Endocrine and paracrine regulation of birth at term and preterm

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 514-550

  Challis, John R G ^a,b,c   Matthews, Stephen G ^a   Gibb, William ^a,c   Lye, Stephen J ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN; HYDROCORTISONE; PROGESTERONE;

ANIMAL TISSUE; CHILDBIRTH; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; ESTROGEN SYNTHESIS; FETUS MEMBRANE; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PREGNANCY; PREMATURITY; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTAGLANDIN METABOLISM; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SHEEP; UTERUS CONTRACTION;

EID: 0033709493     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.21.5.514     Document Type: Review

References (469)

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99. Development of adrenocorticotropin-(1-39) and precursor peptide secretory responses in the fetal sheep during the last third of gestation
100. In vitro effects of high molecular weight forms of ACTH on the fetal sheep adrenal
101. ACTH peptides and the development of the fetal adrenal
102. Secretion of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and ACTH precursors in ovine anterior pituitary cells: Actions of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and glucocorticoids
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104. Elevated levels of N-terminal pro-opiomelanocortin peptides in fetal sheep plasma may contribute to fetal adrenal gland development and the pre-parturient cortisol surge
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107. The effect of hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection on the functional and morphological development of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the fetal sheep in the last third of gestation
108. Levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA in the pars distalis during late gestation in fetal sheep
109. Synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates adrenocorticotropin release in the ovine fetus over the last fifth of gestation
110. Developmental aspects of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
111. Possible role of cortisol in the stimulation of cortisol binding capacity in the plasma of fetal sheep
112. Glucocorticoid-induced increase in plasma corticosteroid binding globulin levels in fetal sheep is associated with increased biosynthesis and alterations in glycosylation
113. Ontogeny and regulation of corticosteroid binding globulin capacity in plasma of fetal and newborn lambs
114. Protein binding of plasma cortisol in the foetal lamb near term
115. Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in fetal development
116. Developmental and glucocorticoid regulation of pituitary 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 gene expression in the ovine fetus and lamb
117. Characterization of an ovine glucocorticoid receptor cDNA and developmental changes in its mRNA levels in the fetal sheep hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal gland
118. Changes in glucocorticold receptor mRNA in the developing ovine pituitary and the effects of exogenous cortisol
119. Hypothalamic glucocorticoid implants prevent fetal ovine adrenocorticotropin secretion in response to stress
120. Developmental regulation of pre-proenkephalin mRNA in the ovine paraventricular nucleus: Effects of stress and glucocorticoids
121. The origin of cortisol in the blood of fetal sheep
122. Activation of adrenal function in fetal sheep by the infusion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) to the fetus in utero
123. Chronic administration of low doses of adrenocorticotropin to hypophysectomized fetal sheep leads to normal term labor
124. The changing response pattern of sheep fetal adrenal cells throughout the course of gestation
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126. In vivo evidence for increased adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotrophin-(1-24) in the lamb fetus in late gestation
127. The ontogeny and regulation of corticosteroid secretion by the ovine foetal adrenal
128. The effects of adrenocorticotropin, guanylylimidodiphosphate, dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and exogenous substrates on corticosteroid output by ovine fetal adrenal cells at different times in pregnancy
129. Tissue distribution and levels of gene expression of three steroid hydroxylases in ovine fetal adrenal glands
130. The role of cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the integration of gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis via the Δ5 and Δ4 pathways of steroidogenesis in mammals
131. Steroid hydroxylase gene expression in the ovine fetal adrenal gland following ACTH infusion
132. 5-Δ4 isomerase, tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase in the adrenal glands of sheep fetuses throughout gestation and in neonates
133. Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) mRNA is expressed in steroidogenic cells of the developing ovine adrenal: Evidence for an autocrine/paracrine role of IGF-II
134. Differential effects of transforming growth factor type β on the growth and function of adrenocortical cells in vitro
135. Developmental regulation of corticotrophin receptor (ACTH-R) gene expression in the adrenal gland of the ovine fetus and newborn lamb: Effects of cortisol infusion during late pregnancy
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137. Molecular genetics of the ACTH and melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptors
138. Involvement of the regulatory protein N(s) in the maturation of ACTH-sensitive adenylate cyclase of ovine fetal adrenal during late gestation
139. In vitro effect of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I on cell multiplication and adrenocorticotropin responsiveness of fetal adrenal cells
140. Synergistic effects of corticotropin and insulin-like growth factor 1 on corticotropin receptors and corticotropin responsiveness in cultured bovine adrenocortical cells
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143. In vitro maturation of steroidogenic capacity of ovine fetal and neonatal adrenal cells
144. Maturation of adrenocorticotropin-sensitive adenylate cyclase of ovine fetal adrenal during late pregnancy
145. Modulation by cortisol of adrenocorticotropin-induced activation of adrenal function in fetal sheep
146. ACTH induction of the maturation of ACTH-sensitive adenylate cyclase system in the ovine fetal adrenal
147. Modifications of the steroidogenic pathway during spontaneous and adrenocorticotropin-induced maturation of ovine fetal adrenal
148. 1-24. I. Effects on fetal plasma corticosteroids
149. Activation of ovine fetal adrenal function by pulsatile or continuous administration of adrenocorticotropin-(1-24). II. Effects on adrenal cell responses in vitro
150. Ovine fetal adrenal synthesis of cortisol: Regulation by adrenocorticotropin, angiotensin II and transforming growth factor-β
151. Developmental changes in the responses of the adrenal glands of the foetal sheep to endogenous adrenocorticotrophin as indicated by the hormone resonses to hypoxaemia
152. Surgical disconnection of the hypothalamus from the fetal pituitary abolishes the corticotrophic response to intrauterine hypoglycemia or hypoxemia in the sheep during late gestation
153. Effects of hypoxia on vasopressin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of sheep
154. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma vasopressin in the fetal lamb: Basal concentration and the effect of hypoxia
155. Cortisol inhibits ACTH but not the AVP response to hypoxaemia in fetal lambs at days of gestation
156. Chronic stress - The key to parturition?
157. Levels of pro-opiomelanocortin and prolactin mRNA in the fetal sheep pituitary following hypoxemia and glucocorticoid treatment in late gestation
158. Differential regulation of pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA in the ovine fetal pituitary pars distalis and pars intermedia following 48 hours of hypoxemia in late gestation
159. Dopaminergic regulation of pituitary function in the late gestation fetal sheep
160. 2,O2 saturation and fractional extraction (FE) values in relation to size at birth
161. Fetal oxygen saturation and fractional extraction at birth and the relationship measures of acidosis
162. Maternal undernutrition in late ovine pregnancy: Effects on fetal adrenal corticotrophin receptor and steroidogenic enzyme mRNA expression
163. 2 concentrations during fetal embolization in pregnant sheep
164. The fetal membranes as a possible source of progesterone in the amniotic and allantoic fluids of pregnant sheep
165. Sharp increase in free circulating oestrogen immediately before parturition in sheep
166. Fetal and maternal estrogen concentrations throughout pregnancy in the sheep
167. Inhibition of progesterone secretion by a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor in late pregnant sheep
168. Activity of steroid C-17, 20-lyase in the ovine placenta: Effect of exposure of foetal glucocorticoid
169. Increased utero-ovarian adrostenedione production before parturition in sheep
170. Differential effects of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids on cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase (P450(17α)) and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) messenger ribonucleic acid in the sheep placenta
171. Regulation of the estrogen receptor and its messenger ribonucleic acid in the ovariectomized sheep myometrium and endometrium: The role of estradiol and progesterone
172. Tissue-specific ontogenic expression of prostaglandin H synthase 2 in the ovine myometrium, endometrium, and placenta during late gestation and at spontaneous term labor
173. The mechanism of initiation of parturition in the ewe
174. The effects of indomethacin on uterine activity and prostaglandin (PG) concentrations during labor induced by administering ACTH to fetal sheep
175. Gestational changes in prostanoid concentration in intrauterine tissues and fetal fluids from pregnant sheep, and the relation to prostanoid output in vitro
176. Induction of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase isoform-2 in ovine cotyledonary tissues during late gestation
177. Possible role for prostaglandin F(2α) in parturition in sheep
178. Inhibition of prostaglandin production by nimesulide accompanied by changes in expression of the cassette of uterine labor-related genes in pregnant sheep
179. Regulation of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase 1 and 2 by estradiol and progesterone in nonpregnant ovine myometrium and endometrium in vivo
180. Changes in prostacyclin synthase in pregnant sheep myometrium, endometrium, and placenta at spontaneous term labor and regulation by estradiol and progesterone
181. Estrogen synthesis by adrenal-placental tissues of the sheep and the Iris monkey in vitro
182. Androstenedione, testosterone, and estradiol concentrations in fetal and maternal plasma in late pregnancy in the sheep
183. Androstenedione metabolism in the late gestation sheep fetus
184. Oestrogen sulphate and sulpho-transferase activitites in the endometrium of the sow and ewe during pregnancy
185. Initiation of parturition
186. Early changes in prostaglandin concentrations in ovine maternal and fetal plasma amniotic fluid and from dispersed cells of intrauterine tissues before the onset of ACTH-induced preterm labor
187. Prostanoid concentrations in maternal/fetal plasma and amniotic fluid and intrauterine tissue prostanoid output in relation to myometrial contractility during the onset of adrenocorticotropin-induced preterm labor in sheep
188. Prostaglandin synthase activity of fetal sheep cotyledons at 122 days of gestation and term: Expression of prostaglandin synthetic capacity in fetal cotyledonary tissue near labor is location-dependent
189. Prostaglandin H synthase activity in the sheep placenta during cortisol-induced labor at 128-131 days of gestation and during spontaneous delivery at term
190. Immunohistochemical localization of prostaglandin H synthase in the sheep placenta from early pregnancy to term
191. Localization and developmental changes in prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) and PGHS messenger ribonucleic acid in ovine placenta throughout gestation
192. Preferential increase in cyclooxygenase compared to lipoxygenase activity in sheep placenta and amnion at term pregnancy and after intrafetal glucocortical administration
193. Gestational changes in prostaglandin synthase activity in ovine cotyledonary microsomes
194. Immunoreactive prostaglandin G/H synthase content increases in ovine cotyledons during late gestation
195. Gestational- and labour-associated changes in the relative abundance of prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 and -2 mRNA in ovine placenta
196. Gestational changes in prostaglandin production by ovine fetal trophoblast cells
197. The expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase in ovine maternal uterine and fetal tissues during late gestation and labor
198. Prostaglandins in the circulation of the fetal lamb
199. The nutritional regulation of plasma prostaglandin E concentrations in the fetus and pregnant ewe during late gestation
200. 2
201. 2 administered to fetal sheep increases the plasma concentration of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and the proportion of ACTH in low molecular weight forms
202. 2, prostacyclin and 1-24 adrenocorticotrophin on plasma cortisol levels of fetal sheep
203. 2 enhances AVP-stimulated but not CRF-stimulated ACTH secretion from cultured fetal sheep pituitary cells
204. 2 prematurely activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and induces parturition in sheep
205. 2 and the initiation of parturition in the sheep
206. Prostaglandin regulation of fetal plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol concentrations in late-gestation sheep
207. Prostaglandins and parturition
208. Fetal to maternal progression of prostaglandin H(2) synthase-2 expression in ovine intrauterine tissues during the course of labor
209. The mechanism by which foetal cortisol controls the onset of parturition in the sheep
210. Ovine placental steroid 17α-hydroxylase/C-17,20-lyase, aromatase and sulphatase in dexamethasone-induced and natural parturition
211. Prostaglandin production at the onset of ovine parturition is regulated by both estrogen-independent and estrogen dependent pathways
212. Effect of labor induction on the expression of oxytocin receptor, cytochrome P450 aromatase, and estradiol receptor in the reproductive tract of the late-pregnant ewe
213. Postmaturity and malformations of the foetus
214. Experimental fetal anencephaly in the rhesus monkey: Effect on gestational length and fetal and maternal plasma steroids
215. Some effects of fetal and maternal hypophysectomy in pregnancy
216. In the rhesus monkey placental retention after fetectomy at 121 to 130 days' gestation outlasts the normal duration of pregnancy
217. The influence of fetectomy at mid gestation upon the peripheral serum concentrations of progesterone, estrone and estradiol in baboons
218. The placenta remains functional following fetectomy in baboons
219. Parturition in non-human primates
220. The concentrations of progesterone, estrone and estradiol-17β in the peripheral plasma of the rhesus monkey during the final third of gestation and after the induction of abortion with PGF(2α)
221. Actions of placental and fetal adrenal steroid hormones in primate pregnancy
222. Effect of 48 hours intravenous 4A androstenedione infusion on the pregnant rhesus monkey during the last third of gestation: Changes in maternal plasma estradiol concentrations and myometrial contractility
223. Production of premature delivery in pregnant rhesus monkeys by androstenedione infusion
224. Regulation of the primate fetal adrenal cortex
225. Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex
226. Corticotrophin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity and bioactivity of human fetal and adult hypothalami
227. Responsivity of the baboon fetal pituitary to corticotropin-releasing hormone in utero at mid-gestation
228. Activation of the baboon fetal pituitary-adrenocortical axis at midgestation by estrogen: Enhancement of fetal pituitary proopiomelanocortin messenger ribonucleic acid expression
229. Developmental increase in expression of the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 in the baboon placenta
230. Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase messenger ribonucleic acid and activity in humanplacenta and fetal membranes: Its relationship to birth weight and putative role in fetal adrenal steroidogenesis
231. Perinatal regulation of cortisol in the primate
232. Coordinate trophic hormone regulation of mRNAs for insulin-like growth factor II and the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450(scc) in human steroidogenic tissues
233. Modulation of adrenocorticotropin-stimulated baboon fetal adrenal dehydroepiandrosterone formation in vitro by estrogen at mid- and late-gestation
234. Regulation of baboon fetal adrenal androgen production by adrenocorticotropin hormone, prolactin, and growth hormone
235. Prolactin stimulates adrenal androgen secretion in infant baboons
236. Decline in adrenocorticotropin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the baboon fetal adrenocortical zone in the second half of pregnancy
237. Biphasic developmental expression of adrenocorticotropin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the baboon fetal adrenal gland
238. Effect of estrogen on pituitary peptide-induced dehydroepiandrosterone secretion in the baboon fetus at mid gestation
239. Theoretical basis for endocrine control of gestation - A comparative approach
240. Endocrine and pharmacological factors which influence the onset of labour in rhesus monkeys
241. Plasma estrone, estradiol, progesterone and 17-hydroxy-progesterone in human pregnancy. I. Normal pregnancy
242. Functional maturation of the primate fetal adrenal in vivo. II. Ontogeny of corticosteroid synthesis is dependent upon specific zonal expression of 3 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase
243. Corticotropin-releasing hormone directly and preferentially stimulates dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate secretion by human fetal adrenal cortical cells
244. Identification and developmental expression of the estrogen receptor α and β in the baboon fetal adrenal gland
245. Cholesterol metabolism in the adrenals of normal and anencephalic fetuses
246. Regulation of cholesterol and progesterone synthesis in human placental cells in culture by serum lipoproteins
247. An increase in fetal plasma cortisol but not dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is followed by the onset of preterm labor in patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes
248. Saliva oestriol, oestradiol, oestrone and progesterone levels in pregnancy: Spontaneous labour at term is preceded by a rise in the salive oestriol: Progesterone ratio
249. Increased saliva oestriol to progesterone ratio before idiopathic preterm delivery: A possible predictor for preterm labor?
250. Evidence for a local change in the progesterone/estrogen ratio in human parturition
251. The 'see-saw' theory of parturition
252. Demonstration that progesterone 'blocks' uterine activity in the ewe in vivo by a direct action on the myometrium
253. Mifepristone (RU486) alone or in combination with a prostaglandin analogue for termination of early pregnancy: A review
254. The four direct regulatory factors of myometrial function
255. Estrogen regulation of placental P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme messenger ribonucleic acid levels and activity during baboon pregnancy
256. 5 - Δ4 isomearase in the human placenta and fetal membranes during pregnancy and labor
257. 5→Δ4 isomerase in human placenta and fetal membranes
258. Estrogen and progesterone metabolism in human fetal membranes
259. Initiation of human parturition. VIII. Metabolism of progesterone by fetal membranes of early and late human gestation
260. Local modulation of progesterone production in human fetal membranes
261. Circulating and amniotic fluid sex steroid concentrations in human term pregnancy: Does a change in steroid 5α-reduction signal the onset of labor?
262. Inhibition of oxytocin receptor function by direct binding of progesterone
263. Cortisol blockade of progesterone: A possible molecular mechanism involved in the initiation of human labor
264. Transforming growth factor-β inhibits progesterone-induced enkephalinase expression in human endometrial stromal cells
265. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor subtype 1 (CRH-R1) is significantly upregulated at the time of labor in the human myometrium
266. The differential expression of myometrial connexin-43, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, and G(sα) proteins in the upper and lower segments of the human uterus during pregnancy and labor
267. Paradoxical expression of inhibitory and stimulatory prostanoid receptors in the human myometrium during labour
268. Differential expression of connexins 43 and 26 in the human myometrium during pregnancy and labour
269. Myometrial response to prostaglandins during labour
270. Proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in rat uteri cervix throughout gestation and the effect of the antiprogesterone anapristone
271. 5α-Reduced androgens play a key role in murine parturition
272. The parturition defect in steroid 5α-reductase type 1 knockout mice is due to impaired cervical ripening
273. Effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on cervical softening and uterine activity during ovine parturition resulting from progesterone withdrawal induced by epostane
274. The mechanism(s) of human parturition
275. Oxytocin
276. The role of oxytocin in the initiation of labour and oxytocin-prostaglandin interactions
277. Oxytocin and vasopressin gene expression during gestation and lactation
278. Oxytocin secretion and milk ejection in the human
279. Fetal and maternal oxytocin in human parturition
280. Oxytocin receptors and human parturition. A dual role for oxytocin in the initiation of labor
281. Opposing actions of prostaglandins and oxytocin determine the onset of murine labor
282. Genetic analysis of fetal development and parturition control in the mouse
283. Studies on the role of oxytocin in late pregnancy in the pregnant rhesus monkey: Plasma concentrations of oxytocin in the maternal circulation throughout the 24-h day and the effect of the synthetic oxytocin antagonist [1-β-Mpa(β-(CH2)5) 1.(Me(Tyr2,Orn8)] oxytocin on spontaneous nocturnal myometrial contractions
284. Rabbit uterine oxytocin receptors and in vitro contractile response: Abrupt changes at term and the role of eicosanoids
285. Oxytocin receptors: Triggers for parturition and lactation?
286. Heterogeneity of oxytocin receptors in the pregnant rat myometrium near parturition
287. Variation in myometrial response to intravenous oxytocin administration at different times of the day in the pregnant rhesus monkey
288. Oxytocin gene expression in rat uterus
289. Rat amnion: A novel site of oxytocin production
290. Synthesis of oxytocin in amnion, chorion and decidua may influence the timing of human parturition
291. Formation of unconjugated estrogens from estrone sulfate by dispersed cells from human fetal membranes and decidua
292. Estrogen stimulates oxytocin gene expression in human chorio-decidua
293. The human oxytocin gene promoter is regulated by estrogens
294. 2+ concentration of porcine myometrial cells: Participation of a pertussis toxin-insensitive G-protein, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive Ca2+ pool, and Ca2+ ion channels
295. Changes in the synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins by human fetal membranes and decidua at labor
296. Failure of parturition in mice lacking the prostaglandin F receptor
297. Prostaglandin synthase 1 gene disruption in mice reduces arachidonic acid-induced inflammation and indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration
298. Prostaglandin synthase 2 gene disruption causes severe renal pathology in the mouse
299. Increase in prostaglandin bioavailability precedes the onset of parturition
300. A spontaneous induction of fetal membrane prostaglandin production precedes clinical labour
301. E prostaglandins in amniotic fluid during late pregnancy and labor
302. 2+-dependent translocation domain with homology to PKC and GAP
303. Phospholipase A2 activity is increased in guinea pig uterine cervix in late pregnancy and at parturition
304. 2 in human amnion at parturition
305. Immunohistochemical localization of phospholipase A2 isoforms in human myometrium during pregnancy and parturition
306. Role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in allergic response and parturition
307. 2 and prostaglandin H synthase-2 by interleukin-1β in WISH cells is inhibited by dexamethasone
308. 2 and the release of prostaglandin E2 in human amnion-derived WISH cells
309. Control of human parturition
310. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2
311. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclooxygenases)-1 and -2
312. Characterization of human prostaglandin H synthase genes
313. In vivo administration of nimesulide, a selective PGHS-2 inhibitor, increases in vitro myometrial sensitivity to prostaglandins while lowering sensitivity to oxytocin
314. Efficacy of the selective prostaglandin synthase type 2 inhibitor nimesulide in blocking basal prostaglandin production and delaying glucocorticoid-induced premature laborin sheep
315. Use of a cyclo-oxygenase type-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent to prevent preterm delivery
316. Arachidonic acid metabolism
317. Prostaglandins and parturition
318. +-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase
319. +-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) by dexamethasone and phorbol ester in human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells
320. Prostaglandin dehydrogenase and the initiation of labor
321. In vitro characterization of prostanoid FP-, DP-, IP- and TP-receptors on the non-pregnant human myometrium
322. 2 synthesis at the level of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in kidney cells
323. Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by glucocorticoids
324. Characterization of the promoter of human prostaglandin H synthase-1 gene
325. Structure and expression of the human prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 gene
326. Characterization of the genomic structure, chromosomal location and promoter of human prostaglandin H synthase-2 gene
327. Cyclooxygenases in reproductive medicine and biology
328. Inflammatory cytokine mRNA in human gestational tissues: Implications for term and preterm labor
329. Inflammatory mediators regulate interleukin-8 production by cultured gestational tissues: Evidence for a cytokine network at the chorio-decidual interface
330. Molecular control of immune/inflammatory responses: Interactions between nuclear factor-κB and steroid receptor-signaling pathways
331. Glucocorticoids stimulate prostaglandin H synthase type-2 (PGHS-2) in the fibroblast cells in human amnion cultures
332. 2 in human amnion cells
333. Studies on glucocorticoid hormone actions in the regulation of human amnion PGHS
334. Glucocorticoids stimulate the expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 in amnion cells
335. The fetal membranes as a possible source of amniotic fluid prostaglandins
336. Eicosanoids in human pregnancy and parturition
337. Prostaglandin output in relation to parturition by cells dispersed from human intrauterine tissues
338. Prostaglandin endoperoxide-H synthase-1 and -2 messenger ribonucleic acid levels in human amnion with spontaneous labor onset
339. Prostaglandin H synthase-2 expression increases in human gestational tissues with spontaneous labour onset
340. Prostaglandin E production by the fetal membranes in unexplained preterm labour and preterm labour associated with chorioamnionitis
341. Prostaglandin E production by amniotic cells in relation to term and preterm labour
342. The relative abundance of type I and type 2 cyclo-oxygenase mRNA in human amnion at term
343. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS) activity increases with gestation and labour in human amnion
344. Localization of prostaglandin H synthase type 2 protein and mRNA in term human fetal membranes and decidua
345. Immunohistochemical localization of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase in human fetal membranes and decidua
346. Expression of cyclooxygenase Types 1 and 2 in human fetal membranes at term
347. Cyclooxygenase products formed by primary cultures of cells from human chorion laeve: Influence of steroids
348. Decidual activation: The role of prostaglandins in labor
349. Prostaglandin endoperoxide-H synthase (PGHS) activity and immunoreactive PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 levels in human amnion throughout gestation, at term and during labor
350. Immunologic aspects of preterm labor
351. 2 on the fetal and maternal sides of intact fetal membranes
352. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS) activity and PGHS-1 and -2 ribonucleic acid abundance in human chorion throughout gestation and with preterm labor
353. Prostaglandin endoperoxide-H synthase-2 expression and activity increases with term labour in the human chorion
354. Initiation of parturition. XII. Biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins in human fetal membranes and uterine decidua
355. Changes in prostaglandin transfer across human fetal membranes obtained after spontaneous labor
356. 2 metabolism in the human fetal membranes
357. Chorionic prostaglandin catabolism is decreased in the lower uterine segment with term labor
358. PGF2α and PGE2 binding to rat myometrium during gestation, parturition, and postpartum
359. The establishment of a line (WISH) of human amnion cells in continuous cultivation
360. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha stimulates increased expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthast type 2 mRNA in amnion-derived WISH cells
361. Induction of prostaglandin H synthase-2 and tumor necrosis factor α in human amnionic WISH cells by various stimuli occurs through distinct intracellular mechanisms
362. Cytokines and infection-induced preterm labor
363. Cytokine secretion by human fetal membranes, decidua and placenta at term
364. Human platelet-driven growth factor stimulates prostaglandin synthesis by activation and by rapid de novo synthesis of cyclooxygenase
365. Mechanism of interleukin-1β stimulation of human amnion prostaglandin biosynthesis: Mediation via a novel inducible cyclooxygenase
366. Decidual cell biosynthesis of interleukin-6: Regulation by inflammatory cytokines
367. Biosynthesis of interleukin-6 by cultured human chorion laeve cells: Regulation by cytokines
368. Type-1 and type-2 cytokines in human late-gestation decidual tissue
369. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks interleukin-1-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in endometrium
370. NF-κB involvement in IL-1β-induction of GM-CSF and COX-2: Inhibition by glucocorticoids does not require 1-κB
371. Interleukin-1β regulates the inducible cyclooxygenase in amnion-derived WISH cells
372. Regulation of parturition update. Endocrine and panacrine effectors of term and preterm labor
373. The nuclear transcription factor NF-κB mediates interleukin-1β-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human myometrial cells
374. Interleukin-1β and dexamethasone regulate gene expression of prostaglandin H synthase-2 via the NF-κB pathway in human amnion derived WISH cell
375. The characterization of human amnion epithelial and mesenchymal cell culture; the cellular expression activity and glucocorticoid regulation of prostaglandin synthesis
376. Effects of glucocorticoids on prostaglandin formation by human amnion
377. Dexamethasone suppression of IL-1β-induced cyclooxygenase 2 expression is not mediated by lipocortin-1 in A549 cells
378. Serum and glucocorticoid regulation of gene transcription and expression of the prostaglandin H synthase-1 and prostaglandin H synthase-2 isozymes
379. Selective induction of prostaglandin G/H synthase I by stem cell factor and dexamethasone in mast cells
380. Glucocorticoids stimulate prostaglandin synthesis in human amnion cells by a receptor-mediated mechanism
381. Immunohistochemical localization of glucocorticoid receptor in human fetal membranes and decidua at term and preterm delivery
382. 2 by human fetal membranes
383. Prostaglandin synthesis by human amnion is dependent upon extracellular calcium
384. Estradiol-17β and 2-hydroxyestradiol-17β-induced differential production of prostaglandins by cells dispersed from human intrauterine tissues at parturition
385. 2 synthesis in human amnion by protein kinase C
386. Effects of estradiol on prostaglandin F(2α) levels in primary monolayer cultures of epithelial cells from human proliferative endometrium
387. Stimulation of prostaglandin E2 synthesis in human amnion cells maintained in monolayer culture by a substance(s) in amniotic fluid
388. Epidermal growth factor-stimulated prostaglandin E2 production in human amnion cells: Specificity and nonesterified arachidonic acid dependency
389. Relation between cyclic adenosine monophosphate and prostaglandin output by dispersed cells from human amnion and decidua
390. An increase in catecholamines and metabolites in the amniotic fluid compartment from middle to late gestation
391. The identification and characterization of beta-adrenergic receptors in human amnion tissue
392. Myometrial desensitization to continuous but not to intermittent β-adrenergic agonist infusion in the sheep
393. Partial purification of human placental 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase: Kinetic properties
394. Immunocytochemical distribution and localization of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in human fetal membranes, decidua, and placenta
395. Localization of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in human fetal membranes, decidua, and placenta during pregnancy
396. Immunohistochemical localization, mRNA abundance and activity of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in placenta and fetal membranes during term and preterm labor
397. Immunoreactive 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-dehydrogenase (PGDH) is reduced in fetal membranes from patients at preterm delivery in the presence of infection
398. Steroid regulation of prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity and expression in human term placenta and chorio-decidua in relation to labor
399. Involvement of 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the regulation of prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity by cortisol/cortisone in human term placenta and fetal membranes
400. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human fetal membranes
401. Steroid modulation of pregnenolone to progesterone conversion by human placental cells in vitro
402. The effects of mifepristone (RU486) on prostaglandin dehydrogenase in decidual and chorionic tissue in early pregnancy
403. Regulation of prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activity by cortisol and progesterone may involve paracrine/autocrine interaction and effects on levels of PGDH mRNA
404. Regulation of placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone by steroids - Possible implication in labor initiation
405. In vitro modulation of the expression of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase by trophoblast differentiation
406. Differential regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 by nitric oxide in cultured human placental trophoblast and chorionic cell preparation
407. 2 by the rabbit lung during pregnancy or progesterone treatment
408. Regulation of prostacyclin metabolism in human placental cells in culture by steroid hormones
409. Inhibition of 15-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression and activity by cytokines in human placental trophoblasts
410. +-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in cultured term human villous trophoblast and chorion trophoblast cells
411. Arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolites in amniotic fluid of women with intra-amniotic infection and preterm labor
412. 2 in preterm labor
413. 2 production by human amnion
414. Preterm labor: Stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in human amnion cells by bacterial products
415. 2 by human amnion in vitro in response to additon of media conditioned by microorganisms associated with chorioamnionitis and preterm labor
416. Bacterial endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor stimulate prostaglandin production by human decidua
417. Infection and labor. III. Interleukin-1: A signal for the onset of parturition
418. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-mediated fetal death. Production of a newly recognized form of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in murine decidua in response to lipopolysaccharide
419. The role of systemic and intrauterine infection in preterm parturition
420. Systemic administration of interleukin-1 induces preterm parturition in mice
421. Amniotic fluid concentrations of prostaglandin F(2α), 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F(2α) (PGFM) and 11-deoxy-13,14-dihydro-15-keto-11, 16-cyclo-prostaglandin E2 (PGEM-LL) in preterm labor
422. Infection and labor. IV. Cachectin-tumor necrosis factor in the amniotic fluid of women with intra-amniotic infection and preterm labor
423. Amniotic fluid interleukin 6 in preterm labor
424. Neutrophil attractant/activating peptide-1/interleukin-8 in term and preterm parturition
425. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production by human amnion: Regulation by cytokines, growth factors, glucocorticoids, phorbol esters, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide
426. Neurotransmitters and peptides modulate the release of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor from cultured human placental cells
427. Peptide signaling in human placenta and membranes: Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine mechanisms
428. 2 or PGF(2α) in the initiation of human parturition
429. Current topic: The placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone-adrenocorticotrophin axis
430. Corticotorphin-releasing hormone production by the placenta and fetal membranes
431. The corticotropin releasing hormone gene is expressed in human placenta
432. High levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone immunoactivity in maternal and fetal plasma during pregnancy
433. Plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations during pregnancy and parturition
434. Biologically active corticotropin-releasing hormone in maternal and fetal plasma during pregnancy
435. Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotorpin and cortisol in human plasma during pregnancy and delivery and postpartum
436. Elevated levels of umbilical cord plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone in growth-retarded fetuses
437. Plasma corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in normal pregnancy
438. Corticotropin-releasing hormone in amniotic fluid during gestation and labor and in relation to fetal lung maturation
439. Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in human plasma during pregnancy, labor and delivery
440. Elevated maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in pregnancies complicated by preterm labor
441. Maternal corticotropin-releasing hormone is increased with impending preterm birth
442. Cloning and characterization of the cDNAs for human and rat corticotropin releasing factor-binding proteins
443. Corticotropin releasing hormone-binding protein (CRH-BP): Plasma levels decrease during the third trimester of normal human pregnancy
444. Steroids modulate corticotropin-releasing hormone production in human fetal membranes and placenta
445. The localization and distribution of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the human placenta and fetal membranes throughout gestation
446. Characterization and gestational regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA in human placenta
447. Glucocorticoid stimulates expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in human placenta
448. Effect of betamethasone in vivo on placental corticotropin-releasing hormone in human pregnancy
449. The effect of corticosteroid administration on uterine activity and preterm labor in high-order multiple gestations
450. Uterine activity after betamethasone administration for the enhancement of fetal lung maturation
451. Steroid, corticotrophin-releasing hormone, ACTH and prostaglandin interactions in the amnion and placenta of early pregnancy in man
452. Placental release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone across the umbilical circulation of the human newborn
453. Corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced vasodilatation in the human fetal placental circulation
454. Maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone associated with stress at 20 weeks' gestation in pregnancies ending in preterm delivery
455. The human myometrium expresses multiple isoforms of the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor
456. A novel spliced variant of the type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor with a deletion in the seventh transmembrane domain present in the human pregnant term myometrium and fetal membranes
457. The human placenta and fetal membranes express the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1α (CRH-1α) and the CRH-C variant receptor
458. Basal and interleukin-1β-stimulated prostaglandin production from cultured human myometrial cells: Differential regulation by corticotropin-releasing hormone
459. The biological activity of the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-adenylate cyclase complex in human myometrium is reduced at the end of pregnancy
460. Activation of protein kinase C by oxytocin inhibits the biological activity of the human myometrial corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor at term
461. The timing of birth
462. A placental clock controlling the length of human pregnancy
463. Role for cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the synergistic interaction between oxytocin and corticotrophin-releasing factor in isolated human gestational myometrium
464. β-Mimetic tocolysis in preterm labour
465. Failure of ritodrine to prevent preterm labor in the sheep
466. Cox-2-selective inhibitors: The new super aspirins
467. Glucocorticoids, stress, and behavior: Shifting the timeframe
468. Single and repetitive maternal glucocorticoid exposures reduce fetal growth in sheep
469. Regulation of corticosteroids in the fetus: Control of birth and influence on adult disease