Leptin, Insulin and Blood-Brain Barrier Relations in Obesity

The Metabolic Syndrome at the Beginning of the XXI Century: A Genetic and Molecular Approach

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 199-215

  Banks, William A ^a   Nonaka, Naoko ^a,b,c   Shioda, Seiji ^c   Nakaoke, Ryota ^a,d   Morley, John E ^a  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b SHOWA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY   (Japan)

^c SHOWA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^d NAGASAKI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84941284694     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-84-8174-892-5.50012-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (234)

1. Davson H The blood-brain barrier. Physiology of the Cerebrospinal Fluid 1967, J and A Churchill, LTD, London, 82-103.
2. Reese TS, Karnovsky MJ Fine structural localization of a blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase. J Cell Biol 1967, 34:207-217.
3. Brightman MW, Reese TS Junctions between intimately opposed cell membranes in the vertebrate brain. J Cell Biol 1969, 40:648-677.
4. Johanson CE The choroid plexus-arachnoid membranecerebrospinal fluid system. Neuromethods; The Neuronal Microenvironment 1988, 33-104. The Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey. A.A. Boulton, G.B. Baker, W. Walz (Eds.).
5. Reese TS, Brightman MW Similarity in structure and permeability to peroxidase of epithelia overlying fenestrated cerebral capillaries. The Anatomical Record 160 1968, 414.
6. Johnson AK, Gross PM Sensory circumventricular organs and brain homeostatic pathways. FASEB J 1993, 7:678-686.
7. Gross PM, Weindl A Peering through the windows of the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987, 7:663-672.
8. Peruzzo B, Pastor FE, Blázquez JL, Schobitz K, Peláez B, Amat P, et al. A second look at the barriers of the medial basal hypothalamus. Exp Brain Res 2000, 132:10-26.
9. Rethelyi M Diffusional barrier around the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in the rat. Brain Res 1984, 307:355-358.
10. Davson H, Segal MB Special aspects of the blood-brain barrier. Physiology of the CSF and Blood-Brain Barriers 1996, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 303-485.
11. Begley DJ ABC transporters and the blood-brain barrier. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2004, 10:1295-1312.
12. Taylor EM The impact of efflux transporters in the brain on the development of drugs for CNS disorders. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2002, 41:81-92.
13. Banks WA, Kastin AJ Editorial Review: Peptide transport systems for opiates across the blood-brain barrier. Am J Physiol 1990, 259:E1-E10.
14. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Broadwell RD Passage of cytokines across the blood-brain barrier. num 1995, 2:241-248.
15. Banks WA, Kastin AJ Passage of peptides across the blood-brain barrier: pathophysiological perspectives. Life Sci 1996, 59:1923-1943.
16. Banks WA, Kastin AJ Physiological consequences of the passage of peptides across the blood-brain barrier. Rev Neurosci 1993, 4:365-372.
17. Banks WA Neuroimmune networks and communication pathways: the importance of location. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2004, 18:120-122.
18. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Fischman AJ, Coy DH, Strauss SL Carrier-mediated transport of enkephalins and N-Tyr- MIF-1 across blood-brain barrier. Am J Physiol 1986, 251:E477-E482.
19. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Michals EA, Barrera CM Stereospecific transport of Tyr-MIF-1 across the bloodbrain barrier by peptide transport system-1. Brain Res Bull 1990, 25:589-592.
20. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Michals EA Tyr-MIF-1 and metenkephalin share a saturable blood-brain barrier transport system. Peptides 1987, 8:899-903.
21. Banks WA, Kastin AJ Modulation of the carrier-mediated transport of the Tyr-MIF-1 across the blood-brain barrier by essential amino acids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986, 239:668-672.
22. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Fasold MB Differential effect of aluminum on the blood-brain barrier transport of peptides, technetium and albumin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988, 244:579-585.
23. Banks WA, Kastin AJ Effect of neurotransmitters on the system that transports Tyr- MIF-1 and the enkephalins across the blood-brain barrier: a dominant role for serotonin. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1989, 98:380-385.
24. Banks WA, Kastin AJ Leucine modulates peptide transport system-1 across the blood- brain barrier at a stereospecific site within the central nervous system. J Pharm Pharmacol 1991, 43:252-254.
25. Martins JM, Banks WA, Kastin AJ Acute modulation of the active carrier-mediated brain to blood transport of corticotropin-releasing hormone. Am J Physiol 1997, 272:E312-E319.
26. Cataldo AM, Nixon RA Enzymatically active lysosomal proteases are associated with amyloid deposits in Alzheimer brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990, 87:3861-3865.
27. Banks WA, Plotkin SR, Kastin AJ Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to soluble cytokine receptors. no 1995, 2:161-165.
28. Cashion MF, Banks WA, Kastin AJ Sequestration of centrally administered insulin by the brain: effects of starvation, aluminum, and TNF-α. Hormone Behav 1996, 30:280-286.
29. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Arimura A Effect of spinal cord injury on the permeability of the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers to the neurotropin PACAP. Exp Neurol 1998, 151:116-123.
30. Pan W, Banks WA, Kastin AJ BBB permeability to ebiratide and TNF in acute spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 1997, 146:367-373.
31. Pan W, Zhang L, Liao J, Csernus B, Kastin AJ Selective increase in TNF alpha permeation across the blood-spinal cord barrier after SCI. J Neuroimmunol 2003, 134:111-117.
32. Baranczyk-Kuzma A, Audus KL Characteristics of aminopeptidase activity from bovine brain microvessel endothelium. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987, 7:801-805.
33. Brownson EA, Abbruscato TJ, Gillespie TJ, Hruby VJ, Davis TP Effect of peptidases at the blood brain barrier on the permeability of enkephalin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994, 270:675-680.
34. Hardebo JE, Owman C Enzymatic barrier mechanisms for neurotransmitter monoamines and their precursors at the blood-brain barrier. Pathophysiology of the Blood-Brain Barrier 1990, 41-55. Elsevier, Amsterdam. B.B. Johansson, C. Owman, H. Widner (Eds.).
35. Begley DJ Strategies for delivery of peptide drugs to the central nervous system: exploiting molecular structure. J Control Release 1994, 29:293-306.
36. Bradbury MWB, Segal MB, Wilson J Transport of potassium at the blood-brain barrier. J Physiol (London) 1972, 221:617-632.
37. Drion N, Lemaire M, Lefauconnier JM, Scherrmann JM Role of p-glycoprotein in the blood-brain transport of colchicine and vinblastine. J Neurochem 1996, 67:1688-1693.
38. Ghersi-Egea JF, Gorevic PD, Ghiso J, Frangione B, Patlak CS, Fenstermacher JD Fate of cerebrospinal fluid-borne amyloid β-peptide: rapid clearance into blood and appreciable accumulation by cerebral arteries. J Neurochem 1996, 67:880-883.
39. Kakee A, Terasaki T, Sugiyama Y Brain efflux index as a novel method of analyzing efflux transport at the blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996, 277:1550-1559.
40. Harris PJ, Curry R Diabetes insipidus and AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995, 9:99.
41. Grossman DM, Banks WA, LeBlanc J, Dejace P Prevalence of hypernatremia in HIV-infected VA patients. Journal of Investigative Medicine 1998, 46(46A).
42. Brew BJ, Rosenblum M, Cronin K, Price RW AIDS dementia complex and HIV-1 brain infection: clinical-virological correlations. Ann Neurol 1995, 38:563-570.
43. Banks WA Protector, prey, or perpetrator: The pathophysiology of the blood-brain barrier in NeuroAIDS. Science Online: NeuroAIDS 2000, 3(3):1-6.
44. Miller DW Immunobiology of the blood-brain barrier. J Neurovirology 1999, 5:570-578.
45. Persidsky Y, Stins M, Way D, Witte MH, Weinand M, Kim KS, et al. A model for monocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier during HIV-1 encephalitis. J Immunol 1997, 158:3499-3510.
46. Nottet HS, Persidsky Y, Sasseville VG, Nukuna AN, Bock P, Zhai QH, et al. Mechanisms for the transendothelial migration of HIV-1-infected monocytes into brain. J Immunol 1996, 156:1284-1295.
47. Banks WA, Freed EO, Wolf KM, Robinson SM, Franko M, Kumar VB Transport of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pseudoviruses across the blood-brain barrier: role of envelope proteins and adsorptive endocytosis. J Virol 2001, 75:4681-4691.
48. Bansal AK, Mactutus CF, Nath A, Maragos W, Hauser KF, Booze RM Neurotoxicity of HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Tat in the rat striatum. Brain Res 2000, 879:42-49.
49. Lipton SA HIV-related neurotoxicity. Brain Pathol 1991, 1:193-199.
50. Sundar SK, Cierpial MA, Kamaraju LS, Long S, Hsieh S, Lorenz C, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein (gp120) infused into rat brain induces interleukin 1 to elevate pituitary-adrenal activity and decrease peripheral cellular immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991, 88:11246-11250.
51. Farr SA, Banks WA, Uezu K, Freed EO, Kumar VB, Morley JE Mechanisms of HIV-1 induced cognitive impairment: evidence for hippocampal cholinergic involvement with overstimulation of the VIPergic system by the viral coat protein core. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002, 18:1189-1195.
52. McKeating JA, McKnight A, Moore JP Differential loss of envelope glycoprotein gp120 from virions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates: effects on infectivity and neutralization. J Virol 1991, 65:852-860.
53. Banks WA, Kastin AJ Characterization of lectin-mediated brain uptake of HIV-1 gp120. J Neurosci Res 1998, 54:522-529.
54. Banks WA, Akerstrom V, Kastin AJ Adsorptive endocytosis mediates the passage of HIV-1 across the blood-brain barrier: evidence for a post-internalization coreceptor. J Cell Sci 1998, 111:533-540.
55. Alonso K, Pontiggia P, Medenica R, Rizzo R Cytokine patterns in adults with AIDS. Immunol Invest 1997, 26(3):341-350.
56. Hittinger G, Poggi C, Delbeke E, Profizi N, Lafeuillada A Correlation between plasma levels of cytokines and HIV-1 RNA copy number in HIV-infected patients. Infection 1998, 26(2):100-103.
57. Honda M, Kitamura K, Mizutani Y, Oishi M, Arai M, Okura T, et al. Quantitative analysis of serum IL-6 and its correlation with increased levels of serum IL-2R in HIV-induced diseases. J Immunol 1990, 145:4059-4064.
58. Watkins LR, Maier SF, Goehler LE Cytokine-to-brain communication: a review & analysis of alternative mechanisms. Life Sci 1995, 57:1011-1026.
59. Kelley KW, Bluthe RM, Dantzer R, Zhou J-H, Shen WH, Johnson RW, et al. Cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2003, 17:S112-S118.
60. Didier N, Banks WA, Creminon C, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Mabondzo A. Endothelin-1 production at the in-vitro blood-brain barrier during HIV infection. Neuroreport 2002; in press.
61. Reyes TM, Fabry Z, Coe CL Brain endothelial cell production of a neuroprotective cytokine, interleukin-6, in response to noxious stimuli. Brain Res 1999, 851:215-220.
62. Banks WA, Kastin AJ The role of the blood-brain barrier transporter PTS-1 in regulating concentrations of methionine enkephalin in blood and brain. Alcohol 1997, 14:237-245.
63. Blum K, Elston SFA, DeLallo L, Briggs AH, Wallace JE Ethanol acceptance as a function of genotype amounts of brain [met]-enkephalin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983, 80:6510-6512.
64. Blum K, Briggs AH, Wallace JE, Hall CW, Trachtenberg MA Regional brain [Met]-enkephalin in alcohol-preferring and non-alcohol-preferring inbred strains of mice. Experientia 1987, 43:408-410.
65. Ho AKS, Rossi N Suppression of ethanol consumption by MET-enkephalin in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1982, 34:118-119.
66. Banks WA, Kastin AJ Inhibition of the brain to blood transport system for enkephalins and Tyr-MIF-1 in mice addicted or genetically predisposed to drinking ethanol. Alcohol 1989, 6:53-57.
67. Plotkin SR, Banks WA, Waguespack PJ, Kastin AJ Ethanol alters the concentration of met-enkephalin in brain by affecting peptide transport system-1 independent of preproenkephalin mRNA. J Neurosci Res 1997, 48:273-280.
68. Plotkin SR, Banks WA, Kastin AJ Enkephalin, PPE, mRNA, and PTS-1 in alcohol withdrawal seizure-prone and -resistant mice. Alcohol 1998, 15:25-31.
69. Banks WA, Wolf KM, Niehoff ML Effects of chronic ethanol on brain and serum level of methionine enkephalin. Peptides 2003, 24:1935-1940.
70. Koide S, Onishi H, Katayama M, Kai T, Yamagami S HPLC/RIA analysis of bioactive methionine enkephalin content in the seizure-susceptible E1 mouse brain. Neurochem Res 1995, 20:1115-1118.
71. Plotkin SR, Banks WA, Cohn CS, Kastin AJ Withdrawal from alcohol in withdrawal seizure-prone and -resistant mice: evidence for enkephalin resistance. Pharm Biochem Behav 2001, 68:379-387.
72. Banks WA, Kastin AJ Brain-to-blood transport of peptides and the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Models of Neuropeptide Action 1994, 108-118. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. F.L. Strand, B. Beckwith, B. Chronwall, C.A. Sandman (Eds.).
73. Alafuzoff I, Adolfsson R, Grundke-Iqbal I, Winblad B Blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer dementia and in nondemented elderly. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1987, 73:160-166.
74. de la Torre JC, Mussivand T Can disturbed brain microcirculation cause Alzheimer's disease?. Neurological Research 1993, 15:146-153.
75. Dorheim MA, Tracey WR, Pollock JS, Grammas P Nitric oxide synthase activity is elevated in brain microvessels in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994, 205:659-665.
76. Grammas P, Botchlet T, Fugate R, Ball MJ, Roher AE Alzheimer disease amyloid proteins inhibit brain endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. Dementia 1995, 6:126-130.
77. Grammas P, Moore P, Botchlet T, Hanson-Painton O, Cooper DR, Ball MJ, et al. Cerebral microvessels in Alzheimer's have reduced protein kinase C activity. Neurobiol Aging 1995, 16:563-569.
78. Grammas P, Botchlet TR, Moore P, Weigel PH Production of neurotoxic factors by brain endothelium in Alzheimer's disease 1997, 826:47-55. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York.
79. Grammas P, Moore P, Weigel PH Microvessels from Alzheimer's disease brains kill neurons in vitro. Am J Pathol 1999, 154:337-342.
80. Harik SI, Kalaria RN Blood-brain barrier abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991, 640:47-52.
81. Kalaria RN, Harik SI Increased alpha 2- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors in cerebral microvessels in Alzheimer disease. Neurosci Lett 1989, 106:233-238.
82. Morley JE, Farr SA, Kumar VB, Banks WA Alzheimer's disease through the eye of a mouse: Acceptance lecture for the 2001 Gayle A. Olson and Richard D. Olson prize. Peptides 2002, 23:589-599.
83. Zatta PF, Zanoni S, Favarato M Lectin histochemistry of the brain cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Glycobiology and the Brain 1994, 141-153. Pergamon Press, Oxford. M. Nicolini, P.F. Zatta (Eds.).
84. Banks WA, Moinuddin A, Morley JE Regional transport of TNF-α across the blood-brain barrier in young ICR and young and aged SAMP8 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2001, 22:671-676.
85. Moinuddin A, Morley JE, Banks WA Regional variations in the transport of interleukin-1α across the blood-brain barrier in ICR and aging SAMP8 mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2000, 8:165-170.
86. Nonaka N, Banks WA, Mizushima H, Shioda S, Morley JE Regional differences in PACAP transport across the blood-brain barrier in mice: Apossible influence of strain, amyloid ß protein, and age. Peptides 2002, 23:2197-2202.
87. Shibata M, Yamada S, Kumar SR, Calero M, Bading J, Frangione B, et al. Clearance of Alzheimer's amyloid-β 1-40 peptide from brain by LDL receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier. J Clin Invest 2000, 106:1489-1499.
88. Zlokovic BV, Yamada S, Holtzman D, Ghiso J, Frangione B Clearance of amyloid β-peptide from brain: transport or metabolism?. Nature Medicine 2000, 6:718-719.
89. Zlokovic BV Clearing amyloid through the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 2004, 89:807-811.
90. Banks WA, Robinson SM, Verma S, Morley JE Efflux of human and mouse amyloid ß proteins 1-40 and 1-42 from brain: Impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2003, 121:487-492.
91. Horani MH, Mooradian AD The effect of diabetes on the blood brain barrier. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2003, 9:833-840.
92. Chehade JM, Hass MJ, Mooradian AD Diabetes-related changes in rat cerebral occlusin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression. Neurochem Res 2002, 27:249-252.
93. Mayhan WG, Patel KP Acute effects of glucose on reactivity of cerebral microcirculation: role of activation of protein kinase C. Am J Physiology 1995, 269:H1297-H1302.
94. Banks WA, Jaspan JB, Kastin AJ Effect of diabetes mellitus on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to insulin. Peptides 1997, 18:1577-1584.
95. Kastin AJ, Akerstrom V Glucose and insulin increase the transport of leptin through the blood-brain barrier in normal mice but not in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Neuroendocrinology 2001, 73:237-242.
96. Johansson BB Hypertension and the blood-brain barrier. Implications of the Blood-Brain Barrier and its Manipulation. Vol 2. Clinical Aspects 1989, 389-410. Plenum Publishing Co, New York. E.A. Neuwelt (Ed.).
97. Mayhan WG, Heistad DD Permeability of blood-brain barrier to various sized molecules. Am J Physiology 1985, 248:H712-H718.
98. Nag S Cerebral endothelial surface charge in hypertension. Acta Neuropathol 1984, 63:276-281.
99. Banks WA Enhanced leptin transport across the bloodbrain barrier by α1-adrenergic agents. Brain Res 2001, 899:209-217.
100. Al-Sarraf H, Phillip L Effect of hypertension on the integrity of blood brain and blood CSF barriers, cerebral blood flow and CSF secretion in the rat. Brain Res 2003, 975:179-188.
101. Al-Sarraf H, Phillip L Increased brain uptake and CSF clearance of 14C-glutamate in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 2004, 994:181-187.
102. Kang YS Taurine transport mechanism through the blood-brain barrier in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000, 483:321-324.
103. Mooradian AD, Smith TL The effect of experimentally induced diabetes mellitus on the lipid order and composition of rat cerebral microvessels. Neurosci Lett 1992, 145:145-148.
104. Kramer SD, Schutz YB, Wunderli-Allenspach H, Abbott NJ, Begley DJ Lipids in blood-brain barrier models in vitro II: Influence of glial cells on lipid classes and lipid fatty acids. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology Animal 2002, 38:566-571.
105. Pan W, Kastin AJ Interactions of cytokines with bloodbrain barrier: Implications for feeding. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2003, 9:827-831.
106. Toborek M, Lee YW, Pu H, Malecki A, Flora G, Garrido R, et al. HIV-Tat protein induces oxidative and inflammatory pathways in brain endothelium. J Neurochem 2003, 84:169-179.
107. Strand FL Gut and brain neuropeptides I. Neuropeptide families: Gastrin/CCK; VIP/Secretin/Glucagon; PP/PYY/NPY; BN/GRP. Neuropeptides: Regulators of Physiological Processes 1999, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 383-429.
108. Laye S, Bluthe RM, Kent S, Combe C, Medina C, Parnet P, et al. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy blocks induction of IL-1 beta mRNA in mice brain in response to peripheral LPS. Am J Physiol 1995, 268:R1327-R1331.
109. Cao C, Watanabe Y, Yamagata K, Matsumura K Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-induced fever and regulation of its mRNA by LPS in the rat brain. Am J Physiol 1997, 272:R1712-R1725.
110. Lacroix S, Rivest S Effect of acute systemic inflammatory response and cytokines on the transcription of the genes encoding cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) in the rat brain. J Neurochem 1998, 70(2):452-466.
111. Matsumura K, Cao C, Ozaki M, Morii H, Nakadate K, Watanabe Y Brain endothelial cells express cyclooxygenase-2 during lipopolysaccharide-induced fever: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies. J Neurosci 1998, 18(16):6279-6289.
112. Maness LM, Banks WA, Zadina JE, Kastin AJ Selective transport of blood-borne interleukin-1α into the posterior division of the septum of the mouse brain. Brain Res 1995, 700:83-88.
113. Banks WA, Farr SA, La Scola ME, Morley JE Intravenous human interleukin-1α impairs memory processing in mice: Dependence on blood-brain barrier transport into posterior division of the septum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001, 299:536-541.
114. Larson SJ, Dunn AJ Behavioral effects of cytokines. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2001, 15:371-387.
115. Gutiérrez EG, Banks WA, Kastin AJ Murine tumor necrosis factor alpha is transported from blood to brain in the mouse. J Neuroimmunol 1993, 47:169-176.
116. Pan W, Banks WA, Kennedy MK, Gutierrez EG, Kastin AJ Differential permeability of the BBB in acute EAE: enhanced transport of TNF-α. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:E636-E642.
117. Strubbe JH, Mein CG Increased feeding in response to bilateral injection of insulin antibodies in the VMH. Physiol Behav 1977, 19:309-313.
118. Pan W, Kastin AJ, Rigai T, McLay R, Pick CG Increased hippocampal uptake of tumor necrosis factor alpha and behavioral changes in mice. Exp Brain Res 2003, 149:195-199.
119. Osburg B, Peiser C, Domling D, Schomburg L, Ko YT, Voight K, et al. Effect of endotoxin on expression of TNF receptors and transport of TNF-alpha at the blood-brain barrier of the rat. Am J Physiol 2002, 283:E899-E908.
120. Barten DM, Ruddle NH Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 modulation by tumor necrosis factor in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1994, 51:123-133.
121. Defazio G, Trojano M, Ribatti D, Nico B, Giorelli M, De Salvia R, et al. ICAM 1 expression and fluid phase endocytosis of cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells following exposure to interferon beta-1a and TNFalpha. J Neuroimmunol 1998, 88(1-2):13-20.
122. Deli MA, Descamps L, Dehouck MP, Cecchelli R, Joo F, Abraham CS, et al. Exposure of tumor necrosis factor-α to luminal membrane of bovine brain capillary endothelial cells co-cultured with astrocytes induces a delayed increase of permeability and cytoplasmic stress fiber formation of actin. J Neurosci Res 1995, 41:717-726.
123. Theron D, de Lagerie SB, Tardivel S, Pelerin H, Demeuse P, Mercier C, et al. Influence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on the expression and function of P-glycoprotein in an immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell line, GPNT. Biochem Pharmacol 2003, 66:579-587.
124. Fiala M, Looney DJ, Stins M, Way DD, Zhang L, Gan X, et al. TNF-α opens a paracellular route for HIV-1 invasion across the blood-brain barrier. Molecular Medicine 1997, 3:553-564.
125. Lee YW, Hennig B, Fiala M, Kim KS, Toborek M Cocaine activates redox-regulated transcription factors and induces TNF-alpha expression in human brain endothelial cells. Brain Res 2001, 920:125-133.
126. Zidovetzki R, Wang JL, Chen P, Jeyasseelan R, Hofman F Human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein induces interleukin 6 mRNA expression in human brain endothelial cells via protein kinase C- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathways. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998, 14(10):825-833.
127. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Gutierrez EG Penetration of interleukin-6 across the blood-brain barrier. Neurosci Lett 1994, 179:53-56.
128. Banks WA, Tschop M, Robinson SM, Heiman ML Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002, 302:822-827.
129. Kastin AJ, Akerstrom V Entry of CART into brain is rapid but not inhibited by excess CART or leptin. Am J Physiol 1999, 277:E901-E904.
130. Wilson JF, Anderson S, Snook G, Llewellyn KD Quantification of the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier to α-MSH in the rat. Peptides 1984, 5:681-685.
131. Nonaka N, Shioda S, Niehoff ML, Banks WA Characterization of blood-brain barrier permeability to PYY3-36 in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003, 306:948-953.
132. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Maness LM, Huang W, Jaspan JB Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to amylin. Life Sci 1995, 57:1993-2001.
133. Kastin AJ, Akerstrom V, Pan W Activation of urocortin transport into brain by leptin. Peptides 2000, 21:1811-1817.
134. Margolis RU, Altszuler N Insulin in the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature 1967, 215:1375-1376.
135. Baura GD, Foster DM, Porte D, Kahn SE, Bergman RN, Cobelli C, et al. Saturable transport of insulin from plasma into the central nervous system of dogs in vivo: a mechanism for regulated insulin delivery to the brain. J Clin Invest 1993, 92:1824-1830.
136. Schwartz MW, Bergman RN, Kahn SE, Taborsky GL, Fisher LD, Sipols AJ, et al. Evidence for entry of plasma insulin into cerebrospinal fluid through an intermediate compartment in dogs. J Clin Invest 1991, 88:1272-1281.
137. Woods SC, Porte D Relationship between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels of dogs. Am J Physiol 1977, 233:E331-E334.
138. Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW Insulin and the blood-brain barrier. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2003, 9:795-800.
139. Banks WA The source of cerebral insulin. Eur J Pharmacol 2004, 490:5-12.
140. Ajaya B, Haranath PS Effects of insulin administered into cerebrospinal fluid spaces on blood glucose in unanaesthetized and anaesthetized dogs. Indian J Med Res 1982, 75:607-615.
141. Woods SC, Porte D The role of insulin as a satiety factor in the central nervous system. Advances in Metabolic Disorders, CNS Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism 1983, vol.10:457-482. Academic Press, New York.
142. Bruning JC, Gautam D, Burks DJ, Gillette J, Schubert M, Orban PC, et al. Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction. Science 2000, 289:2122-2125.
143. Brief DJ, Davis JD Reduction of food intake and body weight by chronic intraventricular insulin infusion. Brain Res Bull 1984, 12:571-575.
144. Henneberg N, Hoyer S Short-term or long-term intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of insulin exhibits a discrete anabolic effect on cerebral energy metabolism in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1994, 175:153-156.
145. Zhu CZ, Auer RN Intraventricular administration of insulin and IGF-1 in transient forebrain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994, 14:237-242.
146. Muntzel MS, Morgan DA, Mark AL, Johnson AK Intracerebroventricular insulin produces nonuniform regional increases in sympathetic nerve activity. Am J Physiol 1994, 267:R1350-R1355.
147. Kwok RP, Juorio AV Effects of insulin on rat brain noradrenaline. Neurochem Res 1988, 13:887-892.
148. Montefusco O, Assini MC, Missale C Insulin-mediated effects of glucose on dopamine metabolism. Acta Diabetologica Latina 1983, 20:71-77.
149. Schubert M, Brazil DP, Burks DJ, Kushner JA, Ye J, Flint CL, et al. Insulin receptor substrate-2 deficiency impairs brain growth and promotes tau phosphorylation. J Neurosci 2003, 23(18):7084-7092.
150. Kaiyala KJ, Prigeon RL, Kahn SE, Woods SC, Schwartz MW Obesity induced by a high-fat diet is associated with reduced brain insulin transport in dogs. Diabetes 2000, 49:1525-1533.
151. Stein LJ, Dorsa DM, Baskin DG, Figlewicz DP, Porte D, Woods SC Reduced effect of experimental peripheral hyperinsulinemia to elevate cerebrospinal fluid insulin concentrations of Obese Zucker rats. Endocrinology 1987, 121:1611-1615.
152. Strubbe JH, Porte D, Woods SC Insulin responses and glucose levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid during fasting and refeeding in the rat. Physiol Behav 1988, 44:205-208.
153. Keller BT, Borchardt RT Cultured bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCEC) - a blood-brain barrier model for studying the binding and internalization of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. Fed Proc 1987, 46:416.
154. Miller DW, Borchardt RT Distribution of insulin binding sites on cultured bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells and their possible role in the transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Biol 1991, 115:261a.
155. Frank HJL, Pardridge WM A direct in vitro demonstration of insulin binding to isolated brain microvessel. Diabetes 1981, 30:757-761.
156. Frank HJL, Jankovic-Vokes T, Pardridge WM, Morris WL Enhanced insulin binding to blood-brain barrier in vivo and to brain microvessels in vitro in newborn rabbits. Diabetes 1985, 34:728-733.
157. Baskin DG, Brewitt B, Davidson DA, Corp E, Paquette T, Figlewicz DP, et al. Quantitative autoradiographic evidence for insulin receptors in the choroid plexus of the rat brain. Diabetes 1986, 35:246-249.
158. Adamo M, Raizada MK, LeRoith D Insulin and insulinlike growth factor receptors in the nervous system. Mol Neurobiol 1989, 3:71-100.
159. Werther GA, Hogg A, Oldfield BJ, McKinley MJ, Figdor R, Allen AM, et al. Localization and characterization of insulin receptors in rat brain and pituitary gland using in vitro autoradiography and computerized densitometry. Endocrinology 1987, 121:1562-1570.
160. Catalán RE, Martínez AM, Aragones MD, Miguel BG, Robles A Insulin action on brain microvessels; effect on alkaline phosphatase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988, 150:583-590.
161. Tagliamonte A, DeMontis MG, Olianas M, Onali PL, Gessa GL Role of insulin in the transport of tyrosine and tryptophan from blood to brain. Adv Exp Med Biol 1976, 69:89-94.
162. Gammeltoft S, Staun-Olsen P, Ottesen B, Fahrenkrug J Insulin receptors in rat brain cortex. Kinetic evidence for a receptor subtype in the central nervous system. Peptides 1998, 5:937-944.
163. Heidenreich KA, Zahniser NR, Berhanu P, Brandenburg D, Olefsky JM Structural differences between insulin receptors in the brain and peripheral target tissues. J Biol Chem 1983, 258:8527-8530.
164. Kar S, Chabot JG, Quirion R Quantitative autoradiographic localization of [125I]insulin-like growth factor I, [125I]insulin-like growth factor II, and [125I]insulin receptor binding sites in developing and adult rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1993, 15:375-397.
165. Hill JM, Lesniak MA, Pert CB, Roth J Autoradiographic localization of insulin receptors in rat brain: prominence in olfactory and limbic areas. Neuroscience 1998, 17:1127-1138.
166. Banks WA, Kastin AJ Differential permeability of the blood-brain barrier to two pancreatic peptides: Insulin and amylin. Peptides 1998, 19:883-889.
167. Gupta G, Azam M, Baquer NZ Modulation of rat brain insulin receptor kinase activity in diabetes. Neurochem Int 1992, 20:487-492.
168. Baskin DG, Porte D, Guest K, Dorsa DM Regional concentrations of insulin in the rat brain. Endocrinology 1983, 112:898-903.
169. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Pan W Uptake and degradation of blood-borne insulin by the olfactory bulb. Peptides 1999, 20:373-378.
170. Banks WA, Farr SA, Morley JE Permeability of the bloodbrain barrier to albumin and insulin in the young and aged SAMP8 mouse. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Science 2000, 55A:B601-B606.
171. Florant GL, Singer L, Scheurink AJW, Park CR, Richardson RD, Woods SC Intraventricular insulin reduces food intake and body weight of marmots during the summer feeding period. Physiol Behav 1991, 49:335-338.
172. Foster LA, Ames NK, Emery RS Food intake and serum insulin responses to intraventricular infusions of insulin and IGF-I. Physiol Behav 1991, 50:745-749.
173. McGowan MK, Andrews KM, Grossman SP Chronic intrahypothalamic infusions of insulin or insulin antibodies alter body weight and food intake in the rat. Physiol Behav 1992, 51:753-766.
174. Hatfield JS, Millard WJ, Smith CJV Short-term influence of intra-ventromedial hypothalamic administration of insulin on feeding in normal and diabetic rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1974, 2:223-226.
175. Morley JE, Silver AJ Role of the endocrine brain in the control of eating and drinking. Brain Endocrinology 1991, 431-447. Raven Press, New York. Second Edition. M. Motta (Ed.).
176. Perassi NI, Loyber I, Palma JA Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in rats without olfactory bulbs. Neuroendocrinology 1972, 9:83-89.
177. Florant GL, Richardson RD, Mahan S, Singer L, Woods SC Seasonal changes in CSF insulin levels in marmots: insulin may not be a satiety signal for fasting in winter. Am J Physiol 1991, 260:R712-R716.
178. Baura GD, Foster DM, Kaiyala K, Porte D, Kahn SE, Schwartz MW Insulin transport from plasma into the central nervous system is inhibited by dexamethasone in dogs. Diabetes 1996, 45:86-90.
179. Xaio H, Banks WA, Niehoff ML, Morley JE Effect of LPS on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to insulin. Brain Res 2001, 896:36-42.
180. Banks WA, Jaspan JB, Huang W, Kastin AJ Transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier: Saturability at euglycemic doses of insulin. Peptides 1997, 18:1423-1429.
181. Banks WA, Jaspan JB, Kastin AJ Selective, physiological transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier: Novel demonstration by species-specific enzyme immunoassays. Peptides 1997, 18:1257-1262.
182. Halaas JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffei M, Cohen SL, Chait BT, Rabinowitz D, et al. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 1995, 269:543-546.
183. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffel M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994, 372:425-432.
184. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Huang W, Jaspan JB, Maness LM Leptin enters the brain by a saturable system independent of insulin. Peptides 1996, 17:305-311.
185. Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Guisez Y, Devos R, Burn P Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 1995, 269:546-549.
186. Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Campfield LA, Burn P, Baskin DG Indentification of targets of leptin action in rat hypothalamus. J Clin Invest 1996, 98:1101-1106.
187. Spiegelman BM, Flier JS Adipogenesis and obesity: rounding out the big picture. Cell 1996, 87:377-389.
188. De Matteis R, Cinti S Ultrastructural immunolocalization of leptin receptor in mouse brain. Neuroendocrinology 1998, 68:412-419.
189. Funahashi H, Yada T, Muroya S, Takigawa M, Ryushi T, Horie S, et al. The effect of leptin on feeding-regulating neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 1999, 264:117-120.
190. Guan XM, Hess JF, Yu H, Hey PJ, van der Ploeg LH Differential expression of mRNA for leptin receptor isoforms in the rat brain. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 1997, 133:1-7.
191. Huang XF, Koutcherov I, Lin S, Wang HQ, Storlien L Localization of leptin receptor mRNA expression in mouse brain. Neuroreport 1996, 7:2635-2638.
192. Shioda S, Funahashi H, Nakajo S, Yada T, Maruta O, Nakai Y Immunohistochemical localization of leptin receptor in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1998, 243:41-44.
193. Elias CF, Aschkenasi C, Lee C, Kelly J, Ahima RS, Bjorbaek C, et al. Leptin differentially regulates NPY and POMC neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamic area. Neuron 1999, 23:775-786.
194. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 2000, 404:661-671.
195. Halaas JL, Boozer C, Blair-West J, Fidahusein N, Denton DA, Friedman JM Physiological response to long-term peripheral and central leptin infusion in lean and obese mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:8878-8883.
196. Van Heek M, Compton DS, France CF, Tedesco RP, Fawzi AB, Graziano MP, et al. Diet-induced obese mice develop peripheral, but not central, resistance to leptin. J Clin Invest 1997, 99:385-390.
197. Levin BE, Dunn-Meynell AA, Banks WA Obesity-prone rats have normal blood-brain barrier transport but defective central leptin signaling before obesity onset. Am J Physiol 2004, 286:R143-R150.
198. Banks WA, DiPalma CR, Farrell CL Impaired transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier in obesity. Peptides 1999, 20:1341-1345.
199. Banks WA, Farrell CL Impaired transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier in obesity is acquired and reversible. Am J Physiology 2003, 285:E10-E15.
200. Banks WA, Niehoff ML, Martin D, Farrell CL Leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier of the Koletsky rat is not mediated by a product of the leptin receptor gene. Brain Research 2002, 950:130-136.
201. Banks WA, King BM, Rossiter KN, Olson RD, Olson GA, Kastin AJ Obesity-inducing lesions of the central nervous system alter leptin uptake by the blood-brain barrier. Life Sci 2001, 69:2765-2773.
202. Kastin AJ, Pan W, Maness LM, Koletsky RJ, Ernsberger P Decreased transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier in rats lacking the short form of the leptin receptor. Peptides 1999, 20:1449-1453.
203. Burguera B, Couce ME, Curran GL, Jensen MD, Lloyd RV, Cleary MP, et al. Obesity is associated with a decreased leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier in rats. Diabetes 2000, 49:1219-1223.
204. El Haschimi K, Pierroz DD, Hileman SM, Bjorbaek C, Flier JS Two defects contribute to hypothalamic leptin resistance in mice with diet-induced obesity. J Clin Invest 2000, 105:1827-1832.
205. Hileman SM, Pierroz DD, Masuzaki H, Bjorbaek C, El Haschimi K, Banks WA, et al. Characterization of short isoforms of the leptin receptor in rat cerebral microvessels and of brain uptake of leptin in mouse models of obesity. Endocrinology 2002, 143:775-783.
206. Caro JF, Kolaczynski JW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Opentanova I, Goldman WH, et al. Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance. Lancet 1996, 348:159-161.
207. Banks WA, Clever CM, Farrell CL Partial saturation and regional variation in the blood to brain transport of leptin in normal weight mice. Am J Physiol 2000, 278:E1158-E1165.
208. Banks WA, LeBel C Strategies for the delivery of leptin to the CNS. Journal of Drug Targeting 2002, 10:297-308.
209. Takasato Y, Rapoport SI, Smith QR An in situ brain perfusion technique to study cerebrovascular transport in the rat. Am J Physiol 1984, 247:H484-H493.
210. Smith QR, Momma S, Aoyagi M, Rapoport SI Kinetics of neutral amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 1987, 49:1651-1658.
211. Kastin AJ, Pan W Dynamic regulation of leptin entry into brain by the blood-brain barrier. Regulatory Peptides 2000, 92:37-43. Abstract.
212. Lewis DS, Bertrand HA, McMahan CA, McGill J, Carey KD, Masoro EJ Preweaning food intake influences the adiposity of young adult baboons. J Clin Invest 1986, 78:899-905.
213. Banks WA, Coon AB, Robinson SM, Moinuddin A, Shultz JM, Nakaoke R, et al. Triglycerides induce leptin resistance at the blood-brain barrier. Diabetes 2004, 53:1253-1260.
214. Kastin AJ, Akerstrom V, Maness LM Chronic loss of ovarian function decreases transport of leptin into mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 2001, 310:69-71.
215. Hileman SM, Torne J, Flier JS, Bjorbaek C Transcellular transport of leptin by the short leptin receptor isoform ObRa in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Endocrinology 2000, 141:1955-1961.
216. Bjorbaek C, Elmquist JK, Michl P, Ahima RS, van Bueren A, McCall AL, et al. Expression of leptin receptor isoforms in rat brain microvessels. Endocrinology 1998, 139:3485-3491.
217. Maness LM, Banks WA, Kastin AJ Persistence of blood-to brain transport of leptin in obese leptin-deficient and leptin receptor-deficient mice. Brain Res 2000, 873:165-167.
218. Boado RJ, Golden PL, Levin N, Pardridge WM Up-regulation of blood-brain barrier short-form leptin receptor gene products in rats fed a high fat diet. J Neurochem 1998, 71:1761-1764.
219. Agwunobi AO, Reid C, Mayeux R, Little RA, Carlson GL Insulin resistance and substrate utilizaton in human endotoxemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85(10):3770-3778.
220. Sugita H, Kaneki M, Tokunaga E, Sugita M, Koike C, Yasuhara S, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase plays a role in LPS-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology & Metabolism 2002, 282(2):E386-E394.
221. Kinney JM Metabolic responses of the critically ill patient. Critical Care Clinics 2004, 11:569-585.
222. Bruning JC, Gautam D, Burks DJ, Gillette J, Schubert M, Orban PC, et al. Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction. Science 2000, 289:2122-2125.
223. De Vries HE, Moor AC, Blom-Roosemalen MC, De Boer AG, Breimer DD, van Berkel TJ, et al. Lymphocyte adhesion to brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 1994, 52:1-8.
224. Liu HC, Anday JK, House SD, Chang SL Dual effects of morphine on permeability and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells: morphine potentiates lipopolysaccharideinduced permeability and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2004, 146:13-21.
225. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Brennan JM, Vallance KL Adsorptive endocytosis of HIV-1gp120 by blood-brain barrier is enhanced by lipopolysaccharide. Exp Neurol 1999, 156:165-171.
226. Minami T, Okazaki J, Kawabata A, Kuroda R, Okazaki Y Penetration of cisplatin into mouse brain by lipopolysccharide. Toxicology 1998, 130:107-113.
227. Nonaka N, Hileman SM, Shioda S, Vo P, Banks WA Effect of lipopolysaccharide on leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res 2004, 1016:58-65.
228. Nonaka N, Shioda S, Banks WA Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the transport of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide across the blood-brain barrier. Exp Neurol 2005, 191:137-144.
229. Banks WA, Phillips-Conroy JE, Jolly CJ, Morley JE Serum leptin levels in wild and captive populations of baboons (Papio): Implications for the ancestral role of leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:4315-4320.
230. Banks WA, Altmann J, Sapolsky RM, Phillips-Conroy JE, Morley JE Serum leptin levels as a marker for a syndrome X-like condition in wild baboons. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003, 88:1234-1240.
231. Kastin AJ, Akerstrom V Fasting, but not adrenalectomy, reduces transport of leptin into the brain. Peptides 2000, 21:679-682.
232. Kolaczynski JW, Considine RV, Ohannesian J, Marco C, Opentanova I, Nyce MR, et al. Responses of leptin to short-term fasting and refeeding in humans: A link with ketogenesis but not ketones themselves. Diabetes 1996, 45:1511-1515.
233. Mastronardi CV, Yu WH, Rettori V, McCann SM Lipopolysaccharide-induced leptin release is not mediated by nitric oxide, but is blocked by dexamethasone. nim 2000, 8:91-97.
234. Mastronardi CV, Yu WH, Srivastava VK, Dees WL, McCann SM Lipopolysaccharide-induced leptin release is neurally controlled. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 98:14720-14725.