Food allergy and the gut

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 241-257

  Nowak Wegrzyn, Anna ^a   Szajewska, Hania ^b   Lack, Gideon ^c  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

^c ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUDESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; FLUTICASONE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E ANTIBODY; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANAPHYLAXIS; DIARRHEA; DIET THERAPY; DYSPHAGIA; ENDOSCOPY; ENTEROCOLITIS; ENTEROPATHY; EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS; EOSINOPHILIC GASTROENTERITIS; EOSINOPHILIC GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDER; ESOPHAGUS DILATATION; FAILURE TO THRIVE; FOOD ALLERGY; FOOD PROTEIN INDUCED ALLERGIC PROCTOCOLITIS; FOOD PROTEIN INDUCED ENTEROCOLITIS SYNDROME; FOOD PROTEIN INDUCED ENTEROPATHY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HUMAN; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; ORAL ALLERGY SYNDROME; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PREVALENCE; PRICK TEST; PROCTOCOLITIS; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN LOSING GASTROENTEROPATHY; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; VOMITING; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; IMMUNOLOGY; INTESTINE FLORA;

DISEASE MANAGEMENT; FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOME; HUMANS;

EID: 85006717051     PISSN: 17595045     EISSN: 17595053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.187     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Sampson, H. A., et al. Food allergy: a practice parameter update-2014. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 134, 1016-1025 (2014).
2. Muraro, A., et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy 69, 1008-1025 (2014).
3. Boyce, J. A., et al. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel Report. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126, 1105-1118 (2010).
4. Gupta, R. S., et al. The prevalence, severity, distribution of childhood food allergy in the United States. Pediatrics 128, e9-17 (2011).
5. Prescott, S. L., et al. A global survey of changing patterns of food allergy burden in children. World Allergy Organ. J. 6, 21 (2013).
6. Nwaru, B. I., et al. Prevalence of common food allergies in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 69, 992-1007 (2014).
7. Sicherer, S. H. Epidemiology of food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127, 594-602 (2011).
8. Savage, J., Sicherer, S., Wood, R. The Natural History of Food Allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 4, 196-203 (2016).
9. Osborne, N. J., et al. Prevalence of challenge-proven IgE-mediated food allergy using population-based sampling and predetermined challenge criteria in infants. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127, 668-676 (2011).
10. Furuta, G. T., Katzka, D. A. Eosinophilic Esophagitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 373, 1640-1648 (2015).
11. Wells, H. O. T. The biological reactions of the vegetable protein. I. Anaphylaxis. J. Infect. Dis. 8, 66-124 (1911).
12. Berin, M. C., Sampson, H. A. Mucosal immunology of food allergy. Curr. Biol. 23, R389-400 (2013).
13. Kalach, N., Rocchiccioli, F., de Boissieu, D., Benhamou, P. H., Dupont, C. Intestinal permeability in children: variation with age and reliability in the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy. Acta Paediatr. 90, 499-504 (2001).
14. Charbonnier, L. M., et al. Regulatory T-cell deficiency and immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked-like disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in LRBA. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 135, 217-227 (2015).
15. Scholl, I., et al. Antiulcer drugs promote oral sensitization and hypersensitivity to hazelnut allergens in BALB/c mice and humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81, 154-160 (2005).
16. Ashley, S., Dang, T., Koplin, J., Martino, D., Prescott, S. Food for thought: progress in understanding the causes and mechanisms of food allergy. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 15, 237-242 (2015).
17. Macia, L., et al. Metabolite-sensing receptors GPR43 and GPR109A facilitate dietary fibre-induced gut homeostasis through regulation of the inflammasome. Nat. Commun. 6, 6734 (2015).
18. de Kivit, S., et al. In vitro evaluation of intestinal epithelial TLR activation in preventing food allergic responses. Clin. Immunol. 154, 91-99 (2014).
19. Stefka, A. T., et al. Commensal bacteria protect against food allergen sensitization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 13145-13150 (2014).
20. Hua, X., Goedert, J. J., Pu, A., Yu, G., Shi, J. Allergy associations with the adult fecal microbiota: Analysis of the American Gut Project. EBioMedicine 3, 172-179 (2016).
21. Berni Canani, R., et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-supplemented formula expands butyrate-producing bacterial strains in food allergic infants. ISME J. 10, 742-750 (2016).
22. Lack, G., Fox, D., Northstone, K., Golding, J. Factors associated with the development of peanut allergy in childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 977-985 (2003).
23. Du Toit, G., et al. Early consumption of peanuts in infancy is associated with a low prevalence of peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122, 984-991 (2008).
24. Fox, A. T., Sasieni, P., du Toit, G., Syed, H., Lack, G. Household peanut consumption as a risk factor for the development of peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 123, 417-423 (2009).
25. Du Toit, G., et al. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 803-813 (2015).
26. Perkin, M. R., et al. Randomized Trial of Introduction of Allergenic Foods in Breast-Fed Infants. N. Engl. J. Med. 374, 1733-1743 (2016).
27. Strid, J., Hourihane, J., Kimber, I., Callard, R., Strobel, S. Epicutaneous exposure to peanut protein prevents oral tolerance and enhances allergic sensitization 1. Clin. Exp. Allergy 35, 757-766 (2005).
28. Hsieh, K. Y., Tsai, C. C., Wu, C. H., Lin, R. H. Epicutaneous exposure to protein antigen and food allergy. Clin. Exp. Allergy 33, 1067-1075 (2003).
29. Noti, M., et al. Exposure to food allergens through inflamed skin promotes intestinal food allergy through the thymic stromal lymphopoietin-basophil axis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 133, 1390-1399 (2014).
30. Brown, S. J., et al. Lossoffunction variants in the filaggrin gene are a significant risk factor for peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127, 661-667 (2011).
31. Sander, I., et al. Component-resolved diagnosis of baker's allergy based on specific IgE to recombinant wheat flour proteins. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 135, 1529-1537 (2015).
32. Mandallaz, M. M., de Weck, A. L., Dahinden, C. A. Bird-egg syndrome. Cross-reactivity between bird antigens and egg-yolk livetins in IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 87, 143-150 (1988).
33. Valenta, R., Kraft, D. Type I allergic reactions to plant-derived food: A consequence of primary sensitization to pollen allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 97, 895-895 (1996).
34. Commins, S. P., et al. The relevance of tick bites to the production of IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-alpha1, 3galactose 2. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127, 1286-1293 (2011).
35. Asero, R. Effects of birch pollen-specific immunotherapy on apple allergy in birch pollenhypersensitive patients. Clin. Exp. Allergy 28, 1368-1373 (1998).
36. Robson-Ansley, P., Toit, G. D. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 10, 312-317 (2010).
37. Rothenberg, M. E. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 113, 11-28 (2004).
38. DeBrosse, C. W., Rothenberg, M. E. Allergy and eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). Curr. Opin. Immunol. 20, 703-708 (2008).
39. Nowak-Wegrzyn, A., Katz, Y., Mehr, S. S., Koletzko, S. Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 135, 1114-1124 (2015).
40. Papadopoulou, A., et al. Management guidelines of eosinophilic esophagitis in childhood. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 58, 107-118 (2014).
41. Furuta, G. T., Katzka, D. A. Eosinophilic Esophagitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 373, 1640-1648 (2015).
42. Giriens, B., et al. Escalating incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis in Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, 19932013: a population-based study. Allergy 70, 1633-1639 (2015).
43. Dellon, E. S., Jensen, E. T., Martin, C. F., Shaheen, N. J., Kappelman, M. D. Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in the United States. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12, 589-596 (2014).
44. Rothenberg, M. E., et al. Common variants at 5q22 associate with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Nat. Genet. 42, 289-291 (2010).
45. Blanchard, C., et al. Eotaxin3 and a uniquely conserved gene-expression profile in eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 536-547 (2006).
46. Sleiman, P. M., et al. GWAS identifies four novel eosinophilic esophagitis loci. Nat. Commun. 5, 5593 (2014).
47. Kottyan, L. C., et al. Genome-wide association analysis of eosinophilic esophagitis provides insight into the tissue specificity of this allergic disease. Nat. Genet. 46, 895-900 (2014).
48. Simon, D., et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis is characterized by a non-IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity. Allergy 71, 611-620 (2016).
49. Gonsalves, N., et al. Elimination diet effectively treats eosinophilic esophagitis in adults; food reintroduction identifies causative factors. Gastroenterology 142, 1451-1459 (2012).
50. Lucendo, A. J., Serrano-Montalban, B., Arias, A., Redondo, O., Tenias, J. M. Efficacy of Dietary Treatment for Inducing Disease Remission in Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 61, 56-64 (2015).
51. Kagalwalla, A. F., et al. Effect of six-food elimination diet on clinical and histologic outcomes in eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4, 1097-1102 (2006).
52. Jensen, E. T., Martin, C. F., Kappelman, M. D., Dellon, E. S. Prevalence of Eosinophilic Gastritis, Gastroenteritis, Colitis: Estimates From a National Administrative Database. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 62, 36-42 (2016).
53. Cianferoni, A., Spergel, J. M. Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Gastroenteritis. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 15, 58 (2015).
54. Katz, Y., Goldberg, M. R., Rajuan, N., Cohen, A., Leshno, M. The prevalence and natural course of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome to cow's milk: a large-scale, prospective population-based study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127, 647-653 (2011).
55. Fernandes, B. N., Boyle, R. J., Gore, C., Simpson, A., Custovic, A. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome can occur in adults. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 130, 1199-1200 (2012).
56. Gleich, G. J., Sebastian, K., Firszt, R., Wagner, L. A. Shrimp allergy: gastrointestinal symptoms commonly occur in the absence of IgE sensitization. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 4, 316-318 (2015).
57. Ohtsuka, Y., et al. Microarray analysis of mucosal biopsy specimens in neonates with rectal bleeding: is it really an allergic disease J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129, 1676-1678 (2012).
58. Hwang, J. B., Hong, J. Food protein-induced proctocolitis: Is this allergic disorder a reality or a phantom in neonates Korean J. Pediatr. 56, 514-518 (2013).
59. Ravelli, A. M., Tobanelli, P., Volpi, S., Ugazio, A. G. Vomiting and gastric motility in infants with cow's milk allergy. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 32, 59-64 (2001).
60. Fargeas, M. J., Theodourou, V., Fioramonti, J., Bueno, L. Relationship between mast cell degranulation and jejunal myoelectric alterations in intestinal anaphylaxis in rats. Gastroenterology 102, 157-162 (1992).
61. Fargeas, M. J., Fioramonti, J., Bueno, L. Central action of interleukin 1 beta on intestinal motility in rats: mediation by two mechanisms. Gastroenterology 104, 377-383 (1993).
62. Heine, R. G. Allergic gastrointestinal motility disorders in infancy and early childhood. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 19, 383-391 (2008).
63. Borrelli, O., et al. Neuroimmune interaction and anorectal motility in children with food allergy-related chronic constipation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104, 454-463 (2009).
64. Zangen, T., et al. Gastrointestinal motility and sensory abnormalities may contribute to food refusal in medically fragile toddlers. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 37, 287-293 (2003).
65. Ito, A., et al. Involvement of the SgIGSF/Necl2 adhesion molecule in degranulation of mesenteric mast cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 184, 209-213 (2007).
66. Rothenberg, M. E., Cohen, M. B. An eosinophil hypothesis for functional dyspepsia. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 1147-1148 (2007).
67. Wood, J. D. Histamine, mast cells, the enteric nervous system in the irritable bowel syndrome, enteritis, food allergies. Gut 55, 445-447 (2006).
68. Shaker, R. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: beyond mucosal injury. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 41 (Suppl. 2), S160-162 (2007).
69. Bernstein, I. L., et al. Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice parameter. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 100, S1-148 (2008).
70. Sampson, H. A. Utility of food-specific IgE concentrations in prediciting symptomatic food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107, 891-896 (2001).
71. Sicherer, S. H., Wood, R. A. Advances in diagnosing peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 1, 1-13 (2013).
72. Beyer, K., et al. Predictive values of component-specific IgE for the outcome of peanut and hazelnut food challenges in children. Allergy 70, 90-98 (2015).
73. Santos, A. F., et al. Basophil activation test discriminates between allergy and tolerance in peanutsensitized children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 134, 645-652 (2014).
74. Dellon, E., et al. ACG clinical guideline: Evidenced based approach to the diagnosis and management of esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Am. J. Gastroenterol. 108, 679-692 (2013).
75. Liacouras, C. A., et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: Updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 128, 3-20 (2011).
76. Molina-Infante, J., et al. Proton pump inhibitorresponsive oesophageal eosinophilia: an entity challenging current diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut 65, 524-531 (2015).
77. Koletzko, S., et al. Diagnostic approach and management of cow'smilk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 55, 221-229 (2012).
78. Powell, G. K. Milk-and soy-induced enterocolitis of infancy. J. Pediatr. 93, 553-560 (1978).
79. Caubet, J. M., et al. Clinical features and resolution of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: 10year experience. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 134, 382-389 (2014).
80. Brown, I. S., Smith, J., Rosty, C. Gastrointestinal pathology in celiac disease: a case series of 150 consecutive newly diagnosed patients. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 138, 42-49 (2012).
81. Kuitunen, P., Visakorpi, J. K., Savilahti, E., Pelkonem, P. Malabsorption syndrome with cow's milk intolerance: Clinical findings and course in 54 cases. Arch. Dis. Childhood 50, 251-256 (1975).
82. Straumann, A. Eosinophilic esophagitis: emerging therapies and future perspectives. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 43, 385-394 (2014).
83. Suzuki, S., et al. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis due to cow's milk allergy presenting with acute pancreatitis. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 158 (Suppl. 1), 75-82 (2012).
84. Rodriguez Jimenez, B., Dominguez Ortega, J., Gonzalez Garcia, J. M., Kindelan Recarte, C. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis due to allergy to cow's milk. J. Investig. Allergol Clin. Immunol. 21, 150-152 (2011).
85. von Berg, A., et al. Allergic manifestation 15 years after early intervention with hydrolyzed formulas-the GINI Study. Allergy 71, 210-219 (2016).
86. von, B. A., et al. Preventive effect of hydrolyzed infant formulas persists until age 6 years: long-term results from the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study (GINI). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 121, 1442-1447 (2008).
87. Von Berg, A., et al. The effect of hydrolyzed cow's milk formula for allergy prevention in the first year of life: the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study, a randomized double-blind trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111, 533-540 (2003).
88. von Berg, A., et al. Allergies in high-risk schoolchildren after early intervention with cow's milk protein hydrolysates: 10year results from the German Infant Nutritional Intervention (GINI) study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 131, 1565-1573 (2013).
89. Boyle, R. J., et al. Hydrolysed formula and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 352, i974 (2016).
90. Greer, F. R., Sicherer, S. H., Burks, A. W. Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics 121, 183-191 (2008).
91. Fleischer, D. M., Spergel, J. M., Assa'ad, A. H., Pongracic, J. A. Primary prevention of allergic disease through nutritional interventions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 1, 29-36 (2013).
92. Muraro, A., et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines. Primary prevention of food allergy. Allergy 69, 590-601 (2014).
93. Fleischer, D. M., et al. Consensus communication on early peanut introduction and the prevention of peanut allergy in high-risk infants. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 136, 258-261 (2015).
94. Albin, S., Nowak-Wegrzyn, A. Potential treatments for food allergy. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 35, 77-100 (2015).
95. Wood, R. A. Food allergen immunotherapy: Current status and prospects for the future. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 137, 973-982 (2016).
96. Varshney, P., et al. Adverse reactions during peanut oral immunotherapy home dosing. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124, 1351-1352 (2009).
97. Jones, S. M., et al. Long-term treatment with egg oral immunotherapy enhances sustained unresponsiveness that persists after cessation of therapy. J Allergy Clin. Immunol. 137, 1117-1127 (2016).
98. Vickery, B. P., et al. Sustained unresponsiveness to peanut in subjects who have completed peanut oral immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 133, 468-475 (2014).
99. Lucendo, A. J., Arias, A., Tenias, J. M. Relation between eosinophilic esophagitis and oral immunotherapy for food allergy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 113, 624-629 (2014).
100. Wood, R. A., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of omalizumab combined with oral immunotherapy for the treatment of cow's milk allergy. J Allergy Clin. Immunol. 137, 1103-1110 (2015).
101. Begin, P., et al. Phase 1 results of safety and tolerability in a rush oral immunotherapy protocol to multiple foods using Omalizumab. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 10, 7 (2014).
102. Begin, P., et al. Safety and feasibility of oral immunotherapy to multiple allergens for food allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 10, 1 (2014).
103. Tang, M. L., et al. Administration of a probiotic with peanut oral immunotherapy: A randomized trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 135, 737-744 (2015).
104. Berni Canani, R., et al. Formula selection for management of children with cow's milk allergy influences the rate of acquisition of tolerance: a prospective multicenter study. J. Pediatr. 163, 771-777 (2013).
105. Tanoue, T., Atarashi, K., Honda, K. Development and maintenance of intestinal regulatory T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 16, 295-309 (2016).
106. Hadis, U., et al. Intestinal tolerance requires gut homing and expansion of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the lamina propria. Immunity 34, 237-246 (2011).
107. Cassani, B., et al. Gut-tropic T cells that express integrin alpha4beta7 and CCR9 are required for induction of oral immune tolerance in mice. Gastroenterology 141, 2109-2118 (2011).
108. Torgerson, T. R., et al. Severe food allergy as a variant of IPEX syndrome caused by a deletion in a noncoding region of the FOXP3 gene. Gastroenterology 132, 1705-1717 (2007).
109. Karlsson, M. R., Rugtveit, J., Brandtzaeg, P. Allergen-responsive CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in children who have outgrown cow's milk allergy. J. Exp. Med. 199, 1679-1688 (2004).
110. Shreffler, W. G., Wanich, N., Moloney, M., Nowak-Wegrzyn, A., Sampson, H. A. Association of allergen-specific regulatory T cells with the onset of clinical tolerance to milk protein. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 123, 43-52 (2009).
111. Qamar, N., et al. Naturally occurring tolerance acquisition to foods in previously allergic children is characterized by antigen specificity and associated with increased subsets of regulatory T cells. Clin. Exp. Allergy 45, 1663-1672 (2015).
112. Chehade, M., et al. Allergic Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis With Protein-losing Enteropathy: Intestinal Pathology, Clinical Course, Long-term Follow-up 1. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 42, 516-521 (2006).
113. Chung, H. L., et al. Deposition of eosinophil-granule major basic protein and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in the mucosa of the small intestine in infants with cow's milk-sensitive enteropathy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103, 1195-1201 (1999).
114. Chung, H. L., Hwang, J. B., Park, J. J., Kim, S. G. Expression of transforming growth factor beta1, transforming growth factor type I and II receptors, TNF-alpha in the mucosa of the small intestine in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109, 150-154 (2002).
115. Leonard, S. A., Nowak-Wegrzyn, A. H. Baked Milk and Egg Diets for Milk and Egg Allergy Management. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 36, 147-159 (2016).
116. Kelly, K. J., et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino acid-based formula. Gastroenterology 109, 1503-1512 (1995).
117. Henderson, C. J., et al. Comparative dietary therapy effectiveness in remission of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129, 1570-1578 (2012).
118. Spergel, J. M., Beausoleil, J. L., Mascarenhas, M., Liacouras, C. A. The use of skin prick tests and patch tests to identify causative foods in eosinophilic esophagitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109, 363-368 (2002).
119. Rodriguez-Sanchez, J., et al. Efficacy of IgE-targeted versus empiric six-food elimination diets for adult eosinophilic oesophagitis. Allergy 69, 936-942 (2014).
120. Aceves, S. S., et al. Resolution of remodeling in eosinophilic esophagitis correlates with epithelial response to topical corticosteroids. Allergy 65, 109-116 (2010).
121. Alexander, J. A., et al. Swallowed fluticasone improves histologic but not symptomatic response of adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 742-749 (2012).
122. Gupta, S. K., Vitanza, J. M., Collins, M. H. Efficacy and safety of oral budesonide suspension in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 66-76 (2015)