Pentacene thin film growth

Chemistry of Materials

Volumn 16, Issue 23, 2004, Pages 4497-4508

  Ruiz, Ricardo ^a   Choudhary, Devashish ^b   Nickel, Bert ^c   Toccoli, Tullio ^d   Chang, Kee Chul ^a   Mayer, Alex C ^a   Clancy, Paulette ^b   Blakely, Jack M ^a   Headrick, Randall L ^e   Iannotta, Salvatore ^d   Malliaras, George G ^a  

^a Cornell University   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^d CSMFO Lab   (Italy)

^e University of Vermont   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FILM GROWTH; KINETIC ENERGY; MOLECULAR BEAMS; NUCLEATION; SEMICONDUCTING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

INORGANIC FILMS; THIN FILM GROWTH; WELL-ORDERED FILMS;

THIN FILMS;

BENZENE DERIVATIVE; PENTACENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CHEMICAL BOND; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; FILM; GROWTH; KINETICS; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MOLECULAR MODEL; MOLECULAR PROBE; REVIEW; SEMICONDUCTOR; TEMPERATURE;

EID: 8544260372     PISSN: 08974756     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cm049563q     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Dimitrakopoulos, C. D.; Malenfant, P. R. L. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14 (2), 99.
2. Knipp, D.; Street, R. A.; Krusor, B.; Apte, R.; Ho, J. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2002, 299-302 (2), 1042.
3. Klauk, H.; Halik, M.; Zschieschang, U.; Eder, F.; Schmid, G.; Dehm, C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82 (23), 4175.
4. Zschieschang, U.; Klauk, H.; Halik, M.; Schmid, G.; Dehm, C. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15 (14), 1147.
5. Sheraw, C. D.; Zhou, L.; Huang, J.-R.; Gundlach, D. J.; Jackson, T. N.; Kane, M. G.; Hill, I. G.; Hammond, M. S.; Campi, J.; Greening, B. K. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80 (6), 1088.
6. Lin, Y.-Y.; Gundlach, D. J.; Nelson, S. F.; Jackson, T. N.IEEE Electron Device Lett. 1997, 18 (12), 606.
7. Kelley, T. W.; Boardman, L. D.; Dunbar, T. D.; Muyres, D. V.; Pellerite, M. J.; Smith, T. Y. P. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107 (24), 5877.
8. Minakata, T.; Nagoya, I.; Ozaki, M. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 69 (10), 7354.
9. Laquindanum, J. G.; Katz, H. E.; Lovinger, A. J.; Dodabalapur, A. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8 (11), 2542.
10. Horowitz, G. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10 (5), 365.
11. Silinsh, E. A. Organic Molecular Crystals. Their Electronic States. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1980.
12. Campbell, R. B.; Robertson, J. M.; Trotter, J. Acta Crystallogr. 1962, 15 (3), 289.
13. Holmes, D.; Kumaraswamy, S.; Matzger, A. J.; Vollhardt, K. P. C. Chem. - Eur. J. 1999, 5 (11), 3399.
14. Mattheus, C. C.; Dros, A. B.; Baas, J.; Meetsma, A.; de Boer, J. L.; Palstra, T. T. M.Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun. 2001, 57, 939.
15. Della Valle, R. G.; Venuti, E.; Brillante, A.; Girlando, A. J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 118 (2), 807.
16. Dimitrakopoulos, C. D.; Brown, A. R.; Pomp, A. J. Appl. Phys. 1996, 80 (4), 2501.
17. Bouchoms, I. P. M.; Schoonveld, W. A.; Vrijmoeth, J.; Hapwijk, T. M. Synth. Met. 1999, 104 (3), 175.
18. Hooks, D. E.; Fritz, T.; Ward, M. D. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13 (4), 227.
19. Schreiber, F. Phys. Status Solidi A 2004, 201 (6), 1037.
20. Witte, G.; Woll, C. J. Mater. Res. 2004, 19 (7), 1889.
21. Afzali, A.; Dimitrakopoulos, C. D.; Breen, T. L J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124 (30), 8812.
22. Brown, A. R.; Jarrett, C. P.; deLeeuw, D. M.; Matters, M. Synth. Met. 1997, 88 (1), 37.
23. Karl, N. Growth of single crystals. In Organic Electronic Materials: Conjugated Polymers and Low Molecular Weight Organic Solids; Farchioni, R., Grosso, G.; Springer: Berlin, 2001; pp 222-225.
24. Venables, J. A.; Spiller, G. D. T.; Hanbucken, M. Rep.n Prog. Phys. 1984, 47 (4), 399.
25. Karl, N. Synth. Met. 2003, 133-134, 649.
26. Last, J. A.; Hillier, A. C.; Hooks, D. E.; Maxson, J. B.; Ward, M. D. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10 (1), 422.
27. Minakata, T.; Imani, H.; Ozaki, M.; Saco, K. J. Appl. Phys. 1992, 72 (11), 5220.
28. Meyer Zu Heringdorf, F.-J.; Reuter, M. C.; Tromp, R. M. Nature 2001, 412, 517.
29. Kang, J. H.; Zhu, X. Y. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82 (19), 3248.
30. Ruiz, R.; Nickel, B.; Koch, N.; Feldman, L. C.; Haglund, R. F.; Kahn, A.; Scoles, G., Pentacene ultrathin film formation on reduced and oxidized Si surfaces. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2003, 67 (12), 125406.
31. Verlaak, S.; Steudel, S.; Heremans, P.; Janssen, D.; Deleuze, M. S. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2003, 68 (19), 195409.
32. Forrest, S. R. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97 (6), 1793.
33. Koma, A. Surf. Sci. 1992, 267 (1-3), 29.
34. Forrest, S. R.; Burrows, P. E.; Haskal, E. I.; So, F. F. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1994, 49 (16), 11309.
35. Ruiz, R.; Nickel, B.; Koch, N.; Feldman, L. C.; Haglund, R. F., Jr.; Kahn, A.; Family, F.; Scoles, G.. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 91 (13), 136102/1.
36. Meyer Zu Heringdorf, F.-J.; Reuter, M. C.; Tromp, R. M. Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 2004, 78 (6), 787.
37. Pratontep, S.; Brinkmann, M.; Nuesch, F.; Zuppiroli, L. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2004, 69 (16), 165201.
38. Mayer, A. C.; Ruiz, R.; Headrick, R. L.; Kazimirov, A.; Malliaras, G. G. Org. Electron. 2004, 5 (5), 257.
39. Lukas, S.; Sohnchen, S.; Witte, G.; Woll, C. ChemPhysChem 2004, 5 (2), 266.
40. Guaino, P.; Cafolla, A. A.; Carty, D.; Sheerin, G.; Hughes, G. Surf. Sci. 2003, 540 (1), 107.
41. Image by Chang, K.-C.; Ruiz, R.; Blakely, J.; Malliaras, G. G.; Unpublished.
42. Zinsmeis, G. Vacuum 1966, 16 (10), 529.
43. Zinke-Allmang, M.; Feldman, L. C. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1991, 52 (4), 357
44. Amar, J. G.; Family, F.; Lam, P.-M. Phys. Rev. B 1994, 50 (12), 8781.
45. Zinke-Allmang, M.; Feldman, L. C.; Grabow, M. H. Surf. Sci. Rep. 1992, 16 (8), 377.
46. Blackman, J. A.; Wilding, A. Europhys. Lett. 1991, 16(1), 115.
47. Barabási, A.-L.; Stanley, H. E. Submonolayer deposition. In Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1995; pp 175-191.
48. Amar, J. G.; Family, F. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 74 (11), 2066.
49. Venables, J., Introduction to Surface and Thin Film Processes; Cambridge University Press: Cambrige, UK, 2000.
50. Shtein, M.; Mapel, J.; Benziger, J. B.; Forrest, S. R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81 (2), 268.
51. Yamaguchi, T. x J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1999, 68 (4), 1321.
52. Kasaya, M.; Tabata, H.; Kawai, T.x Surf. Sci. 1998, 400 (1-3), 367.
53. Chen, Q.; McDowall, A. J.; Richardson, N. V. Langmuir 2003, 19 (24), 10164.
54. Knipp, D.; Street, R. A.; Volkel, A.; Ho, J. J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 93 (1), 347.
55. Nichols, J. A.; Gundlach, D. J.; Jackson, T. N. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83 (12), 2366.
56. Puntambekar, K. P.; Pesavento, P. V.; Frisbie, C. D. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83 (26), 5539.
57. Swiggers, M. L.; Xia, G.; Slinker, J. D.; Gorodetsky, A. A.; Malliaras, G. G. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79 (9), 1300.
58. Casalis, L.; Danisman, M. F.; Nickel, B.; Bracco, G.; Toccoli, T.; Iannotta, S.; Scoles, G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 90 (20), 206101/1.
59. Nickel, B.; Barabash, R.; Ruiz, R.; Koch, N.; Kahn, A.; Feldman, L. C.; Haglund, R. F., Jr.; Scoles, G. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2004, 70 (12), 125401.
60. Schroeder, P. G.; France, C. B.; Park, J. B.; Parkinson, B. A. J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 91 (5), 3010.
61. Koch, N.; Elschner, A.; Schwartz, J.; Kahn, A. - Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82 (14), 2281.
62. Schroeder, P. G.; France, C. B.; Park, J. B.; Parkinson, B. A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107 (10), 2253.
63. Harada, Y.; Ozaki, H.; Ohno, K. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1984, 52 (25), 2269.
64. Jentzsch, T.; Juepner, H. J.; Brzezinka, K.-W.; Lau, A. Thin Solid Films 1998, 315 (1-2), 273.
65. He, R.; Dujovne, I.; Chen, L.; Miao, Q.; Hirjibehedin, C. F.; Pinczuk, A.; Nuckolls, C.; Kloc, C.; Ron, A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84 (6), 987.
66. Northrup, J. E.; Tiago, M. L.; Louie, S. G. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2002, 66 (12), 121404.
67. France, C. B.; Schroeder, P. G.; Forsythe, J. C.; Parkinson, B. A. Langmuir 2003, 19 (4), 1274.
68. Guaino, P.; Carty, D.; Hughes, G.; Moriarty, P.; Cafolla, A. A. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2003, 212-213, 537.
69. Schuerlein, T. J.; Schmidt, A.; Lee, P. A.; Nebesny, K. W.; Armstrong, N. R. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 1995, 34 (7B), 3837.
70. Wang, Y. L.; Ji, W.; Shi, D. X.; Du, S. X.; Seidel, C.; Ma, Y. G.; Gao, H.-J.; Chi, L. F.; Fuchs, H. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2004, 69 (7), 075408.
71. Images by Ruiz, R., Unpublished.
72. Image courtesy of Koch, N., Unpublished.
73. Lukas, S.; Witte, G.; Woll, C.. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88 (2), 028301.
74. Gundlach, D. J.; Lin, Y. Y.; Jackson, T. N.; Nelson, S. F.; Schlom, D. G. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 1997, 18 (3), 87.
75. Horowitz, G.; Fichou, D.; Peng, X.; Garnier, F. Synth. Met. 1991, 41 (3), 1127.
76. Knipp, D.; Street, R. A.; Volkel, A. R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82 (22), 3907.
77. Lee, J.; Kim, K.; Kim, J. H.; Im, S.; Jung, D.-Y. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82 (23), 4169.
78. Luo, Y.; Wang, G.; Theobald, J. A.; Beton, P. H. Surf. Sci. 2003, 537 (1-3), 241.
79. Puigdollers, J.; Voz, C.; Orpella, A.; Quidant, R.; Martin, I.; Vetter, M.; Alcubilla, R. Org. Electron. 2004, 5 (1-3), 67.
80. Dimitrakopoulos, C. D.; Purushothaman, S.; Kymissis, J.; Callegari, A.; Shaw, J. M. Science 1999, 283 (5403), 822.
81. Dimitrakopoulos, C. D.; Kymissis, I.; Purushothaman, S.; Neumayer, D. A.; Duncombe, P. R.; Laibowitz, R. B. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11 (16), 1372.
82. Ruiz, R.; Feldman, L. C.; Haglund, R. F., Jr.; McKee, R. A.; Koch, N.; Nickel, B. A.; Pflaum, J.; Scoles, G.; Kahn, A. Growth and Morphology of Pentacene Films on Oxide Surfaces. In Organic Optoelectronic Materials, Processing and Devices: Symposium, 2002; Materials Research Society: Warrendale, PA, 2003; BB10.54.11-BB10.54.17.
83. Fritz, S. E.; Martin, S. M.; Frisbie, C. D.; Ward, M. D.; Toney, M. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126 (13), 4084.
84. Ruiz, R.; Mayer, A. C.; Malliaras, G. G.; Nickel, B.; Scoles, G.; Kazimirov, A.; Kim, H.; Headrick, R. L.; Islam, Z. Appl. Phys. Lett., accepted for publication.
85. Wu, J. S.; Spence, J. C. H. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2004, 37, 78.
86. Drummy, L. F.; Miska, P. K.; Martin, D. C. Crystal structure of and defects in the pentacene thin film phase. In Polymer/Metal Interfaces and Defect Mediated Phenomena in Ordered Polymers: Symposia; Mater. Res. Soc. Symposium Proceedings Vol. 734); Manias, E., Malliaras, G. G., Eds.; Materials Research Society: Warrendale, PA, 2003; pp 397-401.
87. Lin, Y.-Y.; Gundlach, D. I.; Nelson, S. F.; Jackson, T. N. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 1997, 44 (8), 1325.
88. Gundlach, D. J.; Jia, L. L.; Jackson, T. N. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2001, 22 (12), 571.
89. Kobayashi, S.; Nishikawa, T.; Takenobu, T.; Mori, S.; Shimoda, T.; Mitani, T.; Shimotani, H.; Yoshimoto, N.; Ogawa, S.; Iwasa, Y., Nat. Mater. 2004, 3 (5), 317.
90. Shankar, K.; Jackson, T. N. J. Mater. Res. 2004, 19 (7), 2003.
91. Weidkamp, K. P.; Hacker, C. A.; Schwartz, M. P.; Cao, X. P.; Tromp, R. M.; Hamers, R. J. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107 (40), 11142.
92. France, C. B.; Schroeder, P. G.; Parkinson, B. A. Nano Lett. 2002, 2 (7), 693.
93. Watkins, N. J.; Yan, L.; Gao, Y. L. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80 (23), 4384.
94. Zhang, Y. J.; Petta, J. R.; Ambily, S.; Shen, Y. L.; Ralph, D. C.; Malliaras, G. G. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15 (19), 1632.
95. Zorba, S.; Le, Q. T.; Watkins, N. J.; Yan, L.; Gao, Y. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2001, 1 (3), 317.
96. Koch, N.; Ghijsen, J.; Johnson, R. L.; Schwartz, J.; Pireaux, J.-J.; Kahn, A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 4192.
97. Koch, N.; Ghijsen, J.; Ruiz, R.; Pflaum, J.; Johnson, R. L.; Pireaux, J.-J.; Schwartz, J.; Kahn, A. Interaction and energy level alignment at interfaces between pentacene and low work function metals. In Organic Optoelectronic Materials, Processing and Devices: Symposium, 25-30 Nov. 2001, Boston, MA; Materials Research Society: Warrendale, PA, 2002; pp 9-14.
98. Ozaki, H. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 113 (15), 6361.
99. Choudhary, D.; Clancy, P.; Bowler, D. Submitted for publication.
100. Hughes, G.; Roche, J.; Carty, D.; Cafolla, T.; Smith, K. E. J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. B 2002, 20 (4), 1620.
101. Choudhary, D.; Clancy, P.; Shetty, R.; Escobedo, F. Submitted for publication.
102. Dimitrakopoulos, C. D.; Mascaro, D. J. IBM J. Res. Dev. 2001, 45 (1), 11.
103. Lewis, B. Nucleation and Growth Theory. In Crystal Growth, 2nd ed.; Pamplin, B. R.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1980; pp 23-63.
104. Dodabalapur, A.; Torsi, L.; Katz, H. E. Science, New Series 1995, 268 (5208), 270.
105. Iannotta, S.; Toccoli, T. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2003, 41 (21), 2501.
106. Iannotta, S.; Toccoli, T.; Biasioli, F.; Boschetti, A.; Ferrari, M. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 76 (14), 1845.
107. Aversa, L.; Verucchi, R.; Ciullo, G.; Ferrari, L.; Moras, P.; Pedio, M.; Pesci, A.; Iannotta, S. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2001, 184 (1-4), 350.
108. Podesta, A.; Toccoli, T.; Milani, P.; Boschetti, A.; Innotta, S. Surf. Sci. 2000, 464 (1), L673.
109. Milani, P.; Iannotta, S. Cluster Beam Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1999.
110. Iannotta, S.; Toccoli, T.; Ferrari, M.; Ronchin, S.; Podesta, A.; Milani, P.; Scardi, P. Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 2000, 3939, 135.
111. Umbach, E.; Glockler, K.; Sokolowski, M. Surf. Sci. 1998, 402-404, 20.
112. Witten, T. A., Jr.; Sander, L. M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1981, 47 (19), 1400.
113. Warren, B. E. X-ray Diffraction; Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1969.
114. Vlieg, E.; Denier van der Gon, A, W.; van der Veen, J. F.; Macdonald, J. E.; Norris, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 61 (19), 2241.
115. Fenter, P.; Eisenberger, P.; Burrows, P.; Forrest, S. R.; Liang, K. S. Physica B 1996, 221 (1-4), 145.
116. Krause, B.; Schreiber, F.; Dosch, H.; Pimpinelli, A.; Seeck, O. H. Europhys. Lett. 2004, 65 (3), 372.
117. Cohen, P. I.; Petrich, G. S.; Pukite, P. R.; Whaley, G. J.; Arrott, A. S. Surf. Sci. 1989, 216 (1-2), 222.
118. Schwoebel, R. L.; Shipsey, E. J. J. Appl. Phys. 1966, 37 (10), 3682.
119. Weschke, E.; Schussler-Langeheine, C.; Meier, R.; Kaindl, G.; Sutter, C.; Abernathy, D.; Grubel, G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 79 (20), 3954.
120. Burton, W. K.; Cabrera, N.; Frank, F. C. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 1951, 243 (866), 299.