Impact of transgenic technologies on functional genomics

Current Issues in Molecular Biology

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 75-98

  Shashikant, Cooduvalli S ^a   Ruddle, Frank H ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOTECHNOLOGY; CELL NUCLEUS TRANSPLANTATION; CHROMOSOME; CLONING; DNA MODIFICATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FUNCTION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENE TARGETING; GENE TECHNOLOGY; GENE TRANSFER; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENOME IMPRINTING; HUMAN; LIVESTOCK; NONHUMAN; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRANSGENE;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CLONING, MOLECULAR; CLONING, ORGANISM; COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; GENES, REGULATOR; GENETIC COMPLEMENTATION TEST; GENOMICS; HUMANS; MICE; STEM CELLS;

ANIMALIA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 0037929270     PISSN: 14673037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (290)

1. Ainscough, J. F., Koide, T., Tada, M., Barton, S., and Surani, M. A. 1997. Imprinting of Igf2 and H19 from a 130 kb YAC transgene. Development 124: 3621-3632.
2. Alami, R., Gilman, J. G., Feng, Y. Q., Marmorato, A., Rochlin, I., Suzuka, S. M., Fabry, M. E., Nagel, R. L., and Bouhassira, E. E. 1999. Anti-beta s-ribozyme reduces beta s mRNA levels in transgenic mice: potential application to the gene therapy of sickle cell anemia. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 25: 110-119.
3. Albanese, C., Reutens, A. T., Bouzahzah, B., Fu, M., D'Amico, M., Link, T., Nicholson, R., Depinho, R. A., and Pestell, R. G. 2000. Sustained mammary gland-directed, ponasterone A-inducible expression in transgenic mice. FASEB J. 14: 877-884.
4. Allen, N. D., Cran, D. G., Barton, S. C., Hettle, S., Reik, W., and Surani, M. A. 1988. Transgenes as probes for active chromosomal domains in mouse development. Nature 333: 852-855.
5. Amaya, E., and Kroll, K. L. 1999. A method for generating transgenic frog embryos. Methods Mol. Biol. 97: 393-414.
6. Andang, M., Hinkula, J., Hotchkiss, G., Larsson, S., Britton, S., Wong-Staal, F., Wahren, B., and Ahrlund-Richter, L. 1999. Dose-response resistance to HIV-1/MuLV pseudotype virus ex vivo in a hairpin ribozyme transgenic mouse model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 12749-12753.
7. Anderson, D. G., and Kowalczykowski, S. C. 1997. The recombination hot spot chi is a regulatory element that switches the polarity of DNA degradation by the RecBCD enzyme. Genes Dev. 11: 571-581.
8. Antoch, M. P., Song, E. J., Chang, A. M., Vitaterna, M. H., Zhao, Y., Wilsbacher, L. D., Sangoram, A. M., King, D. P., Pinto, L. H., and Takahashi, J. S. 1997. Functional identification of the mouse circadian Clock gene by transgenic BAC rescue. Cell 89: 655-667.
9. Aparicio, S., Morrison, A., Gould, A., Gilthorpe, J., Chaudhuri, C., Rigby, P., Krumlauf, R., and Brenner, S. 1995. Detecting conserved regulatory elements with the model genome of the Japanese puffer fish, Fugu rubripes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 1684-1688.
10. Arnheiter, H., Skuntz, S., Noteborn, M., Chang, S., and Meier, E. 1990. Transgenic mice with intracellular immunity to influenza virus. Cell 62: 51-61.
11. Avner, P., Bruls, T., Poras, I., Eley, L., Gas, S., Ruiz, P., Wiles, M. V., Sousa-Nunes, R., Kettleborough, R., Rana, A., Morissette, J., Bentley, L., Goldsworthy, M., Haynes, A., Herbert, E., Southam, L., Lehrach, H., Weissenbach, J., Manenti, G., Rodriguez-Tome, P., Beddington, R., Dunwoodie, S., and Cox, R. D. 2001. A radiation hybrid transcript map of the mouse genome. Nat. Genet. 29: 194-200.
12. Awatramani, R., Soriano, P., Mai, J. J., and Dymecki, S. 2001. An Flp indicator mouse expressing alkaline phosphatase from the ROSA26 locus. Nat. Genet. 29: 257-259.
13. Baguisi, A., Behboodi, E., Melican, D. T., Pollock, J. S., Destrempes, M. M., Cammuso, C., Williams, J. L., Nims, S. D., Porter, C. A., Midura, P., Palacios, M. J., Ayres, S. L., Denniston, R. S., Hayes, M. L., Ziomek, C. A., Meade, H. M., Godke, R. A., Gavin, W. G., Overstrom, E. W., and Echelard, Y. 1999. Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nat. Biotechnol. 17: 456-461.
14. Barton, S. C., Surani, M. A., and Norris, M. L. 1984. Role of paternal and maternal genomes in mouse development. Nature 311: 374-376.
15. Beck, C. W., and Slack, J. M. 2001. An amphibian with ambition: a new role for Xenopus in the 21st century. Genome Biol. 2: 1029.
16. Beck, J. A., Lloyd, S., Hafezparast, M., Lennon-Pierce, M., Eppig, J. T., Festing, M. F., and Fisher, E. M. 2000. Genealogies of mouse inbred strains. Nat. Genet. 24: 23-25.
17. Bedell, M. A., Jenkins, N. A., and Copeland, N. G. 1997. Mouse models of human disease. Part I: techniques and resources for genetic analysis in mice. Genes Dev. 11: 1-10.
18. Bedell, M. A., Largaespada, D. A., Jenkins, N. A., and Copeland, N. G. 1997. Mouse models of human disease. Part II: recent progress and future directions. Genes Dev. 11: 11-43.
19. Bender, M. A., Roach, J. N., Halow, J., Close, J., Alami, R., Bouhassira, E. E., Groudine, M., and Fiering, S. N. 2001. Targeted deletion of 5′HS1 and 5′HS4 of the beta-globin locus control region reveals additive activity of the DNasel hypersensitive sites. Blood 98: 2022-2027.
20. Bianco, P., and Robey, P. G. 2001. Stem cells in tissue engineering. Nature 414: 118-121.
21. Bjornson, C. R., Rietze, R. L., Reynolds, B. A., Magli, M. C., and Vescovi, A. L. 1999. Turning brain into blood: a hematopoietic fate adopted by adult neural stem cells in vivo. Science 283: 534-537.
22. Blau, H. M., Brazelton, T. R., and Weimann, J. M. 2001. The evolving concept of a stem cell: entity or function? Cell 105: 829-841.
23. Blom van Assendelft, G., Hanscombe, O., Grosveld, F., and Greaves, D.R. 1989. The beta-globin dominant control region activates homologous and heterologous promoters in a tissue-specific manner. Cell. 56: 969-77.
24. Bradley, A. 1990. Embryonic stem cells: proliferation and differentiation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2: 1013-1017.
25. Bradley, A., Evans, M., Kaufman, M. H., and Robertson, E. 1984. Formation of germ-line chimaeras from embryo-derived teratocarcinoma cell lines. Nature 309: 255-256.
26. Bradshaw, M. S., Bollekens, J. A., and Ruddle, F. H. 1995. A new vector for recombination-based cloning of large DNA fragments from yeast artificial chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 4850-4856.
27. Bradshaw, M. S., Shashikant, C. S., Belting, H. G., Bollekens, J. A., and Ruddle, F. H. 1996. A long-range regulatory element of Hoxc8 identified by using the pClasper vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 2426-2430.
28. Brazelton, T. R., Rossi, F. M., Keshet, G. I., and Blau, H. M. 2000. From marrow to brain: expression of neuronal phenotypes in adult mice. Science 290: 1775-1779.
29. Brinster, R. L. 1974. The effect of cells transferred into the mouse blastocyst on subsequent development. J. Exp. Med. 140: 1049-1056.
30. Brinster, R. L. 1998. Embryo culture, stem cells and experimental modification of the embryonic genome. An interview with Professor Ralph Brinster. Interview by Juan Arechaga. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42: 861-878.
31. Brinster, R. L., Sandgren, E. P., Behringer, R. R., and Palmiter, R. D. 1989. No simple solution for making transgenic mice [letter; comment]. Cell 59: 239-241.
32. Bromhall, J. D. 1975. Nuclear transplantation in the rabbit egg. Nature 258: 719-722.
33. Bronson, S. K., Plaehn, E. G., Kluckman, K. D., Hagaman, J. R., Maeda, N., and Smithies, O. 1996. Single-copy transgenic mice with chosen-site integration [see comments]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 9067-9072.
34. Brustle, O., Jones, K. N., Learish, R. D., Karram, K., Choudhary, K., Wiestler, O. D., Duncan, I. D., and McKay, R. D. 1999. Embryonic stem cell-derived glial precursors: a source of myelinating transplants. Science 285: 754-756.
35. Bubeck, P., Winkler, M., and Bautsch, W. 1993. Rapid cloning by homologous recombination in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res. 21: 3601-3602.
36. Buchholz, F., Refaeli, Y., Trumpp, A., and Bishop, J. M. 2000. Inducible chromosomal translocation of AML1 and ETO genes through Cre/loxP-mediated recombination in the mouse. EMBO Rep. 1: 133-139.
37. Burke, D. T., Carle, G. F., and Olson, M. V. 1987. Cloning of large segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors. Science 236: 806-812.
38. Byrne, G. W., and Ruddle, F. H. 1989. Multiplex gene regulation: a two-tiered approach to transgene regulation in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86: 5473-5477.
39. Cai, W. W., Chow, C. W., Damani, S., Gregory, S. G., Marra, M., and Bradley, A. 2001. An SSLP marker-anchored BAC framework map of the mouse genome. Nat. Genet. 29: 133-134.
40. Campbell, K. H., McWhir, J., Ritchie, W. A., and Wilmut, I. 1996. Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line [see comments]. Nature 380: 64-66.
41. Capecchi, M. R. 1980. High efficiency transformation by direct microinjection of DNA into cultured mammalian cells. Cell 22: 479-488.
42. Capecchi, M. R. 2001. Generating mice with targeted mutations. Nat. Med. 7: 1086-1090.
43. Carvajal, J. J., Cox, D., Summerbell, D., and Rigby, P. W. 2001. A BAC transgenic analysis of the Mrf4/Myf5 locus reveals interdigitated elements that control activation and maintenance of gene expression during muscle development. Development 128: 1857-1868.
44. Chen, F., and Capecchi, M. R. 1999. Paralogous mouse Hox genes, Hoxa9, Hoxb9, and Hoxd9, function together to control development of the mammary gland in response to pregnancy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 541-546.
45. Chiu, C. H., Amemiya, C. T., Carr, J. L., Bhargava, J., Hwang, J. K., Shashikant, C. S., Ruddle, F. H., and Wagner, G. P. 2000. A recombinogenic targeting method to modify large-inserts for cis-regulatory analysis in transgenic mice: construction and expression of a 100-kb, zebrafish Hoxa-11b-lacZ reporter gene. Dev. Genes Evol 210: 105-109.
46. Cibelli, J. B., Stice, S. L., Golueke, P. J., Kane, J. J., Jerry, J., Blackwell, C., Ponce de Leon, F. A., and Robl, J. M. 1998. Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science 280: 1256-1258.
47. Clark, A. J. 1998. The mammary gland as a bioreactor: expression, processing, and production of recombinant proteins. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 3: 337-350.
48. Cockell, M., and Gasser, S. M. 1999. Nuclear compartments and gene regulation. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9: 199-205.
49. Collas, P., Balise, J. J., and Robl, J. M. 1992. Influence of cell cycle stage of the donor nucleus on development of nuclear transplant rabbit embryos. Biol. Reprod. 46: 492-500.
50. Collas, P., and Barnes, F. L. 1994. Nuclear transplantation by microinjection of inner cell mass and granulosa cell nuclei. Mol. Reprod Dev. 38: 264-267.
51. Collins, E. C., Pannell, R., Simpson, E. M., Forster, A., and Rabbitts, T. H. 2000. Inter-chromosomal recombination of MII and Af9 genes mediated by cre-loxP in mouse development. EMBO Rep. 1: 127-132.
52. Colman, A., and Kind, A. 2000. Therapeutic cloning: concepts and practicalities. Trends Biotechnol. 18: 192-196.
53. Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., and Court, D. L. 2001. Recombineering: a powerful new tool for mouse functional genomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2: 769-779.
54. Cozzi, E., and White, D. J. 1995. The generation of transgenic pigs as potential organ donors for humans. Nat. Med. 1: 964-966.
55. Cronin, C. A., Gluba, W., and Scrable, H. 2001. The lac operator-repressor system is functional in the mouse. Genes Dev. 15: 1506-1517.
56. Cui, C., Wani, M. A., Wight, D., Kopchick, J., and Stambrook, P.J. 1994. Reporter genes in transgenic mice. Transgenic Res. 3: 182-194.
57. Dabert, P., and Smith, G. R. 1997. Gene replacement with linear DNA fragments in wild-type Escherichia coli: enhancement by Chi sites. Genetics 145: 877-889.
58. Damak, S., Su, H., Jay, N. P., and Bullock, D. W. 1996. Improved wool production in transgenic sheep expressing insulin-like growth factor 1. Biotechnology (NY) 14: 185-188.
59. Dean, W., Santos, F., Stojkovic, M., Zakhartchenko, V., Walter, J., Wolf, E., and Reik, W. 2001. Conservation of methylation reprogramming in mammalian development: aberrant reprogramming in cloned embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98: 13734-13738.
60. Denning, C., Burl, S., Ainslie, A., Bracken, J., Dinnyes, A., Fletcher, J., King, T., Ritchie, M., Ritchie, W. A., Rollo, M., de Sousa, P., Travers, A., Wilmut, I., and Clark, A. J. 2001. Deletion of the alpha (1,3) galactosyl transferase (GGTA1) gene and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep. Nat. Biotechnol. 19: 559-562.
61. Doetschman, T., Gregg, R. G., Maeda, N., Hooper, M. L., Melton, D. W., Thompson, S., and Smithies, O. 1987. Targetted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature 330: 576-578.
62. Doetschman, T., Maeda, N., and Smithies, O. 1988. Targeted mutation of the Hprt gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85: 8583-8587.
63. Donovan, P. J., and Gearhart, J. 2001. The end of the beginning for pluripotent stem cells. Nature 414: 92-97.
64. Dupe, V., Davenne, M., Brocard, J., Dolle, P., Mark, M., Dierich, A., Chambon, P., and Rijli, F. M. 1997. In vivo functional analysis of the Hoxa-1 3′ retinoic acid response element (3′ RARE). Development 124: 399-410.
65. Dymecki, S. M., and Tomasiewicz, H. 1998. Using Flp-recombinase to characterize expansion of Wnt1-expressing neural progenitors in the mouse. Dev. Biol. 201: 57-65.
66. Ebert, K. M. 1998. The use of transgenic animals in biotechnology. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42: 1003-1008.
67. Engle, S. J., Womer, D. E., Davies, P. M., Boivin, G., Sahota, A., Simmonds, H. A., Stambrook, P. J., and Tischfield, J. A. 1996. HPRT-APRT-deficient mice are not a model for lesch-nyhan syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 5: 1607-1610.
68. Erickson, R. P. 1999. Antisense transgenics in animals. Methods 18: 304-310.
69. Evans, M. J. 1972. The isolation and properties of a clonal tissue culture strain of pluripotent mouse teratoma cells. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 28: 163-176.
70. Evans, M. J. 2001. The cultural mouse. Nat. Med. 7: 1081-1083.
71. Evans, M. J., Bradley, A., Kuehn, M. R., and Robertson, E. J. 1985. The ability of EK cells to form chimeras after selection of clones in G418 and some observations on the integration of retroviral vector proviral DNA into EK cells. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 50: 685-689.
72. Evans, M. J., and Kaufman, M. H. 1981. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292: 154-156.
73. Federspiel, M. J., and Hughes, S. H. 1997. Retroviral gene delivery. Methods Cell Biol. 52: 179-214.
74. Ferguson-Smith, A. C., and Surani, M. A. 2001. Imprinting and the epigenetic asymmetry between parental genomes. Science 293: 1086-1089.
75. Ferrari, G., Cusella-De Angelis, G., Coletta, M., Paolucci, E., Stornaiuolo, A., Cossu, G., and Mavilio, F. 1998. Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors. Science 279: 1528-1530.
76. Fleischmann, A., Hafezi, F., Elliott, C., Reme, C. E., Ruther, U., and Wagner, E. F. 2000. Fra-1 replaces c-Fos-dependent functions in mice. Genes Dev. 14: 2695-2700.
77. Folger, K. R., Thomas, K., and Capecchi, M. R. 1985. Nonreciprocal exchanges of information between DNA duplexes coinjected into mammalian cell nuclei. Mol. Cell Biol. 5: 59-69.
78. Folger, K. R., Wong, E. A., Wahl, G., and Capecchi, M. R. 1982. Patterns of integration of DNA microinjected into cultured mammalian cells: evidence for homologous recombination between injected plasmid DNA molecules. Mol. Cell Biol. 2: 1372-1387.
79. Forrest, D., Yuzaki, M., Soares, H. D., Ng, L., Luk, D. C., Sheng, M., Stewart, C. L., Morgan, J. I., Connor, J. A., and Curran, T. 1994. Targeted disruption of NMDA receptor 1 gene abolishes NMDA response and results in neonatal death. Neuron 13: 325-338.
80. Francastel, C., Walters, M. C., Groudine, M., and Martin, D. I. 1999. A functional enhancer suppresses silencing of a transgene and prevents its localization close to centrometric heterochromatin. Cell 99: 259-269.
81. French, A. J., Greenstein, J. L., Loveland, B. E., and Mountford, P. S. 1998. Current and future prospects for xenotransplantation. Reprod Fertil Dev. 10: 683-696.
82. Friedmann, T. 1992. A brief history of gene therapy. Nat. Genet. 2: 93-98.
83. Friedrich, G., and Soriano, P. 1991. Promoter traps in embryonic stem cells: a genetic screen to identify and mutate developmental genes in mice. Genes Dev. 5: 1513-1523.
84. Fuchs, E., and Segre, J. A. 2000. Stem cells: a new lease on life. Cell 100: 143-155.
85. Galas, D.J. and McCormack, S.J. 2002. Genomic Technologies: Present and Future. Caister Academic Press, Wymondham, UK.
86. Galli, R., Borello, U., Gritti, A., Minasi, M. G., Bjornson, C., Coletta, M., Mora, M., De Angelis, M. G., Fiocco, R., Cossu, G., and Vescovi, A. L. 2000. Skeletal myogenic potential of human and mouse neural stem cells. Nat. Neurosci. 3: 986-991.
87. Gandolfi, F. 2000. Sperm-mediated transgenesis. Theriogenology 53: 127-137.
88. Gardner, R. L. 1998. Contributions of blastocyst micromanipulation to the study of mammalian development. Bioessays 20: 168-180.
89. Gerard, M., Zakany, J., and Duboule, D. 1997. Interspecies exchange of a Hoxd enhancer in vivo induces premature transcription and anterior shift of the sacrum. Dev. Biol. 190: 32-40.
90. Gertsenstein, M., Lobe, C., and Nagy, A. 2002. ES cell-mediated conditional transgenesis. Methods Mol. Biol. 185: 285-307.
91. Gilthorpe, J. D., and Rigby, P. W. 1999. Reporter genes for the study of transcriptional regulation in transgenic mouse embryos. Methods Mol. Biol. 97: 159-182.
92. Gingrich, J. R., and Roder, J. 1998. Inducible gene expression in the nervous system of transgenic mice. Annu Rev. Neurosci. 21: 377-405.
93. Giraldo, P., and Montoliu, L. 2001. Size matters: use of YACs, BACs and PACs in transgenic animals. Transgenic Res. 10: 83-103.
94. Golovan, S. P., Meidinger, R. G., Ajakaiye, A., Cottrill, M., Wiederkehr, M. Z., Barney, D. J., Plante, C., Pollard, J. W., Fan, M. Z., Hayes, M. A., Laursen, J., Hjorth, J. P., Hacker, R. R., Phillips, J. P., and Forsberg, C. W. 2001. Pigs expressing salivary phytase produce low-phosphorus manure. Nat. Biotechnol. 19: 741-745.
95. Gordon, J. W. 1993. Production of transgenic mice. Methods Enzy. Mol. 225: 747-771.
96. Gordon, J. W., and Ruddle, F. H. 1981. Integration and stable germ line transmission of genes injected into mouse pronuclei. Science 214: 1244-1246.
97. Gordon, J. W., Scangos, G. A., Plotkin, D. J., Barbosa, J. A., and Ruddle, F. H. 1980. Genetic transformation of mouse embryos by microinjection of purified DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 77: 7380-7384.
98. Gossen, M., and Bujard, H. 1992. Tight control of gene expression in mammalian cells by tetracycline-responsive promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89: 5547-5551.
99. Gossen, M., Freundlieb, S., Bender, G., Muller, G., Hillen, W., and Bujard, H. 1995. Transcriptional activation by tetracyclines in mammalian cells. Science 268: 1766-1769.
100. Gossler, A., Joyner, A. L., Rossant, J., and Skarnes, W. C. 1989. Mouse embryonic stem cells and reporter constructs to detect developmentally regulated genes. Science 244: 463-465.
101. Graessmann, A., Graessmann, M., Topp, W. C., and Botchan, M. 1979. Retransformation of a simian virus 40 revertant cell line, which is resistant to viral and DNA infections, by microinjection of viral DNA. J. Virol. 32: 989-994.
102. Graham, F. L., and van der Eb, A. J. 1973. Transformation of rat cells by DNA of human adenovirus 5. Virology 54: 536-539.
103. Greer, J. M., Puetz, J., Thomas, K. R., and Capecchi, M. R. 2000. Maintenance of functional equivalence during paralogous Hox gene evolution. Nature 403: 661-665.
104. Grosveld, F., van Assendelft, G. B., Greaves, D. R., and Kollias, G. 1987. Position-independent, high-level expression of the human beta-globin gene in transgenic mice. Cell 51: 975-985.
105. Gu, H., Marth, J. D., Orban, P. C., Mossmann, H., and Rajewsky, K. 1994. Deletion of a DNA polymerase beta gene segment in T cells using cell type-specific gene targeting. Science 265: 103-106.
106. Gussoni, E., Soneoka, Y., Strickland, C. D., Buzney, E. A., Khan, M. K., Flint, A. F., Kunkel, L. M., and Mulligan, R. C. 1999. Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by stem cell transplantation. Nature 401: 390-394.
107. Hadchouel, J., Tajbakhsh, S., Primig, M., Chang, T. H., Daubas, P., Rocancourt, D., and Buckingham, M. 2000. Modular long-range regulation of Myf5 reveals unexpected heterogeneity between skeletal muscles in the mouse embryo. Development 127: 4455-4467.
108. Hamilton, B. A., and Frankel, W. N. 2001. Of mice and genome sequence. Cell 107: 13-16.
109. Hammer, R. E. 1998. Egg culture: the foundation. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42: 833-839.
110. Hammer, R. E., Pursel, V. G., Rexroad, C. E., Jr., Wall, R. J., Bolt, D. J., Ebert, K. M., Palmiter, R. D., and Brinster, R. L. 1985. Production of transgenic rabbits, sheep and pigs by microinjection. Nature 315: 680-683.
111. Hanks, M., Wurst, W., Anson-Cartwright, L., Auerbach, A. B., and Joyner, A. L. 1995. Rescue of the En-1 mutant phenotype by replacement of En-1 with En-2. Science 269: 679-682.
112. Hanks, M. C., Loomis, C. A., Harris, E., Tong, C. X., Anson-Cartwright, L., Auerbach, A., and Joyner, A. 1998. Drosophila engrailed can substitute for mouse Engrailed1 function in mid-hindbrain, but not limb development. Development 125: 4521-4530.
113. Hardison, R. C. 2000. Conserved noncoding sequences are reliable guides to regulatory elements. Trends Genet. 16: 369-372.
114. Heintz, N. 2001. BAC to the future: the use of bac transgenic mice for neuroscience research. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2: 861-870.
115. Herskowitz, I. 1987. Functional inactivation of genes by dominant negative mutations. Nature 329: 219-222.
116. Hew, C., Fletcher, GLand Davies, PL 1995. Transgenic salmon: Tailoring the genome for food production. J. Fish. Biol. SupplA 47: 1-9.
117. Hogan, B. B., R., Constantini, F., and Lacey, E. (1994). Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY, CSHL Press.
118. Hoppe, U. C., Marban, E., and Johns, D. C. 2000. Adenovirus-mediated inducible gene expression in vivo by a hybrid ecdysone receptor. Mol. Ther 1: 159-164.
119. Horan, G. S., Ramirez-Solis, R., Featherstone, M. S., Wolgemuth, D. J., Bradley, A., and Behringer, R. R. 1995. Compound mutants for the paralogous Hoxa-4, Hoxb-4, and Hoxd-4 genes show more complete homeotic transformations and a dose-dependent increase in the number of vertebrae transformed. Genes Dev. 9: 1667-1677.
120. Hudson, T. J., Church, D. M., Greenaway, S., Nguyen, H., Cook, A., Steen, R. G., Van Etten, W. J., Castle, A. B., Strivens, M. A., Trickett, P., Heuston, C., Davison, C., Southwell, A., Hardisty, R., Varela-Carver, A., Haynes, A. R., Rodriguez-Tome, P., Doi, H., Ko, M. S., Pontius, J., Schriml, L., Wagner, L., Maglott, D., Brown, S. D., Lander, E. S., Schuler, G., and Denny, P. 2001. A radiation hybrid map of mouse genes. Nat. Genet. 29: 201-205.
121. Humpherys, D., Eggan, K., Akutsu, H., Hochedlinger, K., Rideout, W. M., 3rd, Biniszkiewicz, D., Yanagimachi, R., and Jaenisch, R. 2001. Epigenetic instability in ES cells and cloned mice. Science 293: 95-97.
122. Ikawa, M., Yamada, S., Nakanishi, T., and Okabe, M. 1998. 'Green mice' and their potential usage in biological research. FEBS Lett 430: 83-87.
123. Illmensee, K., and Hoppe, P. C. 1981. Nuclear transplantation in Mus musculus: developmental potential of nuclei from preimplantation embryos. Cell 23: 9-18.
124. Ioannou, P. A., Amemiya, C. T., Garnes, J., Kroisel, P. M., Shizuya, H., Chen, C., Batzer, M. A., and de Jong, P. J. 1994. A new bacteriophage P1-derived vector for the propagation of large human DNA fragments. Nat. Genet. 6: 84-89.
125. Jaenisch, R. 1976. Germ line integration and Mendelian transmission of the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 73: 1260-1264.
126. Jahner, D., Haase, K., Mulligan, R., and Jaenisch, R. 1985. Insertion of the bacterial gpt gene into the germ line of mice by retroviral infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82: 6927-6931.
127. Jakobovits, A., Moore, A. L., Green, L. L., Vergara, G. J., Maynard-Currie, C. E., Austin, H. A., and Klapholz, S. 1993. Germ-line transmission and expression of a human-derived yeast artificial chromosome. Nature 362: 255-258.
128. Jasin, M., Moynahan, M. E., and Richardson, C. 1996. Targeted transgenesis [comment]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 8804-8808.
129. Jessen, J. R., Meng, A., McFarlane, R. J., Paw, B. H., Zon, L. I., Smith, G. R., and Lin, S. 1998. Modification of bacterial artificial chromosomes through chi-stimulated homologous recombination and its application in zebrafish transgenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95: 5121-5126.
130. John, R. M., Aparicio, S. A., Ainscough, J. F., Arney, K. L., Khosla, S., Hawker, K., Hilton, K. J., Barton, S. C., and Surani, M. A. 2001. Imprinted expression of neuronatin from modified BAC transgenes reveals regulation by distinct and distant enhancers. Dev. Biol. 236: 387-399.
131. Justice, M. J. 2000. Capitalizing on large-scale mouse mutagenesis screens. Nat. Rev. Genet. 1: 109-115.
132. Kawai, J., Shinagawa, A., Shibata, K., Yoshino, M., Itoh, M., Ishii, Y., Arakawa, T., Hara, A., Fukunishi, Y., Konno, H., Adachi, J., Fukuda, S., Aizawa, K., Izawa, M., Nishi, K., Kiyosawa, H., Kondo, S., Yamanaka, I., Saito, T., Okazaki, Y., Gojobori, T., Bono, H., Kasukawa, T., Saito, R., Kadota, K., Matsuda, H. A., Ashburner, M., Batalov, S., Casavant, T., Fleischmann, W., Gaasterland, T., Gissi, C., King, B., Kochiwa, H., Kuehl, P., Lewis, S., Matsuo, Y., Nikaido, I., Pesole, G., Quackenbush, J., Schriml, L. M., Staubli, F., Suzuki, R., Tomita, M., Wagner, L., Washio, T., Sakai, K., Okido, T., Furuno, M., Aono, H., Baldarelli, R., Barsh, G., Blake, J., Boffelli, D., Bojunga, N., Carninci, P., de Bonaldo, M. F., Brownstein, M. J., Bult, C., Fletcher, C., Fujita, M., Gariboldi, M., Gustincich, S., Hill, D., Hofmann, M., Hume, D.A., Kamiya, M., Lee, N. H., Lyons, P., Marchionni, L., Mashima, J., Mazzarelli, J., Mombaerts, P., Nordone, P., Ring, B., Ringwald, M., Rodriguez, I., Sakamoto, N., Sasaki, H., Sato, K., Schonbach, C., Seya, T., Shibata, Y., Storch, K. F., Suzuki, H., Toyo-oka, K., Wang, K. H., Weitz, C., Whittaker, C., Wilming, L., Wynshaw-Boris, A., Yoshida, K., Hasegawa, Y., Kawaji, H., Kohtsuki, S., and Hayashizaki, Y. 2001. Functional annotation of a full-length mouse cDNA collection. Nature 409: 685-690.
133. Kim, C. B., Amemiya, C., Bailey, W., Kawasaki, K., Mezey, J., Miller, W., Minoshima, S., Shimizu, N., Wagner, G., and Ruddle, F. 2000. Hox cluster genomics in the horn shark, Heterodontus francisci. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97: 1655-1660.
134. Kitajima, K., and Takeuchi, T. 1998. Mouse gene trap approach: identification of novel genes and characterization of their biological functions. Biochem Cell Biol. 76: 1029-1037.
135. Klug, M. G., Soonpaa, M. H., Koh, G. Y., and Field, L. J. 1996. Genetically selected cardiomyocytes from differentiating embronic stem cells form stable intracardiac grafts. J. Clin Invest 98: 216-224.
136. Kmita, M., Kondo, T., and Duboule, D. 2000. Targeted inversion of a polar silencer within the HoxD complex re-allocates domains of enhancer sharing. Nat. Genet. 26: 451-454.
137. Koller, B. H., Hagemann, L. J., Doetschman, T., Hagaman, J. R., Huang, S., Williams, P. J., First, N. L., Maeda, N., and Smithies, O. 1989. Germ-line transmission of a planned alteration made in a hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86: 8927-8931.
138. Kondo, T., and Duboule, D. 1999. Breaking colinearity in the mouse HoxD complex. Cell 97: 407-417.
139. Korn, R., Schoor, M., Neuhaus, H., Henseling, U., Soininen, R., Zachgo, J., and Gossler, A. 1992. Enhancer trap integrations in mouse embryonic stem cells give rise to staining patterns in chimaeric embryos with a high frequency and detect endogenous genes. Mech Dev. 39: 95-109.
140. Kothary, R., Clapoff, S., Brown, A., Campbell, R., Peterson, A., and Rossant, J. 1988. A transgene containing lacZ inserted into the dystonia locus is expressed in neural tube. Nature 335: 435-437.
141. Kothary, R., Clapoff, S., Darling, S., Perry, M. D., Moran, L. A., and Rossant, J. 1989. Inducible expression of an hsp68-lacZ hybrid gene in transgenic mice. Development 105: 707-714.
142. Kowalczykowski, S. C., Dixon, D. A., Eggleston, A. K., Lauder, S. D., and Rehrauer, W. M. 1994. Biochemistry of homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 58: 401-465.
143. Krempen, K., Grotkopp, D., Hall, K., Bache, A., Gillan, A., Rippe, R.A., Brenner, D.A., Breindl, M. 1999. Far upstream regulatory elements enhance position-independent and uterus-specific expression of the murine alpha1(I) collagen promoter in transgenic mice. Gene Expr. 8: 151-63.
144. Kroll, K. L., and Amaya, E. 1996. Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. Development 122: 3173-3183.
145. Kucherlapati, R. S., Eves, E. M., Song, K. Y., Morse, B. S., and Smithies, O. 1984. Homologous recombination between plasmids in mammalian cells can be enhanced by treatment of input DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81: 3153-3157.
146. Kuehn, M. R., Bradley, A., Robertson, E. J., and Evans, M. J. 1987. A potential animal model for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome through introduction of HPRT mutations into mice. Nature 326: 295-298.
147. Kumar, A., and Snyder, M. 2001. Emerging technologies in yeast genomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2: 302-312.
148. L'Huillier, P. J., Soulier, S., Stinnakre, M. G., Lepourry, L., Davis, S. R., Mercier, J. C., and Vilotte, J. L. 1996. Efficient and specific ribozyme-mediated reduction of bovine alpha-lactalbumin expression in double transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 6698-6703.
149. Lai, L., Kolber-Simonds, D., Park, K. W., Cheong, H. T., Greenstein, J. L., Im, G. S., Samuel, M., Bonk, A., Rieke, A., Day, B. N., Murphy, C. N., Carter, D. B., Hawley, R. J., and Prather, R. S. 2002. Production of {alpha}-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning. Science 3: 3.
150. Lakso, M., Sauer, B., Mosinger, B., Jr., Lee, E. J., Manning, R. W., Yu, S. H., Mulder, K. L., and Westphal, H. 1992. Targeted oncogene activation by site-specific recombination in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89: 6232-6236.
151. Lamb, B. T., and Gearhart, J. D. 1995. YAC transgenics and the study of genetics and human disease. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5: 342-348.
152. Lavitrano, M., Camaioni, A., Fazio, V. M., Dolci, S., Farace, M. G., and Spadafora, C. 1989. Sperm cells as vectors for introducing foreign DNA into eggs: genetic transformation of mice [see comments]. Cell 57: 717-723.
153. Lee, E. C., Yu, D., Martinez de Velasco, J., Tessarollo, L., Swing, D. A., Court, D. L., Jenkins, N. A., and Copeland, N. G. 2001. A highly efficient Escherichia coli-based chromosome engineering system adapted for recombinogenic targeting and subcloning of BAC DNA. Genomics 73: 56-65.
154. Lee, J. T., and Jaenisch, R. 1997. Long-range cis effects of ectopic X-inactivation centres on a mouse autosome. Nature 386: 275-279.
155. Lewandoski, M. 2001. Conditional control of gene expression in the mouse. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2: 743-755.
156. Li, X., Wang, W., and Lufkin, T. 1997. Dicistronic LacZ and alkaline phosphatase reporter constructs permit simultaneous histological analysis of expression from multiple transgenes. Biotechniques 23: 874-878, 880, 882.
157. Lindsay, E. A., Botta, A., Jurecic, V., Carattini-Rivera, S., Cheah, Y. C., Rosenblatt, H. M., Bradley, A., and Baldini, A. 1999. Congenital heart disease in mice deficient for the DiGeorge syndrome region. Nature 401: 379-383.
158. Lindsay, E. A., Vitelli, F., Su, H., Morishima, M., Huynh, T., Pramparo, T., Jurecic, V., Ogunrinu, G., Sutherland, H. F., Scambler, P. J., Bradley, A., and Baldini, A. 2001. Tbx1 haploinsufficieny in the DiGeorge syndrome region causes aortic arch defects in mice. Nature 410: 97-101.
159. Liu, P., Zhang, H., McLellan, A., Vogel, H., and Bradley, A. 1998. Embryonic lethality and tumorigenesis caused by segmental aneuploidy on mouse chromosome 11. Genetics 150: 1155-1168.
160. Loi, P., Ptak, G., Barboni, B., Fulka, J., Jr., Cappai, P., and Clinton, M. 2001. Genetic rescue of an endangered mammal by cross-species nuclear transfer using postmortem somatic cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 19: 962-964.
161. Lovell-Badge, R. 2001. The future for stem cell research. Nature 414: 88-91.
162. Luciw, P. A., Bishop, J. M., Varmus, H. E., and Capecchi, M. R. 1983. Location and function of retroviral and SV40 sequences that enhance biochemical transformation after microinjection of DNA. Cell 33: 705-716.
163. Luyckx, V. A., Leclercq, B., Dowland, L. K., and Yu, A. S. 1999. Diet-dependent hypercalciuria in transgenic mice with reduced CLC5 chloride channel expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 12174-12179.
164. MacDonald, R. J., and Swift, G. H. 1998. Analysis of transcriptional regulatory regions in vivo. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42: 983-994.
165. Mansour, S. L., Thomas, K. R., and Capecchi, M. R. 1988. Disruption of the proto-oncogene int-2 in mouse embryo-derived stem cells: a general strategy for targeting mutations to non-selectable genes. Nature 336: 348-352.
166. Marshall, H., Studer, M., Popperl, H., Aparicio, S., Kuroiwa, A., Brenner, S., and Krumlauf, R. 1994. A conserved retinoic acid response element required for early expression of the homeobox gene Hoxb-1. Nature 370: 567-571.
167. McCreath, K. J., Howcroft, J., Campbell, K. H., Colman, A., Schnieke, A. E., and Kind, A. J. 2000. Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells. Nature 405: 1066-1069.
168. McDevitt, M. A., Shivdasani, R. A., Fujiwara, Y., Yang, H., and Orkin, S. H. 1997. A "knockdown" mutation created by cis-element gene targeting reveals the dependence of erythroid cell maturation on the level of transcription factor GATA-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94: 6781-6785.
169. McGrath, J., and Solter, D. 1984. Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternal and paternal genomes. Cell 37: 179-183.
170. McLaren, A. 2000. Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future. Science 288: 1775-1780.
171. Merscher, S., Funke, B., Epstein, J. A., Heyer, J., Puech, A., Lu, M. M., Xavier, R. J., Demay, M. B., Russell, R. G., Factor, S., Tokooya, K., Jore, B. S., Lopez, M., Pandita, R. K., Lia, M., Carrion, D., Xu, H., Schorle, H., Kobler, J. B., Scambler, P., Wynshaw-Boris, A., Skoultchi, A. I., Morrow, B. E., and Kucherlapati, R. 2001. TBX1 is responsible for cardiovascular defects in velo-cardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome. Cell 104: 619-629.
172. Mezey, E., Chandross, K. J., Harta, G., Maki, R. A., and McKercher, S. R. 2000. Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow. Science 290: 1779-1782.
173. Mills, A. A. 2001. Changing colors in mice: an inducible system that delivers. Genes Dev. 15: 1461-1467.
174. Mills, A. A., and Bradley, A. 2001. From mouse to man: generating megabase chromosome rearrangements. Trends Genet. 17: 331-339.
175. Mintz, B., and Illmensee, K. 1975. Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72: 3585-3589.
176. Mohn, A. R., Gainetdinov, R. R., Caron, M. G., and Koller, B. H. 1999. Mice with reduced NMDA receptor expression display behaviors related to schizophrenia. Cell 98: 427-436.
177. Morrison, A., Chaudhuri, C., Ariza-McNaughton, L., Muchamore, I., Kuroiwa, A., and Krumlauf, R. 1995. Comparative analysis of chicken Hoxb-4 regulation in transgenic mice. Mech. Dev. 53: 47-59.
178. Muir, W. M., and Howard, R. D. 1999. Possible ecological risks of transgenic organism release when transgenes affect mating success: sexual selection and the Trojan gene hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 13853-13856.
179. Muller, U. 1999. Ten years of gene targeting: targeted mouse mutants, from vector design to phenotype analysis. Mech. Dev. 82: 3-21.
180. Murray, J. D. 1999. Genetic modification of animals in the next century. Theriogenology 51: 149-159.
181. Muyrers, J., Zhang, YM, Stewart, AF 2001. Recombinogenic engineering - new options for cloning and manipulating DNA. Trends. Biochem. Sci. 26: 325-351.
182. Myers, R. S., and Stahl, F. W. 1994. Chi and the RecBC D enzyme of Escherichia coli. Annu Rev. Genet. 28: 49-70.
183. Nadeau, J. H., Singer, J. B., Matin, A., and Lander, E. S. 2000. Analysing complex genetic traits with chromosome substitution strains. Nat. Genet. 24: 221-225.
184. Nagy, A. 2000. Cre recombinase: the universal reagent for genome tailoring. Genesis 26: 99-109.
185. Nagy, A., and Mar, L. 2001. Creation and use of a Cre recombinase transgenic database. Methods Mol. Biol. 158: 95-106.
186. Niemann, H., and Kues, W. A. 2000. Transgenic livestock: premises and promises. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60-61: 277-293.
187. No, D., Yao, T. P., and Evans, R. M. 1996. Ecdysone-inducible gene expression in mammalian cells and transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 3346-3351.
188. Nolan, P. M., Peters, J., Strivens, M., Rogers, D., Hagan, J., Spurr, N., Gray, I. C., Vizor, L., Brooker, D., Whitehill, E., Washbourne, R., Hough, T., Greenaway, S., Hewitt, M., Liu, X., McCormack, S., Pickford, K., Selley, R., Wells, C., Tymowska-Lalanne, Z., Roby, P., Glenister, P., Thornton, C., Thaung, C., Stevenson, J. A., Arkell, R., Mburu, P., Hardisty, R., Kiernan, A., Erven, A., Steel, K. P., Voegeling, S., Guenet, J. L., Nickols, C., Sadri, R., Nasse, M., Isaacs, A., Davies, K., Browne, M., Fisher, E. M., Martin, J., Rastan, S., Brown, S. D., and Hunter, J. 2000. A systematic, genome-wide, phenotype-driven mutagenesis programme for gene function studies in the mouse. Nat. Genet. 25: 440-443.
189. O'Gorman, S., Fox, D. T., and Wahl, G. M. 1991. Recombinase-mediated gene activation and site-specific integration in mammalian cells. Science 251: 1351-1355.
190. Oliner, J. D., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. 1993. In vivo cloning of PCR products in E. coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 21: 5192-5197.
191. Onishi, A., Iwamoto, M., Akita, T., Mikawa, S., Takeda, K., Awata, T., Hanada, H., and Perry, A. C. 2000. Pig cloning by microinjection of fetal fibroblast nuclei. Science 289: 1188-1190.
192. Ornitz, D. M., Moreadith, R. W., and Leder, P. 1991. Binary system for regulating transgene expression in mice: targeting int-2 gene expression with yeast GAL4/UAS control elements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88: 698-702.
193. Palmiter, R. D. 1998. Transgenic mice - the early days. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42: 847-854.
194. Palmiter, R. D., Brinster, R. L., Hammer, R. E., Trumbauer, M. E., Rosenfeld, M. G., Birnberg, N. C., and Evans, R. M. 1982. Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjected with metallothionein-growth hormone fusion genes. Nature 300: 611-615.
195. Papaioannou, V. E., McBurney, M. W., Gardner, R. L., and Evans, M. J. 1975. Fate of teratocarcinoma cells injected into early mouse embryos. Nature 258: 70-73.
196. Perlmutter, R. M., and Alberola-Ila, J. 1996. The use of dominant-negative mutations to elucidate signal transduction pathways in lymphocytes. Curr. Opin. Immunol 8: 285-290.
197. Perry, A. C., Wakayama, T., Kishikawa, H., Kasai, T., Okabe, M., Toyoda, Y., and Yanagimachi, R. 1999. Mammalian transgenesis by intracytoplasmic sperm injection [see comments]. Science 284: 1180-1183.
198. Peterson, K. R., Clegg, C. H., Li, Q., and Stamatoyannopoulos, G. 1997. Production of transgenic mice with yeast artificial chromosomes. Trends Genet. 13: 61-66.
199. Polejaeva, I. A., Chen, S. H., Vaught, T. D., Page, R. L., Mullins, J., Ball, S., Dai, Y., Boone, J., Walker, S., Ayares, D. L., Colman, A., and Campbell, K. H. 2000. Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature 407: 86-90.
200. Prather, R. S., Barnes, F. L., Sims, M. M., Robl, J. M., Eyestone, W. H., and First, N. L. 1987. Nuclear transplantation in the bovine embryo: assessment of donor nuclei and recipient oocyte. Biol. Reprod 37: 859-866.
201. Pursel, V. G., Bolt, D. J., Miller, K. F., Pinkert, C. A., Hammer, R. E., Palmiter, R. D., and Brinster, R. L. 1990. Expression and performance in transgenic pigs. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 40: 235-245.
202. Pursel, V. G., Pinkert, C. A., Miller, K. F., Bolt, D. J., Campbell, R. G., Palmiter, R. D., Brinster, R. L., and Hammer, R. E. 1989. Genetic engineering of livestock. Science 244: 1281-1288.
203. Ramirez-Solis, R., Liu, P., and Bradley, A. 1995. Chromosome engineering in mice. Nature 378: 720-724.
204. Rampon, C., Tang, Y. P., Goodhouse, J., Shimizu, E., Kyin, M., and Tsien, J. Z. 2000. Enrichment induces structural changes and recovery from nonspatial memory deficits in CA1 NMDAR1-knockout mice. Nat. Neurosci. 3: 238-244.
205. Reik, W., Constancia, M., Dean, W., Davies, K., Bowden, L., Murrell, A., Feil, R., Walter, J., and Kelsey, G. 2000. Igf2 imprinting in development and disease. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44: 145-150.
206. Reik, W., Dean, W., and Walter, J. 2001. Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development. Science 293: 1089-1093.
207. Reizis, B., and Leder, P. 2001. The upstream enhancer is necessary and sufficient for the expression of the pre-T cell receptor alpha gene in immature T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 194: 979-990.
208. Reya, T., Morrison, S. J., Clarke, M. F., and Weissman, I. L. 2001. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414: 105-111.
209. Rideout, W. M., 3rd, Wakayama, T., Wutz, A., Eggan, K., Jackson-Grusby, L., Dausman, J., Yanagimachi, R., and Jaenisch, R. 2000. Generation of mice from wild-type and targeted ES cells by nuclear cloning. Nat. Genet. 24: 109-110.
210. Ruddle, F. H. 1981. A new era in mammalian gene mapping: somatic cell genetics and recombinant DNA methodologies. Nature 294: 115-120.
211. Rudolph, N. S. 1999. Biopharmaceutical production in transgenic livestock. Trends Biotechnol. 17: 367-374.
212. Saez, E., Nelson, M. C., Eshelman, B., Banayo, E., Koder, A., Cho, G. J., and Evans, R. M. 2000. Identification of ligands and coligands for the ecdysone-regulated gene switch. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97: 14512-14517.
213. Sauer, B. 1998. Inducible gene targeting in mice using the Cre/lox system. Methods 14: 381-392.
214. Sauer, B., and Henderson, N. 1988. Site-specific DNA recombination in mammalian cells by the Cre recombinase of bacteriophage P1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85: 5166-5170.
215. Scangos, G., and Ruddle, F. H. 1981. Mechanisms and applications of DNA-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells - a review. Gene 14: 1-10.
216. Schaft, J., Ashery-Padan, R., van der Hoeven, F., Gruss, P., and Stewart, A. F. 2001. Efficient FLP recombination in mouse ES cells and oocytes. Genesis 31: 6-10.
217. Schedl, A., Montoliu, L., Kelsey, G., and Schutz, G. 1993. A yeast artificial chromosome covering the tyrosinase gene confers copy number-dependent expression in transgenic mice. Nature 362: 258-261.
218. Schnieke, A. E., Kind, A. J., Ritchie, W. A., Mycock, K., Scott, A. R., Ritchie, M., Wilmut, I., Colman, A., and Campbell, K. H. 1997. Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts. Science 278: 2130-2133.
219. Schwartzberg, P. L., Goff, S. P., and Robertson, E. J. 1989. Germ-line transmission of a c-abl mutation produced by targeted gene disruption in ES cells. Science 246: 799-803.
220. Schweifer, N., Valk, P. J., Delwel, R., Cox, R., Francis, F., Meier-Ewert, S., Lehrach, H., and Barlow, D. P. 1997. Characterization of the C3 YAC contig from proximal mouse chromosome 17 and analysis of allelic expression of genes flanking the imprinted Igf2r gene. Genomics 43: 285-297.
221. Sham, M. H., Vesque, C., Nonchev, S., Marshall, H., Frain, M., Gupta, R. D., Whiting, J., Wilkinson, D., Charnay, P., and Krumlauf, R. 1993. The zinc finger gene Krox20 regulates HoxB2 (Hox2.8) during hindbrain segmentation. Cell 72: 183-196.
222. Shashikant, C., Ruddle, FH (2001). Transgenic mouse models. Lung Biology in Health and Disease. C. Lenfant. New York, Marcel Dekker. 152: 35-58.
223. Shashikant, C. S., Carr, J. L., Bhargava, J., Bentley, K. L., and Ruddle, F. H. 1998a. Recombinogenic targeting: a new approach to genomic analysis - a review. Gene 223: 9-20.
224. Shashikant, C. S., Kim, C. B., Borbely, M. A., Wang, W. C., and Ruddle, F. H. 1998b. Comparative studies on mammalian Hoxc8 early enhancer sequence reveal a baleen whale-specific deletion of a cis-acting element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95: 15446-15451.
225. Shashikant, C. S., and Ruddle, F. H. 1996. Combinations of closely situated cis-acting elements determine tissue-specific patterns and anterior extent of early Hoxc8 expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 12364-12369.
226. Shewchuk, B.M., Asa, S.L., Cooke, N.E., and Liebhaber, S.A. 1999. Pit-1 binding sites at the somatotrope-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites I, II of the human growth hormone locus control region are essential for in vivo hGH-N gene activation. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 35725-35733.
227. Shizuya, H., Birren, B., Kim, U. J., Mancino, V., Slepak, T., Tachiiri, Y., and Simon, M. 1992. Cloning and stable maintenance of 300-kilobase-pair fragments of human DNA in Escherichia coli using an F-factor-based vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89: 8794-8797.
228. Skarnes, W. C., Moss, J. E., Hurtley, S. M., and Beddington, R. S. 1995. Capturing genes encoding membrane and secreted proteins important for mouse development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 6592-6596.
229. Smith, A. G., Heath, J. K., Donaldson, D. D., Wong, G. G., Moreau, J., Stahl, M., and Rogers, D. 1988. Inhibition of pluripotential embryonic stem cell differentiation by purified polypeptides. Nature 336: 688-690.
230. Smith, A. G., and Hooper, M. L. 1987. Buffalo rat liver cells produce a diffusible activity which inhibits the differentiation of murine embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Dev. Biol. 121: 1-9.
231. Smith, D. J., Stevens, M. E., Sudanagunta, S. P., Bronson, R. T., Makhinson, M., Watabe, A. M., O'Dell, T. J., Fung, J., Weier, H. U., Cheng, J. F., and Rubin, E. M. 1997. Functional screening of 2 Mb of human chromosome 21q22.2 in transgenic mice implicates minibrain in learning defects associated with Down syndrome [see comments]. Nat. Genet. 16: 28-36.
232. Smithies, O. 2001. Forty years with homologous recombination. Nat. Med. 7: 1083-1086.
233. Smithies, O., Gregg, R. G., Boggs, S. S., Koralewski, M. A., and Kucherlapati, R. S. 1985. Insertion of DNA sequences into the human chromosomal beta-globin locus by homologous recombination. Nature 317: 230-234.
234. Snouwaert, J. N., Brigman, K. K., Latour, A. M., Malouf, N. N., Boucher, R. C., Smithies, O., and Koller, B. H. 1992. An animal model for cystic fibrosis made by gene targeting. Science 257: 1083-1088.
235. Solaiman, F., Zink, M. A., Xu, G., Grunkemeyer, J., Cosgrove, D., Saenz, J., and Hodgson, C. P. 2000. Modular retro-vectors for transgenic and therapeutic use. Mol. Reprod Dev. 56: 309-315.
236. Solter, D. 1998. Imprinting. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42: 951-954.
237. Solter, D. 2000. Mammalian cloning: advances and limitations. Nat. Rev. Genet. 1: 199-207.
238. Spergel, D. J., Kruth, U., Shimshek, D. R., Sprengel, R., and Seeburg, P. H. 2001. Using reporter genes to label selected neuronal populations in transgenic mice for gene promoter, anatomical, and physiological studies. Prog. Neuro. Biol. 63: 673-686.
239. Spitz, F., Gonzalez, F., Peichel, C., Vogt, T. F., Duboule, D., and Zakany, J. 2001. Large scale transgenic and cluster deletion analysis of the HoxD complex separate an ancestral regulatory module from evolutionary innovations. Genes Dev. 15: 2209-2214.
240. Spradling, A., Drummond-Barbosa, D., and Kai, T. 2001. Stem cells find their niche. Nature 414: 98-104.
241. Stanford, W. L., Cohn, J. B., and Cordes, S. P. 2001. Gene-trap mutagenesis: past, present and beyond. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2: 756-768.
242. Sternberg, N. L. 1992. Cloning high molecular weight DNA fragments by the bacteriophage P1 system. Trends Genet. 8: 11-16.
243. Stevens, L. C. 1967. The biology of teratomas. Adv. Morphog. 6: 1-31.
244. Su, H. Y., Jay, N. P., Gourley, T. S., Kay, G. W., and Damak, S. 1998. Wool production in transgenic sheep: results from first-generation adults and second-generation lambs. Anim. Biotechnol. 9: 135-147.
245. Sumiyama, K., Kim, C. B., and Ruddle, F. H. 2001. An efficient cis-element discovery method using multiple sequence comparisons based on evolutionary relationships. Genomics 71: 260-262.
246. Sun, F. L., and Elgin, S. C. 1999. Putting boundaries on silence. Cell 99: 459-462.
247. Surani, M. A. 2001. Reprogramming of genome function through epigenetic inheritance. Nature 414: 122-128.
248. Symula, D. J., Frazer, K. A., Ueda, Y., Denefle, P., Stevens, M. E., Wang, Z. E., Locksley, R., and Rubin, E. M. 1999. Functional screening of an asthma QTL in YAC transgenic mice. Nat. Genet. 23: 241-244.
249. Szostak, J. W., Orr-Weaver, T. L., Rothstein, R. J., and Stahl, F. W. 1983. The double-strand-break repair model for recombination. Cell 33: 25-35.
250. Szybalska, E. A., Szybalska, W. 1962. Genetics of human cell lines IV. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 48: 2026-2034.
251. Talbot, D., Descombes, P., and Schibler, U. 1994. The 5′ flanking region of the rat LAP (C/EBP beta) gene can direct high-level, position-independent, copy number-dependent expression in multiple tissues in transgenic mice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 756-766.
252. Tanimoto, K., Liu, Q., Bungert, J., and Engel, J. D. 1999. Effects of altered gene order or orientation of the locus control region on human beta-globin gene expression in mice. Nature 398: 344-348.
253. Temple, S. 2001. The development of neural stem cells. Nature 414: 112-117.
254. Thomas, M.K., Devon, O.N., Lee, J.H., Peter, A., Schlosser, D.A., Tenser, M.S., and Habener, J.F. 2001. Development of diabetes mellitus in aging transgenic mice following suppression of pancreatic homeoprotein IDX-1. J. Clin. Invest. 108: 319-29.
255. Thomson, J. A., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Shapiro, S. S., Waknitz, M. A., Swiergiel, J. J., Marshall, V. S., and Jones, J. M. 1998. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282: 1145-1147.
256. Thomson, J. A., and Odorico, J. S. 2000. Human embryonic stem cell and embryonic germ cell lines. Trends Biotechnol. 18: 53-57.
257. Toma, J. G., Alkhavan, M., Fernandes, K. J., Barnabe-Heider, F., Sadikot, A., Kaplan, D. R., and Miller, F. D. 2001. Isolation of multipotent adult stem cells from the dermis of mammalian skin. Nat. Cell Biol. 3: 778-784.
258. Tsai, T. F., Jiang, Y. H., Bressler, J., Armstrong, D., and Beaudet, A. L. 1999. Paternal deletion from Snrpn to Ube3a in the mouse causes hypotonia, growth retardation and partial lethality and provides evidence for a gene contributing to Prader-Willi syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8: 1357-1364.
259. Tybulewicz, V. L., Tremblay, M. L., LaMarca, M. E., Willemsen, R., Stubblefield, B. K., Winfield, S., Zablocka, B., Sidransky, E., Martin, B. M., Huang, S. P., and et al., 1992. Animal model of Gaucher's disease from targeted disruption of the mouse glucocerebrosidase gene. Nature 357: 407-410.
260. van der Putten, H., Botteri, F. M., Miller, A. D., Rosenfeld, M. G., Fan, H., Evans, R. M., and Verma, I. M. 1985. Efficient insertion of genes into the mouse germ line via retroviral vectors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82: 6148-6152.
261. Vogel, G. 2001. Endangered species. Cloned gaur a short-lived success. Science 291: 409.
262. von Melchner, H., DeGregori, J. V., Rayburn, H., Reddy, S., Friedel, C., and Ruley, H. E. 1992. Selective disruption of genes expressed in totipotent embryonal stem cells. Genes Dev. 6: 919-927.
263. von Melchner, H., and Ruley, H. E. 1989. Identification of cellular promoters by using a retrovirus promoter trap. J. Virol. 63: 3227-3233.
264. Wakayama, T., Tateno, H., Mombaerts, P., and Yanagimachi, R. 2000. Nuclear transfer into mouse zygotes. Nat. Genet. 24: 108-109.
265. Wang, X. J., Liefer, K. M., Tsai, S., O'Malley, B. W., and Roop, D. R. 1999. Development of gene-switch transgenic mice that inducibly express transforming growth factor beta1 in the epidermis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 8483-8488.
266. Wang, Y., DeMayo, F. J., Tsai, S. Y., and O'Malley, B. W. 1997, Ligand-inducible and liver-specific target gene expression in transgenic mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 15: 239-243.
267. Wang, Y., and Jaenisch, R. 1997. Myogenin can substitute for Myf5 in promoting myogenesis but less efficiently. Development 124: 2507-2513.
268. Wang, Y., O'Malley, B. W., Jr., Tsai, S. Y., and O'Malley, B. W. 1994. A regulatory system for use in gene transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91: 8180-8184.
269. Wang, Y., Schnegelsberg, P. N., Dausman, J., and Jaenisch, R. 1996. Functional redundancy of the muscle-specific transcription factors Myf5 and myogenin. Nature 379: 823-825.
270. Ward, K. A., and Brown, B. W. 1998. The production of transgenic domestic livestock: successes, failures, and the need for nuclear transfer. Reprod Fertil Dev. 10: 659-665.
271. Welch, P. J., Barber, J. R., and Wong-Staal, F. 1998. Expression of ribozymes in gene transfer systems to modulate target RNA levels. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9: 486-496.
272. Willadsen, S. M. 1986. Nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos. Nature 320: 63-65.
273. Williams, R. L., Hilton, D. J., Pease, S., Willson, T. A., Stewart, C. L., Gearing, D. P., Wagner, E. F., Metcalf, D., Nicola, N. A., and Gough, N. M. 1988. Myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells. Nature 336: 684-687.
274. Willoughby, D. A., Vilalta, A., and Oshima, R. G. 2000. An Alu element from the K18 gene confers position-independent expression in transgenic mice. J. Biol. Chem 275: 759-768.
275. Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A. E., McWhir, J., Kind, A. J., and Campbell, K. H. 1997. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385: 810-813.
276. Wilmut, I., Young, L., and Campbell, K. H. 1998. Embryonic and somatic cell cloning. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 10: 639-643.
277. Yang, X. W., Model, P., and Heintz, N. 1997. Homologous recombination based modification in Escherichia coli and germline transmission in transgenic mice of a bacterial artificial chromosome [see comments]. Nat. Biotechnol. 15: 859-865.
278. Yang, X. W., Wynder, C., Doughty, M. L., and Heintz, N. 1999. BAC-mediated gene-dosage analysis reveals a role for Zipro1 (Ru49/Zfp38) in progenitor cell proliferation in cerebellum and skin [see comments]. Nat. Genet. 22: 327-335.
279. Yao, T. P., Forman, B. M., Jiang, Z., Cherbas, L., Chen, J. D., McKeown, M., Cherbas, P., and Evans, R. M. 1993. Functional ecdysone receptor is the product of EcR and Ultraspiracle genes. Nature 366: 476-479.
280. Yu, Y., and Bradley, A. 2001. Engineering chromosomal rearrangements in mice. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2: 780-790.
281. Yueh, Y. G., Gardner, D. P., and Kappen, C. 1998. Evidence for regulation of cartilage differentiation by the homeobox gene Hoxc-8. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95: 9956-9961.
282. Yuen, P. S. 1999. Dominant negative mutants of guanylyl cyclase: probes for global functions and intramolecular mechanisms. Methods 19: 532-544.
283. Zambrowicz, B. P., and Friedrich, G. A. 1998. Comprehensive mammalian genetics: history and future prospects of gene trapping in the mouse. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42: 1025-1036.
284. Zambrowicz, B. P., Friedrich, G. A., Buxton, E. C., Lilleberg, S. L., Person, C., and Sands, A. T. 1998. Disruption and sequence identification of 2,000 genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature 392: 608-611.
285. Zhang, Y., Buchholz, F., Muyrers, J. P., and Stewart, A. F. 1998. A new logic for DNA engineering using recombination in Escherichia coli. Nat. Genet. 20: 123-128.
286. Zhang, Y., Riesterer, C., Ayrall, A. M., Sablitzky, F., Littlewood, T. D., and Reth, M. 1996. Inducible site-directed recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 543-548.
287. Zheng, B., Mills, A. A., and Bradley, A. 1999a. A system for rapid generation of coat color-tagged knockouts and defined chromosomal rearrangements in mice. Nucleic Acids Res. 27: 2354-2360.
288. Zheng, B., Sage, M., Cai, W. W., Thompson, D. M., Tavsanli, B. C., Cheah, Y. C., and Bradley, A. 1999b. Engineering a mouse balancer chromosome. Nat. Genet. 22: 375-378.
289. Zijlstra, M., Li, E., Sajjadi, F., Subramani, S., and Jaenisch, R. 1989. Germ-line transmission of a disrupted beta 2-microglobulin gene produced by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Nature 342: 435-438.
290. Zweigerdt, R., Braun, T., and Arnold, H. H. 1997. Faithful expression of the Myf-5 gene during mouse myogenesis requires distant control regions: a transgene approach using yeast artificial chromosomes. Dev. Biol. 192: 172-180.