Biosynthesis and use of cobalamin (B12)

EcoSal Plus

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2008, Pages

  Escalante Semerena, Jorge C ^a   Warren, Martin J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84959039896     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23246200     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.8     Document Type: Article

References (314)

1. Jeter RM. 1990. Cobalamin-dependent 1,2-propanediol utilization by Salmonella typhimurium. J Gen Microbiol 136:887-896.
2. Jarrett JT, Hoover DM, Ludwig ML, Matthews RG. 1998. The mechanism of adenosylmethionine-dependent activation of methionine synthase: a rapid kinetic analysis of intermediates in reductive methylation of cob(II)alamin enzyme. Biochemistry 37:12649-12658.
3. Roof DM, Roth JR. 1992. Autogenous regulation of ethanolamine utilization by a transcriptional activator of the eut operon in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 174:6634-6643.
4. Roof DM, Roth JR. 1988. Ethanolamine utilization in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 170:3855-3863.
5. Thauer RK, Jungermann K, Decker K. 1977. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 41:100-180.
6. Woodcock SC, Raux E, Levillayer F, Thermes C, Rambach A, Warren MJ. 1998. Effect of mutations in the transmethylase and dehydrogenase/chelatase domains of sirohaem synthase (CysG) on sirohaem and cobalamin biosynthesis. Biochem J 330:121-129.
7. 12 precursor cobinamide in archaea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:3591-3596.
8. Woodson JD, Peck RF, Krebs MP, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2003. The cobY gene of the archaeon Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1 is required for de novo cobamide synthesis. J Bacteriol 185:311-316.
9. Hoover DM, Ludwig ML. 1997. A flavodoxin that is required for enzyme activation: the structure of oxidized flavodoxin from Escherichia coli at 1.8 Å resolution. Protein Sci 6:2525-2537.
10. Horswill AR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2001. In vitro conversion of propionate to pyruvate by Salmonella enterica enzymes: 2- methylcitrate dehydratase (PrpD) and aconitase enzymes catalyze the conversion of 2-methylcitrate to 2-methylisocitrate. Biochemistry 40:4703-4713.
11. Horswill AR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1997. Propionate catabolism in Salmonella typhimurium LT2: two divergently transcribed units comprise the prp locus at 8.5 centisomes, prpR encodes a member of the sigma-54 family of activators, and the prpBCDE genes constitute an operon. J Bacteriol 179:928-940.
12. Taurog RE, Matthews RG. 2006. Activation of methyltetrahydrofolate by cobalamin-independent methionine synthase. Biochemistry 45:5092-5102.
13. Trzebiatowski JR, O'Toole GA, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1994. The cobT gene of Salmonella typhimurium encodes the NaMN:5,6- dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase responsible for the synthesis of N1-(5-phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, an intermediate in the synthesis of the nucleotide loop of cobalamin. J Bacteriol 176:3568-3575.
14. 12): synthesis and biological significance. Annu Rev Microbiol 50:137-181.
15. Cheong CG, Escalante-Semerena JC, Rayment I. 2002. Structural studies of the L-threonine-O-3-phosphate decarboxylase (CobD) enzyme from Salmonella enterica: the apo, substrate, and productaldimine complexes. Biochemistry 41:9079-9089.
16. 12-dependent anaerobic growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on ethanolamine or 1,2-propanediol. J Bacteriol 183:2463-2475.
17. 12): a bacterial conundrum. Cell Mol Life Sci 57:1880-1893.
18. 12). J Bacteriol 188:7331-7334.
19. Schubert HL, Raux E, Brindley AA, Leech HK, Wilson KS, Hill CP, Warren MJ. 2002. The structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Met8p, a bifunctional dehydrogenase and ferrochelatase. EMBO J 21:2068-2075.
20. Thompson TB, Thomas MG, Escalante-Semerena JC, Rayment I. 1999. Three-dimensional structure of adenosylcobinamide kinase/ adenosylcobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase (CobU) complexed with GMP: evidence for a substrate-induced transferase active site. Biochemistry 38:12995-13005.
21. Wolf J, Brey RN. 1986. Isolation and characterizations of Bacillus megaterium cobalamin biosynthesis-deficient mutants. J Bacteriol 166:51-58.
22. Andersson DI, Roth JR. 1989. Redox regulation of the genes for cobinamide biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 171:6734-6739.
23. 12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia- lyase and its concerted induction in Escherichia coli. Biochem J 176:751-757.
24. 12 uptake in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 132:796-805.
25. 12 pathway, p 267-279. In Chadwick DJ and Ackrill K (ed), CIBA Foundation Symposium on the Biosynthesis of the Tetrapyrrole Pigments. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
26. Schubert HL, Wilson KS, Raux E, Woodcock SC, Warren MJ. 1998. The X-ray structure of a cobalamin biosynthetic enzyme, cobaltprecorrin-4 methyltransferase. Nat Struct Biol 5:585-592.
27. 12: a 35-year odyssey. J Org Chem 68:2529-2539.
28. 12 in Pseudomonas denitrificans: the biosynthetic sequence from precorrin-6y to precorrin-8x is catalyzed by the cobL gene product. J Bacteriol 174:1050-1052.
29. Thomas MG, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2000. Identification of an alternative nucleoside triphosphate: 5′-deoxyadenosylcobinamide phosphate nucleotidyltransferase in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ΔH. J Bacteriol 182:4227-4233.
30. 12 under physiological conditions by a facile oxidative cascade. Org Lett 5:2211-2213.
31. Zayas CL, Claas K, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2007. The CbiB protein of Salmonella enterica is an integral membrane protein involved in the last step of the de novo corrin ring biosynthetic pathway. J Bacteriol 189:7697-7708.
32. 12 biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. Microbiology 149:983-990.
33. Kannangara CG, Gough SP, Bruyant P, Hoober JK, Kahn A, von Wettstein D. 1988. tRNA(Glu) as a cofactor in deltaaminolevulinate biosynthesis: steps that regulate chlorophyll synthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 13:139-143.
34. Keck B, Munder M, Renz P. 1998. Biosynthesis of cobalamin in Salmonella typhimurium: transformation of riboflavin into the 5,6- dimethylbenzimidazole moiety. Arch Microbiol 171:66-68.
35. 12 repression of the btuB gene in Salmonella typhimurium is mediated via a translational control which requires leader and coding sequences. Mol Microbiol 23:35-42.
36. Cameron B, Blanche F, Rouyez MC, Bisch D, Famechon A, Couder M, Cauchois L, Thibaut D, Debussche L, Crouzet J. 1991. Genetic analysis, nucleotide sequence, and products of two Pseudomonas denitrificans cob genes encoding nicotinate-nucleotide:dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase and cobalamin (5′- phosphate) synthase. J Bacteriol 173:6066-6073.
37. Grabau C, Roth JR. 1992. A Salmonella typhimurium cobalamindeficient mutant blocked in 1-amino-2-propanol synthesis. J Bacteriol 174:2138-2144.
38. Plano GV. 2004. Modulation of AraC family member activity by protein ligands. Mol Microbiol 54:287-290.
39. 12 synthesis is localized to the cell membrane in bacteria and archaea. Microbiology 150:1385-1395.
40. Roessner CA, Warren MJ, Santander PJ, Atshaves BP, Ozaki S, Stolowich NJ, Iida K, Scott AI. 1992. Expression of 9 Salmonella typhimurium enzymes for cobinamide synthesis. Identification of the 11-methyl and 20-methyl transferases of corrin biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 301:73-78.
41. Raux E, McVeigh T, Peters SE, Leustek T, Warren MJ. 1999. The role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Met1p and Met8p in sirohaem and cobalamin biosynthesis. Biochem J 338:701-708.
42. 12- dependent ethanolamine utilization in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 171:3316-3323.
43. Imai S, Armstrong CM, Kaeberlein M, Guarente L. 2000. Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NADdependent histone deacetylase. Nature 403:795-800.
44. International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry-International Union of Biochemistry Molecular Biology Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1966. Tentative rules. Nomenclature of corrinoids. Biochim Biophys Acta 117:285-288.
45. Friedmann HC, Harris DL. 1965. The formation of α-glycosidic 5′-nucleotides by a single displacement trans-N-glycosidase. J Biol Chem 240:406-412.
46. 12 in Pseudomonas denitrificans. J Bacteriol 175:7430-7440.
47. 12. Science 264:1551-1557.
48. Bobik TA, Xu Y, Jeter RM, Otto KE, Roth JR. 1997. Propanediol utilization genes (pdu) of Salmonella typhimurium: three genes for the propanediol dehydratase. J Bacteriol 179:6633-6639.
49. Brown ED. 2005. Conserved P-loop GTPases of unknown function in bacteria: an emerging and vital ensemble in bacterial physiology. Biochem Cell Biol 83:738-746.
50. 12. Chem Rev 105:2075-2149.
51. Gantt E, Conti SF. 1969. Ultrastructure of blue-green algae. J Bacteriol 97:1486-1493.
52. 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY.
53. Hennig M, Grimm B, Contestabile R, John RA, Jansonius JN. 1997. Crystal structure of glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminomutase: an α2-dimeric vitamin B6-dependent enzyme with asymmetry in structure and active site reactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4866-4871.
54. Kofoid E, Rappleye C, Stojiljkovic I, Roth J. 1999. The 17-gene ethanolamine (eut) operon of Salmonella typhimurium encodes five homologues of carboxysome shell proteins. J Bacteriol 181:5317-5329.
55. Malpica R, Sandoval GR, Rodriguez C, Franco B, Georgellis D. 2006. Signaling by the arc two-component system provides a link between the redox state of the quinone pool and gene expression. Antioxid Redox Signal 8:781-795.
56. Sheppard DE, Roth JR. 1994. A rationale for autoinduction of a transcriptional activator: ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EutBC) and the operon activator (EutR) compete for adenosyl-cobalamin in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 176:1287-1296.
57. Stark WM, Hawker CJ, Hart GJ, Philippides A, Petersen PM, Lewis JD, Leeper FJ, Battersby AR. 1993. Biosynthesis of porphyrins and related macrocycles. 40 Synthesis of a spiro-lactam related to the proposed spir-intermediate for porphyrin biosynthesis: inhibition of cosynthetase. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1 23:2875-2892.
58. 12, vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
59. 12 cofactors and biologically relevant precursors. J Am Chem Soc 125:5897-5914.
60. 12 precursor cobinamide in archaea requires cobinamide-phosphate synthase (CbiB) enzyme activity. J Bacteriol 185:7193-7201.
61. Spencer P, Stolowich NJ, Sumner LW, Scott AI. 1998. Definition of the redox states of cobalt-precorrinoids: investigation of the substrate and redox specificity of CbiL from Salmonella typhimurium. Biochemistry 37:14917-14927.
62. Leal NA, Olteanu H, Banerjee R, Bobik TA. 2004. Human ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase and its interaction with methionine synthase reductase. J Biol Chem 279:47536-47542.
63. 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
64. Cheong CG, Escalante-Semerena JC, Rayment I. 1999. The three-dimensional structures of nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6- dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase (CobT) from Salmonella typhimurium complexed with 5,6-dimethybenzimidazole and its reaction products determined to 1.9 Å resolution. Biochemistry 38:16125-16135.
65. 12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Nature 438:90-93.
66. Banerjee RV, Matthews RG. 1990. Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. FASEB J 4:1450-1459.
67. International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry-International Union of Biochemistry Molecular Biology Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1974. The nomenclature of corrinoids (1973 recommendations). Biochemistry 13:1555-1560.
68. Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Tanaka S, Nguyen CV, Phillips M, Beeby M, Yeates TO. 2005. Protein structures forming the shell of primitive bacterial organelles. Science 309:936-938.
69. 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
70. Kräutler B, Kohler HP, Stupperich E. 1988. 5′-Methylbenzimidazolyl- cobamides are the corrinoids from some sulfatereducing and sulfur-metabolizing bacteria. Eur J Biochem 176:461-469.
71. Matthews RG. 2001. Cobalamin-dependent methyltransferases. Acc Chem Res 34:681-689.
72. Stupperich E, Eisinger HJ, Kräutler B. 1989. Identification of phenolyl cobamide from the homoacetogenic bacterium Sporomusa ovata. Eur J Biochem 186:657-661.
73. Williams L, Fresquet V, Santander PJ, Raushel FM. 2007. The multiple amidation reactions catalyzed by cobyric acid synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium are sequential and dissociative. J Am Chem Soc 129:294-295.
74. Lawhon SD, Frye JG, Suyemoto M, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Altier C. 2003. Global regulation by CsrA in Salmonella typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 48:1633-1645.
75. 12 synthesis among enteric bacteria: evidence for loss and reacquisition of a multigene complex. Genetics 142:11-24.
76. Bobik TA. 2006. Polyhedral organelles compartmenting bacterial metabolic processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 70:517-525.
77. Rondon MR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1997. Integration host factor is required for 1,2-propanediol-dependent transcription of the cob/pdu regulon in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. J Bacteriol 179:3797-3800.
78. Escalante-Semerena JC, Roth JR. 1987. Regulation of cobalamin biosynthetic operons in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 169:2251-2258.
79. 12 in Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet 206:401-407.
80. Fonseca MV, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2000. Reduction of cob(III) alamin to cob(II)alamin in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. J Bacteriol 182:4304-4309.
81. 12. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:2921-2926.
82. 12- binding domains of methionine synthase. Science 266:1669-1674.
83. Mathews MA, Schubert HL, Whitby FG, Alexander KJ, Schadick K, Bergonia HA, Phillips JD, Hill CP. 2001. Crystal structure of human uroporphyrinogen III synthase. EMBO J 20:5832-5839.
84. Dorweiler JS, Matthews RG, Finke RG. 2002. Providing a chemical basis toward understanding the histidine base-on motif of methylcobalamin-dependent methionine synthase: an improved purification of methylcobinamide, plus thermodynamic studies of methylcobinamide binding exogenous imidazole and pyridine bases. Inorg Chem 41:6217-6224.
85. Anzai Y, Kim H, Park JY, Wakabayashi H, Oyaizu H. 2000. Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence. Int J Syst, Evol Microbiol 50:1563-1589.
86. Bandarian V, Ludwig ML, Matthews RG. 2003. Factors modulating conformational equilibria in large modular proteins: a case study with cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8156-81563.
87. Bandarian V, Matthews RG. 2004. Measurement of energetics of conformational change in cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. Methods Enzymol 380:152-169.
88. Bandarian V, Matthews RG. 2001. Quantitation of rate enhancements attained by the binding of cobalamin to methionine synthase. Biochemistry 40:5056-5064.
89. 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
90. Banerjee RV, Harder SR, Ragsdale SW, Matthews RG. 1990. Mechanism of reductive activation of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase: an electron paramagnetic resonance spectroelectrochemical study. Biochemistry 29:1129-1135.
91. DiMarco AA, Bobik TA, Wolfe RS. 1990. Unusual coenzymes of methanogenesis. Annu Rev Biochem 59:355-94.
92. Dorweiler JS, Finke RG, Matthews RG. 2003. Cobalamindependent methionine synthase: probing the role of the axial base in catalysis of methyl transfer between methyltetrahydrofolate and exogenous cob(I)alamin or cob(I)inamide. Biochemistry 42:14653-14662.
93. Escalante-Semerena JC, Suh SJ, Roth JR. 1990. cobA function is required for both de novo cobalamin biosynthesis and assimilation of exogenous corrinoids in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 172:273-280.
94. Greene RC. 1996. Biosynthesis of methionine, p 542-560. In Neidhardt FC, Curtiss R III, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, and Umbarger HE (ed), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
95. 12. de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany.
96. Hondorp ER, Matthews RG. 2004. Oxidative stress inactivates cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE) in Escherichia coli. PLoS Biol 2:e336.
97. Hoover DM, Jarrett JT, Sands RH, Dunham WR, Ludwig ML, Matthews RG. 1997. Interaction of Escherichia coli cobalamindependent methionine synthase and its physiological partner flavodoxin:binding of flavodoxin leads to axial ligand dissociation from the cobalamin cofactor. Biochemistry 36:127-138.
98. Jahn D, Verkamp E, Soll D. 1992. Glutamyl-transfer RNA: a precursor of heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 17:215-218.
99. Louie GV, Brownlie PD, Lambert R, Cooper JB, Blundell TL, Wood SP, Warren MJ, Woodcock SC, Jordan PM. 1992. Structure of porphobilinogen deaminase reveals a flexible multidomain polymerase with a single catalytic site. Nature 359:33-39.
100. 12. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:1479-1483.
101. Shively JM, Decker GL, Greenawalt JW. 1970. Comparative ultrastructure of the thiobacilli. J Bacteriol 101:618-627.
102. 12, vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
103. Peakman T, Crouzet J, Mayaux JF, Busby S, Mohan S, Harborne N, Wootton J, Nicolson R, Cole J. 1990. Nucleotide sequence, organisation and structural analysis of the products of genes in the nirB-cysG region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. Eur J Biochem 191:315-323.
104. Peariso K, Zhou ZS, Smith AE, Matthews RG, Penner-Hahn JE. 2001. Characterization of the zinc sites in cobalamin-independent and cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase using zinc and selenium X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Biochemistry 40:987-993.
105. Suh SJ, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1993. Cloning, sequencing and overexpression of cobA which encodes ATP:corrinoid adenosyltransferase in Salmonella typhimurium. Gene 129:93-97.
106. Taurog RE, Jakubowski H, Matthews RG. 2006. Synergistic, random sequential binding of substrates in cobalamin-independent methionine synthase. Biochemistry 45:5083-5091.
107. 12 synthesis in Salmonella enterica: evidence that dephosphorylation of adenosylcobalamin-5′-phosphate by the CobC phosphatase is the last step of the pathway. J Bacteriol 189:2210-2218.
108. 12 biosynthesis in Propionibacterium shermanii. Biochim Biophys Acta 136:581-584.
109. 12. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:4634-4369.
110. Bandarian V, Pattridge KA, Lennon BW, Huddler DP, Matthews RG, Ludwig ML. 2002. Domain alternation switches B(12)-dependent methionine synthase to the activation conformation. Nat Struct Biol 9:53-56.
111. Beale SI, Castelfranco PA. 1973. 14C incorporation from exogenous compounds into δ-aminolevulinic acid by greening cucumber cotyledons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 52:143-149.
112. Blackwell CM, Scarlett FA, Turner JM. 1976. Ethanolamine catabolism by bacteria, including Escherichia coli. Biochem Soc Trans 4:495-497.
113. Evans JC, Huddler DP, Hilgers MT, Romanchuk G, Matthews RG, Ludwig ML. 2004. Structures of the N-terminal modules imply large domain motions during catalysis by methionine synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:3729-3736.
114. Kim W, Major TA, Whitman WB. 2005. Role of the precorrin 6-X reductase gene in cobamide biosynthesis in Methanococcus maripaludis. Archaea 1:375-384.
115. St. Maurice M, Mera PE, Taranto MP, Sesma F, Escalante-Semerena JC, Rayment I. 2007. Structural characterization of the active site of the PduO-type ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase from Lactobacillus reuteri. J Biol Chem 282:2596-2605.
116. Buan NR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2006. Purification and initial biochemical characterization of ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (EutT) enzyme of Salmonella enterica. J Biol Chem 281:16971-16977.
117. 12). J Bacteriol 178:7308-7310.
118. Tobes R, Ramos JL. 2002. AraC-XylS database: a family of positive transcriptional regulators in bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 30:318-321.
119. 12-dependent diol dehydratase. Biofactors 11:105-107.
120. 12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation. J Bacteriol 181:5967-5975.
121. 12 synthesis and propanediol degradation. J Bacteriol 174:2253-2266.
122. Hall DA, Jordan-Starck TC, Loo RO, Ludwig ML, Matthews RG. 2000. Interaction of flavodoxin with cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. Biochemistry 39:10711-10719.
123. 12) biosynthetic genes of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 175:3303-3316.
124. 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
125. O'Toole GA, Rondon MR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1993. Analysis of mutants of Salmonella typhimurium defective in the synthesis of the nucleotide loop of cobalamin. J Bacteriol 175:3317-3326.
126. Fonseca MV, Buan NR, Horswill AR, Rayment I, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2002. The ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase (CobA) enzyme of Salmonella enterica requires the 2′-OH group of ATP for function and yields inorganic triphosphate as its reaction byproduct. J Biol Chem 277:33127-33131.
127. Gonzalez JC, Peariso K, Penner-Hahn JE, Matthews RG. 1996. Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase from Escherichia coli: a zinc metalloenzyme. Biochemistry 35:12228-12234.
128. 12 in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. J Bacteriol 169:3076-3081.
129. 12) biosynthetic methyltransferases. Structure and function of the C20 methyltransferase (CbiL) from Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus. J Biol Chem 282:23957-23969.
130. Bauer CB, Fonseca MV, Holden HM, Thoden JB, Thompson TB, Escalante-Semerena JC, Rayment I. 2001. Three-dimensional structure of ATP:corrinoid adenosyltransferase from Salmonella typhimurium in its free state, complexed with MgATP, or complexed with hydroxycobalamin and MgATP. Biochemistry 40:361-374.
131. 12r system. J Am Chem Soc 99:2786-2790.
132. Iuchi S, Lin EC. 1993. Adaptation of Escherichia coli to redox environments by gene expression. Mol Microbiol 9:9-15.
133. Jahn D, Michelsen U, Soll D. 1991. Two glutamyl-tRNA reductase activities in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 266:2542-2548.
134. Kaneko Y, Danev R, Nagayama K, Nakamoto H. 2006. Intact carboxysomes in a cyanobacterial cell visualized by Hilbert differential contrast transmission electron microscopy. J Bacteriol 188:805-808.
135. Tsang AW, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1998. CobB, a new member of the SIR2 family of eucaryotic regulatory proteins, is required to compensate for the lack of nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase activity in cobT mutants during cobalamin biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. J Biol Chem 273:31788-31794.
136. 12: concerning the identity of the two-carbon fragment eliminated during anaerobic formation of cobyrinic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:14320-14322.
137. Wang L, Elliott M, Elliott T. 1999. Conditional stability of the HemA protein (glutamyl-tRNA reductase) regulates heme biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 181:1211-1219.
138. Wang L, Wilson S, Elliott T. 1999. A mutant HemA protein with positive charge close to the N terminus is stabilized against heme-regulated proteolysis in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 181:6033-6041.
139. Mori K, Bando R, Hieda N, Toraya T. 2004. Identification of a reactivating factor for adenosylcobalamin-dependent ethanolamine ammonia lyase. J Bacteriol 186:6845-6854.
140. Sauve AA, Schramm VL. 2004. SIR2: the biochemical mechanism of NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylation and ADP-ribosyl enzyme intermediates. Curr Med Chem 11:807-826.
141. Dworkin J, Jovanovic G, Model P. 2000. The PspA protein of Escherichia coli is a negative regulator of σ54-dependent transcription. J Bacteriol 182:311-319.
142. 12, vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
143. Ilag LL, Jahn D. 1992. Activity and spectroscopic properties of the Escherichia coli glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase and the putative active site mutant K265R. Biochemistry 31:7143-7151.
144. 12-dependent degradation of 1,2-propanediol in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. J Bacteriol 184:1253-1261.
145. 12-dependent enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem 66:269-313.
146. Elliott T, Avissar YJ, Rhie GE, Beale SI. 1990. Cloning and sequence of the Salmonella typhimurium hemL gene and identification of the missing enzyme in hemL mutants as glutamate-1- semialdehyde aminotransferase. J Bacteriol 172:7071-7084.
147. Li JM, Brathwaite O, Cosloy SD, Russell CS. 1989. 5-Aminolevulinic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 171:2547-2552.
148. Mercante J, Suzuki K, Cheng X, Babitzke P, Romeo T. 2006. Comprehensive alanine-scanning mutagenesis of Escherichia coli CsrA defines two subdomains of critical functional importance. J Biol Chem 281:31832-31842.
149. Spencer JB, Stolowich NJ, Roessner CA, Scott AI. 1993. The Escherichia coli cysG gene encodes the multifunctional protein, siroheme synthase. FEBS Lett 335:57-60.
150. Spencer P, Jordan PM. 1994. Investigation of the nature of the two metal-binding sites in 5-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase from Escherichia coli. Biochem J 300:373-381.
151. Erskine PT, Coates L, Newbold R, Brindley AA, Stauffer F, Wood SP, Warren MJ, Cooper JB, Shoolingin-Jordan PM, Neier R. 2001. The X-ray structure of yeast 5-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase complexed with two diacid inhibitors. FEBS Lett 503:196-200.
152. Johnson MG, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1992. Identification of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole as the Co α ligand of the cobamide synthesized by Salmonella typhimurium. Nutritional characterization of mutants defective in biosynthesis of the imidazole ring. J Biol Chem 267:13302-13305.
153. Elliott T, Roth JR. 1989. Heme-deficient mutants of Salmonella typhimurium: two genes required for ALA synthesis. Mol Gen Genet 216:303-314.
154. Haller T, Buckel T, Rétey J, Gerlt JA. 2000. Discovering new enzymes and metabolic pathways: conversion of succinate to propionate by Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 39:4622-4629.
155. Jordan PM, Seehra JS. 1979. The biosynthesis of uroporphyrinogen III: order of assembly of the four porphobilinogen molecules in the formation of the tetrapyrrole ring. FEBS Lett 104:364-366.
156. Warren MJ, Bolt EL, Roessner CA, Scott AI, Spencer JB, Woodcock SC. 1994. Gene dissection demonstrates that the Escherichia coli cysG gene encodes a multifunctional protein. Biochem J 302:837-844.
157. Jordan PM, Seehra JS. 1980. 13C NMR as a probe for the study of enzyme-catalysed reactions: mechanism of action of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. FEBS Lett 114:283-286.
158. 12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. J Bacteriol 189:1589-1596.
159. Battersby AR. 2000. Tetrapyrroles: the pigments of life. Nat Prod Rep 17:507-526.
160. Starai VJ, Takahashi H, Boeke JD, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2003. Short-chain fatty acid activation by acyl-coenzyme A synthetases requires SIR2 protein function in Salmonella enterica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 163:545-555.
161. 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
162. Blanche F, Debussche L, Famechon A, Thibaut D, Cameron B, Crouzet J. 1991. A bifunctional protein from Pseudomonas denitrificans carries cobinamide kinase and cobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase activities. J Bacteriol 173:6052-6057.
163. Warren MJ, Roessner CA, Santander PJ, Scott AI. 1990. The Escherichia coli cysG gene encodes S-adenosylmethionine-dependent uroporphyrinogen III methylase. Biochem J 265:725-729.
164. Croft MT, Warren MJ, Smith AG. 2006. Algae need their vitamins. Eukaryot Cell 5:1175-1183.
165. Rife C, Schwarzenbacher R, McMullan D, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Axelrod H, Biorac T, Canaves JM, Chiu HJ, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hale J, Hampton E, Han GW, Haugen J, Hornsby M, Jaroszewski L, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Miller MD, Moy K, Nigoghossian E, Paulsen J, Quijano K, Reyes R, Sims E, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, White A, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. 2005. Crystal structure of the global regulatory protein CsrA from Pseudomonas putida at 2.05 Å resolution reveals a new fold. Proteins 61:449-453.
166. 12) de novo under anaerobic growth conditions. J Bacteriol 159:206-213.
167. So AK, Espie GS, Williams EB, Shively JM, Heinhorst S, Cannon GC. 2004. A novel evolutionary lineage of carbonic anhydrase (epsilon class) is a component of the carboxysome shell. J Bacteriol 186:623-630.
168. Palacios S, Starai VJ, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2003. Propionyl coenzyme A is a common intermediate in the 1,2-propanediol and propionate catabolic pathways needed for expression of the prpBCDE operon during growth of Salmonella enterica on 1,2-propanediol. J Bacteriol 185:2802-2810.
169. 12). Nat Prod Rep 19:390-412.
170. 12 biosynthetic jigsaw. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:4799-4800.
171. Raux E, Leech HK, Beck R, Schubert HL, Santander PJ, Roessner CA, Scott AI, Martens JH, Jahn D, Thermes C, Rambach A, Warren MJ. 2003. Identification and functional analysis of enzymes required for precorrin-2 dehydrogenation and metal ion insertion in the biosynthesis of sirohaem and cobalamin in Bacillus megaterium. Biochem J 370:505-516.
172. 12) biosynthetic genes: functional studies in S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 178:753-767.
173. Stojiljkovic I, Baumler AJ, Heffron F. 1995. Ethanolamine utilization in Salmonella typhimurium: nucleotide sequence, protein expression, and mutational analysis of the cchA cchB eutE eutJ eutG eutH gene cluster. J Bacteriol 177:1357-1366.
174. Verkamp E, Jahn M, Jahn D, Kumar AM, Soll D. 1992. Glutamyl-tRNA reductase from Escherichia coli and Synechocystis 6803. Gene structure and expression. J Biol Chem 267:8275-8280.
175. Schubert HL, Hill CP. 2006. Structure of ATP-bound human ATP:cobalamin adenosyltransferase. Biochemistry 45:15188-15196.
176. Faust LR, Connor JA, Roof DM, Hoch JA, Babior BM. 1990. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the genes encoding the adenosylcobalamin-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase of Salmonella typhimurium. J Biol Chem 265:12462-12466.
177. 12 coenzyme at 15K: structure analysis and comparison with the structure at 279K. Acta Crystallogr B49:79-89.
178. Leal NA, Park SD, Kima PE, Bobik TA. 2003. Identification of the human and bovine ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase cDNAs based on complementation of a bacterial mutant. J Biol Chem 278:9227-9234.
179. Darwin AJ. 2005. The phage-shock-protein response. Mol Microbiol 57:621-628.
180. Warren MJ, Jordan PM. 1988. Investigation into the nature of substrate binding to the dipyrromethane cofactor of Escherichia coli porphobilinogen deaminase. Biochemistry 27:9020-9030.
181. Schmid MF, Paredes AM, Khant HA, Soyer F, Aldrich HC, Chiu W, Shively JM. 2006. Structure of Halothiobacillus neapolitanus carboxysomes by cryo-electron tomography. J Mol Biol 364:526-535.
182. Spencer P, Jordan PM. 1993. Purification and characterization of 5-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase from Escherichia coli and a study of the reactive thiols at the metal-binding domain. Biochem J 290:279-287.
183. Vitols E, Walker GA, Huennekens FM. 1966. Enzymatic conversion of vitamin B-12s to a cobamide coenzyme, alpha-(5,6- dimethylbenzimidazolyl)deoxyadenosylcobamide (adenosyl-B-12). J Biol Chem 241:1455-1461.
184. 12 in the metabolism of microorganisms. Vitam Horm 1955:101-136.
185. 12 metabolism and regulation in prokaryotes. J Biol Chem 278:41148-41159.
186. Sanishvili R, Pennycooke M, Gu J, Xu X, Joachimiak A, Edwards AM, Christendat D. 2004. Crystal structure of the hypothetical protein TA1238 from Thermoplasma acidophilum: a new type of helical super-bundle. J Struct Funct Genomics 5:231-240.
187. 12 anaerobic pathway. Bioorg Med Chem 14:724-731.
188. Jordan PM, Warren MJ. 1987. Evidence for a dipyrromethane cofactor at the catalytic site of E. coli porphobilinogen deaminase FEBS Lett 225:87-92.
189. Schubert HL, Raux E, Wilson KS, Warren MJ. 1999. Common chelatase design in the branched tetrapyrrole pathways of heme and anaerobic cobalamin synthesis. Biochemistry 38:10660-10669.
190. 12 biosynthesis, and CbiL in complex with S-adenosylhomocysteine: implications for the reaction mechanism. FEBS J 274:563-573.
191. Raux E, Schubert HL, Roper JM, Wilson KS, Warren MJ. 1999. Vitamin B-12: insights into biosynthesis's mount improbable. Bioorg Chem 27:100-118.
192. Roessner CA, Williams HJ, Scott AI. 2005. Genetically engineered production of 1-desmethylcobyrinic acid, 1-desmethylcobyrinic acid a,c-diamide, and cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide in E. coli implies a role for CbiD in C-1 methylation in the anaerobic pathway to cobalamin. J Biol Chem 280:16748-16753.
193. 12 biosynthesis. Angew Chem (International ed.) 32:1651-1653.
194. Blanche F, Debussche L, Thibaut D, Crouzet J, Cameron B. 1989. Purification and characterization of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase from Pseudomonas denitrificans. J Bacteriol 171:4222-4231.
195. Keck B, Renz P. 2000. Salmonella typhimurium forms adenylcobamide and 2-methyladenylcobamide, but no detectable cobalamin during strictly anaerobic growth. Arch Microbiol 173:76-77.
196. 12. de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany.
197. 12 and related cob(III)alamins. J Am Chem Soc 128:801-808.
198. Fraústo da Silva JJR, Williams RJP. 2001. The Biological Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
199. Warren MJ, Stolowich NJ, Santander PJ, Roessner CA, Sowa BA, Scott AI. 1990. Enzymatic synthesis of dihydrosirohydrochlorin (precorrin-2) and of a novel pyrrocorphin by uroporphyrinogen III methylase. FEBS Lett 261:76-80.
200. 12) and siroheme biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 179:3202-3212.
201. Chen P, Andersson DI, Roth JR. 1994. The control region of the pdu/cob regulon in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 176:5474-5482.
202. Cheong CG, Escalante-Semerena JC, Rayment I. 2001. Structural investigation of the biosynthesis of alternative lower ligands for cobamides by nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase from Salmonella enterica. J Biol Chem 276:37612-37620.
203. Horswill AR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1999. Salmonella typhimurium LT2 catabolizes propionate via the 2-methylcitric acid cycle. J Bacteriol 181:5615-5623.
204. Vevodova J, Graham RM, Raux E, Schubert HL, Roper DI, Brindley AA, Ian Scott A, Roessner CA, Stamford NP, Elizabeth Stroupe M, Getzoff ED, Warren MJ, Wilson KS. 2004. Structure/ function studies on a S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent uroporphyrinogen III C methyltransferase (SUMT), a key regulatory enzyme of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. J Mol Biol 344:419-433.
205. Fonseca MV, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2001. An in vitro reducing system for the enzymic conversion of cobalamin to adenosylcobalamin. J Biol Chem 276:32101-32108.
206. Textor S, Wendisch VF, De Graaf AA, Muller U, Linder MI, Linder D, Buckel W. 1997. Propionate oxidation in Escherichia coli:evidence for operation of a methylcitrate cycle in bacteria. Arch Microbiol 168:428-436.
207. 12s system. J Am Chem Soc 98:2652-2658.
208. Luer C, Schauer S, Mobius K, Schulze J, Schubert WD, Heinz DW, Jahn D, Moser J. 2005. Complex formation between glutamyl-tRNA reductase and glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1- aminomutase in Escherichia coli during the initial reactions of porphyrin biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 280:18568-18572.
209. Suh S, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1995. Purification and initial characterization of the ATP:corrinoid adenosyltransferase encoded by the cobA gene of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 177:921-925.
210. 12 synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium, insertion of cobalt. J Bacteriol 178:6952-6959.
211. Battersby AR, Fookes CJ, Matcham GW, McDonald E. 1980. Biosynthesis of the pigments of life: formation of the macrocycle. Nature 285:17-21.
212. Brinsmade SR, Paldon T, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2005. Minimal functions and physiological conditions required for growth of Salmonella enterica on ethanolamine in the absence of the metabolosome. J Bacteriol 187:8039-8046.
213. Leech HK, Raux E, McLean KJ, Munro AW, Robinson NJ, Borrelly GP, Malten M, Jahn D, Rigby SE, Heathcote P, Warren MJ. 2003. Characterization of the cobaltochelatase CbiXL: evidence for a 4Fe-4S center housed within an MXCXXC motif. J Biol Chem 278:41900-4197.
214. 12. Chem Biol 4:659-666.
215. Smith BC, Denu JM. 2006. Sir2 protein deacetylases: evidence for chemical intermediates and functions of a conserved histidine. Biochemistry 45:272-282.
216. Leipe DD, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Aravind L. 2002. Classification and evolution of P-loop GTPases and related ATPases. J Mol Biol 317:41-72.
217. 2+ cobalamin. J Am Chem Soc 126:9735-9749.
218. Brushaber KR, O'Toole GA, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1998. CobD, a novel enzyme with L-threonine-O-3-phosphate decarboxylase activity, is responsible for the synthesis of (R)-1-amino-2- propanol O-2-phosphate, a proposed new intermediate in cobalamin biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. J Biol Chem 273:2684-2691.
219. 12) biosynthetic genes of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 169:3189-3198.
220. Johnson CL, Buszko ML, Bobik TA. 2004. Purification and initial characterization of the Salmonella enterica PduO ATP:cob(I) alamin adenosyltransferase. J Bacteriol 186:7881-7887.
221. Sampson EM, Johnson CL, Bobik TA. 2005. Biochemical evidence that the pduS gene encodes a bifunctional cobalamin reductase. Microbiology 151:1169-1177.
222. 12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Arch Microbiol 180:353-361.
223. Schubert HL, Blumenthal RM, Cheng X. 2003. Many paths to methyltransfer: a chronicle of convergence. Trends Biochem Sci 28:329-335.
224. Stich TA, Buan NR, Escalante-Semerena JC, Brunold TC. 2005. Spectroscopic and computational studies of the ATP:corrinoid adenosyltransferase (CobA) from Salmonella enterica: insights into the mechanism of adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 127:8710-8719.
225. Buan NR, Rehfeld K, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2006. Studies of the CobA-type ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase enzyme of Methanosarcina mazei strain Gö1. J Bacteriol 188:3543-3550.
226. 12). Biochem Soc Trans 30:613-620.
227. Buan NR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2005. Computer-assisted docking of flavodoxin with the ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase (CobA) enzyme reveals residues critical for protein-protein interactions but not for catalysis. J Biol Chem 280:40948-40956.
228. Johnson CL, Pechonick E, Park SD, Havemann GD, Leal NA, Bobik TA. 2001. Functional genomic, biochemical, and genetic characterization of the Salmonella pduO gene, an ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase gene. J Bacteriol 183:1577-1584.
229. Wang LY, Brown L, Elliott M, Elliott T. 1997. Regulation of heme biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium: activity of glutamyltRNA reductase (HemA) is greatly elevated during heme limitation by a mechanism which increases abundance of the protein. J Bacteriol 179:2907-2914.
230. Chen P, Ailion M, Bobik T, Stormo G, Roth J. 1995. Five promoters integrate control of the cob/pdu regulon in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 177:5401-5410.
231. 12-like compounds. Biochem J 59:86-93.
232. O'Toole GA, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1995. Purification and characterization of the bifunctional CobU enzyme of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Evidence for a CobU-GMP intermediate. J Biol Chem 270:23560-23569.
233. Rondon MR, Kazmierczak R, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1995. Glutathione is required for maximal transcription of the cobalamin biosynthetic and 1,2-propanediol utilization (cob/pdu) regulon and for the catabolism of ethanolamine, 1,2-propanediol, and propionate in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. J Bacteriol 177:5434-5439.
234. 12: how the problem of its biosynthesis was solved. Angew Chem (International ed.) 34:383-411.
235. O'Toole GA, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1993. cobU-dependent assimilation of nonadenosylated cobinamide in cobA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 175:6328-6336.
236. O'Toole GA. 1994. Biochemistry and genetics of cobalamin nucleotide loop assembly in Salmonella typhimurium. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
237. Thomas MG, Thompson TB, Rayment I, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2000. Analysis of the adenosylcobinamide kinase/ adenosylcobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase (CobU) enzyme of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Identification of residue H46 as the site of guanylylation. J Biol Chem 275:27376-27386.
238. Orus MI, Rodriguez ML, Martinez F, Marco E. 1995. Biogenesis and ultrastructure of carboxysomes from wild type and mutants of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. Plant Physiol 107:1159-1166.
239. Woodson JD, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2006. The cbiS gene of the archaeon Methanopyrus kandleri AV19 encodes a bifunctional enzyme with adenosylcobinamide amidohydrolase and α-ribazolephosphate phosphatase activities. J Bacteriol 188:4227-4235.
240. Trzebiatowski JR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1997. Purification and characterization of CobT, the nicotinate-mononucleotide:5,6- dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase enzyme from Salmonella typhimurium LT2. J Biol Chem 272:17662-17667.
241. 12 5′-phosphate. J Biol Chem 243:2065-2075.
242. Buan NR, Suh SJ, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2004. The eutT gene of Salmonella enterica encodes an oxygen-labile, metal-containing ATP:corrinoid adenosyltransferase enzyme. J Bacteriol 186:5708-5714.
243. Toraya T, Ushio K, Fukui S, Hogenkamp PC. 1977. Studies on the mechanism of the adenosylcobalamin-dependent diol dehydrase reaction by the use of analogs of the coenzyme. J Biol Chem 252:963-970.
244. Cheong CG, Bauer CB, Brushaber KR, Escalante-Semerena JC, Rayment I. 2002. Three-dimensional structure of the L-threonine-O-3-phosphate decarboxylase (CobD) enzyme from Salmonella enterica. Biochemistry 41:4798-4808.
245. Cheong CG, Escalante-Semerena JC, Rayment I. 2002. Capture of a labile substrate by expulsion of water molecules from the active site of nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase (CobT) from Salmonella enterica. J Biol Chem 277:41120-41127.
246. Stroupe ME, Leech HK, Daniels DS, Warren MJ, Getzoff ED. 2003. CysG structure reveals tetrapyrrole-binding features and novel regulation of siroheme biosynthesis. Nat Struct Biol 10:1064-1073.
247. 12 from Acetobacterium woodii. Eur J Biochem 172:459-464.
248. Ilag LL, Jahn D, Eggertsson G, Soll D. 1991. The Escherichia coli hemL gene encodes glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. J Bacteriol 173:3408-3413.
249. 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
250. Starai VJ, Celic I, Cole RN, Boeke JD, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2002. Sir2-dependent activation of acetyl-CoA synthetase by deacetylation of active lysine. Science 298:2390-2392.
251. Saraste M, Sibbald PR, Wittinghofer A. 1990. The P-loop: a common motif in ATP- and GTP-binding proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 15:430-434.
252. Smith AE, Matthews RG. 2000. Protonation state of methyltetrahydrofolate in a binary complex with cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. Biochemistry 39:13880-13890.
253. Luschinsky CL, Drummond JT, Matthews RG, Ludwig ML. 1992. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the cobalamin-binding domain of methionine synthase from Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 225:557-560.
254. Yoshizawa Y, Toyoda K, Arai H, Ishii M, Igarashi Y. 2004. CO2-responsive expression and gene organization of three ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase enzymes and carboxysomes in Hydrogenovibrio marinus strain MH-110. J Bacteriol 186:5685-5691.
255. Drummond JT, Matthews RG. 1993. Cobalamin-dependent and cobalamin-independent methionine synthases in Escherichia coli: two solutions to the same chemical problem. Adv Exp Med Biol 338:687-692.
256. Mitchell LW, Jaffe EK. 1993. Porphobilinogen synthase from Escherichia coli is a Zn(II) metalloenzyme stimulated by Mg(II). Arch Biochem Biophys 300:169-177.
257. Crouzet J, Cauchois L, Blanche F, Debussche L, Thibaut D, Rouyez MC, Rigault S, Mayaux JF, Cameron B. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of a Pseudomonas denitrificans 5.4-kilobase DNA fragment containing five cob genes and identification of structural genes encoding S-adenosyl-L-methionine:uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase and cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase. J Bacteriol 172:5968-5979.
258. Friedmann HC. 1965. Partial purification and properties of a single displacement trans-N-glycosidase. J Biol Chem 240:413-418.
259. Blanche F, Thibaut D, Famechon A, Debussche L, Cameron B, Crouzet J. 1992. Precorrin-6x reductase from Pseudomonas denitrificans: purification and characterization of the enzyme and identification of the structural gene. J Bacteriol 174:1036-1042.
260. Erskine PT, Norton E, Cooper JB, Lambert R, Coker A, Lewis G, Spencer P, Sarwar M, Wood SP, Warren MJ, Shoolingin-Jordan PM. 1999. X-ray structure of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from Escherichia coli complexed with the inhibitor levulinic acid at 2.0 Å resolution. Biochemistry 38:4266-4276.
261. 12, dimethylbenzimidazole. J Bacteriol 177:1461-1419.
262. Rondon MR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1998. High levels of transcription factor RpoS (sigma S) in mviA mutants negatively affect 1,2-propanediol-dependent transcription of the cob/pdu regulon of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. FEMS Microbiol Lett 169:147-153.
263. Penrod JT, Mace CC, Roth JR. 2004. A pH-sensitive function and phenotype: evidence that EutH facilitates diffusion of uncharged ethanolamine in Salmonella enterica. J Bacteriol 186:6885-6890.
264. Thompson TB, Thomas MG, Escalante-Semerena JC, Rayment I. 1998. Three-dimensional structure of adenosylcobinamide kinase/ adenosylcobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase from Salmonella typhimurium determined to 2.3 Å resolution. Biochemistry 37:7686-7695.
265. Rondon MR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1996. In vitro analysis of the interactions between the PocR regulatory protein and the promoter region of the cobalamin biosynthetic (cob) operon of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. J Bacteriol 178:2196-2203.
266. 12-dependent enzyme ethanolamine deaminase in Salmonella. Nature 254:150-151.
267. 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
268. 12 factors from Clostridium thermoaceticum. Biochemistry 4:2780-2790.
269. Maggio-Hall LA, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1999. In vitro synthesis of the nucleotide loop of cobalamin by Salmonella typhimurium enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:11798-11803.
270. Ailion M, Bobik TA, Roth JR. 1993. Two global regulatory systems (Crp and Arc) control the cobalamin/propanediol regulon of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 175:7200-7208.
271. Andersson D I. 1992. Involvement of the Arc system in redox regulation of the Cob operon in Salmonella typhimurium. Mol. Microbiol. 6:1491-1494.
272. 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
273. Richter-Dahlfors AA, Andersson DI. 1991. Analysis of an anaerobically induced promoter for the cobalamin biosynthetic genes in Salmonella typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 5:1337-1345.
274. Raux E. 1998. Ph.D. thesis. University of London, London, United Kingdom.
275. 12)-repressed translational enhancer in the cob mRNA of Salmonella typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 39:1585-1594.
276. Lundrigan MD, Kadner RJ. 1989. Altered cobalamin metabolism in Escherichia coli btuR mutants affects btuB gene regulation. J Bacteriol 171:154-161.
277. Nahvi A, Sudarsan N, Ebert MS, Zou X, Brown KL, Breaker RR. 2002. Genetic control by a metabolite binding mRNA. Chem Biol 9:1043-1049.
278. 12 riboswitches are widespread genetic control elements in prokaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res 32:143-150.
279. Moser J, Schubert WD, Beier V, Bringemeier I, Jahn D, Heinz DW. 2001. V-shaped structure of glutamyl-tRNA reductase, the first enzyme of tRNA-dependent tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. EMBO J 20:6583-6590.
280. Rondon MR, Horswill AR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1995. DNA polymerase I function is required for the utilization of ethanolamine, 1,2-propanediol, and propionate by Salmonella typhimurium LT2. J Bacteriol 177:7119-7124.
281. Ronzio RA, Barker HA. 1967. Enzymic synthesis of guanosine diphosphate cobinamide by extracts of propionic acid bacteria. Biochemistry 6:2344-2354.
282. 12-adenosyl transferase is encoded within the ethanolamine operon of Salmonella enterica. J Bacteriol 186:7635-7644.
283. Romeo T, Gong M, Liu MY, Brun-Zinkernagel AM. 1993. Identification and molecular characterization of csrA, a pleiotropic gene from Escherichia coli that affects glycogen biosynthesis, gluconeogenesis, cell size, and surface properties. J Bacteriol 175:4744-4755.
284. Romeo T. 1996. Post-transcriptional regulation of bacterial carbohydrate metabolism: evidence that the gene product CsrA is a global mRNA decay factor. Res Microbiol 147:505-512.
285. Kräutler B, Moll J, Thauer RK. 1987. The corrinoid from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Marburg strain). Spectroscopic structure analysis and identification as Co beta-cyano-5′- hydroxybenzimidazolyl-cobamide (factor III). Eur J Biochem 162:275-278.
286. Mazumder TK, Nishio N, Hayashi M, Nagai S. 1986. Production of corrinoids by Methanosarcina barkeri growing on methanol. Biotechnol Lett 8:843-848.
287. Roessner CA, Williams HJ, Scott AI. 2005. Genetically engineered production of 1-desmethylcobyrinic acid, 1-desmethylcobyrinic acid a,c-diamide, and cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide in Escherichia coli implies a role for CbiD in C-1 methylation in the anaerobic pathway to cobalamin. J Biol Chem 280:16748-16753.
288. Romeo T. 1998. Global regulation by the small RNA-binding protein CsrA and the non-coding RNA molecule CsrB. Mol Microbiol 29:1321-1330.
289. 12) repression of the Cob operon in Salmonella typhimurium requires sequences within the leader and the first translated open reading frame. Mol Microbiol 6:743-749.
290. Kulkarni PR, Cui X, Williams JW, Stevens AM, Kulkarni RV. 2006. Prediction of CsrA-regulating small RNAs in bacteria and their experimental verification in Vibrio fischeri. Nucleic Acids Res 34:3361-3369.
291. 12: definition of the roles of the CbiF and CbiG enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 128:9971-9978.
292. Nou X, Kadner RJ. 2000. Adenosylcobalamin inhibits ribosome binding to btuB RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7190-7195.
293. Schauer S, Chaturvedi S, Randau L, Moser J, Kitabatake M, Lorenz S, Verkamp E, Schubert WD, Nakayashiki T, Murai M, Wall K, Thomann HU, Heinz DW, Inokuchi H, Soll D, Jahn D. 2002. Escherichia coli glutamyl-tRNA reductase. Trapping the thioester intermediate. J Biol Chem 277:48657-48663.
294. Shipman LW, Li D, Roessner CA, Scott AI, Sacchettini JC. 2001. Crystal structure of precorrin-8x methyl mutase. Structure 9:587-596.
295. Smith CA, Rayment I. 1996. Active site comparisons highlight structural similarities between myosin and other P-loop proteins. Biophys J 70:1590-1602.
296. Xue Y, Wei Z, Li X, Gong W. 2006. The crystal structure of putative precorrin isomerase CbiC in cobalamin biosynthesis. J Struct Biol 153:307-311.
297. Brinsmade SR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2004. The eutD gene of Salmonella enterica encodes a protein with phosphotransacetylase enzyme activity. J Bacteriol 186:1890-1892.
298. Brindley AA, Raux E, Leech HK, Schubert HL, Warren MJ. 2003. A story of chelatase evolution: identification and characterization of a small 13-15-kDa "ancestral" cobaltochelatase (CbiXS) in the archaea. J Biol Chem 278:22388-22395.
299. Model P, Jovanovic G, Dworkin J. 1997. The Escherichia coli phage-shock-protein (psp) operon. Mol Microbiol 24:255-261.
300. Pejchal R, Ludwig ML. 2005. Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE): a face-to-face double barrel that evolved by gene duplication. PLoS Biol 3:e31.
301. Rondon MR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1992. The poc locus is required for 1,2-propanediol-dependent transcription of the cobalamin biosynthetic (cob) and propanediol utilization (pdu) genes of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 174:2267-2272.
302. Blattner FR, Plunkett G III, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y. 1997. The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 277:1453-1474.
303. Friedmann HC, Thauer RK (ed). 1992. Macrocyclic Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis in Bacteria, vol. 3. Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY.
304. Shively JM, Bock E, Westphal K, Cannon GC. 1977. Icosahedral inclusions (carboxysomes) of Nitrobacter agilis. J Bacteriol 132:673-635.
305. 12-dependent degradation of 1,2- propanediol in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. J Bacteriol 185:5086-5095.
306. Keller JP, Smith PM, Benach J, Christendat D, deTitta GT, Hunt JF. 2002. The crystal structure of MT0146/CbiT suggests that the putative precorrin-8w decarboxylase is a methyltransferase. Structure 10:1475-1487.
307. Hart GJ, Miller AD, Leeper FJ, Battersby AR. 1987. Biosynthesis of the natural porphyrins: proof that hydroxymethylbilane synthase (prophobilinogen deaminase) uses a novel binding group in its catalytic action. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 23:1762-1764.
308. 12) biosynthetic genes of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 177:6371-6380.
309. Roy I, Leadlay PF. 1992. Physical map location of the new Escherichia coli gene sbm. J Bacteriol 174:5763-5764.
310. 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
311. Li JM, Russell CS, Cosloy SD. 1989. The structure of the Escherichia coli hemB gene. Gene 75:177-184.
312. Fresquet V, Williams L, Raushel FM. 2004. Mechanism of cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Biochemistry 43:10619-10627.
313. O'Toole GA, Trzebiatowski JR, Escalante-Semerena JC. 1994. The cobC gene of Salmonella typhimurium codes for a novel phosphatase involved in the assembly of the nucleotide loop of cobalamin. J Biol Chem 269:26503-26511.
314. Zhou ZS, Peariso K, Penner-Hahn JE, Matthews RG. 1999. Identification of the zinc ligands in cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE) from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 38:15915-15926.