Self-administration of cannabinoids by experimental animals and human marijuana smokers

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Volumn 81, Issue 2 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 285-299

  Justinova, Zuzana ^a   Goldberg, Steven R ^a   Heishman, Stephen J ^a   Tanda, Gianluigi ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol; Humans; Marijuana; Primates; Reinforcement; Reward; Rodents; Self administration; Squirrel monkeys; THC

Indexed keywords

2,3 DIHYDRO 5 METHYL 3 (MORPHOLINOMETHYL) 6 (1 NAPHTHOYL)PYRROLO[1,2,3 DE][1,4]BENZOXAZINE; 4 (1,1 DIMETHYLHEPTYL) 1',2',3',4',5',6' HEXAHYDRO 2,3' DIHYDROXY 6' (3 HYDROXYPROPYL)BIPHENYL; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONIST; CANNABIS; CREMOPHOR; DEXANABINOL; DRONABINOL; POLYSORBATE 20; POLYSORBATE 80; RIMONABANT; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; CANNABIS ADDICTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; DRUG TOLERANCE; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; MOTIVATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; REWARD; SMOKING; SQUIRREL MONKEY;

ANIMALIA; CANNABIS; CANNABIS SATIVA; PRIMATES; RODENTIA; SAIMIRI;

EID: 20444419001     PISSN: 00913057     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.01.026     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (164)

1. S. Agurell, M. Halldin, J.E. Lindgren, A. Ohlsson, M. Widman, and H. Gillespie Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids with emphasis on man Pharmacol Rev 38 1986 21 43
2. T. Alici, and J.B. Appel Increasing the selectivity of the discriminative stimulus effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: complete substitution with methanandamide Pharmacol Biochem Behav 79 2004 431 437
3. J.M. Arnold, and D.C. Roberts A critique of fixed and progressive ratio schedules used to examine the neural substrates of drug reinforcement Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57 1997 441 447
4. J.C. Arnold, G.E. Hunt, and I.S. McGregor Effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55,940 and the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716 on intracranial self-stimulation in Lewis rats Life Sci 70 2001 97 108
5. H. Ashton, J. Golding, V.R. Marsh, J.E. Millman, and J.W. Thompson The seed and the soil: effect of dosage, personality and starting state on the response to delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol in man Br J Clin Pharmacol 12 1981 705 720
6. J.L. Azorlosa, S.J. Heishman, M.L. Stitzer, and J.M. Mahaffey Marijuana smoking: effect of varying delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol content and number of puffs J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261 1992 114 122
7. R.L. Balster, and W.R. Prescott Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination in rats as a model for cannabis intoxication Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16 1992 55 62
8. R.L. Barrett, J.L. Wiley, R.L. Balster, and B.R. Martin Pharmacological specificity of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination in rats Psychopharmacology (Berl) 118 1995 419 424
9. P.M. Beardsley, R.L. Balster, and L.S. Harris Dependence on tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys J Pharmacol Exp Ther 239 1986 311 319
10. P.M. Beardsley, M.E. Dance, R.L. Balster, and P. Munzar Evaluation of the reinforcing effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716, in rhesus monkeys Eur J Pharmacol 435 2002 209 216
11. J. Bergman, and C.E. Johanson The reinforcing properties of diazepam under several conditions in the rhesus monkey Psychopharmacology (Berl) 86 1985 108 113
12. R.I. Block, W.J. Erwin, R. Farinpour, and K. Braverman Sedative, stimulant, and other subjective effects of marijuana: relationships to smoking techniques Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59 1998 405 412
13. J.V. Brady Animal models for assessing drugs of abuse Neurosci Biobehav Rev 15 1991 35 43
14. D. Braida, M. Pozzi, R. Cavallini, and M. Sala Conditioned place preference induced by the cannabinoid agonist CP 55,940: interaction with the opioid system Neuroscience 104 2001 923 926
15. D. Braida, M. Pozzi, D. Parolaro, and M. Sala Intracerebral self-administration of the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55,940 in the rat: interaction with the opioid system Eur J Pharmacol 413 2001 227 234
16. R.T. Burkey, and J.R. Nation (R)-methanandamide, but not anandamide, substitutes for delta 9-THC in a drug-discrimination procedure Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 5 1997 195 202
17. S. Cabeza de Vaca, and K.D. Carr Food restriction enhances the central rewarding effect of abused drugs J Neurosci 18 1998 7502 7510
18. S.R. Calhoun, G.P. Galloway, and D.E. Smith Abuse potential of dronabinol (Marinol) J Psychoactive Drugs 30 1998 187 196
19. H. Cappell, E. Kuchar, and C.D. Webster Some correlates of marihuana self-administration in man: a study of titration of intake as a function of drug potency Psychopharmacologia 29 1973 177 184
20. J.M. Carney, I.M. Uwaydah, and R.L. Balster Evaluation of a suspension system for intravenous self-administration studies of water-insoluble compounds in the rhesus monkey Pharmacol Biochem Behav 7 1977 357 364
21. M.E. Carroll, and R.A. Meisch Increased drug-reinforced behavior due to food deprivation T. Thompson P.B. Dews J.E. Barrett Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology vol. 4 1984 Academic Press New York 47 88
22. M.E. Carroll, C.P. France, and R.A. Meisch Food deprivation increases oral and intravenous drug intake in rats Science 205 1979 319 321
23. M.E. Carroll, S.T. Lac, and S.L. Nygaard A concurrently available nondrug reinforcer prevents the acquisition or decreases the maintenance of cocaine-reinforced behavior Psychopharmacology (Berl) 97 1989 23 29
24. L.D. Chait Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol content and human marijuana self-administration Psychopharmacology (Berl) 98 1989 51 55
25. L.D. Chait, and K.A. Burke Preference for high- versus low-potency marijuana Pharmacol Biochem Behav 49 1994 643 647
26. L.D. Chait, and J.P. Zacny Reinforcing and subjective effects of oral delta 9-THC and smoked marijuana in humans Psychopharmacology (Berl) 107 1992 255 262
27. L.D. Chait, S.M. Evans, K.A. Grant, J.B. Kamien, C.E. Johanson, and C.R. Schuster Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of smoked marijuana in humans Psychopharmacology (Berl) 94 1988 206 212
28. F. Chaperon, P. Soubrie, A.J. Puech, and M.H. Thiebot Involvement of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in the establishment of place conditioning in rats Psychopharmacology (Berl) 135 1998 324 332
29. J.F. Cheer, D.A. Kendall, and C.A. Marsden Cannabinoid receptors and reward in the rat: a conditioned place preference study Psychopharmacology (Berl) 151 2000 25 30
30. J.P. Chen, W. Paredes, J. Li, D. Smith, J. Lowinson, and E.L. Gardner Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol produces naloxone-blockable enhancement of presynaptic basal dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens of conscious, freely-moving rats as measured by intracerebral microdialysis Psychopharmacology (Berl) 102 1990 156 162
31. G.B. Chesher, K.D. Bird, D.M. Jackson, A. Perrignon, and G.A. Starmer The effects of orally administered delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in man on mood and performance measures: a dose-response study Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35 1990 861 864
32. R.J. Collins, J.R. Weeks, M.M. Cooper, P.I. Good, and R.R. Russell Prediction of abuse liability of drugs using IV self-administration by rats Psychopharmacology (Berl) 82 1984 6 13
33. F.C. Colpaert, L.K. Desmedt, and P.A. Janssen Discriminative stimulus properties of benzodiazepines, barbiturates and pharmacologically related drugs; relation to some intrinsic and anticonvulsant effects Eur J Pharmacol 37 1976 113 123
34. S.D. Comer, E.D. Collins, S.T. Wilson, M.R. Donovan, R.W. Foltin, and M.W. Fischman Effects of an alternative reinforcer on intravenous heroin self-administration by humans Eur J Pharmacol 345 1998 13 26
35. W.M. Compton, B.F. Grant, J.D. Colliver, M.D. Glantz, and F.S. Stinson Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States: 1991-1992 and 2001-2002 JAMA 291 2004 2114 2121
36. H.V. Curran, C. Brignell, S. Fletcher, P. Middleton, and J. Henry Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in infrequent cannabis users Psychopharmacology (Berl) 164 2002 61 70
37. R. de la Garza, and C.E. Johanson The effects of food deprivation on the self-administration of psychoactive drugs Drug Alcohol Depend 19 1987 17 27
38. G.A. Deneau, and M.H. Seevers Pharmacological aspects of drug dependence Adv Pharmacol 55 1964 267 283
39. M. Diana, M. Melis, A.L. Muntoni, and G.L. Gessa Mesolimbic dopaminergic decline after cannabinoid withdrawal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 1998 10269 10273
40. C.L. Duvauchelle, A. Ikegami, S. Asami, J. Robens, K. Kressin, and E. Castaneda Effects of cocaine context on NAcc dopamine and behavioral activity after repeated intravenous cocaine administration Brain Res 862 2000 49 58
41. M.A. ElSohly Chemical constituents of cannabis F. Grotenhermen E.B. Russo Cannabis and cannabinoids: pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential 2002 Haworth Integrative Healing Press New York 27 36
42. L. Fattore, G. Cossu, C.M. Martellotta, and W. Fratta Intravenous self-administration of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 in rats Psychopharmacology (Berl) 156 2001 410 416
43. M.W. Fischman, and C.R. Schuster Cocaine self-administration in humans Fed Proc 41 1982 241 246
44. R.W. Foltin, and M.W. Fischman Assessment of abuse liability of stimulant drugs in humans: a methodological survey Drug Alcohol Depend 28 1991 3 48
45. R.W. Foltin, M.W. Fischman, P.A. Pippen, and T.H. Kelly Behavioral effects of cocaine alone and in combination with ethanol or marijuana in humans Drug Alcohol Depend 32 1993 93 106
46. E.D. French, K. Dillon, and X. Wu Cannabinoids excite dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra Neuroreport 8 1997 649 652
47. Y. Gaoni, and R. Mechoulam Isolation, structure, and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish J Am Chem Soc 86 1964 1646 1647
48. E.L. Gardner, and S.R. Vorel Cannabinoid transmission and reward-related events Neurobiol Dis 5 1998 502 533
49. E.L. Gardner, W. Paredes, D. Smith, A. Donner, C. Milling, and D. Cohen Facilitation of brain stimulation reward by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol Psychopharmacology (Berl) 96 1988 142 144
50. E.L. Gardner, W. Paredes, D. Smith, and R.S. Zukin Facilitation of brain stimulation reward by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is mediated by an endogenous opioid mechanism J. Cros J.-C. Meunier M. Hamon Progress in Opioid Research vol. 75 1989 Pergamon Press New York 671 674
51. S. Ghozland, H.W. Matthes, F. Simonin, D. Filliol, B.L. Kieffer, and R. Maldonado Motivational effects of cannabinoids are mediated by mu-opioid and kappa-opioid receptors J Neurosci 22 2002 1146 1154
52. A.N. Gifford, E.L. Gardner, and C.R. Ashby Jr. The effect of intravenous administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the activity of A10 dopamine neurons recorded in vivo in anesthetized rats Neuropsychobiology 36 1997 96 99
53. S.R. Goldberg Comparable behavior maintained under fixed-ratio and second-order schedules of food presentation, cocaine injection or d-amphetamine injection in the squirrel monkey J Pharmacol Exp Ther 186 1973 18 30
54. S.R. Goldberg, and J.E. Henningfield Reinforcing effects of nicotine in humans and experimental animals responding under intermittent schedules of i.v. drug injection Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30 1988 227 234
55. S.R. Goldberg, F. Hoffmeister, U.U. Schlichting, and W. Wuttke A comparison of pentobarbital and cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: effects of dose and fixed-ratio parameter J Pharmacol Exp Ther 179 1971 277 283
56. S.R. Goldberg, R.D. Spealman, and D.M. Goldberg Persistent behavior at high rates maintained by intravenous self-administration of nicotine Science 214 1981 573 575
57. S.R. Goldberg, P. Munzar, Z. Justinova, and G. Tanda Drug-seeking behavior under a second-order schedule of THC self-administration in monkeys Behav Pharmacol 13 2002 509 510
58. M.K. Greenwald, and M.L. Stitzer Antinociceptive, subjective and behavioral effects of smoked marijuana in humans Drug Alcohol Depend 59 2000 261 275
59. R.R. Griffiths Common factors in human and infrahuman drug self-administration Psychopharmacol Bull 16 1980 45 47
60. R.R. Griffiths, L.D. Bradford, and J.V. Brady Progressive ratio and fixed ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons Psychopharmacology (Berl) 65 1979 125 136
61. M. Haney, S.D. Comer, A.S. Ward, R.W. Foltin, and M.W. Fischman Factors influencing marijuana self-administration by humans Behav Pharmacol 8 1997 101 112
62. M. Haney, A. Bisaga, and R.W. Foltin Interaction between naltrexone and oral THC in heavy marijuana smokers Psychopharmacology (Berl) 166 2003 77 85
63. S. Harder, and S. Rietbrock Concentration-effect relationship of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabiol and prediction of psychotropic effects after smoking marijuana Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 35 1997 155 159
64. R.T. Harris, W. Waters, and D. McLendon Evaluation of reinforcing capability of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys Psychopharmacologia 37 1974 23 29
65. Hart, CL, Haney, M, Vosburg, SK, Comer, SD, Foltin, RW. Reinforcing effects of oral delta-9-THC in male marijuana smokers in a laboratory choice procedure. Psychopharmacology [in press; doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2234-2 ].
66. C.L. Hart, M. Haney, R.W. Foltin, and M.W. Fischman Alternative reinforcers differentially modify cocaine self-administration by humans Behav Pharmacol 11 2000 87 91
67. C.L. Hart, M. Haney, A.S. Ward, M.W. Fischman, and R.W. Foltin Effects of oral THC maintenance on smoked marijuana self-administration Drug Alcohol Depend 67 2002 301 309
68. S.J. Heishman, M.L. Stitzer, and J.E. Yingling Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol content on marijuana smoking behavior, subjective reports, and performance Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34 1989 173 179
69. S.J. Heishman, M.A. Huestis, J.E. Henningfield, and E.J. Cone Acute and residual effects of marijuana: profiles of plasma THC levels, physiological, subjective, and performance measures Pharmacol Biochem Behav 37 1990 561 565
70. J.E. Henningfield, C. Cohen, and S.J. Heishman Drug self-administration methods in abuse liability evaluation Br J Addict 86 1991 1571 1577
71. S. Herling, E.H. Coale Jr., D.W. Hein, G. Winger, and J.H. Woods Similarity of the discriminative stimulus effects of ketamine, cyclazocine, and dextrorphan in the pigeon Psychopharmacology (Berl) 73 1981 286 291
72. R.I. Herning, W.D. Hooker, and R.T. Jones Tetrahydrocannabinol content and differences in marijuana smoking behavior Psychopharmacology (Berl) 90 1986 160 162
73. J.S. Hochman, and N.Q. Brill Marijuana intoxication: pharmacological and psychological factors Dis Nerv Syst 32 1971 676 679
74. W. Hodos Progressive ratio as a measure of reward strength Science 134 1961 943 944
75. F. Hoffmeister A comparison of the stimulus effects of codeine in rhesus monkeys under the contingencies of a two lever discrimination task and a cross self-administration paradigm: tests of generalization to pentazocine, buprenorphine, tilidine, and different doses of codeine Psychopharmacology (Berl) 94 1988 315 320
76. F. Hoffmeister, and U.U. Schlichting Reinforcing properties of some opiates and opioids in rhesus monkeys with histories of cocaine and codeine self-administration Psychopharmacologia 23 1972 55 74
77. S.G. Holtzman Phencyclidine-like discriminative effects of opioids in the rat J Pharmacol Exp Ther 214 1980 614 619
78. M.A. Huestis, J.E. Henningfield, and E.J. Cone Blood cannabinoids: II. Models for the prediction of time of marijuana exposure from plasma concentrations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) J Anal Toxicol 16 1992 283 290
79. M.A. Huestis, A.H. Sampson, B.J. Holicky, J.E. Henningfield, and E.J. Cone Characterization of the absorption phase of marijuana smoking Clin Pharmacol Ther 52 1992 31 41
80. D.M. Hutcheson, E.T. Tzavara, C. Smadja, E. Valjent, B.P. Roques, and J. Hanoune Behavioural and biochemical evidence for signs of abstinence in mice chronically treated with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Br J Pharmacol 125 1998 1567 1577
81. T.U. Jarbe, R.J. Lamb, S. Lin, and A. Makriyannis (R)-methanandamide and delta 9-THC as discriminative stimuli in rats: tests with the cannabinoid antagonist SR-141716 and the endogenous ligand anandamide Psychopharmacology (Berl) 156 2001 369 380
82. C.E. Johanson The evaluation of the abuse liability of drugs Drug Saf 5 Suppl 1 1990 46 57
83. C.E. Johanson, and R.L. Balster A summary of the results of a drug self-administration study using substitution procedures in rhesus monkeys Bull Narc 30 1978 43 54
84. L.D. Johnston, P.M. O'Malley, and J.G. Bachman Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2002 2003 National Institute on Drug Abuse Bethesda, MD
85. R.T. Jones Marihuana-induced "high": influence of expectation, setting and previous drug experience Pharmacol Rev 23 1971 359 369
86. Z. Justinova, G. Tanda, G.H. Redhi, and S.R. Goldberg Self-administration of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by drug naive squirrel monkeys Psychopharmacology (Berl) 169 2003 135 140
87. Z. Justinova, G. Tanda, P. Munzar, and S.R. Goldberg The opioid antagonist naltrexone reduces the reinforcing effects of delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in squirrel monkeys Psychopharmacology (Berl) 173 2004 186 194
88. S. Kaymakcalan Tolerance to and dependence on cannabis Bull Narc 25 1973 39 47
89. T.H. Kelly, R.W. Foltin, and M.W. Fischman Effects of smoked marijuana on heart rate, drug ratings and task performance by humans Behav Pharmacol 4 1993 167 178
90. T.H. Kelly, R.W. Foltin, C.S. Emurian, and M.W. Fischman Effects of delta 9-THC on marijuana smoking, dose choice, and verbal report of drug liking J Exp Anal Behav 61 1994 203 211
91. T.H. Kelly, R.W. Foltin, M.T. Mayr, and M.W. Fischman Effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and social context on marijuana self-administration by humans Pharmacol Biochem Behav 49 1994 763 768
92. T.H. Kelly, R.W. Foltin, C.S. Emurian, and M.W. Fischman Are choice and self-administration of marijuana related to delta 9-THC content? Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 5 1997 74 82
93. J.M. Kirk, P. Doty, and H. de Wit Effects of expectancies on subjective responses to oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59 1998 287 293
94. G.F. Koob, and F. Weiss Pharmacology of drug self-administration Alcohol 7 1990 193 197
95. M.J. Kreek, K.S. LaForge, and E. Butelman Pharmacotherapy of addictions Nat Rev Drug Discov 1 2002 710 726
96. M. Lepore, S.R. Vorel, J. Lowinson, and E.L. Gardner Conditioned place preference induced by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: comparison with cocaine, morphine, and food reward Life Sci 56 1995 2073 2080
97. M. Lepore, X. Liu, V. Savage, D. Matalon, and E.L. Gardner Genetic differences in delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced facilitation of brain stimulation reward as measured by a rate-frequency curve-shift electrical brain stimulation paradigm in three different rat strains Life Sci 58 1996 L365 L372
98. J.E. Lindgren, A. Ohlsson, S. Agurell, L. Hollister, and H. Gillespie Clinical effects and plasma levels of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in heavy and light users of cannabis Psychopharmacology (Berl) 74 1981 208 212
99. L. Lu, J.W. Grimm, Y. Shaham, and B.T. Hope Molecular neuroadaptations in the accumbens and ventral tegmental area during the first 90 days of forced abstinence from cocaine self-administration in rats J Neurochem 85 2003 1604 1613
100. C.R. Lupica, A.C. Riegel, and A.F. Hoffman Marijuana and cannabinoid regulation of brain reward circuits Br J Pharmacol 143 2004 227 234
101. R. Maldonado Study of cannabinoid dependence in animals Pharmacol Ther 95 2002 153 164
102. P.E. Mallet, and R.J. Beninger Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but not the endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand anandamide, produces conditioned place avoidance Life Sci 62 1998 2431 2439
103. R.S. Mansbach, K.L. Nicholson, B.R. Martin, and R.L. Balster Failure of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and CP 55,940 to maintain intravenous self-administration under a fixed-interval schedule in rhesus monkeys Behav Pharmacol 5 1994 219 225
104. K.L. Marquis, M.G. Webb, and J.E. Moreton Effects of fixed ratio size and dose on phencyclidine self-administration by rats Psychopharmacology (Berl) 97 1989 179 182
105. M.C. Martellotta, G. Cossu, L. Fattore, G.L. Gessa, and W. Fratta Self-administration of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 in drug-naive mice Neuroscience 85 1998 327 330
106. I.S. McGregor, C.N. Issakidis, and G. Prior Aversive effects of the synthetic cannabinoid CP 55,940 in rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53 1996 657 664
107. R. Mechoulam, and Y. Shvo Hashish: I. The structure of cannabidiol Tetrahedron 1963 2073 2078
108. N.K. Mello, J.H. Mendelson, J.C. Kuehnle, and M.S. Sellers Operant analysis of human heroin self-administration and the effects of naltrexone J Pharmacol Exp Ther 216 1981 45 54
109. J.H. Mendelson, and N.K. Mello Reinforcing properties of oral delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, smoked marijuana, and nabilone: influence of previous marijuana use Psychopharmacology (Berl) 83 1984 351 356
110. R.E. Meyer, R.C. Pillard, L.M. Shapiro, and S.M. Mirin Administration of marijuana to heavy and casual marijuana users Am J Psychiatry 128 1971 198 204
111. D.J. Mokler, B.D. Nelson, L.S. Harris, and J.A. Rosecrans The role of benzodiazepine receptors in the discriminative stimulus properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Life Sci 38 1986 1581 1589
112. D. Morgan, K. Brebner, W.J. Lynch, and D.C. Roberts Increases in the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine after particular histories of reinforcement Behav Pharmacol 13 2002 389 396
113. P. Munzar, S. Yasar, G.H. Redhi, Z. Justinova, and S.R. Goldberg High rates of midazolam self-administration in squirrel monkeys Behav Pharmacol 12 2001 257 265
114. M.A. Nader, and R.H. Mach Self-administration of the dopamine D3 agonist 7-OH-DPAT in rhesus monkeys is modified by prior cocaine exposure Psychopharmacology (Berl) 125 1996 13 22
115. M. Navarro, M.R. Carrera, W. Fratta, O. Valverde, G. Cossu, and L. Fattore Functional interaction between opioid and cannabinoid receptors in drug self-administration J Neurosci 21 2001 5344 5350
116. R. Nemeth-Coslett, J.E. Henningfield, M.K. O'Keeffe, and R.R. Griffiths Effects of marijuana smoking on subjective ratings and tobacco smoking Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25 1986 659 665
117. A. Ohlsson, J.E. Lindgren, A. Wahlen, S. Agurell, L.E. Hollister, and H.K. Gillespie Plasma delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking Clin Pharmacol Ther 28 1980 409 416
118. L.A. Parker, and T. Gillies THC-induced place and taste aversions in Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats Behav Neurosci 109 1995 71 78
119. M. Perez-Reyes, S. Di Guiseppi, K.H. Davis, V.H. Schindler, and C.E. Cook Comparison of effects of marihuana cigarettes to three different potencies Clin Pharmacol Ther 31 1982 617 624
120. N.M. Petry, and W.K. Bickel Buprenorphine dose self-selection: effects of an alternative reinforcer, behavioral economic analysis of demand, and examination of subjective drug effects Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 7 1999 38 48
121. R. Pickens, T. Thompson, and D.C. Muchow Cannabis and phencyclidine self-administered by animals F. Hoffmeister L. Goldberg Psychic dependence: definition, assessment in animals and man 1973 Springer-Verlag New York 78 86
122. K.L. Preston, and D.R. Jasinski Abuse liability studies of opioid agonist-antagonists in humans Drug Alcohol Depend 28 1991 49 82
123. F. Rodriguez de Fonseca, M.R. Carrera, M. Navarro, G.F. Koob, and F. Weiss Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor in the limbic system during cannabinoid withdrawal Science 276 1997 2050 2054
124. E.B. Russo, and J.M. McPartland Cannabis is more than simply delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol Psychopharmacology (Berl) 165 2003 431 432
125. C.A. Sannerud, J. Prada, D.M. Goldberg, and S.R. Goldberg The effects of sertraline on nicotine self-administration and food-maintained responding in squirrel monkeys Eur J Pharmacol 271 1994 461 469
126. M.C. Sanudo-Pena, K. Tsou, E.R. Delay, A.G. Hohman, M. Force, and J.M. Walker Endogenous cannabinoids as an aversive or counter-rewarding system in the rat Neurosci Lett 223 1997 125 128
127. U.U. Schlichting, S.R. Goldberg, W. Wuttke, and F. Hoffmeister d-amphetamine self-administration by rhesus-monkeys with different self-administration histories Excerpta medica international congress series No 220 (Proceedings of the twelfth meeting of the European Society for the study of drug toxicity, Upsala, June 1970) 1970 62 69
128. C.R. Schuster, and T. Thompson Self administration of and behavioral dependence on drugs Annu Rev Pharmacol 9 1969 483 502
129. H.E. Shannon, and S. Herling Discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam in rats: evidence for a maximal effect J Pharmacol Exp Ther 227 1983 160 166
130. J.D. Sinclair Evidence about the use of naltrexone and for different ways of using it in the treatment of alcoholism Alcohol Alcohol 36 2001 2 10
131. M.S. Spano, L. Fattore, G. Cossu, S. Deiana, P. Fadda, and W. Fratta CB1 receptor agonist and heroin, but not cocaine, reinstate cannabinoid-seeking behaviour in the rat Br J Pharmacol 143 2004 343 350
132. D.J. Spear, C. Muntaner, S.R. Goldberg, and J.L. Katz Methohexital and cocaine self-administration under fixed-ratio and second-order schedules Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38 1991 411 416
133. R. Stefanski, B. Ladenheim, S.H. Lee, J.L. Cadet, and S.R. Goldberg Neuroadaptations in the dopaminergic system after active self-administration but not after passive administration of methamphetamine Eur J Pharmacol 371 1999 123 135
134. R. Stefanski, Z. Justinova, T. Hayashi, M. Takebayashi, SR. Goldberg, and T.P. Su Sigma(1) receptor upregulation after chronic methamphetamine self-administration in rats: a study with yoked controls Psychopharmacology (Berl) 175 2004 68 75
135. R.N. Takahashi, and G. Singer Self-administration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol by rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 11 1979 737 740
136. R.N. Takahashi, and G. Singer Effects of body weight levels on cannabis self-injection Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13 1980 877 881
137. G. Tanda, and S.R. Goldberg Cannabinoids: reward, dependence, and underlying neurochemical mechanisms-a review of recent preclinical data Psychopharmacology (Berl) 169 2003 115 134
138. G. Tanda, F.E. Pontieri, and G. Di Chiara Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common mu1 opioid receptor mechanism Science 276 1997 2048 2050
139. G. Tanda, P. Loddo, and G. Di Chiara Dependence of mesolimbic dopamine transmission on delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol Eur J Pharmacol 376 1999 23 26
140. G. Tanda, P. Munzar, and S.R. Goldberg Self-administration behavior is maintained by the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana in squirrel monkeys Nat Neurosci 3 2000 1073 1074
141. S.R. Tella, B. Ladenheim, A.M. Andrews, S.R. Goldberg, and J.L. Cadet Differential reinforcing effects of cocaine and GBR-12909: biochemical evidence for divergent neuroadaptive changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system J Neurosci 16 1996 7416 7427
142. A.M. Thompson, J. Swant, B.A. Gosnell, and J.J. Wagner Modulation of long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampus following cocaine self-administration Neuroscience 127 2004 177 185
143. E. Valjent, and R. Maldonado A behavioural model to reveal place preference to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice Psychopharmacology (Berl) 147 2000 436 438
144. J.M. van Ree, J.L. Slangen, and D. de Wied Intravenous self-administration of drugs in rats J Pharmacol Exp Ther 204 1978 547 557
145. J.A. Vivian, S. Kishioka, E.R. Butelman, J. Broadbear, K.O. Lee, and J.H. Woods Analgesic, respiratory and heart rate effects of cannabinoid and opioid agonists in rhesus monkeys: antagonist effects of SR 141716A J Pharmacol Exp Ther 286 1998 697 703
146. J.R. Volpicelli, A.I. Alterman, M. Hayashida, and C.P. O'Brien Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence Arch Gen Psychiatry 49 1992 876 880
147. S.R. Wachtel, and H. de Wit Naltrexone does not block the subjective effects of oral delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans Drug Alcohol Depend 59 2000 251 260
148. S.R. Wachtel, M.A. ElSohly, S.A. Ross, J. Ambre, and H. de Wit Comparison of the subjective effects of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana in humans Psychopharmacology (Berl) 161 2002 331 339
149. A.S. Ward, S.D. Comer, M. Haney, R.W. Foltin, and M.W. Fischman The effects of a monetary alternative on marijuana self-administration Behav Pharmacol 8 1997 275 286
150. B.J. Whalley, J.D. Wilkinson, E.M. Williamson, and A. Constanti A novel component of cannabis extract potentiates excitatory synaptic transmission in rat olfactory cortex in vitro Neurosci Lett 365 2004 58 63
151. J.L. Wiley, and B.R. Martin Effects of SR141716A on diazepam substitution for delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rat drug discrimination Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64 1999 519 522
152. J. Wiley, R. Balster, and B. Martin Discriminative stimulus effects of anandamide in rats Eur J Pharmacol 276 1995 49 54
153. J.L. Wiley, J.W. Huffman, R.L. Balster, and B.R. Martin Pharmacological specificity of the discriminative stimulus effects of delta 9- tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys Drug Alcohol Depend 40 1995 81 86
154. J.L. Wiley, K.M. Golden, W.J. Ryan, R.L. Balster, R.K. Razdan, and B.R. Martin Evaluation of cannabimimetic discriminative stimulus effects of anandamide and methylated fluoroanandamide in rhesus monkeys Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58 1997 1139 1143
155. J.L. Wiley, W.J. Ryan, R.K. Razdan, and B.R. Martin Evaluation of cannabimimetic effects of structural analogs of anandamide in rats Eur J Pharmacol 355 1998 113 118
156. F.H. Wojnicki, and J.R. Glowa Effects of drug history on the acquisition of responding maintained by GBR 12909 in rhesus monkeys Psychopharmacology (Berl) 123 1996 34 41
157. J.H. Woods Some thoughts on the relations between animal and human drug-taking Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7 1983 577 584
158. T.C. Wu, D.P. Tashkin, J.E. Rose, and B. Djahed Influence of marijuana potency and amount of cigarette consumed on marijuana smoking pattern J Psychoactive Drugs 20 1988 43 46
159. R.A. Yokel Intravenous self-administration: response rates, the effects of pharmacological challenges, and drug preference M.A. Bozarth Methods of assessing the reinforcing properties of abused drugs 1987 Springer-Verlag New York 1 33
160. A.M. Young, and S. Herling Drugs as reinforcers: studies in laboratory animals S.R. Goldberg I.P. Stolerman Behavioral analysis of drug dependence 1986 Academic Press Orlando 9 67
161. A.M. Young, and J.H. Woods Maintenance of behavior by ketamine and related compounds in rhesus monkeys with different self-administration histories J Pharmacol Exp Ther 218 1981 720 727
162. A.M. Young, S. Herling, and J.H. Woods History of drug exposure as a determinant of drug self-administration NIDA Res Monogr 37 1981 75 88
163. J.P. Zacny, and H. de Wit Effects of food deprivation on subjective effects and self-administration of marijuana in humans Psychol Rep 68 1991 1263 1274
164. A. Zapata, V.I. Chefer, R. Ator, T.S. Shippenberg, and B.A. Rocha Behavioural sensitization and enhanced dopamine response in the nucleus accumbens after intravenous cocaine self-administration in mice Eur J Neurosci 17 2003 590 596