Cytosolic phospholipase A2: Physiological function and role in disease

Journal of Lipid Research

Volumn 56, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 1386-1402

  Leslie, Christina C ^a,b  

^a DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Arachidonic acid; Calcium; Cyclooxygenase; Golgi apparatus; Inflammation; Leukotrienes; Lipoxygenase; Prostaglandins; Protein kinases MAP kinase

Indexed keywords

ARACHIDONIC ACID; CALCIUM; CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 ALPHA; LYSOPHOSPHOLIPID; PHOSPHOLIPID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; CATALYSIS; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CYTOSOL; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASES; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME DEFICIENCY; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; ENZYME REGULATION; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIPID HYDROLYSIS; LIVER DISEASE; LUNG DISEASE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN LIPID INTERACTION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; DISEASE; HUMANS; PHOSPHOLIPASES A2, CYTOSOLIC;

EID: 84937237380     PISSN: 00222275     EISSN: 15397262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R057588     Document Type: Review

References (238)

1. 2 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 77: 495-520.
2. 2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem. Rev. 111: 6130-6185.
3. 2 research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog. Lipid Res. 50: 152-192.
4. 2 family. Prog. Lipid Res. 45: 487-510.
5. 2. Prog. Lipid Res. 50: 1-13.
6. 2). Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 23: 73-83.
7. Marathe, G. K., C. Pandit, C. L. Lakshmikanth, V. H. Chaithra, S. P. Jacob, and C. J. D'Souza. 2014. To hydrolyze or not to hydrolyze: the dilemma of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. J. Lipid Res. 55: 1847-1854.
8. 2-derived mediators in obesity. Drug Discov. Today Dis. Mech. 7: e213-e218.
9. Rydel, T. J., J. M. Williams, E. Krieger, F. Moshiri, W. C. Stallings, S. M. Brown, J. C. Pershing, J. P. Purcell, and M. F. Alibhai. 2003. The crystal structure, mutagenesis, and activity studies reveal that patatin is a lipid acyl hydrolase with a Ser-Asp catalytic dyad. Biochemistry. 42: 6696-6708.
10. 2 isoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 285: 36100-36111.
11. rd edition. Biochimie. 107: 105-113.
12. 2beta, to lipid mobilization in proximal mast cells and distal fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 286: 37249-37263.
13. 2s act on distinct phospholipid pools in zymosan-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol. 192: 752-762.
14. 2beta. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 24576-24583.
15. Bechler, M. E., P. de Figueiredo, and W. J. Brown. 2012. A PLA1-2 punch regulates the Golgi complex. Trends Cell Biol. 22: 116-124.
16. Ha, K. D., B. A. Clarke, and W. J. Brown. 2012. Regulation of the Golgi complex by phospholipid remodeling enzymes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1821: 1078-1088.
17. 2α controls the formation of inter-cisternal continuities involved in intra-Golgi transport. PLoS Biol. 7: e1000194.
18. 2alpha regulates endothelial cell-cell junction integrity by controlling the trafficking of transmembrane junction proteins. Mol. Biol. Cell. 20: 4225-4234.
19. 2beta3 is a novel variant localized to mitochondria and early endosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 16615-16624.
20. 2zeta in mouse lung fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 11676-11686.
21. Capestrano, M., S. Mariggio, G. Perinetti, A. V. Egorova, S. Iacobacci, M. Santoro, A. Di Pentima, C. Iurisci, M. V. Egorov, G. Di Tullio, et al. 2014. Cytosolic phospholipase A2ε drives recycling through the clathrin-independent endocytic route. J. Cell Sci. 127: 977-993.
22. Alonso, F., P. M. Henson, and C. C. Leslie. 1986. A cytosolic phospholipase in human neutrophils that hydrolyzes arachidonoyl-containing phosphatidylcholine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 878: 273-280.
23. 2 of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Z. Naturforsch. C. 40: 356-363.
24. 2 from a macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 963: 476-492.
25. 2 from rat kidney activated at physiological calcium concentrations. Biochem. J. 271: 37-43.
26. 2 in rat renal mesangial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 16645-16651.
27. 2 is a 100-kDa protein in human monoblast U937 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 5268-5272.
28. 2. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1083: 80-88.
29. 2 from the human monocytic cell line U937. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87: 7708-7712.
30. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 14850-14853.
31. 2+-dependent translocation domain with homology to PKC and GAP. Cell. 65: 1043-1051.
32. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 23250-23254.
33. 2 is phosphorylated and activated by MAP kinase. Cell. 72: 269-278.
34. 2 by p42 microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase and protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 1960-1964.
35. 2 reveals a novel topology and catalytic mechanism. Cell. 97: 349-360.
36. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 19225-19231.
37. Peters-Golden, M., and W. R. Henderson, Jr. 2007. Leukotrienes. N. Engl. J. Med. 357: 1841-1854.
38. Ricciotti, E., and G. A. Fitzgerald. 2011. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 31: 986-1000.
39. Aoki, T., and S. Narumiya. 2012. Prostaglandins and chronic inflammation. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 33: 304-311.
40. Frasch, S. C., and D. L. Bratton. 2012. Emerging roles of lysophosphatidylserine in resolution of inflammation. Prog. Lipid Res. 51: 199-207.
41. 2. J. Immunol. 188: 21-28.
42. Tilley, S. L., T. M. Coffman, and B. H. Koller. 2001. Mixed messages: modulation of inflammation and immune responses by prostaglandins and thromboxanes. J. Clin. Invest. 108: 15-23.
43. 2alpha and eicosanoids regulate expression of genes in macrophages involved in host defense and inflammation. PLoS ONE. 8: e69002.
44. 2 and platelet-activating factor receptor in the Ca-induced biosynthesis of PAF. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 271: 812-817.
45. Piñeiro, R., and M. Falasca. 2012. Lysophosphatidylinositol signalling: new wine from an old bottle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1821: 694-705.
46. 2 regulates eicosanoid class switching during inflammasome activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 111: 12746-12751.
47. 2. Nature. 390: 622-625.
48. 2 in allergic response and parturition. Nature. 390: 618-622.
49. 2alpha deficiency is associated with impaired eicosanoid biosynthesis, small intestinal ulceration, and platelet dysfunction. J. Clin. Invest. 118: 2121-2131.
50. 2-α. Gut. 63: 96-104.
51. 2 alpha deficiency. Thromb. Haemost. 112: 1182-1189.
52. Leslie, C. C. 2004. Regulation of the specific release of arachidonic acid by cytosolic phospholipase A2. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 70: 373-376.
53. 2 in the production of lipid mediators and histamine release in mouse bone-marrow-derived mast cells. Biochem. J. 352: 311-317.
54. 2 is essential for both the immediate and the delayed phases of eicosanoid generation in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 4803-4807.
55. 2-alpha does not regulate neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 7519-7529.
56. 2 production by lung fibroblasts. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 30: 91-100.
57. 2 regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 20146-20156.
58. Tanaka, K., Y. Yamamoto, K. Ogino, S. Tsujimoto, M. Saito, N. Uozumi, T. Shimizu, and I. Hisatome. 2011. Cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha contributes to blood pressure increases and endothelial dysfunction under chronic NO inhibition. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 31: 1133-1138.
59. 2. J. Exp. Med. 196: 349-357.
60. 2 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 5093-5098.
61. 2). Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1217: 345-347.
62. 2-alpha promoter. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1680: 145-157.
63. 2 by oncogenic Ras in human non-small cell lung cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 14501-14504.
64. Lee, C. W., C. C. Lin, I. T. Lee, H. C. Lee, and C. M. Yang. 2011. Activation and induction of cytosolic phospholipase A2 by TNF-α mediated through Nox2, MAPKs, NF-κB, and p300 in human tracheal smooth muscle cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2103-2114.
65. 2 a promoter. Biochem. J. 387: 239-246.
66. Buttar, N. S., C. J. DeMars, G. Lomberk, S. Rizvi, J. Bonilla-Velez, S. Achra, S. Rashtak, K. K. Wang, M. E. Fernandez-Zapico, and R. Urrutia. 2010. Distinct role of Kruppel-like factor 11 in the regulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 285: 11433-11444.
67. 2 promoter. Neuroreport. 17: 303-307.
68. 2 in lung epithelial cells and non-small cell lung cancer is mediated by Sp1 and c-Jun. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 42737-42743.
69. 2 by oncogenic Ras is mediated through the JNK and ERK pathways in rat epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 1226-1232.
70. 2alpha in phorbol ester-treated non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 36: 217-227.
71. 2 gene. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 278: L649-L657.
72. Sun, K., R. Ma, X. Cui, B. Campos, R. Webster, D. Brockman, and L. Myatt. 2003. Glucocorticoids induce cytosolic phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin H synthase type 2 but not microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) and cytosolic PGES expression in cultured primary human amnion cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 5564-5571.
73. Bickford, J. S., D. E. Beachy, K. J. Newsom, S. J. Barilovits, J. D. Herlihy, X. Qiu, J. N. Walters, N. Li, and H. S. Nick. 2013. A distal enhancer controls cytokine-dependent human cPLA2α gene expression. J. Lipid Res. 54: 1915-1926.
74. Leslie, C. C., T. A. Gangelhoff, and M. H. Gelb. 2010. Localization and function of cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha at the Golgi. Biochimie. 92: 620-626.
75. 2 with membrane in the macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 5409-5413.
76. 2 to the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 30749-30754.
77. 2 from cytosol to the nuclear envelope in rat basophilic leukemia cells stimulated with calcium ionophore or IgE/antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 15359-15367.
78. 2 translocation to internal membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 30150-30160.
79. 2+-signaling cycle of a membrane-docking C2 domain. Biochemistry. 36: 12011-12018.
80. 2 C2 domain using electrostatic potential-modulated spin relaxation magnetic resonance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 6637-6642.
81. 2 whereas the C2A domain of synaptotagmin binds membranes electrostatically. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 19093-19096.
82. 2 J. Biol. Chem. 274: 14979-14987.
83. 2 J. Cell Biol. 145: 1219-1232.
84. 2 C2 domain specify targeting to Golgi and ER in live cells. Mol. Biol. Cell. 15: 371-383.
85. 2 J. Biol. Chem. 278: 12452-12460.
86. 2 recognition by its C2 domain. Mol. Biol. Cell. 17: 56-66.
87. 2 catalytic domain modulates association and residence time at Golgi membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 6005-6016.
88. 2 J. Biol. Chem. 273: 1365-1372.
89. 2 J. Biol. Chem. 277: 23838-23846.
90. Burke, J. E., Y. H. Hsu, R. A. Deems, S. Li, V. L. Woods, Jr., and E. A. Dennis. 2008. A phospholipid substrate molecule residing in the membrane surface mediates opening of the lid region in group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 31227-31236.
91. 2 to the nuclear envelope elicits topographically localized phospholipid hydrolysis. Biochem. J. 318: 797-803.
92. 2alpha in regulating interfacial kinetics and binding and cellular function. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 9596-9611.
93. 2 J. Biol. Chem. 279: 11320-11326.
94. Stahelin, R. V., P. Subramanian, M. Vora, W. Cho, and C. E. Chalfant. 2007. Ceramide-1-phosphate binds group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 via a novel site in the C2 domain. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 20467-20474.
95. Lamour, N. F., P. Subramanian, D. S. Wijesinghe, R. V. Stahelin, J. V. Bonventre, and C. E. Chalfant. 2009. Ceramide 1-phosphate is required for the translocation of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 26897-26907.
96. 2α. J. Biol. Chem. 288: 23264-23272.
97. Bayburt, T., and M. H. Gelb. 1997. Interfacial catalysis by human 85 kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2 on anionic vesicles in the scooting mode. Biochemistry. 36: 3216-3231.
98. 2) in thrombin-stimulated platelets. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 27723-27729.
99. 2 to phagosomes in human macrophages. J. Immunol. 183: 2767-2774.
100. 2 J. Biol. Chem. 284: 32359-32369.
101. 2 phosphorylation at serine-515 and serine-505 is required for arachidonic acid release in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Lipid Res. 49: 724-737.
102. 2 by MNK1-related protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 37542-37551.
103. 2 activity by Ser727 phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 3960-3971.
104. 2 activity. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 17202-17208.
105. 2 J. Biol. Chem. 272: 17145-17153.
106. 2 binds with high affinity and specificity to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate resulting in dramatic increases in activity. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 2184-2191.
107. 2 to perinuclear membranes and decreases its calcium requirement for translocation in live cells. Mol. Biol. Cell. 17: 155-162.
108. 2 from macrophages and reduce the calcium requirement for activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1045: 261-270.
109. Rådmark, O., O. Werz, D. Steinhilber, and B. Samuelsson. 2015. 5-Lipoxygenase, a key enzyme for leukotriene biosynthesis in health and disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1851: 331-339.
110. Hammarberg, T., P. Provost, B. Persson, and O. Radmark. 2000. The N-terminal domain of 5-lipoxygenase binds calcium and mediates calcium stimulation of enzyme activity. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 38787-38793.
111. Brock, T. G., R. W. McNish, M. B. Bailie, and M. Peters-Golden. 1997. Rapid import of cytosolic 5-lipoxygenase into the nucleus of neutrophils after in vivo recruitment and in vitro adherence. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 8276-8280.
112. Woods, J. W., J. F. Evans, D. Ethier, S. Scott, P. J. Vickers, L. Hearn, J. A. Heibein, S. Charleson, and I. I. Singer. 1993. 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein are localized in the nuclear envelope of activated human leukocytes. J. Exp. Med. 178: 1935-1946.
113. Kulkarni, S., S. Das, C. D. Funk, D. Murray, and W. Cho. 2002. Molecular basis of the specific subcellular localization of the C2-like domain of 5-lipoxygenase. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 13167-13174.
114. Chen, X. S., and C. D. Funk. 2001. The N-terminal "beta-barrel" domain of 5-lipoxygenase is essential for nuclear membrane translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 811-818.
115. Rouzer, C. A., and S. Kargman. 1988. Translocation of 5-lipoxygenase to the membrane in human leukocytes challenged with ionophore A23187. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 10980-10988.
116. Evans, J. F., A. D. Ferguson, R. T. Mosley, and J. H. Hutchinson. 2008. What's all the FLAP about?: 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitors for inflammatory diseases. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 29: 72-78.
117. Mandal, A. K., P. B. Jones, A. M. Bair, P. Christmas, D. Miller, T. T. Yamin, D. Wisniewski, J. Menke, J. F. Evans, B. T. Hyman, et al. 2008. The nuclear membrane organization of leukotriene synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105: 20434-20439.
118. Mandal, A. K., J. Skoch, B. J. Bacskai, B. T. Hyman, P. Christmas, D. Miller, T. D. Yamin, S. Xu, D. Wisniewski, J. F. Evans, et al. 2004. The membrane organization of leukotriene synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101: 6587-6592.
119. Bair, A. M., M. V. Turman, C. A. Vaine, R. A. Panettieri, Jr., and R. J. Soberman. 2012. The nuclear membrane leukotriene synthetic complex is a signal integrator and transducer. Mol. Biol. Cell. 23: 4456-4464.
120. Smith, W. L., Y. Urade, and P. J. Jakobsson. 2011. Enzymes of the cyclooxygenase pathways of prostanoid biosynthesis. Chem. Rev. 111: 5821-5865.
121. Zhang, H., J. Fan, J. Wang, S. Zhang, B. Dou, and X. Peng. 2013. An off-on COX-2-specific fluorescent probe: targeting the Golgi apparatus of cancer cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135: 11663-11669.
122. 2 biosynthetic system in the Golgi apparatus. J. Biol. Chem. 290: 5606-5620.
123. Grewal, S., S. Ponnambalam, and J. H. Walker. 2003. Association of cPLA2-alpha and COX-1 with the Golgi apparatus of A549 human lung epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 116: 2303-2310.
124. 2 deficiency. Biochemistry. 50: 1731-1738.
125. Takaku, K., M. Sonoshita, N. Sasaki, N. Uozumi, Y. Doi, T. Shimizu, and M. M. Taketo. 2000. Suppression of intestinal polyposis in APC. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 34013-34016.
126. 2 is protective against COX inhibitor-induced intestinal damage. Toxicol. Sci. 117: 122-132.
127. Montrose, D. C., M. Nakanishi, R. C. Murphy, S. Zarini, J. P. McAleer, A. T. Vella, and D. W. Rosenberg. 2015. The role of PGE2 in intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 116-117: 26-36.
128. Wang, D., and R. N. Dubois. 2010. The role of COX-2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. Oncogene. 29: 781-788.
129. 2, in colorectal cancer. Cancer J. 19: 502-510.
130. Wang, D., and R. N. DuBois. 2013. The role of anti-inflammatory drugs in colorectal cancer. Annu. Rev. Med. 64: 131-144.
131. 2 deletion enhances colon tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 65: 2636-2643.
132. Hong, K. H., J. C. Bonventre, E. O'Leary, J. V. Bonventre, and E. S. Lander. 2001. Deletion of cytosolic phospholipase A2 suppresses ApcMin-induced tumorigenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98: 3935-3939.
133. Oshima, M., J. E. Dinchuk, S. L. Kargman, H. Oshima, B. Hancock, E. Kwong, J. M. Trzaskos, J. F. Evans, and M. M. Taketo. 1996. Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc delta716 knockout mice by inhibitioon of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cell. 87: 803-809.
134. Chan, T. A., P. J. Morin, B. Vogelstein, and K. W. Kinzler. 1998. Mechanisms underlying nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-mediated apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95: 681-686.
135. 2: physiological implications. Endocrinology. 131: 2393-2398.
136. 2 synthesized by adipocytes during maturation phase contributes to upregulation of fat storage. FEBS Lett. 580: 6885-6890.
137. 2 is involved in alcohol-induced fat accumulation in rat liver. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 279: G100-G106.
138. Ii, H., S. Hatakeyama, K. Tsutsumi, T. Sato, and S. Akiba. 2008. Group IVA phospholipase A2 is associated with the storage of lipids in adipose tissue and liver. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 86: 12-17.
139. 2-knockout mice. PLoS ONE. 4: e8089.
140. 2 participates in the progression of hepatic fibrosis. FASEB J. 26: 4111-4121.
141. Hsieh, P. S., J. S. Jin, C. F. Chiang, P. C. Chan, C. H. Chen, and K. C. Shih. 2009. COX-2-mediated inflammation in fat is crucial for obesity-linked insulin resistance and fatty liver. Obesity (Silver Spring). 17: 1150-1157.
142. Huang, L., A. Zhao, F. Wong, J. M. Ayala, M. Struthers, F. Ujjainwalla, S. D. Wright, M. S. Springer, J. Evans, and J. Cui. 2004. Leukotriene B4 strongly increases monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human monocytes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24: 1783-1788.
143. Efsen, E., A. Bonacchi, S. Pastacaldi, A. J. Valente, U. O. Wenzel, C. Tosti-Guerra, M. Pinzani, G. Laffi, H. E. Abboud, P. Gentilini, et al. 2001. Agonist-specific regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression by cyclooxygenase metabolites in hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology. 33: 713-721.
144. Seki, E., S. de Minicis, S. Inokuchi, K. Taura, K. Miyai, N. van Rooijen, R. F. Schwabe, and D. A. Brenner. 2009. CCR2 promotes hepatic fibrosis in mice. Hepatology. 50: 185-197.
145. Wynn, T. A. 2008. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. J. Pathol. 214: 199-210.
146. Peters-Golden, M., C. Canetti, P. Mancuso, and M. J. Coffey. 2005. Leukotrienes: underappreciated mediators of innate immune responses. J. Immunol. 174: 589-594.
147. Woodward, D. F., R. L. Jones, and S. Narumiya. 2011. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol. Rev. 63: 471-538.
148. Lim, H., R. A. Gupta, W. G. Ma, B. C. Paria, D. E. Moller, J. D. Morrow, R. N. DuBois, J. M. Trzaskos, and S. K. Dey. 1999. Cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostacyclin mediates embryo implantation in the mouse via PPARdelta. Genes Dev. 13: 1561-1574.
149. Lim, H., B. C. Paria, S. K. Das, J. E. Dinchuk, R. Langenbach, J. M. Trzaskos, and S. K. Dey. 1997. Multiple female reproductive failures in cyclooxygenase 2-deficient mice. Cell. 91: 197-208.
150. Gross, G. A., T. Imamura, C. Luedke, S. K. Vogt, L. M. Olson, D. M. Nelson, Y. Sadovsky, and L. J. Muglia. 1998. Opposing actions of prostaglandins and oxytocin determine the onset of murine labor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95: 11875-11879.
151. 2alpha deficiency is crucial for 'on-time' embryo implantation that directs subsequent development. Development. 129: 2879-2889.
152. 2 group IVA deficient mice. Biol. Reprod. 81: 1131-1138.
153. 2 optimizes ovulation and fertilization in rodents through induction of and metabolic coupling with prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. FASEB J. 26: 3800-3810.
154. 2 regulates testosterone biosynthesis by murine Leydig cells and is required for timely sexual maturation. Biochem. J. 439: 403-411.
155. Smith, R. 2007. Parturition. N. Engl. J. Med. 356: 271-283.
156. Challis, J. R. G., S. G. Matthews, W. Gibb, and S. J. Lye. 2000. Endocrine and paracrine regulation of birth at term and preterm. Endocr. Rev. 21: 514-550.
157. Challis, J. R., D. M. Sloboda, N. Alfaidy, S. J. Lye, W. Gibb, F. A. Patel, W. L. Whittle, and J. P. Newnham. 2002. Prostaglandins and mechanisms of preterm birth. Reproduction. 124: 1-17.
158. Casey, M. L., P. C. MacDonald, and M. D. Mitchell. 1985. Despite a massive increase in cortisol secretion in women during parturition, there is an equally massive increase in prostaglandin synthesis. A paradox? J. Clin. Invest. 75: 1852-1857.
159. Guo, C., Z. Yang, W. Li, P. Zhu, L. Myatt, and K. Sun. 2008. Paradox of glucocorticoid-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IVA messenger RNA expression involves glucocorticoid receptor binding to the promoter in human amnion fibroblasts. Biol. Reprod. 78: 193-197.
160. 2alpha expression by cortisol in human amnion fibroblasts. Mol. Endocrinol. 24: 1052-1061.
161. 2. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 280: F607-F618.
162. 2 in the angiotensin II-mediated biphasic regulation of Na+-HCO3(-) transport. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19: 252-259.
163. 2α in dioxin-induced neonatal hydronephrosis in mice. Sci. Rep. 4: 4042.
164. Nishimura, N., F. Matsumura, C. F. Vogel, H. Nishimura, J. Yonemoto, W. Yoshioka, and C. Tohyama. 2008. Critical role of cyclooxygenase-2 activation in pathogenesis of hydronephrosis caused by lactational exposure of mice to dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 231: 374-383.
165. Kinehara, M., I. Fukuda, K. Yoshida, and H. Ashida. 2008. High-throughput evaluation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-binding sites selected via chromatin immunoprecipitation-based screening in Hepa-1c1c7 cells stimulated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Genes Genet. Syst. 83: 455-468.
166. Kinehara, M., I. Fukuda, K. Yoshida, and H. Ashida. 2009. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated induction of the cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha gene by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1c1c7 cells. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 108: 277-281.
167. Matsumura, F. 2009. The significance of the nongenomic pathway in mediating inflammatory signaling of the dioxin-activated Ah receptor to cause toxic effects. Biochem. Pharmacol. 77: 608-626.
168. Dong, B., N. Nishimura, C. F. Vogel, C. Tohyama, and F. Matsumura. 2010. TCDD-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression is mediated by the nongenomic pathway in mouse MMDD1 macula densa cells and kidneys. Biochem. Pharmacol. 79: 487-497.
169. 2alpha-cyclooxygenase-2 cascade mediates cerebellar long-term depression and motor learning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107: 3198-3203.
170. Wang, D. J., L. D. Su, Y. N. Wang, D. Yang, C. L. Sun, L. Zhou, X. X. Wang, and Y. Shen. 2014. Long-term potentiation at cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses requires presynaptic and postsynaptic signaling cascades. J. Neurosci. 34: 2355-2364.
171. Su, L. D., D. J. Wang, D. Yang, Y. Shen, and Y. H. Hu. 2013. Retrograde cPLA2alpha/arachidonic acid/2-AG signaling is essential for cerebellar depolarization-induced suppression of excitation and long-term potentiation. Cerebellum. 12: 297-299.
172. 2 alpha amplifies early cyclooxygenase-2 expression, oxidative stress and MAP kinase phosphorylation after cerebral ischemia in mice. J. Neuroinflammation. 7: 42.
173. 2 knockout mouse. J. Neurochem. 87: 1471-1477.
174. 2alpha regulates induction of brain cyclooxygenase-2 in a mouse model of inflammation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288: R1774-R1782.
175. 2 receptors in models of neurological disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 91: 104-112.
176. 2 protein as a novel therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Ann. Neurol. 75: 644-658.
177. 2 superfamily members play divergent roles after spinal cord injury. FASEB J. 25: 4240-4252.
178. Watanabe, H., K. Numata, T. Ito, K. Takagi, and A. Matsukawa. 2004. Innate immune response in Th1- and Th2-dominant mouse strains. Shock. 22: 460-466.
179. 2 gene in inbred mouse strains. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 22378-22385.
180. 2 and inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Neuromolecular Med. 12: 133-148.
181. 2 with oxidative/nitrosative signaling pathways in neurons: a novel therapeutic strategy for AD. Mol. Neurobiol. 46: 85-95.
182. 2 mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by soluble oligomers of the amyloid-beta peptide. FASEB J. 19: 85-87.
183. 2 in cortical neurons. J. Neurochem. 106: 45-55.
184. 2 reduction ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nat. Neurosci. 11: 1311-1318.
185. 2 in Aβ oligomer-induced neurodegeneration and memory deficit. Neurobiol. Aging 33: 1123.e17-1123.e29.
186. 1-42: implication for neurodegeneration. J. Neurochem. 132: 559-571.
187. 2 prevents prion peptide-induced neuronal damage and co-localisation with beta III tubulin. BMC Neurosci. 13: 106.
188. 2 inhibitors protect against prion and Abeta mediated synapse degeneration. Mol. Neurodegener. 5: 13.
189. 2 are resistant to MPTP neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 71: 2634-2637.
190. Qu, B. X., Y. Gong, D. Sinclair, M. Fu, D. Perl, and R. Diaz-Arrastia. 2013. cPLA2α knockout mice exhibit abnormalities in the architecture and synapses of cortical neurons. Brain Res. 1497: 101-105.
191. 2 knockout mouse. J. Lipid Res. 44: 109-117.
192. Irvin, C. G., Y. P. Tu, J. R. Sheller, and C. D. Funk. 1997. 5-Lipoxygenase products are necessary for ovalbumin-induced airway responsiveness in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 272: L1053-L1058.
193. Gavett, S. H., S. L. Madison, P. C. Chulada, P. E. Scarborough, W. Qu, J. E. Boyle, H. F. Tiano, C. A. Lee, R. Langenbach, V. L. Roggli, et al. 1999. Allergic lung responses are increased in prostaglandin H synthase-deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest. 104: 721-732.
194. 2 a inhibitors: discovery and in vitro and in vivo characterization of 4-{3-[5-chloro-2-(2-{[3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-sulfonyl]amino}ethyl)-1-(diphenylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]propyl}-benzoic acid, efipladib. J. Med. Chem. 51: 3388-3413.
195. 2alpha overcomes the asthma-associated response. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 38: 1590-1605.
196. 2 in respiratory allergy. Biochimie. 92: 588-593.
197. 2 group IValpha gene promoter polymorphisms in patients with severe asthma: a gene expression and case-control study. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 150: 124-131.
198. 2 group IVA is overexpressed in patients with persistent asthma and regulated by the promoter microsatellites. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125: 1393-1395.
199. 2. Nat. Immunol. 1: 42-46.
200. 2alpha during experimental sepsis. J. Immunol. 181: 3558-3566.
201. 2: a new approach for already tested therapeutic targets for the treatment of sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 40: 2250-2251.
202. 2 reduces the mortality in rats with sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 40: 2132-2140.
203. Selman, M., T. E. King, A. Pardo,; American Thoracic Society; European Respiratory Society; and American College of Chest Physicians. 2001. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 134: 136-151.
204. Wynn, T. A., and T. R. Ramalingam. 2012. Mechanisms of fibrosis: therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease. Nat. Med. 18: 1028-1040.
205. 2 in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Nat. Med. 8: 480-484.
206. Beller, T. C., D. S. Friend, A. Maekawa, B. K. Lam, K. F. Austen, and Y. Kanaoka. 2004. Cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor controls the severity of chronic pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101: 3047-3052.
207. Beller, T. C., A. Maekawa, D. S. Friend, K. F. Austen, and Y. Kanaoka. 2004. Targeted gene disruption reveals the role of the cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor in increased vascular permeability and in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 46129-46134.
208. Peters-Golden, M., M. Bailie, T. Marshall, C. Wilke, S. H. Phan, G. B. Toews, and B. B. Moore. 2002. Protection from pulmonary fibrosis in leukotriene-deficient mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165: 229-235.
209. 2 and the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 45: 445-452.
210. Lovgren, A. K., L. A. Jania, J. M. Hartney, K. K. Parsons, L. P. Audoly, G. A. Fitzgerald, S. L. Tilley, and B. H. Koller. 2006. COX-2-derived prostacyclin protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 291: L144-L156.
211. Keerthisingam, C. B., R. G. Jenkins, N. K. Harrison, N. A. Hernandez-Rodriguez, H. Booth, G. J. Laurent, S. L. Hart, M. L. Foster, and R. J. McAnulty. 2001. Cyclooxygenase-2 deficiency results in a loss of the anti-proliferative response to transforming growth factor-beta in human fibrotic lung fibroblasts and promotes bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am. J. Pathol. 158: 1411-1422.
212. Bonner, J. C., A. B. Rice, J. L. Ingram, C. R. Moomaw, A. Nyska, A. Bradbury, A. R. Sessoms, P. C. Chulada, D. L. Morgan, D. C. Zeldin, et al. 2002. Susceptibility of cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mice to pulmonary fibrogenesis. Am. J. Pathol. 161: 459-470.
213. Rancoule, C., J. P. Pradere, J. Gonzalez, J. Klein, P. Valet, J. L. Bascands, J. P. Schanstra, and J. S. Saulnier-Blache. 2011. Lysophosphatidic acid-1-receptor targeting agents for fibrosis. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs. 20: 657-667.
214. Tager, A. M., P. LaCamera, B. S. Shea, G. S. Campanella, M. Selman, Z. Zhao, V. Polosukhin, J. Wain, B. A. Karimi-Shah, N. D. Kim, et al. 2008. The lysophosphatidic acid receptor LPA1 links pulmonary fibrosis to lung injury by mediating fibroblast recruitment and vascular leak. Nat. Med. 14: 45-54.
215. Aoki, J., A. Inoue, and S. Okudaira. 2008. Two pathways for lysophosphatidic acid production. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1781: 513-518.
216. Aikawa, S., T. Hashimoto, K. Kano, and J. Aoki. 2015. Lysophosphatidic acid as a lipid mediator with multiple biological actions. J. Biochem. 157: 81-89.
217. 2 and autotaxin in nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 333: 540-546.
218. Torres, A. C., D. Boruszewska, M. Batista, I. Kowalczyk-Zieba, P. Diniz, E. Sinderewicz, J. S. Saulnier-Blache, I. Woclawek-Potocka, and L. Lopes-da-Costa. 2014. Lysophosphatidic acid signaling in late cleavage and blastocyst stage bovine embryos. Mediators Inflamm. 2014: 678968.
219. 2 Carcinogenesis. 25: 1517-1524.
220. 2 in bone marrow-derived macrophages protects against lung cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Res. 69: 1733-1738.
221. 2: targeting cancer through the tumor vasculature. Clin. Cancer Res. 15: 1635-1644.
222. 2 regulates viability of irradiated vascular endothelium. Cell Death Differ. 15: 1641-1653.
223. Thotala, D., J. M. Craft, D. J. Ferraro, R. P. Kotipatruni, S. R. Bhave, J. J. Jaboin, and D. E. Hallahan. 2013. Cytosolic phospholipaseA2 inhibition with PLA-695 radiosensitizes tumors in lung cancer animal models. PLoS ONE. 8: e69688.
224. 2 and lysophospholipids in tumor angiogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 102: 1398-1412.
225. 4 plays a critical role in the progression of collagen-induced arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 517-521.
226. Griffiths, R. J., M. A. Smith, M. L. Roach, J. L. Stock, E. J. Stam, A. J. Milici, D. N. Scampoli, J. D. Eskra, R. S. Byrum, B. H. Koller, et al. 1997. Collagen-induced arthritis is reduced in 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. 185: 1123-1129.
227. Myers, L. K., A. H. Kang, A. E. Postlethwaite, E. F. Rosloniec, S. G. Morham, B. V. Shlopov, S. Goorha, and L. R. Ballou. 2000. The genetic ablation of cyclooxygenase 2 prevents the development of autoimmune arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 43: 2687-2693.
228. 2alpha-deficient mice are resistant to collagen-induced arthritis. J. Exp. Med. 197: 1297-1302.
229. 2alpha in prostaglandin E2-mediated bone resorption associated with inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 197: 1303-1310.
230. 2alpha in autoimmune diabetes of mice. FEBS Lett. 579: 3975-3978.
231. Martin, R., and H. F. McFarland. 1995. Immunological aspects of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 32: 121-182.
232. Emerson, M. R., and S. M. LeVine. 2004. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is exacerbated in mice deficient for 12/15-lipoxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase. Brain Res. 1021: 140-145.
233. Miyamoto, K., S. Miyake, M. Mizuno, N. Oka, S. Kusunoki, and T. Yamamura. 2006. Selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through COX-2-independent pathway. Brain. 129: 1984-1992.
234. Ni, J., Y. Y. Shu, Y. N. Zhu, Y. F. Fu, W. Tang, X. G. Zhong, H. Wang, Y. F. Yang, J. Ren, M. W. Wang, et al. 2007. COX-2 inhibitors ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through modulating IFN-gamma and IL-10 production by inhibiting T-bet expression. J. Neuroimmunol. 186: 94-103.
235. 2alpha-deficient mice are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 202: 841-851.
236. Marusic, S., P. Thakker, J. W. Pelker, N. L. Stedman, K. L. Lee, J. C. McKew, L. Han, X. Xu, S. F. Wolf, A. J. Borey, et al. 2008. Blockade of cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and diminishes development of Th1 and Th17 responses. J. Neuroimmunol. 204: 29-37.
237. Yang, D., H. F. Ji, X. M. Zhang, H. Yue, L. Lin, Y. Y. Ma, X. N. Huang, J. Fu, and W. Z. Wang. 2014. Protective effect of cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibition against inflammation and degeneration by promoting regulatory T cells in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mediators Inflamm. 2014: 890139.
238. Schiffmann, S., A. Weigert, J. Mannich, M. Eberle, K. Birod, A. Haussler, N. Ferreiros, Y. Schreiber, H. Kunkel, M. Grez, et al. 2014. PGE2/EP4 signaling in peripheral immune cells promotes development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 87: 625-635.