 2004 159 170
61. T. Hammer, and P. Vaglum Initiation, continuation or discontinuation of cannabis use in the general population Br J Addict 85 1990 899 909
62. R.E. Hampson, and S.A. Deadwyler Cannabinoids, hippocampal function and memory Life Sci 65 1999 715 723
63. R.E. Hampson, J.D. Simeral, E.J. Kelly, and S.A. Deadwyler Tolerance to the memory disruptive effects of cannabinoids involves adaptation by hippocampal neurons Hippocampus 13 2003 543 556
64. M. Haney, A.S. Ward, S.D. Comer, R.W. Foltin, and M.W. Fischman Abstinence symptoms following oral THC administration to humans Psychopharmacology (Berl) 141 1999 385 394
65. M. Haney, C.L. Hart, S.K. Vosburg, J. Nasser, A. Bennett, and C. Zubaran Marijuana withdrawal in humans: effects of oral THC or divalproex Neuropsychopharmacology 29 2004 158 170
66. 9- tetrahydrocannabinol in humans Psychopharmacology (Berl) 164 2002 407 415
67. S.J. Heishman, K. Arasteh, and M.L. Stitzer Comparative effects of alcohol and marijuana on mood, memory, and performance Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58 1997 93 101
68. A. Herz Opioid reward mechanisms: a key role in drug abuse? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 76 1998 252 258
69. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on delayed match to sample performance in rats: alterations in short-term memory associated with changes in task specific firing of hippocampal cells J Pharmacol Exp Ther 264 1993 294 307
70. L.E. Hollister Health aspects of cannabis Pharmacol Rev 38 1986 1 20
71. A.C. Howlett, C.S. Breivogel, S.R. Childers, S.A. Deadwyler, R.E. Hampson, and L.J. Porrino Cannabinoid physiology and pharmacology: 30 years of progress Neuropharmacology 47 2004 345 358
72. 1 cannabinoid receptor J Neurochem 73 1999 493 501
73. B.L. Hungund, and B.S. Basavarajappa Are anandamide and cannabinoid receptors involved in ethanol tolerance? A review of the evidence Alcohol Alcohol 35 2000 126 133
74. C.A. Hunt, and R.T. Jones Tolerance and disposition of tetrahydrocannabinol in man J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215 1980 35 44
75. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol Br J Pharmacol 125 1998 1567 1577
76. 1 cannabinoid receptor mediate desensitization and internalization J Neurosci 19 1999 3773 3780
77. R.T. Jones, N.L. Benowitz, and R.I. Herning Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence J Clin Pharmacol 21 1981 143S 152S
78. Z. Justinova, S.R. Goldberg, S.J. Heishman, and G. Tanda Self-administration of cannabinoids by experimental animals and human marijuana smokers Pharmacol Biochem Behav 81 2005 285 299 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.01.026
79. H. Kalant Adverse effects of cannabis on health: an update of the literature since 1996 Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28 2004 849 863
80. D. Kandel, K. Chen, L.A. Warner, R.C. Kessler, and B. Grant Prevalence and demographic correlates of symptoms of last year dependence on alcohol, nicotine, marijuana and cocaine in the U.S. population Drug Alcohol Depend 44 1997 11 29
81. R.L. Klein, and R.A. Harris Regulation of GABAA receptor structure and function by chronic drug treatments in vivo and with stably transfected cells Jpn J Pharmacol 70 1996 1 15
82. G.F. Koob Stress, corticotropin-releasing factor, and drug addiction Ann N Y Acad Sci 897 1999 27 45
83. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances the locomotor response to amphetamine and heroin. Implications for vulnerability to drug addiction Neuropharmacology 41 2001 118 129
84. P.Y. Law, and H.H. Loh Regulation of opioid receptor activities J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289 1999 607 624
85. 1 receptor knockout mice Science 283 1999 401 404
86. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305 2003 593 599
87. A.H. Lichtman, and B.R. Martin Marijuana withdrawal syndrome in the animal model J Clin Pharmacol 42 2002 20S 27S
88. A.H. Lichtman, S.A. Varvel, and B.R. Martin Endocannabinoids in cognition and dependence Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 66 2002 269 285
89. R. Maldonado Study of cannabinoid dependence in animals Pharmacol Ther 95 2002 153 164
90. R. Maldonado, and F. Rodriguez de Fonseca Cannabinoid addiction: behavioral models and neural correlates J Neurosci 22 2002 3326 3331
91. J. Manzanares, J. Corchero, J. Romero, J. Fernández-Ruiz, J.A. Ramos, and J.A. Fuentes Pharmacological and biochemical interactions between opioids and cannabinoids Trends Pharmacol Sci 20 1999 287 294
92. B.R. Martin, W.L. Dewey, L.S. Harris, and J. Beckner Marihuana-like activity of new synthetic tetrahydrocannabinols Pharmacol Biochem Behav 3 1975 849 853
93. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol tissue and subcellular distribution in the central nervous system and tissue distribution in peripheral organs of tolerant and nontolerant dogs J Pharmacol Exp Ther 196 1976 128 144
94. B.R. Martin, L.J. Sim-Selley, and D.E. Selley Signaling pathways involved in the development of cannabinoid tolerance Trends Pharmacol Sci 25 2004 325 330
95. P. Massi, G. Patrini, T. Rubino, D. Fuzio, and D. Parolaro Changes in rat spleen cannabinoid receptors after chronic CP-55,940: an autoradiographic study Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58 1997 73 78
96. 9- tetrahydrocannabinol-induced impairment of spatial memory in the 8-arm radial maze Life Sci 72 2002 397 407
97. L.L. Murphy, R.M. Munoz, B.A. Adrian, and M.A. Villanua Function of cannabinoid receptors in the neuroendocrine regulation of hormone secretion Neurobiol Dis 5 1998 432 446
98. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment on hippocampal extracellular acetylcholine concentration and alternation performance in the T-maze Neuropharmacology 41 2001 392 399
99. E.J. Nestler Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction Neuropharmacology 47 2004 24 32
100. C.S. Norwood, J.L. Cornish, P.E. Mallet, and I.S. McGregor Pre-exposure to the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP55,940 enhances morphine behavioral sensitization and alters morphine self-administration in Lewis rats Eur J Pharmacol 465 2003 105 114
101. J.M. Oliva, S. Ortiz, T. Palomo, and J. Manzanares Behavioural and gene transcription alterations induced by spontaneous cannabinoid withdrawal in mice J Neurochem 85 2003 94 104
102. A. Oviedo, J. Glowa, and M. Herkenham Chronic cannabinoid administration alters cannabinoid receptor binding in rat brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study Brain Res 616 1993 293 302
103. 1 receptor agonists produce cerebellar dysfunction in mice J Pharmacol Exp Ther 297 2001 629 637
104. G. Patrini, P. Sacerdote, D. Fuzio, B. Manfredi, and D. Parolaro Regulation of immune functions in rat splenocytes after acute and chronic in vivo treatment with CP-55,940, a synthetic cannabinoid compound J Neuroimmunol 80 1997 143 148
105. M. Pérez-Reyes, W.R. White, S.A. McDonald, R.E. Hicks, A.R. Jeffcoat, and C.E. Cook The pharmacologic effects of daily marijuana smoking in humans Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40 1991 691 694
106. A. Perkonigg, R. Lieb, M. Hofler, P. Schuster, H. Sonntag, and H.U. Wittchen Patterns of cannabis use, abuse and dependence over time: incidence, progression and stability in a sample of 1228 adolescents Addiction 94 1999 1663 1678
107. R.G. Pertwee Tolerance and dependence on psychotropic cannabinoids J. Pratt The biological bases of drug tolerance and dependence 1991 Academic Press 231 263
108. R.G. Pertwee Pharmacological, physiological and clinical implications of the discovery of cannabinoid receptors R.G. Pertwee Cannabinoid receptors 1995 Academic Press 1 34
109. 2 receptors Pharmacol Ther 74 1997 129 180
110. R.G. Pertwee Cannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract Gut 48 2001 859 867
111. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the cannabimimetic agents, CP 55,940, WIN 55,212-2 and anandamide Br J Pharmacol 110 1993 1483 1490
112. W.B. Pickworth, and R.V. Fant Endocrine effects of nicotine administration, tobacco and other drug withdrawal in humans Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 1998 131 141
113. S.S. Pillay, J. Rogowska, G. Kanayama, D.I. Jon, S. Gruber, and N. Simpson Neurophysiology of motor function following cannabis discontinuation in chronic cannabis smokers: an fMRI study Drug Alcohol Depend 76 2004 261 271
114. D. Piomelli The endogenous cannabinoid system and the treatment of marijuana dependence Neuropharmacology 47 2004 359 367
115. F.E. Pontieri, P. Monnazzi, A. Scontrini, F.R. Buttarelli, and F.R. Patacchioli Behavioral sensitization to heroin by cannabinoid pretreatment in the rat Eur J Pharmacol 41 2001 R1 R3
116. 1 cannabinoid receptor Mol Pharmacol 57 2000 746 752
117. 1 cannabinoid receptor functions after a long-term exposure to agonist or inverse agonist in the Chinese hamster ovary cell expression system J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287 1998 1038 1047
118. 1 receptor selectively disrupts G protein signaling and prevents receptor internalization Mol Pharmacol 56 1999 611 618
119. 9- tetrahydrocannabinol exposure on adrenal medullary function: evidence of an acute effect and development of tolerance in chronic treatments Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40 1991 593 598
120. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol Pharmacol Biochem Behav 47 1994 33 40
121. F. Rodríguez de Fonseca, M.R.A. Carrera, M. Navarro, G.F. Koob, and F. Weiss Activation of corticotrophin-releasing factor in the limbic system during cannabinoid withdrawal Science 276 1997 2050 2054
122. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol Pharmacol Biochem Behav 51 1995 731 737
123. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cannabinoid receptor binding and mRNA levels in several rat brain regions Mol Brain Res 46 1997 100 108
124. 9- tetrahydrocannabinol Synapse 30 1998 298 308
125. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol J Mol Neurosci 11 1998 109 119
126. 35S]GTPγS binding and cannabinoid receptor mRNA levels in several brain structures of adult male rats chronically exposed to R-methanandamide Neurochem Int 34 1999 473 482
127. J. Romero, I. Lastres-Becker, R. de Miguel, F. Berrendero, J.A. Ramos, and J. Fernández-Ruiz The endogenous cannabinoid system and the basal ganglia. Biochemical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects Pharmacol Ther 95 2002 137 152
128. T. Rubino, P. Massi, G. Patrini, I. Venier, G. Giagnoni, and D. Parolaro Chronic CP-55,940 alters cannabinoid receptor-mRNA in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study Neuroreport 5 1994 2493 2496
129. T. Rubino, G. Patrini, M. Parenti, P. Massi, and D. Parolaro Chronic treatment with a synthetic cannabinoid CP-55,940 alters G-protein expression in the rat central nervous system Mol Brain Res 44 1997 191 197
130. T. Rubino, G. Patrini, P. Massi, D. Fuzio, D. Vigano, and G. Giagnoni Cannabinoid-precipitated withdrawal: a time-course study of the behavioral aspect and its correlation with cannabinoid receptors and G protein expression J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285 1998 813 819
131. T. Rubino, D. Viganò, P. Massi, and D. Parolaro Changes in the cannabinoid receptor binding, G protein coupling, and cyclic AMP cascade in the CNS of rats tolerant to and dependent on the synthetic cannabinoid compound CP-55,940 J Neurochem 75 2000 2080 2086
132. 35S]Thiotriphosphate) binding without receptor down-regulation in brain regions of anandamide-tolerant rats J Neurochem 75 2000 2478 2484
133. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment increases cAMP levels and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in some rat brain regions Neuropharmacology 39 2000 1331 1336
134. T. Rubino, D. Vigano, E. Zagato, M. Sala, and D. Parolaro In vivo characterization of the specific cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716A: behavioral and cellular responses after acute and chronic treatments Synapse 35 2000 8 14
135. T. Rubino, D. Vigano, P. Massi, and D. Parolaro The psychoactive ingredient of marijuana induces behavioural sensitization Eur J Neurosci 14 2001 884 886
136. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol behavioural sensitization Eur J Neurosci 17 2003 325 330
137. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment Mol Cell Neurosci 25 2004 355 362
138. Z. Sarnyai Neurobiology of stress and cocaine addiction. Studies on corticotropin-releasing factor in rats, monkeys, and humans Ann N Y Acad Sci 851 1998 371 387
139. Z. Sarnyai, Y. Shaham, and S.C. Heinrichs The role of corticotrophin-releasing factor in drug addiction Pharmacol Rev 53 2001 209 243
140. M. Shapira, M. Gafni, and Y. Sarne Independence of, and interactions between, cannabinoid and opioid signal transduction pathways in N18TG2 cells Brain Res 806 1998 26 35
141. M. Shapira, M. Gafni, and Y. Sarne Long-term interactions between opioid and cannabinoid agonists at the cellular level: cross-desensitization and downregulation Brain Res 960 2003 190 200
142. S. Sidney Cardiovascular consequences of marijuana use J Clin Pharmacol 42 2002 64S 70S
143. 35S]-GTPγS autoradiography in rat brain J Neurosci 16 1996 8057 8066
144. 35S]GTPγS autoradiography in rat brain J Neurosci 16 1996 2684 2692
145. 1 receptors in the central nervous system by chronic cannabinoids Crit Rev Neurobiol 15 2003 91 119
146. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cannabinoid receptor adaptation in mice J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303 2002 36 44
147. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on primate menstrual cycle Science 219 1983 1453 1455
148. M. Solinas, L.V. Panlilio, K. Antoniou, L.A. Pappas, and S.R. Goldberg The cannabinoid CB1 antagonist N-piperidinyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR-141716A) differentially alters the reinforcing effects of heroin under continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio, and progressive ratio schedules of drug self-administration in rats J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306 2003 93 102
149. N. Solowij, R.S. Stephens, R.A. Roffman, T. Babor, R. Kadden, M. Miller Marijuana Treatment Project Research Group Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment JAMA 287 2002 1123 1131
150. E. Spina, A. Trovati, D. Parolaro, and G. Giagnoni A role of nitric oxide in WIN 55,212-2 tolerance in mice Eur J Pharmacol 343 1998 157 163
151. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol Eur J Pharmacol 376 1999 23 26
152. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol precipitated by a cannabinoid receptor antagonist Eur J Pharmacol 280 1995 R13 R15
153. E.T. Tzavara, E. Valjent, C. Firmo, M. Mass, F. Beslot, and N. Defer Cannabinoid withdrawal is dependent upon protein kinase A activation in the cerebellum Eur J Neurosci 12 2000 1038 1046
154. 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol releases and facilitates the effects of endogenous enkephalins: reduction in morphine withdrawal syndrome without change in rewarding effect Eur J Neurosci 13 2001 1816 1824
155. K. Von Sydow, R. Lieb, H. Pfister, M. Hofler, H. Sonntag, and H.U. Wittchen The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and dependence over four years: a longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults Drug Alcohol Depend 64 2001 347 361
156. F. Weiss, and L.J. Porrino Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction: recent advances and challenges J Neurosci 22 2002 3332 3337
157. 9-THC-induced interactions with dynorphinergic systems Drug Alcohol Depend 45 1997 39 45
158. 9-THC-induced antinociception J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273 1995 1235 1244
159. T. Wenger, and G. Moldrich The role of endocannabinoids in the hypothalamic regulation of visceral function Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 66 2002 301 307
160. 1 cannabinoid receptors in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland J Neuroendocrinol 11 1999 873 878
161. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol fails to irreversibly alter brain cannabinoid receptor Brain Res 544 1991 145 149
162. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration in the rat Psychopharmacology (Berl) 161 2002 129 136
163. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat Drug Alcohol Depend 71 2003 169 177
164. J.T. Williams, M.J. Christie, and O. Manzoni Cellular and synaptic adaptations mediating opioid dependence Physiol Rev 81 2001 299 343
165. 9- tetrahydrocannabinol on rat midbrain dopamine neurons: an electrophysiological assessment Neuropharmacology 39 2000 391 398
166. 1) mRNA in different rat brain regions Mol Brain Res 62 1998 141 149
167. E.P. Zorrilla, G.R. Valdez, and F. Weiss Changes in levels of regional CRF-like-immunoreactivity and plasma and corticosterone during protracted drug withdrawal in dependent rats Psychopharmacology 158 2001 374 381