Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: Linking innate and adaptive immunity

Journal of Virology

Volumn 79, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 17-27

  McKenna, Kelli ^a   Beignon, Anne Sophie ^a   Bhardwaj, Nina ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; BETA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1BETA; RANTES; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ALLERGY; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; B LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL ISOLATION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; DENDRITIC CELL; DENGUE; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; INFLUENZA VIRUS; INTERFERON PRODUCTION; NEWCASTLE DISEASE PARAMYXOVIRUS; NONHUMAN; PARASITOSIS; PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SENDAI VIRUS; SHORT SURVEY; SPECIES COMPARISON; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS;

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DENDRITIC CELLS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 10644262982     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.1.17-27.2005     Document Type: Short Survey

References (157)

1. Abb, J., H. Abb, and F. Deinhardt. 1983. Phenotype of human alpha-interferon producing leucocytes identified by monoclonal antibodies. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 52:179-184.
2. Ahonen, C. L., S. J. Gibson, R. M. Smith, L. K. Pederson, J. M. Lindh, M. A. Tomai, and J. P. Vasilakos. 1999. Dendritic cell maturation and subsequent enhanced T-cell stimulation induced with the novel synthetic immune response modifier R-848. Cell. Immunol. 197:62-72.
3. Akira, S. 2001. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Adv. Immunol. 78:1-56.
4. Anthony, D. D., N. L. Yonkers, A. B. Post, R. Asaad, F. P. Heinzel, M. M. Lederman, P. V. Lehmann, and H. Valdez. 2004. Selective impairments in dendritic cell-associated function distinguish hepatitis C virus and HIV infection. J. Immunol. 172:4907-4916.
5. Ardavin, C., S. Amigorena, and C. Reis e Sousa. 2004. Dendritic cells: immunobiology and cancer immunotherapy. Immunity 20:17-23.
6. Arpinati, M, C. L. Green, S. Heimfeld, J. E. Heuser, and C. Anasetti. 2000. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor mobilizes T helper 2-inducing dendritic cells. Blood 95:2484-2490.
7. Asselin-Paturel, C., A. Boonstra, M. Dalod, I. Durand, N. Yessaad, C. Dezutter-Dambuyant, A. Vicari, A. O'Garra, C. Biron, F. Briere, and G. Trinchieri. 2001. Mouse type I IFN-producing cells are immature APCs with plasmacytoid morphology. Nat. Immunol. 2:1144-1150.
8. Bangert, C., J. Friedl, G. Stary, G. Stingl, and T. Kopp. 2003. Immunopathologic features of allergic contact dermatitis in humans: participation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of the disease? J. Investig. Dermatol. 121:1409-1418.
9. Barron, M. A., N. Blyveis, B. E. Palmer, S. MaWhinney, and C. C. Wilson. 2003. Influence of plasma viremia on defects in number and immunophenotype of blood dendritic cell subsets in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected individuals. J. Infect. Dis. 187:26-37.
10. + dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 166:5000-5007.
11. Bave, U., M. Magnusson, M. L. Eloranta, A. Perers, G. V. Alm, and L. Ronnblom. 2003. Fc gamma RIIa is expressed on natural IFN-alpha-producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) and is required for the IFN-alpha production induced by apoptotic cells combined with lupus IgG. J. Immunol. 171:3296-3302.
12. Bender, A., M. Sapp, G. Schuler, R. M. Steinman, and N. Bhardwaj. 1996. Improved methods for the generation of dendritic cells from nonproliferating progenitors in human blood. J. Immunol. Methods 196:121-135.
13. +, and mature interdigitating dendritic cells. J. Clin. Investig. 107:835-844.
14. Bilsborough, J., and J. L. Viney. 2002. Getting to the guts of immune regulation. Immunology 106:139-143.
15. Biron, C. A., K. B. Nguyen, G. C. Pien, L. P. Cousens, and T. P. Salazar-Mather. 1999. Natural killer cells in antiviral defense: function and regulation by innate cytokines. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17:189-220.
16. Bjorck, P. 2004. Dendritic cells exposed to herpes simplex virus in vivo do not produce IFN-alpha after rechallenge with virus in vitro and exhibit decreased T cell alloreactivity. J. Immunol. 172:5396-5404.
17. Bjorck, P. 2001. Isolation and characterization of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from Flt3 ligand and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-treated mice. Blood 98:3520-3526.
18. Blackwell, S. E., and A. M. Krieg. 2003. CpG-A-induced monocyte IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 production is regulated by plasmacytoid dendritic cell-derived IFN-alpha. J. Immunol. 170:4061-4068.
19. Blanco, P., A. K. Palucka, M. Gill, V. Pascual, and J. Banchereau. 2001. Induction of dendritic cell differentiation by IFN-α in systemic lupus erythematosus. Science 294:1540-1543.
20. Blomberg, S., M. L. Eloranta, M. Magnusson, G. V. Alm, and L. Ronnbiom. 2003. Expression of the markers BDCA-2 and BDCA-4 and production of interferon-alpha by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 48:2524-2532.
21. Brasel, K., T. De Smedt, J. L. Smith, and C. R. Maliszewski. 2000. Generation of murine dendritic cells from flt3-ligand-supplemented bone marrow cultures. Blood 96:3029-3039.
22. Brawand, P., D. R. Fitzpatrick, B. W. Greenfield, K. Brasel, C. R. Maliszewski, and T. De Smedt. 2002. Murine plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells generated from flt3 ligand-supplemented bone marrow cultures are immature APCs. J. Immunol. 169:6711-6719.
23. + hematopoietic progenitors from human cord blood differentiate along two independent dendritic cell pathways in response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus tumor necrosis factor α. Blood 90:1458-1470.
24. Cella, M., F. Facchetti, A. Lanzavecchia, and M. Colonna. 2000. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells activated by influenza virus and CD40L drive a potent Th1 polarization. Nat. Immunol. 1:305-310.
25. Cella, M., D. Jarrossay, F. Facchetti, O. Alebardi, H. Nakajima, A. Lanzavecchia, and M. Colonna. 1999. Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon. Nat. Med. 5:919-923.
26. Chaperot, L., N. Bendriss, O. Manches, R. Gressin, M. Maynadie, F. Trimoreau, H. Orfeuvre, B. Corront, J. Feuillard, J. J. Sotto, J. C. Bensa, F. Briere, J. Plumas, and M. C. Jacob. 2001. Identification of a leukemic counterpart of the plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood 97:3210-3217.
27. Chaperot, L., I. Perrot, M. C. Jacob, D. Blanchard, V. Salaun, V. Deneys, S. Lebecque, F. Briere, J. C. Bensa, and J. Plumas. 2004. Leukemic plasmacytoid dendritic cells share phenotypic and functional features with their normal counterparts. Eur. J. Immunol. 34:418-426.
28. Chehimi, J., D. E. Campbell, L. Azzoni, D. Bacheller, E. Papasavvas, G. Jerandi, K. Mounzer, J. Kostman, G. Trinchieri, and L. J. Montaner. 2002. Persistent decreases in blood plasmacytoid dendritic cell number and function despite effective highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased blood myeloid dendritic cells in HIV-infected individuals. J. Immunol. 168:4796-4801.
29. Chehimi, J., S, E. Starr, H. Kawashima, D. S. Miller, G. Trinchieri, B. Perussia, and S. Bandyopadhyay. 1989. Dendritic cells and IFN-alpha-producing cells are two functionally distinct non-B, non-monocytic HLA-DR+ cell subsets in human peripheral blood. Immunology 68:488-490.
30. Coccia, E. M., M. Severe, E. Giacomini, D. Monneron, M. E. Remoli, I. Julkunen, M. Cella, R. Lande, and G. Uze. 2004. Viral infection and Toll-like receptor agonists induce a differential expression of type I and lambda interferons in human plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 34:796-805.
31. Colonna, M., A. Krug, and M. Cella. 2002. Interferon-producing cells: on the front line in immune responses against pathogens. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14:373-379.
32. Corcoran, L., I. Ferrero, D. Vremec, K. Lucas, J. Waithman, M. O'Keeffe, L. Wu, A. Wilson, and K. Shortman. 2003. The lymphoid past of mouse plasmacytoid cells and thymic dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170:4926-4932.
33. Dalod, M., T. Hamilton, R. Salomon, T. P. Salazar-Mather, S. C. Henry, J. D. Hamilton, and C. A. Biron. 2003. Dendritic cell responses to early murine cytomegalovirus infection: subset functional specialization and differential regulation by interferon alpha/beta. J. Exp. Med. 197:885-898.
34. Dalod, M., T. P. Salazar-Mather, L. Malmgaard, C. Lewis, C. Asselin-Paturel, F. Briere, G. Trinchieri, and C. A. Biron. 2002. Interferon α/β and interleukin 12 responses to viral infections: pathways regulating dendritic cell cytokine expression in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 195:517-528.
35. Diebold, S. S., T. Kaisho, H. Hemmi, S. Akira, and E. S. C. Reis. 2004. Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science 303:1529-1531.
36. Diebold, S. S., M. Montoya, H. Unger, L. Alexopoulou, P. Roy, L. E. Haswell, A. Al-Shamkhani, R. Flarell, P. Borrow, and C. R. Sousa. 2003. Viral infection switches non-plasmacytoid dendritic cells into high interferon producers. Nature 424:324-328.
37. Donaghy, H., B. Gazzard, F. Gotch, and S. Patterson. 2003. Dysfunction and infection of freshly isolated blood myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients infected with HIV-1. Blood 101:4505-4511.
38. - plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with HIV-1 infection correlates with HIV-1 RNA virus load. Blood 98:2574-2576.
39. Duramad, O., K. L. Fearon, J. H. Chan, H. Kanzler, J. D. Marshall, R. L. Coffman, and F. J. Barrat. 2003. IL-10 regulates plasmacytoid dendritic cell response to CpG-containing immunostimulatory sequences. Blood 102:4487-4492.
40. Dzionek, A., Y. Inagaki, K. Okawa, J. Nagafune, J. Rock, Y. Sohma, G. Winkels, M. Zysk, Y. Yamaguchi, and J. Schmitz. 2002. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: from specific surface markers to specific cellular functions. Hum. Immunol. 63:1133-1148.
41. Dzionek, A., Y. Sohma, J. Nagafune, M. Cella, M. Colonna, F. Facchetti, G. Günther, I. Johnston, A. Lanzavecchia, T. Nagasaka, T. Okada, W. Vermi, G. Winkels, T. Yamamoto, M. Zysk, Y. Yamaguchi, and J. Schmitz. 2001. BDCA-2, a novel plasmacytoid dendritic cell-specific type II C-type lectin, mediates antigen-capture and is a potent inhibitor of interferon-α/β induction. J. Exp. Med. 194:1823-1834.
42. Eckert, F., and U. Schmid. 1989. Identification of plasmacytoid T cells in lymphoid hyperplasia of the skin. Arch. Dermatol. 125:1518-1524.
43. Elias, F., J. Flo, R. A. Lopez, J. Zorzopulos, A. Montaner, and J. M. Rodriguez. 2003. Strong cytosine-guanosine-independent immunostimulation in humans and other primates by synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides with PyNTTTTGT motifs. J. Immunol. 171:3697-3704.
44. Facchetti, F., C. de Wolf-Peeters, J. J. van den Oord, R. de Vos, and V. J. Desmet. 1989. Plasmacytoid monocytes (so-called plasmacytoid T-cells) in Kikuchi's lymphadenitis. An immunohistologic study. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 92:42-50.
45. Farkas, L., K. Beiske. F. Lund-Johansen, P. Brandtzaeg, and F. L. Jahnsen. 2001. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (natural interferon-α/β- productng cells) accumulate in cutaneous lupus erythematosus lesions. Am. J. Pathol. 159:237-243.
46. Feldman, S., D. Stein, S. Amrute, T. Denny, Z. Garcia, P. Kloser, Y. Sun, N. Megjugorac, and P. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly. 2001. Decreased interferon-alpha production in HIV-infected patients correlates with numerical and functional deficiencies in circulating type 2 dendritic cell precursors. Clin. Immunol. 101:201-210.
47. Fitzergerald-Bocarsly, P., M. Feldman, M. Mendelsohn, S. Curl, and C. Lopez. 1988. Human mononuclear cells which produce interferon-alpha during NK[HSV-FS] assays are HLA-DR positive cells distinct from cytolyltic natural killer effectors. J. Leukoc. Biol. 43:323-334.
48. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P. 1993. Human natural interferon-alpha producing cells. Pharmacol. Ther. 60:39-62.
49. Fonteneau, J. F., M. Gilliet, M. Larsson, I. Dasilva, C. Munz, Y. J. Liu, and N. Bhardwaj. 2003. Activation of influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells: a new role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in adaptive immunity. Blood 101:3520-3526.
50. Fonteneau, J. F., M. Larsson, A. S. Beignon, K. McKenna, I. Dasilva, A. Amara, Y. J. Liu, J. D. Lifson, D. R. Littman, and N. Bhardwaj. 2004. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells and concomitantly induces the bystander maturation of myeloid dendritic cells. J. Virol. 78:5223-5232.
51. Galy, A., I. Christopherson, G. Ferlazzo, G. Liu, H. Spits, and K. Georgopoulos. 2000. Distinct signals control the hematopoiesis of lymphoid-related dendritic cells. Blood 95:128-137.
52. Gandy, K. L., J. Domen, H. Aguila, and I. L. Weissman. 1999. CD8+TCR+ and CD8+TCR- cells in whole bone marrow facilitate the engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells across allogeneic barriers. Immunity 11:579-590.
53. Gantner, B., R. Simmons, S. Canavera, and D. Underbill. 2003. Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2. J. Exp. Med. 197:1107-1117.
54. Gary-Gouy, H., P. Lebon, and A. H. Dalloul. 2002. Type I interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and monocytes is triggered by viruses, but the level of production is controlled by distinct cytokines. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 22:653-659.
55. Geijtenbeek, T. B. H., S. J. van Vliet, A. Engering, B. A. 't Hart, and Y. van Kooyk. 2004. Self- and nonself-recognition by C-type lectins on dendritic cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 22:33-54.
56. Geijtenbeek, T. B. H., S. J. van Vliet, E. A. Koppel, M. Sanchez-Hernandez, C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, B. Appelmelk, and Y. van Kooyk. 2003. Mycobacteria target DC-SIGN to suppress dendritic cell function. J. Exp. Med. 197:7-17.
57. Gilliet, M., A. Boonstra, C. Paturel, S. Antonenko, X. L. Xu, G. Trinchieri, A. O'Garra, and Y. J. Liu. 2002. The development of murine plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors is differentially regulated by FLT3-ligand and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Exp. Med. 195:953-958.
58. Gilliet, M., and Y.-J. Liu. 2002. Generation of human CD8 T regulatory cells by CD40 ligand-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 195:695-704.
59. Goutagny, N., C. Vieux, E. Decullier, B. Ligeoix, A. Epstein, C. Trepo, P. Couzigou, G. Inchauspe, and C. Bain. 2004. Quantification and functional analysis of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 189:1646-1655.
60. Grouard, G., M.-C. Rissoan, L. Filgueira, I. Durand, J. Banchereau, and Y.-J. Liu. 1997. The enigmatic plasmacytoid T cells develop into dendritic cells with IL-3 and CD40-ligand. J. Exp. Med. 185:1101-1111.
61. Hartmann, E., B. Wollenberg, S. Rothenfusser, M. Wagner, D. Wellisch, B. Mack, T. Giese, O. Gires, S. Endres, and G. Hartmann. 2003. Identification and functional analysis of tumor-infiltrating plasmacytoid dendritic cells in head and neck cancer. Cancer Res. 63:6478-6487.
62. Hartmann, G., J. Battiany, H. Poeck, M. Wagner, M. Kerkmann, N. Lubenow, S. Rothenfusser, and S. Endres. 2003. Rational design of new CpG oligonucleotides that combine B cell activation with high IFN-alpha induction in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 33:1633-1641.
63. Hartmann, G., G. J. Weiner, and A. M. Krieg. 1999. CpG DNA: a potent signal for growth, activation, and maturation of human dendritic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:9305-9310.
64. Heil, F., P. Ahmad-Nejad, H. Hemmi, H. Hochrein, F. Ampenberger, T. Gellert, H. Dietrich, G. Lipford, K. Takeda, S. Akira, H. Wagner, and S. Bauer. 2003. The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-specific stimulus loxoribine uncovers a strong relationship within the TLR7, 8 and 9 subfamily. Eur. J. Immunol. 33:2987-2997.
65. Heil, F., H. Hemmi, H. Hochrein, F. Ampenberger, C. Kirschning, S. Akira, G. Lipford, H. Wagner, and S. Bauer. 2004. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via Toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303:1526-1529.
66. Hemmi, H., T. Kaisho, K. Takeda, and S. Akira. 2003. The roles of Toll-like receptor 9, MyD88, and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in the effects of two distinct CpG DNAs on dendritic cell subsets. J. Immunol. 170:3059-3064.
67. Hemmi, H., T. Kaisho, O. Takeuchi, S. Sato, H. Sanjo, K. Hoshino. T. Horiuchi, H. Tomizawa, K. Takeda, and S. Akira. 2002. Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Nat. Immunol. 3:196-200.
68. Honda, K., S. Sakaguchi, C. Nakajima, A. Watanabe, H. Yanai, M. Matsumoto, T. Ohteki, T. Kaisho, A. Takaoka, S. Akira, T. Seya, and T. Taniguchi. 2003. Selective contribution of IFN-alpha/beta signaling to the maturation of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA or viral infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:10872-10877.
69. Ito, T., R. Amakawa, M. Inaba, T. Hori, M. Ota, K. Nakamura, M. Takebayashi, M. Miyaji, T. Yoshimura, K. Inaba, and S. Fukuhara. 2004. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate Th cell responses through OX40 ligand and type I IFNs. J. Immunol. 172:4253-4259.
70. Ito, T., R. Amakawa, T. Kaisho, H. Hemmi, K. Tajima, K. Uehira, Y. Ozaki, H. Tomizawa, S. Akira, and S. Fukuhara. 2002. Interferon-α and interleukin-12 are induced differentially by Toll-like receptor 7 ligands in human blood dendritic cell subsets. J. Exp. Med. 195:1507-1512.
71. Izaguirre, A., B. J. Barnes, S. Amrute, W. S. Yeow, N. Megjugorac, J. Dai, D. Feng, E. Chung, P. M. Pitha, and P. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly. 2003. Comparative analysis of IRF and IFN-alpha expression in human plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74:1125-1138.
72. Jahnsen, F. L., F. Lund-Johansen, J. F. Dunne, L. Farkas, R. Haye, and P. Brandtzaeg. 2000. Experimentally induced recruitment of plasmacytoid (CD123high) dendritic cells in human nasal allergy. J. Immunol. 165:4062-4068.
73. Janeway, C. A., Jr., and R. Medzhitov. 2002. Innate immune recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20:197-216.
74. Jarrossay, D., G. Napolitani, M. Colonna, F. Sallusto, and A. Lanzavecchia. 2001. Specialization and complementarity in microbial molecule recognition by human myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:3388-3393.
75. Jego, G., A. K. Palucka, J. P. Blanck, C. Chalouni, V. Pascual, and J. Banchereau. 2003. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce plasma cell differentiation through type I interferon and interleukin 6. Immunity 19:225-234.
76. Kadowaki, N., S. Antoneko, J. Y.-N. Lau, and Y.-J. Liu. 2000. Natural interferon-α/β-producing cells link innate and adaptive immunity. J. Exp. Med. 192:219-226.
77. Kadowaki, N., S. Antonenko, and Y. J. Liu. 2001. Distinct CpG DNA and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid double-stranded RNA, respectively, stimulate CD11c- type 2 dendritic cell precursors and CD11c+ dendritic cells to produce type I IFN. J. Immunol. 166:2291-2295.
78. Kaser, A., S. Kaser, N. C. Kaneider, B. Enrich, C. J. Wiedermann, and H. Tilg. 2004. Interleukin-18 attracts plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC2s) and promotes Th1 induction by DC2s through IL-18 receptor expression. Blood 103:648-655.
79. Kerkmann, M., S. Rothenfusser, V. Hornung, A. Towarowski, M. Wagner, A. Sarris, T. Giese, S. Endres, and G. Hartmann. 2003. Activation with CpG-A and CpG-B oligonucleotides reveals two distinct regulatory pathways of type I IFN synthesis in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170:4465-4474.
80. Krug, A., G. D. Luker, W. Barchet, D. A. Leib, S. Akira, and M. Colonna. 2004. Herpes simplex virus type 1 activates murine natural interferon-producing cells through toll-like receptor 9. Blood 103:1433-1437.
81. Krug, A., S. Rothenfusser, V. Hornung, B. Jahrsdorfer, S. Blackwell, Z. K. Ballas, S. Endres, A. M. Krieg, and G. Hartmann. 2001. Identification of CpG oligonucleotide sequences with high induction of IFN-alpha/beta in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:2154-2163.
82. Krug, A., A. Towarowski, S. Britsch, S. Rothenfusser, V. Hornung, R. Bals, T. Giese, H. Engelmann, S. Endres, A. M. Krieg, and G. Hartmann. 2001. Toll-like receptor expression reveals CpG DNA as a unique microbial stimulus for plasmacytoid dendritic cells which synergizes with CD40 ligand to induce high amounts of IL-12. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:3026-3037.
83. Krug, A., R. Veeraswamy, A. Pekosz, O. Kanagawa, E. R. Unanue, M. Colonna, and M. Cella. 2003. Interferon-producing cells fail to induce proliferation of naive T cells but can promote expansion and T helper 1 differentiation of antigen-experienced unpolarized T cells. J. Exp. Med. 197:899-906.
84. + T cell anergy by peripheral blood DC2 precursors. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:2547-2557.
85. Langenkamp, A., K. Nagata, K. Murphy, L. Wu, A. Lanzavecchia, and F. Sallusto. 2003. Kinetics and expression patterns of chemokine receptors in human CD4+ T lymphocytes primed by myeloid or plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 33:474-482.
86. Latz, E., A. Schoenemeyer, A. Visintin, K. A. Fitzgerald, B. G. Monks, C. F. Knetter, E. Lien, N. J. Nilsen, T. Espevik, and D. T. Golenbock. 2004. TLR9 signals after translocating from the ER to CpG DNA in the lysosome. Nat. Immunol. 5:190-198.
87. Le Bon, A., N. Etchart, C. Rossmann, M. Ashton, S. Hou, D. Gewert, P. Borrow, and D. F. Tough. 2003. Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells stimulated by virus-induced type I interferon. Nat. Immunol. 4:1009-1015.
88. Le Bon, A., G. Schiavoni, G. D'Agostinio, I. Gresser, F. Belardelli, and D. F. Tough. 2001. Type I interferons potently enhance humoral immunity and can promote isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo. Immunity 14:461-470.
89. Levy, J. A., I. Scott, and C. Mackewicz. 2003. Protection from HIV/AIDS: the importance of innate immunity. Clin. Immunol. 108:167-174.
90. Litinskiy, M. B., B. Nardelli, D. M. Hilbert, B. He, A. Schaffer, P. Casali, and A. Cerutti. 2002, DCs induce CD40-independent immunoglobulin class switching through BLyS and APRIL. Nat. Immunol. 3:822-829.
91. Liu, Y. J. 2001. Dendritic cell subsets and lineages, and their functions in innate and adaptive immunity. Cell 106:259-262.
92. Lonsdorf, A. S., H. Kuekrek, B. V. Stern, B. O. Boehm, P. V. Lehmann, and M. Tary-Lehmann. 2003. Intratumor CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide injection induces protective antitumor T cell immunity. J. Immunol. 171:3941-3946.
93. Lopez, C. B., A. Garcia-Sastre, B. R. G. Williams, and T. M. Moran. 2003. Type 1 interferon induction pathway, but not released interferon, participates in the maturation of dendritic cells induced by negative strand RNA viruses. J. Infect. Dis. 187:1126-1136.
94. Lore, K., M. R. Betts, J. M. Brenchley, J. Kuruppu, S. Khojasteh, S. Perfetto, M. Roederer, R. A. Seder, and R. A. Koup. 2003. Toll-like receptor ligands modulate dendritic cells to augment cytomegalovirus- and HIV-1-specific T cell responses. J. Immunol. 171:4320-4328.
95. Lund, J., A. Sato, S. Akira, R. Medzhitov, and A. Iwasaki. 2003. Toll-like receptor 9-mediated recognition of herpes simplex virus-2 by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 198:513-520.
96. Lund, J. M., L. Alexopoulou, A. Sato, M. Karow, N. C. Adams, N. W. Gale, A. Iwasaki, and R. A. Flavell. 2004. Recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses by Toll-like receptor 7. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:5598-5603.
97. Maraskovsky, E., K. Brasel, M. Teepe, E. R. Roux, S. D. Lyman, K. Shortman, and H. J. McKenna. 1996. Dramatic increase in the numbers of functionally mature dendritic cells in Flt3 ligand-treated mice: multiple dendritic cell subpopulations identified. J. Exp. Med. 184:1953-1962.
98. Maraskovsky, E., E. Daro, E. Roux, M. Teepe, C. R. Maliszewski, J. Hoek, D. Caron, M. E. Lebsack, and H. J. McKenna. 2000. In vivo generation of human dendritic cell subsets by Flt3 ligand. Blood 96:878-884.
99. Mazzoni, A., C. A. Leifer, G. E. Mullen, M. N. Kennedy, D. M. Klinman, and D. M. Segal. 2003. Cutting edge: histamine inhibits IFN-alpha release from plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170:2269-2273.
100. Megjugorac, N. J., H. A. Young, S. B. Amrute, S. L. Olshalsky, and P. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly. 2004. Virally stimulated plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce chemokines and induce migration of T and NK cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75:504-514.
101. Merad, M., M. G. Manz, H. Karsunky, A. Wagers, W. Peters, I. Charo, I. L. Weissman, J. G. Cyster, and E. G. Engleman. 2002. Langerhans cells renew in the skin throughout life under steady-state conditions. Nat. Immunol. 3:1135-1141.
102. Miettinen, M., T. Sareneva, I. Julkunen, and S. Matikainen. 2001. IFNs activate toll-like receptor gene expression in viral infections. Genes Immun. 2:349-355.
103. Mohty, M., A. Vialle-Castellano, J. A. Nunes, D. Isnardon, D. Olive, and B. Gaugler. 2003. IFN-alpha skews monocyte differentiation into toll-like receptor 7-expressing dendritic cells with potent functional activities. J. Immunol. 171:3385-3393.
104. Montoya, M., G. Schiavoni, F. Mattei, I. Gresser, F. Belardelli, P. Borrow, and D. F. Tough. 2002. Type I interferons produced by dendritic cells promote their phenotypic and functional activation. Blood 99:3263-3271.
105. + cells in mouse lymph nodes and spleen display characteristics of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 194:1171-1178.
106. Nguyen, K. B., W. T. Watford, R. Salomon, S. R. Hofmann, G. C. Pien, A. Morinobu, M. Gadina, J. J. O'Shea, and C. A. Biron. 2002. Critical role for STAT4 activation by type 1 interferons in the interferon-gamma response to viral infection. Science 297:2063-2066.
107. O'Doherty, U., M. Peng, S. Gezelter, W. J. Swiggard, M. Betjes, N. Bhardwaj, and R. M. Steinman. 1994. Human blood contains two subsets of dendritic cells, one immunologically mature, and the other immature. Immunology 82:487-493.
108. + dendritic cells only after microbial stimulus. J. Exp. Med. 196:1307-1319.
109. O'Keeffe, M., H. Hochrein, D. Vremec, J. Pooley, R. Evans, S. Woulfe, and K. Shortman. 2002. Effects of administration of progenipoietin 1, Flt-3 ligand, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and pegylated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on dendritic cell subsets in mice. Blood 99:2122-2130.
110. + DC1 precursors. Blood 101:1453-1459.
111. Pacanowski, J., S. Kahi, M. Baillet, P. Lebon, C. Deveau, C. Goujard, L. Meyer, E. Oksenhendler, M. Sinet, and A. Hosmalin. 2001. Reduced blood CD123+ (lymphoid) and CD11c+ (myeloid) dendritic cell numbers in primary HIV-1 infection. Blood 98:3016-3021.
112. Penna, G., S. Sozzani, and L. Adorini. 2001. Cutting edge: selective usage of chemokine receptors by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 167:1862-1866.
113. Pichyangkul, S., T. P. Endy, S. Kalayanarooj, A. Nisalak, K. Yongvanitchit, S. Green, A. L. Rothman, F. A. Ennis, and D. H. Libraty. 2003. A blunted blood plasmacytoid dendritic cell response to an acute systemic viral infection is associated with increased disease severity. J. Immunol. 171:5571-5578.
114. Pichyangkul, S., K. Yongvanitchit, U. Kum-arb, H. Hemmi, S. Akira, A. M. Krieg, D. G. Heppner, V. A. Stewart, H. Hasegawa, S. Looareesuwan, G. D. Shanks, and R. S. Miller. 2004. Malaria blood stage parasites activate human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and murine dendritic cells through a Toll-like receptor 9-dependent pathway. J. Immunol. 172:4926-4933.
115. Poeck, H., M. Wagner, J. Battiany, S. Rothenfusser, D. Wellisch, V. Hornung, B. Jahrsdorfer, T. Giese, S. Endres, and G. Hartmann. 2003. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, antigen and CpG-C license human B cells for plasma cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production in the absence of T-cell help. Blood 103:3058-3064.
116. Pulendran, B., J. Banchereau, S. Burkeholder, E. Kraus, E. Guinet, C. Chalouni, D. Caron, C. Maliszewski, J. Davoust, J. Fay, and K. Palucka. 2000. Flt3-ligand and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilize distinct human dendritic cell subsets in vivo. J. Immunol. 165:566-572.
117. Pulendran, B., J. Lingappa, M. K. Kennedy, J. Smith, M. Teepe, A. Rudensky, C. R. Maliszewski, and E. Maraskovsky. 1997. Developmental pathways of dendritic cells in vivo: distinct function, phenotype, and localization of dendritic cell subsets in FLT3 ligand-treated mice. J. Immunol. 159:2222-2231.
118. Pulendran, B., J. L. Smith, G. Caspary, K. Brasel, D. Pettit, E. Maraskovsky, and C. E. Maliszweski. 1999. Distinct dendritic cell subsets differentially regulate the class of immune responses in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:1036-1041.
119. Rissoan, M. C., V. Soumelis, N. Kadowaki, G. Grouard, F. Briere, R. de Waal Malefyt, and Y. J. Liu. 1999. Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. Science 283:1183-1186.
120. Ronnblom, L., and G. V. Alm. 2001. A pivotal role for the natural interferon alpha-producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) in the pathogenesis of lupus. J. Exp. Med. 194:F59-F63.
121. Rossi, M., M. Arpinati, D. Rondelli, and C. Anasetti. 2002. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: do they have a role in immune responses after hematopoietic cell transplantation? Hum. Immunol. 63:1194-1200.
122. Salio, M., M. Cella, W. Vermi, F. Facchetti, M. J. Palmowski, C. L. Smith, D. Shepherd, M. Colonna, and V. Cerundolo. 2003. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells prime IFN-gamma-secreting melanoma-specific CD8 lymphocytes and are found in primary melanoma lesions. Eur. J. Immunol. 33:1052-1062.
123. Salio, M., M. J. Palmowski, A. Atzberger, I. F. Hermans, and V. Cerundolo. 2004. CpG-matured murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells are capable of in vivo priming of functional CD8 T cell responses to endogenous but not exogenous antigens. J. Exp. Med. 199:567-579.
124. Sallusto, F., and A. Lanzavecchia. 1994. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor α. J. Exp. Med. 179:1109-1118.
125. Sanchez-Sanchez, N., L. Riol-Blanco, G. de la Rosa, A. Puig-Kroger, J. Garcia-Bordas, D. Martin, N. Longo, A. Cuadrado, C. Cabanas, A. L. Corbi, P. Sanchez-Mateos, and J. L. Rodriguez-Fernandez. 2004. Chemokine receptor CCR7 induces intracellular signaling that inhibits apoptosis of mature dendritic cells. Blood 104:619-625.
126. Sauder, D. N. 2003. Imiquimod: modes of action. Br. J. Dermatol. 149(Suppl. 66):5-8.
127. Schnurr, M., T. Toy, A. Shin, G. Hartmann, S. Rothenfusser, J. Soellner, I. D. Davis, J. Cebon, and E. Maraskovsky. 2004. Role of adenosine receptors in regulating chemotaxis and cytokine production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood 103:1391-1397.
128. Schotte, R., M. C. Rissoan, N. Bendriss-Vermare, J. M. Bridon, T. Duhen, K. Weijer, F. Briere, and H. Spits. 2003. The transcription factor Spi-B is expressed in plasmacytoid DC precursors and inhibits T-, B-, and NK-cell development. Blood 101:1015-1023.
129. Shurin, M. R., P. P. Plandaripande, T. D. Zorina, C. Haluszazck, V. M. Suubotin, O. Hunter, A. Brumfiels, W. J. Storkus, E. Maraskovsky, and M. Lotze. 1997. Flt3-L induces the generation of functionally active dendritic cells in mice. Cell. Immunol. 179:174-184.
130. Siegal, F. P., P. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, B. K. Holland, and M. Shodell. 2001. Interferon-alpha generation and immune reconstitution during antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS 15:1603-1612.
131. Siegal, F. P., N. Kadowaki, M. Shodell, P. A. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, K. Shah, S. Ho, S. Antonenko, and Y. J. Liu. 1999. The nature of the principal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human blood. Science 284:1835-1837.
132. Siegal, F. P., C. Lopez, P. A. Fitzgerald, K. Shah, P. Baron, I. Z. Leiderman, D. Imperato, and S. Landesman. 1986. Opportunistic infections in acquired immune deficiency syndrome result from synergistic defects of both the natural and adaptive components of cellular immunity. J. Clin. Investig. 78:115-123.
133. Smith, E. J., I. Marie, A. Prakash, A. Garcia-Sastre, and D. E. Levy. 2001. IRF3 and IRF7 phosphorylation in virus-infected cells does not require double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R or IκB kinase but is blocked by vaccinia virus E3L protein. J. Biol. Chem. 276:8951-8957.
134. - population. Blood 93:2302-2307.
135. Soumelis, V., I. Scott, F. Gheyas, D. Bouhour, G. Cozon, L. Cotte, L. Huang, J. A. Levy, and Y. J. Liu. 2001. Depletion of circulating natural type 1 interferon-producing cells in HIV-infected AIDS patients. Blood 98:906-912.
136. + stem cells into predendritic cell (Pre-DC)2 but not into pre-DC1: evidence for a lymphoid origin of pre-DC2. J. Exp. Med. 192:1775-1784.
137. Svensson, H., B. Cederblad, M. Lindahl, and G. Alm. 1996. Stimulation of natural interferon-alpha/beta-producing cells by Staphylococcus aureus. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 16:7-16.
138. Tabeta, K., P. Georgel, E. Janssen, X. Du, K. Hoebe, K. Crozat, S. Mudd, L. Shamel, S. Sovath, J. Goode, L. Alexopoulou, R. A. Flavell, and B. Beutler. 2004. Toll-like receptors 9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
139. Takauji, R., S. Iho, H. Takatsuka, S. Yamamoto, T. Takahashi, H. Kitagawa, H. Iwasaki, R. Iida, T. Yokochi, and T. Matsuki. 2002. CpG-DNA-induced IFN-alpha production involves p38 MAPK-dependent STAT1 phosphorylation in human plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. J. Leukoc. Biol. 72:1011-1019.
140. Takeda, K., T. Kaisho, and S. Akira. 2003. Toll-like receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21:335-376.
141. Tordjman, R., Y. Lepelletier, V. Lemarchandel, M. Cambot, P. Gaulard, O. Hermine, and P. H. Romeo. 2002. A neuronal receptor, neuropilin-1, is essential for the initiation of the primary immune response. Nat. Immunol. 3:477-482.
142. Traver, D., K. Akashi, M. Manz, M. Merad, T. Miyamoto, E. G. Engleman, and I. L. Weissman. 2000. Development of CD8α-positive dendritic cells from a common myeloid progenitor. Science 290:2152-2154.
143. Tsujimura, H., T. Tamura, C. Gongora, J. Aliberti, E. S. C. Reis, A. Sher, and K. Ozato. 2003. ICSBP/IRF-8 retrovirus transduction rescues dendritic cell development in vitro. Blood 101:961-969.
144. Tsujimura, H., T. Tamura, and K. Ozato. 2003. Cutting edge: IFN consensus sequence binding protein/IFN regulatory factor 8 drives the development of type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170:1131-1135.
145. Vallin, H., A. Perers, G. V. Alm, and L. Ronnblom. 1999. Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies and immunostimulatory plasmid DNA in combination mimic the endogenous IFN-alpha inducer in systemic lupus ery-thematosus. J. Immunol. 163:6306-6313.
146. Vanbervliet, B., N. Bendriss-Vermare, C. Massacrier, B. Homey, O. de Bouteiller, F. Briere, G. Trinchieri, and C. Caux. 2003. The inducible CXCR3 ligands control plasmacytoid dendritic cell responsiveness to the constitutive chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12. J. Exp. Med. 198:823-830.
147. van Kooyk, Y., and T. B. Geijtenbeek. 2003. DC-SIGN: escape mechanism for pathogens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3:697-709.
148. Vermi, W., R. Bonecchi, F. Facchetti, D. Bianchi, S. Sozzani, S. Festa, A. Berenzi, M. Cella, and M. Colonna. 2003. Recruitment of immature plas-macytoid dendritic cells (plasmacytoid monocytes) and myeloid dendritic cells in primary cutaneous melanomas. J. Pathol. 200:255-268.
149. Verthelyi, D., R. T. Kenney, R. A. Seder, A. A. Gam, B. Friedag, and D. M. Klinman. 2002. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as vaccine adjuvants in primates. J. Immunol. 168:1659-1663.
150. Waller, E. K., H. Rosenthal, T. W. Jones, J. Peel, S. Lonial, A. Langston, I. Redei, I. Jurickova, and M. W. Boyer. 2001. Larger numbers of CD4(bright) dendritic cells in donor bone marrow are associated with increased relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 97:2948-2956.
151. Wollenberg, A., M. Wagner, S. Gunther, A. Towarowski, E. Tuma, M. Moderer, S. Rothenfusser, S. Wetzel, S. Endres, and G. Hartmann. 2002. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: a new cutaneous dendritic cell subset with distinct role in inflammatory skin diseases. J. Investig. Dermatol. 119:1096-1102.
152. Wu, L., A. D'Amico, H. Hochrein, M. O'Keeffe, K. Shortman, and K. Lucas. 2001. Development of thymic and splenic dendritic cell populations from different hemopoietic precursors. Blood 98:3376-3382.
153. Yoneyama, H., S. Narumi, Y. Zhang, M. Murai, M. Baggiolini, A. Lanzavecchia, T. Ichida, H. Asakura, and K. Matsushima. 2002. Pivotal role of dendritic cell-derived CXCL10 in the retention of T helper cell 1 lymphocytes in secondary lymph nodes. J. Exp. Med. 195:1257-1266.
154. Yonezawa, A., R. Morita, A. Takaori-Kondo, N. Kadowaki, T. Kitawaki, T. Hori, and T. Uchiyama. 2003. Natural alpha interferon-producing cells respond to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with alpha interferon production and maturation into dendritic cells. J. Virol. 77:3777-3784.
155. Zeng, J., P. Fournier, and V. Schirrmacher. 2002. Stimulation of human natural interferon-alpha response via paramyxovirus hemagglutinin lectin-cell interaction. J. Mol. Med. 80:443-451.
156. Zou, W., J. Borvak, S. Wei, T. Isaeva, D. T. Curiel, and T. J. Curiel. 2001. Reciprocal regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and monocytes during viral infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:3833-3839.
157. Zou, W., V. Machelon, A. Coulomb-L'Hermin, J. Borvak, F. Nome, T. Isaeva, S. Wei, R. Krzysiek, I. Durand-Gasselin, A. Gordon, T. Pustilnik, D. T. Curiel, P. Galanaud, F. Capron, D. Emilie, and T. J. Curiel. 2001. Stromal-derived factor-1 in human tumors recruits and alters the function of plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 7:1339-1346.