The neurobiology of aggression and violence

CNS Spectrums

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 254-279

  Rosell, Daniel R ^a   Siever, Larry J ^a,b  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Amgydala; cortisol; dopamine; intermittent explosive disorder (IED); monoamine oxidase A (MAOA); orbitofrontal cortex; serotonin; testosterone; tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2); vasopressin

Indexed keywords

AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING) ISOENZYME A; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; FLUOXETINE; HYDROCORTISONE; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 1B RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 3 RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; STEROID HORMONE; TESTOSTERONE; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE 2; VASOPRESSIN; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT;

AGGRESSION; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAIN REGION; BRAIN SIZE; CORPUS STRIATUM; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG MECHANISM; FRONTAL CORTEX; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; INTERMITTENT EXPLOSIVE DISORDER; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PHENOTYPE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEROTONIN METABOLISM; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; VIOLENCE; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS; PSYCHOLOGY;

AGGRESSION; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; HUMANS; IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS; NEUROBIOLOGY; SEROTONIN AGENTS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84929838220     PISSN: 10928529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S109285291500019X     Document Type: Review

References (249)

1. Hall JE, Simon TR, Lee RD, Mercy JA. Implications of direct protective factors for public health research and prevention strategies to reduce youth violence. Am J Prev Med. 2012; 43(2 Suppl 1): S76-S83.
2. Modi MN, Palmer S, Armstrong A. The role of Violence Against Women Act in addressing intimate partner violence: a public health issue. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2014; 23(3): 253-259.
3. Ramsay SE, Bartley A, Rodger AJ. Determinants of assault-related violence in the community: potential for public health interventions in hospitals. Emerg Med J. 2014; 31: 986-989.
4. Whitaker S. Preventing violent conflict: a revised mandate for the public health professional? J Public Health Policy. 2013; 34(1): 46-54.
5. Bushman BJ, Anderson CA. Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychol Rev. 2001; 108(1): 273-279.
6. Baker LA, Raine A, Liu J, Jacobson KC. Differential genetic and environmental influences on reactive and proactive aggression in children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008; 36(8): 1265-1278.
7. Bezdjian S, Tuvblad C, Raine A, Baker LA. The genetic and environmental covariation among psychopathic personality traits, and reactive and proactive aggression in childhood. Child Dev. 2011; 82(4): 1267-1281.
8. Cima M, Raine A, Meesters C, Popma A. Validation of the Dutch Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ): differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression from childhood to adulthood. Aggress Behav. 2013; 39(2): 99-113.
9. Fossati A, Raine A, Borroni S, et al. A cross-cultural study of the psychometric properties of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire among Italian nonclinical adolescents. Psychol Assess. 2009; 21(1): 131-135.
10. Fung AL, Raine A, Gao Y. Cross-cultural generalizability of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). J Pers Assess. 2009; 91(5): 473-479.
11. Raine A, Dodge K, Loeber R, et al. The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggress Behav. 2006; 32(2): 159-171.
12. Gardner KJ, Archer J, Jackson S. Doesmaladaptive coping mediate the relationship between borderline personality traits and reactive and proactive aggression? Aggress Behav. 2012; 38(5): 403-413.
13. Lobbestael J, Cima M, Arntz A. The relationship between adult reactive and proactive aggression, hostile interpretation bias, and antisocial personality disorder. J Pers Disord. 2013; 27(1): 53-66.
14. Dodge KA, Lochman JE, Harnish JD, Bates JE, Pettit GS. Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. J Abnorm Psychol. 1997; 106(1): 37-51.
15. Kolla NJ, Malcolm C, Attard S, Arenovich T, Blackwood N, Hodgins S. Childhood maltreatment and aggressive behaviour in violent offenders with psychopathy. Can J Psychiatry. 2013; 58(8): 487-494.
16. Arsenio WF, Adams E, Gold J. Social information processing, moral reasoning, and emotion attributions: relations with adolescents' reactive and proactive aggression. Child Dev. 2009; 80(6): 1739-1755.
17. Crick NR, Dodge KA. Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Dev. 1996; 67(3): 993-1002.
18. Dodge KA, Coie JD. Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987; 53(6): 1146-1158.
19. Hubbard JA, Dodge KA, Cillessen AH, Coie JD, Schwartz D. The dyadic nature of social information processing in boys' reactive and proactive aggression. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001; 80(2): 268-280.
20. Smithmyer CM, Hubbard JA, Simons RF. Proactive and reactive aggression in delinquent adolescents: relations to aggression outcome expectancies. J Clin Child Psychol. 2000; 29(1): 86-93.
21. Walters GD. Measuring proactive and reactive criminal thinking with the PICTS: correlations with outcome expectancies and hostile attribution biases. J Interpers Violence. 2007; 22(4): 371-385.
22. Brugman S, Lobbestael J, Arntz A, et al. Identifying cognitive predictors of reactive and proactive aggression. Aggress Behav. In press. DOI: 10.1002/AB.21573.
23. Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ, Berman ME, Lish JD. Intermittent explosive disorder-revised: development, reliability, and validity of research criteria. Compr Psychiatry. 1998; 39(6): 368-376.
24. McCloskey MS, Berman ME, Noblett KL, Coccaro EF. Intermittent explosive disorder-integrated research diagnostic criteria: convergent and discriminant validity. J Psychiatr Res. 2006; 40(3): 231-242.
25. Coccaro EF. Intermittent explosive disorder: development of integrated research criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Compr Psychiatry. 2011; 52(2): 119-125.
26. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Kavoussi RJ. Aggression, suicidality, and intermittent explosive disorder: serotonergic correlates in personality disorder and healthy control subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010; 35(2): 435-444.
27. Salzman CD, Fusi S. Emotion, cognition, and mental state representation in amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2010; 33: 173-202.
28. Fernando AB, Murray JE, Milton AL. The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain. Front Behav Neurosci. 2013; 7: 190.
29. Sah P, Faber ES, Lopez De AM, Power J. The amygdaloid complex: anatomy and physiology. Physiol Rev. 2003; 83(3): 803-834.
30. John YJ, Bullock D, Zikopoulos B, Barbas H. Anatomy and computational modeling of networks underlying cognitiveemotional interaction. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013; 7: 101.
31. Lee S, Kim SJ, Kwon OB, Lee JH, Kim JH. Inhibitory networks of the amygdala for emotional memory. Front Neural Circuits. 2013; 7: 129.
32. Bzdok D, Laird AR, Zilles K, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB. An investigation of the structural, connectional, and functional subspecialization in the human amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp. 2013; 34(12): 3247-3266.
33. Matthies S, Rusch N, Weber M, et al. Small amygdala-high aggression? The role of the amygdala in modulating aggression in healthy subjects. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012; 13(1): 75-81.
34. Pardini DA, Raine A, Erickson K, Loeber R. Lower amygdala volume in men is associated with childhood aggression, early psychopathic traits, and future violence. Biol Psychiatry. 2014; 75(1): 73-80.
35. Gopal A, Clark E, Allgair A, et al. Dorsal/ventral parcellation of the amygdala: relevance to impulsivity and aggression. Psychiatry Res. 2013; 211(1): 24-30.
36. Bobes MA, Ostrosky F, Diaz K, et al. Linkage of functional and structural anomalies in the left amygdala of reactiveaggressive men. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013; 8(8): 928-936.
37. Dyck M, Loughead J, Kellermann T, Boers F, Gur RC, Mathiak K. Cognitive versus automatic mechanisms of mood induction differentially activate left and right amygdala. Neuroimage. 2011; 54(3): 2503-2513.
38. New AS, Hazlett EA, Newmark RE, et al. Laboratory induced aggression: a positron emission tomography study of aggressive individuals with borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2009; 66(12): 1107-1114.
39. Coccaro EF, McCloskey MS, Fitzgerald DA, Phan KL. Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression. Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 62(2): 168-178.
40. Lozier LM, Cardinale EM, Vanmeter JW, Marsh AA. Mediation of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and proactive aggression by amygdala response to fear among children with conduct problems. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014; 71(6): 627-636.
41. Walton ME, Croxson PL, Behrens TE, Kennerley SW, Rushworth MF. Adaptive decision making and value in the anterior cingulate cortex. Neuroimage. 2007; 36(Suppl 2): T142-T154.
42. Rudebeck PH, Murray EA. The orbitofrontal oracle: cortical mechanisms for the prediction and evaluation of specific behavioral outcomes. Neuron. 2014; 84(6): 1143-1156.
43. Gansler DA, McLaughlin NC, Iguchi L, et al. A multivariate approach to aggression and the orbital frontal cortex in psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res. 2009; 171(3): 145-154.
44. Antonucci AS, Gansler DA, Tan S, Bhadelia R, Patz S, Fulwiler C. Orbitofrontal correlates of aggression and impulsivity in psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res. 2006; 147(2-3): 213-220.
45. Boes AD, Tranel D, Anderson SW, Nopoulos P. Right anterior cingulate: a neuroanatomical correlate of aggression and defiance in boys. Behav Neurosci. 2008; 122(3): 677-684.
46. Ducharme S, Hudziak JJ, Botteron KN, et al. Right anterior cingulate cortical thickness and bilateral striatal volume correlate with child behavior checklist aggressive behavior scores in healthy children. Biol Psychiatry. 2011; 70(3): 283-290.
47. Soloff PH, Meltzer CC, Greer PJ, Constantine D, Kelly TM. A fenfluramine-activated FDG-PET study of borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2000; 47(6): 540-547.
48. New AS, Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS, et al. Blunted prefrontal cortical 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography response to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine in impulsive aggression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002; 59(7): 621-629.
49. Ghashghaei HT, Hilgetag CC, Barbas H. Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the anatomic dialogue between prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Neuroimage. 2007; 34(3): 905-923.
50. Timbie C, Barbas H. Specialized pathways from the primate amygdala to posterior orbitofrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 2014; 34(24): 8106-8118.
51. Ghashghaei HT, Barbas H. Pathways for emotion: interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience. 2002; 115(4): 1261-1279.
52. Roy AK, Shehzad Z, Margulies DS, et al. Functional connectivity of the human amygdala using resting state fMRI. Neuroimage. 2009; 45(2): 614-626.
53. Hoptman MJ, D'Angelo D, Catalano D, et al. Amygdalofrontal functional disconnectivity and aggression in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2010; 36(5): 1020-1028.
54. Fulwiler CE, King JA, Zhang N. Amygdala-orbitofrontal restingstate functional connectivity is associated with trait anger. Neuroreport. 2012; 23(10): 606-610.
55. Beyer F, Munte TF, Wiechert J, Heldmann M, Kramer UM. Trait aggressiveness is not related to structural connectivity between orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. PLoS One. 2014; 9(6): e101105.
56. New AS, Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS, et al. Amygdala-prefrontal disconnection in borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007; 32(7): 1629-1640.
57. Hornboll B, Macoveanu J, Rowe J, et al. Acute serotonin 2A receptor blocking alters the processing of fearful faces in the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. J Psychopharmacol. 2013; 27(10): 903-914.
58. Rosell DR, Thompson JL, Slifstein M, et al. Increased serotonin 2A receptor availability in the orbitofrontal cortex of physically aggressive personality disordered patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2010; 67(12): 1154-1162.
59. Passamonti L, Crockett MJ, Apergis-Schoute AM, et al. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on prefrontal-amygdala connectivity while viewing facial signals of aggression. Biol Psychiatry. 2012; 71(1): 36-43.
60. Pezawas L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Drabant EM, et al. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat Neurosci. 2005; 8(6): 828-834.
61. Heinz A, Braus DF, Smolka MN, et al. Amygdala-prefrontal coupling depends on a genetic variation of the serotonin transporter. Nat Neurosci. 2005; 8(1): 20-21.
62. Haber SN. The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks. J Chem Neuroanat. 2003; 26(4): 317-330.
63. Crockett MJ, Apergis-Schoute A, Herrmann B, et al. Serotonin modulates striatal responses to fairness and retaliation in humans. J Neurosci. 2013; 33(8): 3505-3513.
64. van de Giessen E, Rosell DR, Thompson JL, et al. Serotonin transporter availability in impulsive aggressive personality disordered patients: a PET study with [(11)C]DASB. J Psychiatr Res. 2014; 58: 147-154.
65. Malick JB, Barnett A. The role of serotonergic pathways in isolation-induced aggression in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1976; 5(1): 55-61.
66. Brown GL, Goodwin FK, Ballenger JC, Goyer PF, Major LF. Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Psychiatry Res. 1979; 1(2): 131-139.
67. Brown GL, Ebert MH, Goyer PF, et al. Aggression, suicide, and serotonin: relationships to CSF amine metabolites. Am J Psychiatry. 1982; 139(6): 741-746.
68. Brown CS, Kent TA, Bryant SG, et al. Blood platelet uptake of serotonin in episodic aggression. Psychiatry Res. 1989; 27(1): 5-12.
69. Stoff DM, Pollock L, Vitiello B, Behar D, Bridger WH. Reduction of (3H)-imipramine binding sites on platelets of conduct-disordered children. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1987; 1(1): 55-62.
70. Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ, Hauger RL. Physiological responses to d-fenfluramine and ipsapirone challenge correlate with indices of aggression in males with personality disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995; 10(3): 177-179.
71. Coccaro EF, Berman ME, Kavoussi RJ, Hauger RL. Relationship of prolactin response to d-fenfluramine to behavioral and questionnaire assessments of aggression in personalitydisordered men. Biol Psychiatry. 1996; 40(3): 157-164.
72. Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ, Cooper TB, Hauger RL. Central serotonin activity and aggression: inverse relationship with prolactin response to d-fenfluramine, but not CSF 5-HIAA concentration, in human subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 1997; 154(10): 1430-1435.
73. Coccaro EF, Astill JL, Herbert JL, Schut AG. Fluoxetine treatment of impulsive aggression in DSM-III-R personality disorder patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990; 10(5): 373-375.
74. Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ. Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in personality-disordered subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997; 54(12): 1081-1088.
75. Kruesi MJ, Rapoport JL, Hamburger S, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites, aggression, and impulsivity in disruptive behavior disorders of children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990; 47(5): 419-426.
76. Coccaro EF, Lee R. Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and homovanillic acid: reciprocal relationships with impulsive aggression in human subjects. J Neural Transm. 2010; 117(2): 241-248.
77. Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ, Hauger RL, Cooper TB, Ferris CF. Cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin levels: correlates with aggression and serotonin function in personality-disordered subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998; 55(8): 708-714.
78. Goveas JS, Csernansky JG, Coccaro EF. Platelet serotonin content correlates inversely with life history of aggression in personalitydisordered subjects. Psychiatry Res. 2004; 126(1): 23-32.
79. Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ, Sheline YI, Berman ME, Csernansky JG. Impulsive aggression in personality disorder correlates with platelet 5-HT2A receptor binding. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1997; 16(3): 211-216.
80. Marseille R, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Inter-relationship between different platelet measures of 5-HT and their relationship to aggression in human subjects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012; 36(2): 277-281.
81. Modai I, Gibel A, Rauchverger B, Ritsner M, Klein E, Ben-Shachar D. Paroxetine binding in aggressive schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res. 2000; 94(1): 77-81.
82. Sarne Y, Mandel J, Goncalves MH, Brook S, Gafni M, Elizur A. Imipramine binding to blood platelets and aggressive behavior in offenders, schizophrenics and normal volunteers. Neuropsychobiology. 1995; 31(3): 120-124.
83. Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ, Hauger RL. Serotonin function and antiaggressive response to fluoxetine: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry. 1997; 42(7): 546-552.
84. Carpenter LL, Anderson GM, Pelton GH, et al. Tryptophan depletion during continuous CSF sampling in healthy human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998; 19(1): 26-35.
85. Moreno FA, McGavin C, Malan TP, et al. Tryptophan depletion selectively reduces CSF 5-HT metabolites in healthy young men: results from single lumbar puncture sampling technique. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000; 3(4): 277-283.
86. Williams WA, Shoaf SE, Hommer D, Rawlings R, Linnoila M. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in normal volunteers. J Neurochem. 1999; 72(4): 1641-1647.
87. Bjork JM, Dougherty DM, Moeller FG, Cherek DR, Swann AC. The effects of tryptophan depletion and loading on laboratory aggression in men: time course and a food-restricted control. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999; 142(1): 24-30.
88. Bjork JM, Dougherty DM, Moeller FG, Swann AC. Differential behavioral effects of plasma tryptophan depletion and loading in aggressive and nonaggressive men. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000; 22(4): 357-369.
89. Kramer UM, Riba J, Richter S, Munte TF. An fMRI study on the role of serotonin in reactive aggression. PLoS One. 2011; 6(11): e27668.
90. Kotting WF, Bubenzer S, Helmbold K, Eisert A, Gaber TJ, Zepf FD. Effects of tryptophan depletion on reactive aggression and aggressive decision-making in young people with ADHD. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013; 128(2): 114-123.
91. Stadler C, Zepf FD, Demisch L, Schmitt M, Landgraf M, Poustka F. Influence of rapid tryptophan depletion on laboratory-provoked aggression in children with ADHD. Neuropsychobiology. 2007; 56(2-3): 104-110.
92. ZimmermannM, GrabemannM, Mette C, et al. The effects of acute tryptophan depletion on reactive aggression in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls. PLoS One. 2012; 7(3): e32023.
93. Fanning JR, Berman ME, Guillot CR, Marsic A, McCloskey MS. Serotonin (5-HT) augmentation reduces provoked aggression associated with primary psychopathy traits. J Pers Disord. 2014; 28(3): 449-461.
94. Berman ME, McCloskey MS, Fanning JR, Schumacher JA, Coccaro EF. Serotonin augmentation reduces response to attack in aggressive individuals. Psychol Sci. 2009; 20(6): 714-720.
95. Rubia K, Lee F, Cleare AJ, et al. Tryptophan depletion reduces right inferior prefrontal activation during response inhibition in fast, event-related fMRI. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005; 179(4): 791-803.
96. Lee RJ, Gill A, Chen B, McCloskey M, Coccaro EF. Modulation of central serotonin affects emotional information processing in impulsive aggressive personality disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012; 32(3): 329-335.
97. Grady CL, Siebner HR, Hornboll B, Macoveanu J, Paulson OB, Knudsen GM. Acute pharmacologically induced shifts in serotonin availability abolish emotion-selective responses to negative face emotions in distinct brain networks. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013; 23(5): 368-378.
98. Zhang X, Beaulieu JM, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 controls brain serotonin synthesis. Science. 2004; 305(5681): 217.
99. Osipova DV, Kulikov AV, Popova NK. C1473G polymorphism in mouse tph2 gene is linked to tryptophan hydroxylase-2 activity in the brain, intermale aggression, and depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. J Neurosci Res. 2009; 87(5): 1168-1174.
100. Takahashi A, Shiroishi T, Koide T. Genetic mapping of escalated aggression in wild-derived mouse strain MSM/Ms: association with serotonin-related genes. Front Neurosci. 2014; 8: 156.
101. Mosienko V, Bert B, Beis D, et al. Exaggerated aggression and decreased anxiety in mice deficient in brain serotonin. Transl Psychiatry. 2012; 2: e122.
102. Chen GL, Novak MA, Meyer JS, Kelly BJ, Vallender EJ, Miller GM. The effect of rearing experience and TPH2 genotype on HPA axis function and aggression in rhesus monkeys: a retrospective analysis. Horm Behav. 2010; 57(2): 184-191.
103. Yang J, Lee MS, Lee SH, et al. Association between tryptophan hydroxylase 2 polymorphism and anger-related personality traits among young Korean women. Neuropsychobiology. 2010; 62(3): 158-163.
104. Yoon HK, Lee HJ, Kim L, Lee MS, Ham BJ. Impact of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 G-703T polymorphism on anger-related personality traits and orbitofrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res. 2012; 231(1): 105-110.
105. Gutknecht L, Jacob C, Strobel A, et al. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation influences personality traits and disorders related to emotional dysregulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007; 10(3): 309-320.
106. Inoue H, Yamasue H, Tochigi M, et al. Effect of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variants on amygdalar and hippocampal volumes. Brain Res. 2010; 1331: 51-57.
107. Perez-Rodriguez MM, Weinstein S, New AS, et al. Tryptophanhydroxylase 2 haplotype association with borderline personality disorder and aggression in a sample of patients with personality disorders and healthy controls. J Psychiatr Res. 2010; 44(15): 1075-1081.
108. Brown SM, Peet E, Manuck SB, et al. A regulatory variant of the human tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene biases amygdala reactivity. Mol Psychiatry. 2005; 10(9): 884-888.
109. Booij L, Turecki G, Leyton M, et al. Tryptophan hydroxylase(2) gene polymorphisms predict brain serotonin synthesis in the orbitofrontal cortex in humans. Mol Psychiatry. 2012; 17(8): 809-817.
110. Heiming RS, Monning A, Jansen F, Kloke V, Lesch KP, Sachser N. To attack, or not to attack? The role of serotonin transporter genotype in the display of maternal aggression. Behav Brain Res. 2013; 242: 135-141.
111. Holmes A, Murphy DL, Crawley JN. Reduced aggression in mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002; 161(2): 160-167.
112. Yu Q, Teixeira CM, Mahadevia D, et al. Dopamine and serotonin signaling during two sensitive developmental periods differentially impact adult aggressive and affective behaviors in mice. Mol Psychiatry. 2014; 19(6): 688-698.
113. Kiryanova V, Dyck RH. Increased aggression, improved spatial memory, and reduced anxiety-like behaviour in adult male mice exposed to fluoxetine early in life. Dev Neurosci. 2014; 36(5): 396-408.
114. Heils A, Teufel A, Petri S, et al. Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. J Neurochem. 1996; 66(6): 2621-2624.
115. May ME, Lightfoot DA, Srour A, Kowalchuk RK, Kennedy CH. Association between serotonin transporter polymorphisms and problem behavior in adult males with intellectual disabilities. Brain Res. 2010; 1357: 97-103.
116. Hallikainen T, Saito T, Lachman HM, et al. Association between low activity serotonin transporter promoter genotype and early onset alcoholism with habitual impulsive violent behavior. Mol Psychiatry. 1999; 4(4): 385-388.
117. Haberstick BC, Smolen A, Hewitt JK. Family-based association test of the 5HTTLPR and aggressive behavior in a general population sample of children. Biol Psychiatry. 2006; 59(9): 836-843.
118. Beitchman JH, Baldassarra L, Mik H, et al. Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and persistent, pervasive childhood aggression. Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163(6): 1103-1105.
119. Verona E, Joiner TE, Johnson F, Bender TW. Gender specific geneenvironment interactions on laboratory-assessed aggression. Biol Psychol. 2006; 71(1): 33-41.
120. Conway CC, Keenan-Miller D, Hammen C, Lind PA, Najman JM, Brennan PA. Coaction of stress and serotonin transporter genotype in predicting aggression at the transition to adulthood. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2012; 41(1): 53-63.
121. Reif A, Rosler M, Freitag CM, et al. Nature and nurture predispose to violent behavior: serotonergic genes and adverse childhood environment.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007; 32(11): 2375-2383.
122. Aluja A, Garcia LF, Blanch A, De LD, Fibla J. Impulsive-disinhibited personality and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms: association study in an inmate's sample. J Psychiatr Res. 2009; 43(10): 906-914.
123. Payer DE, Nurmi EL, Wilson SA, McCracken JT, London ED. Effects of methamphetamine abuse and serotonin transporter gene variants on aggression and emotion-processing neurocircuitry. Transl Psychiatry. 2012; 2: e80.
124. Philibert R, Madan A, Andersen A, Cadoret R, Packer H, Sandhu H. Serotonin transporter mRNA levels are associated with the methylation of an upstream CpG island. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007; 144B(1): 101-105.
125. Koenen KC, Uddin M, Chang SC, et al. SLC6A4 methylation modifies the effect of the number of traumatic events on risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2011; 28(8): 639-647.
126. Zhao J, Goldberg J, Bremner JD, Vaccarino V. Association between promoter methylation of serotonin transporter gene and depressive symptoms: a monozygotic twin study. Psychosom Med. 2013; 75(6): 523-529.
127. Dannlowski U, Kugel H, Redlich R, et al. Serotonin transporter gene methylation is associated with hippocampal gray matter volume. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014; 35(11): 5356-5367.
128. Nikolova YS, Koenen KC, Galea S, et al. Beyond genotype: serotonin transporter epigenetic modification predicts human brain function. Nat Neurosci. 2014; 17(9): 1153-1155.
129. Wang D, Szyf M, Benkelfat C, et al. Peripheral SLC6A4 DNA methylation is associated with in vivo measures of human brain serotonin synthesis and childhood physical aggression. PLoS One. 2012; 7(6): e39501.
130. Frankle WG, Lombardo I, New AS, et al. Brain serotonin transporter distribution in subjects with impulsive aggressivity: a positron emission study with [11C]McN 5652. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162(5): 915-923.
131. Bortolato M, Chen K, Shih JC. Monoamine oxidase inactivation: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008; 60(13-14): 1527-1533.
132. Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO, Ropers HH, van Oost BA. Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science. 1993; 262(5133): 578-580.
133. Sabol SZ, Hu S, Hamer D. A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Hum Genet. 1998; 103(3): 273-279.
134. Kuepper Y, Grant P, Wielpuetz C, Hennig J. MAOA-uVNTR genotype predicts interindividual differences in experimental aggressiveness as a function of the degree of provocation. Behav Brain Res. 2013; 247: 73-78.
135. Manuck SB, Flory JD, Ferrell RE, Mann JJ, Muldoon MF. A regulatory polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase-A gene may be associated with variability in aggression, impulsivity, and central nervous system serotonergic responsivity. Psychiatry Res. 2000; 95(1): 9-23.
136. Stetler DA, Davis C, Leavitt K, et al. Association of low-activity MAOA allelic variants with violent crime in incarcerated offenders. J Psychiatr Res. 2014; 58: 69-75.
137. Byrd AL, Manuck SB. MAOA, childhood maltreatment, and antisocial behavior: meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2014; 75(1): 9-17.
138. Karere GM, Kinnally EL, Sanchez JN, Famula TR, Lyons LA, Capitanio JP. What is an "adverse" environment? Interactions of rearing experiences and MAOA genotype in rhesus monkeys. Biol Psychiatry. 2009; 65(9): 770-777.
139. Newman TK, Syagailo YV, Barr CS, et al. Monoamine oxidase A gene promoter variation and rearing experience influences aggressive behavior in rhesus monkeys. Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 57(2): 167-172.
140. Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ, Kriplani A, et al. Brain monoamine oxidase A activity predicts trait aggression. J Neurosci. 2008; 28(19): 5099-5104.
141. Cases O, Seif I, Grimsby J, et al. Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science. 1995; 268(5218): 1763-1766.
142. Scott AL, Bortolato M, Chen K, Shih JC. Novel monoamine oxidase A knock out mice with human-like spontaneous mutation. Neuroreport. 2008; 19(7): 739-743.
143. Cases O, Vitalis T, Seif I, De Maeyer E, Sotelo C, Gaspar P. Lack of barrels in the somatosensory cortex of monoamine oxidase A-deficient mice: role of a serotonin excess during the critical period. Neuron. 1996; 16(2): 297-307.
144. Bortolato M, Godar SC, Tambaro S, et al. Early postnatal inhibition of serotonin synthesis results in long-term reductions of perseverative behaviors, but not aggression, in MAO A-deficient mice. Neuropharmacology. 2013; 75: 223-232.
145. Garcia-Garcia AL, Newman-Tancredi A, Leonardo ED. 5-HT(1A) [corrected] receptors in mood and anxiety: recent insights into autoreceptor versus heteroreceptor function. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014; 231(4): 623-636.
146. Polter AM, Li X. 5-HT1A receptor-regulated signal transduction pathways in brain. Cell Signal. 2010; 22(10): 1406-1412.
147. Miczek KA, Hussain S, Faccidomo S. Alcohol-heightened aggression in mice: attenuation by 5-HT1A receptor agonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998; 139(1-2): 160-168.
148. PruusK, Skrebuhhova-Malmros T, RudissaarR, Matto V, Allikmets L. 5-HT1A receptor agonists buspirone and gepirone attenuate apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in adultmaleWistar rats. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000; 51(4 Pt 2): 833-846.
149. Centenaro LA, Vieira K, Zimmermann N, Miczek KA, Lucion AB, de Almeida RM. Social instigation and aggressive behavior in mice: role of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors in the prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008; 201(2): 237-248.
150. da VeigaCP, Miczek KA, Lucion AB, de AlmeidaRM. Social instigation and aggression in postpartum female rats: role of 5-Ht1A and 5-Ht1B receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus and prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011; 213(2-3): 475-487.
151. de Boer SF, Lesourd M, Mocaer E, Koolhaas JM. Somatodendritic 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors mediate the anti-aggressive actions of 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists in rats: an ethopharmacological study with S-15535, alnespirone, and WAY-100635. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000; 23(1): 20-33.
152. Stein DJ, Miczek KA, Lucion AB, de Almeida RM. Aggressionreducing effects of F15599, a novel selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, after microinjection into the ventral orbital prefrontal cortex, but not in infralimbic cortex in male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013; 230(3): 375-387.
153. Naumenko VS, Kozhemyakina RV, Plyusnina IF, Kulikov AV, Popova NK. Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor in infancy-onset aggression: comparison with genetically defined aggression in adult rats. Behav Brain Res. 2013; 243: 97-101.
154. Popova NK, Naumenko VS, Plyusnina IZ, Kulikov AV. Reduction in 5-HT1A receptor density, 5-HT1A mRNA expression, and functional correlates for 5-HT1A receptors in genetically defined aggressive rats. J Neurosci Res. 2005; 80(2): 286-292.
155. Popova NK, Naumenko VS, Plyusnina IZ. Involvement of brain serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in genetic predisposition to aggressive behavior. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2007; 37(6): 631-635.
156. van der Vegt BJ, de Boer SF, Buwalda B, de Ruiter AJ, de Jong JG, Koolhaas JM. Enhanced sensitivity of postsynaptic serotonin-1A receptors in rats and mice with high trait aggression. Physiol Behav. 2001; 74(1-2): 205-211.
157. Audero E, Mlinar B, Baccini G, Skachokova ZK, Corradetti R, Gross C. Suppression of serotonin neuron firing increases aggression in mice. J Neurosci. 2013; 33(20): 8678-8688.
158. Almeida M, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Cortisol responses to ipsapirone challenge correlate with aggression, while basal cortisol levels correlate with impulsivity, in personality disorder and healthy volunteer subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 2010; 44(14): 874-880.
159. Coccaro EF, Gabriel S, Siever LJ. Buspirone challenge: preliminary evidence for a role for central 5-HT1a receptor function in impulsive aggressive behavior in humans. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1990; 26(3): 393-405.
160. Benko A, Lazary J, Molnar E, et al. Significant association between the C(-1019)G functional polymorphism of the HTR1A gene and impulsivity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010; 153B(2): 592-599.
161. Joyce PR, Stephenson J, Kennedy M, Mulder RT, McHugh PC. The presence of both serotonin 1A receptor (HTR1A) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene variants increase the risk of borderline personality disorder. Front Genet. 2014; 4: 313.
162. Witte AV, Floel A, Stein P, et al. Aggression is related to frontal serotonin-1A receptor distribution as revealed by PET in healthy subjects. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009; 30(8): 2558-2570.
163. Parsey RV, Oquendo MA, Simpson NR, et al. Effects of sex, age, and aggressive traits in man on brain serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding potential measured by PET using [C-11]WAY-100635. Brain Res. 2002; 954(2): 173-182.
164. Sari Y. Serotonin1B receptors: from protein to physiological function and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004; 28(6): 565-582.
165. Bannai M, Fish EW, Faccidomo S, Miczek KA. Anti-aggressive effects of agonists at 5-HT1B receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus of mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007; 193(2): 295-304.
166. de Almeida RM, Miczek KA. Aggression escalated by social instigation or by discontinuation of reinforcement ("frustration") in mice: inhibition by anpirtoline: a 5-HT1B receptor agonist. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002; 27(2): 171-181.
167. de Almeida RM, Rosa MM, Santos DM, Saft DM, Benini Q, Miczek KA. 5-HT(1B) receptors, ventral orbitofrontal cortex, and aggressive behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006; 185(4): 441-450.
168. Faccidomo S, Bannai M, Miczek KA. Escalated aggression after alcohol drinking in male mice: dorsal raphe and prefrontal cortex serotonin and 5-HT(1B) receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008; 33(12): 2888-2899.
169. Faccidomo S, Quadros IM, Takahashi A, Fish EW, Miczek KA. Infralimbic and dorsal raphemicroinjection of the 5-HT(1B) receptor agonist CP-93, 129: attenuation of aggressive behavior in CFW male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012; 222(1): 117-128.
170. Fish EW, Faccidomo S, Miczek KA. Aggression heightened by alcohol or social instigation in mice: reduction by the 5-HT(1B) receptor agonist CP-94, 253. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999; 146(4): 391-399.
171. Fish EW, McKenzie-Quirk SD, Bannai M, Miczek KA. 5-HT(1B) receptor inhibition of alcohol-heightened aggression in mice: comparison to drinking and running. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008; 197(1): 145-156.
172. Veiga CP, Miczek KA, Lucion AB, Almeida RM. Effect of 5-HT1B receptor agonists injected into the prefrontal cortex on maternal aggression in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2007; 40(6): 825-830.
173. Ramboz S, Saudou F, Amara DA, et al. 5-HT1B receptor knock out-behavioral consequences. Behav Brain Res. 1996; 73(1-2): 305-312.
174. Bouwknecht JA, Hijzen TH, van der Gugten J, Maes RA, Hen R, Olivier B. Absence of 5-HT(1B) receptors is associated with impaired impulse control in male 5-HT(1B) knockout mice. Biol Psychiatry. 2001; 49(7): 557-568.
175. Conner TS, Jensen KP, Tennen H, Furneaux HM, Kranzler HR, Covault J. Functional polymorphisms in the serotonin 1B receptor gene (HTR1B) predict self-reported anger and hostility among young men. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010; 153B(1): 67-78.
176. Hakulinen C, Jokela M, Hintsanen M, et al. Serotonin receptor 1B genotype and hostility, anger and aggressive behavior through the lifespan: the Young Finns study. J Behav Med. 2013; 36(6): 583-590.
177. Jensen KP, Covault J, Conner TS, Tennen H, Kranzler HR, Furneaux HM. A common polymorphism in serotonin receptor 1B mRNA moderates regulation by miR-96 and associates with aggressive human behaviors. Mol Psychiatry. 2009; 14(4): 381-389.
178. Zouk H, McGirr A, Lebel V, Benkelfat C, Rouleau G, Turecki G. The effect of genetic variation of the serotonin 1B receptor gene on impulsive aggressive behavior and suicide. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007; 144B(8): 996-1002.
179. Potenza MN, Walderhaug E, Henry S, et al. Serotonin 1B receptor imaging in pathological gambling. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013; 14(2): 139-145.
180. Hu J, Henry S, Gallezot JD, et al. Serotonin 1B receptor imaging in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry. 2010; 67(9): 800-803.
181. Murrough JW, Henry S, Hu J, et al. Reduced ventral striatal/ventral pallidal serotonin1B receptor binding potential in major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011; 213(2-3): 547-553.
182. Higgins GA, Enderlin M, Haman M, Fletcher PJ. The 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100, 907 attenuates motor and 'impulsivetype' behaviours produced by NMDA receptor antagonism. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003; 170(3): 309-319.
183. Sakaue M, Ago Y, Sowa C, et al. Modulation by 5-hT2A receptors of aggressive behavior in isolated mice. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2002; 89(1): 89-92.
184. Winstanley CA, Theobald DE, Dalley JW, Glennon JC, Robbins TW. 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonists have opposing effects on a measure of impulsivity: interactions with global 5-HT depletion. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004; 176(3-4): 376-385.
185. Giegling I, Hartmann AM, Moller HJ, Rujescu D. Anger-and aggression-related traits are associated with polymorphisms in the 5-HT-2A gene. J Affect Disord. 2006; 96(1-2): 75-81.
186. Bruce KR, Steiger H, Joober R, Ng Ying Kin NM, Israel M, Young SN. Association of the promoter polymorphism-1438G/A of the 5-HT2A receptor gene with behavioral impulsiveness and serotonin function in women with bulimia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005; 137B(1): 40-44.
187. Jakubczyk A, Wrzosek M, Lukaszkiewicz J, et al. The CC genotype in HTR2A T102C polymorphism is associated with behavioral impulsivity in alcohol-dependent patients. J Psychiatr Res. 2012; 46(1): 44-49.
188. Jakubczyk A, Klimkiewicz A, Kopera M, et al. The CC genotype in the T102C HTR2A polymorphism predicts relapse in individuals after alcohol treatment. J Psychiatr Res. 2013; 47(4): 527-533.
189. Preuss UW, Koller G, Bondy B, Bahlmann M, Soyka M. Impulsive traits and 5-HT2A receptor promoter polymorphism in alcohol dependents: possible association but no influence of personality disorders. Neuropsychobiology. 2001; 43(3): 186-191.
190. Tsuang HC, Chen WJ, Lin SH, et al. Impaired impulse control is associated with a 5-HT2A receptor polymorphism in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2013; 208(2): 105-110.
191. Bjork JM, Moeller FG, Dougherty DM, Swann AC, Machado MA, Hanis CL. Serotonin 2a receptor T102C polymorphismand impaired impulse control. Am J Med Genet. 2002; 114(3): 336-339.
192. Oquendo MA, Russo SA, Underwood MD, et al. Higher postmortem prefrontal 5-HT2A receptor binding correlates with lifetime aggression in suicide. Biol Psychiatry. 2006; 59(3): 235-243.
193. Dwivedi Y, Mondal AC, Payappagoudar GV, Rizavi HS. Differential regulation of serotonin (5HT)2A receptor mRNA and protein levels after single and repeated stress in rat brain: role in learned helplessness behavior. Neuropharmacology. 2005; 48(2): 204-214.
194. Soloff PH, Chiappetta L, Mason NS, Becker C, Price JC. Effects of serotonin-2A receptor binding and gender on personality traits and suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2014; 222(3): 140-148.
195. Meyer JH, Wilson AA, Rusjan P, et al. Serotonin2A receptor binding potential in people with aggressive and violent behaviour. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2008; 33(6): 499-508.
196. Rylands AJ, Hinz R, Jones M, et al. Pre-and postsynaptic serotonergic differences in males with extreme levels of impulsive aggression without callous unemotional traits: a positron emission tomography study using (11)C-DASB and (11)C-MDL100907. Biol Psychiatry. 2012; 72(12): 1004-1011.
197. Chameau P, van Hooft JA. Serotonin 5-HT(3) receptors in the central nervous system. Cell Tissue Res. 2006; 326(2): 573-581.
198. De Deurwaerdère P, Moison D, Navailles S, Porras G, Spampinato U. Regionally and functionally distinct serotonin3 receptors control in vivo dopamine outflow in the rat nucleus accumbens. J Neurochem. 2005; 94(1): 140-149.
199. Cervantes MC, Delville Y. Serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors in an impulsive-aggressive phenotype. Behav Neurosci. 2009; 123(3): 589-598.
200. Ricci LA, Grimes JM, Melloni RH Jr. Serotonin type 3 receptors modulate the aggression-stimulating effects of adolescent cocaine exposure in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Behav Neurosci. 2004; 118(5): 1097-1110.
201. Ricci LA, Knyshevski I, Melloni RH Jr. Serotonin type 3 receptors stimulate offensive aggression in Syrian hamsters. Behav Brain Res. 2005; 156(1): 19-29.
202. Rudissaar R, Pruus K, Skrebuhhova T, Allikmets L, Matto V. Modulatory role of 5-HT3 receptors in mediation of apomorphineinduced aggressive behaviour in male rats. Behav Brain Res. 1999; 106(1-2): 91-96.
203. McKenzie-Quirk SD, Girasa KA, Allan AM, Miczek KA. 5-HT(3) receptors, alcohol and aggressive behavior in mice. Behav Pharmacol. 2005; 16(3): 163-169.
204. Sellers EM, Toneatto T, Romach MK, Somer GR, Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Clinical efficacy of the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron in alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994; 18(4): 879-885.
205. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Ma JZ, Wang Y. Ondansetron reduces mood disturbance among biologically predisposed, alcoholdependent individuals. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003; 27(11): 1773-1779.
206. Myrick H, Anton RF, Li X, Henderson S, Randall PK, Voronin K. Effect of naltrexone and ondansetron on alcohol cue-induced activation of the ventral striatum in alcohol-dependent people. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008; 65(4): 466-475.
207. Ducci F, Enoch MA, Yuan Q, et al. HTR3B is associated with alcoholism with antisocial behavior and alpha EEG power-an intermediate phenotype for alcoholism and co-morbid behaviors. Alcohol. 2009; 43(1): 73-84.
208. Melke J, Westberg L, Nilsson S, et al. A polymorphism in the serotonin receptor 3A (HTR3A) gene and its association with harm avoidance in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60(10): 1017-1023.
209. Gatt JM, Williams LM, Schofield PR, et al. Impact of the HTR3A gene with early life trauma on emotional brain networks and depressed mood. Depress Anxiety. 2010; 27(8): 752-759.
210. Iidaka T, Ozaki N, Matsumoto A, et al. A variant C178T in the regulatory region of the serotonin receptor gene HTR3A modulates neural activation in the human amygdala. J Neurosci. 2005; 25(27): 6460-6466.
211. Schlüter T, Winz O, Henkel K, et al. The impact of dopamine on aggression: an [18F]-FDOPA PET Study in healthy males. J Neurosci. 2013; 33(43): 16889-16896.
212. Buckholtz JW, Treadway MT, Cowan RL, et al. Mesolimbic dopamine reward system hypersensitivity in individuals with psychopathic traits. Nat Neurosci. 2010; 13(4): 419-421.
213. Wagner S, Baskaya O, Anicker NJ, Dahmen N, Lieb K, Tadic A. The catechol o-methyltransferase (COMT) val(158)met polymorphism modulates the association of serious life events (SLE) and impulsive aggression in female patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010; 122(2): 110-117.
214. Bhakta SG, Zhang JP, Malhotra AK. The COMT Met158 allele and violence in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2012; 140(1-3): 192-197.
215. Flory JD, Xu K, New AS, Finch T, Goldman D, Siever LJ. Irritable assault and variation in the COMT gene. Psychiatr Genet. 2007; 17(6): 344-346.
216. Soyka M, Zill P, Koller G, Samochowiec A, Grzywacz A, Preuss UW. Val158Met COMT polymorphism and risk of aggression in alcohol dependence. Addict Biol. 2015; 20(1): 197-204.
217. Vevera J, Stopkova R, Bes M, et al. COMT polymorphisms in impulsively violent offenders with antisocial personality disorder. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009; 30(6): 753-756.
218. Hirata Y, Zai CC, Nowrouzi B, Beitchman JH, Kennedy JL. Study of the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene with high aggression in children. Aggress Behav. 2013; 39(1): 45-51.
219. Fresan A, Camarena B, Apiquian R, Aguilar A, Urraca N, Nicolini H. Association study of MAO-A and DRD4 genes in schizophrenic patients with aggressive behavior. Neuropsychobiology. 2007; 55(3-4): 171-175.
220. Buchmann AF, Zohsel K, Blomeyer D, et al. Interaction between prenatal stress and dopamine D4 receptor genotype in predicting aggression and cortisol levels in young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014; 231(16): 3089-3097.
221. Delville Y, Mansour KM, Ferris CF. Serotonin blocks vasopressinfacilitated offensive aggression: interactions within the ventrolateral hypothalamus of golden hamsters. Physiol Behav. 1996; 59(4-5): 813-816.
222. FerrisCF, Melloni RHJr, KoppelG, PerryKW, FullerRW, Delville Y. Vasopressin/serotonin interactions in the anterior hypothalamus control aggressive behavior in golden hamsters. J Neurosci. 1997; 17(11): 4331-4340.
223. Ferris CF, Potegal M. Vasopressin receptor blockade in the anterior hypothalamus suppresses aggression in hamsters. Physiol Behav. 1988; 44(2): 235-239.
224. Bosch OJ, Neumann ID. Vasopressin released within the central amygdala promotes maternal aggression. Eur J Neurosci. 2010; 31(5): 883-891.
225. Wersinger SR, Caldwell HK, Christiansen M, Young WS III. Disruption of the vasopressin 1b receptor gene impairs the attack component of aggressive behavior in mice. Genes Brain Behav. 2007; 6(7): 653-660.
226. Wersinger SR, Ginns EI, O'Carroll AM, Lolait SJ, Young WS III. Vasopressin V1b receptor knockout reduces aggressive behavior in male mice. Mol Psychiatry. 2002; 7(9): 975-984.
227. Wersinger SR, CaldwellHK, Martinez L, Gold P, Hu SB, YoungWS III. Vasopressin 1a receptor knockout mice have a subtle olfactory deficit but normal aggression. Genes Brain Behav. 2007; 6(6): 540-551.
228. Fodor A, Barsvari B, Aliczki M, et al. The effects of vasopressin deficiency on aggression and impulsiveness in male and female rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014; 47: 141-150.
229. Uzefovsky F, Shalev I, Israel S, Knafo A, Ebstein RP. Vasopressin selectively impairs emotion recognition in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012; 37(4): 576-580.
230. Guastella AJ, Kenyon AR, Alvares GA, Carson DS, Hickie IB. Intranasal arginine vasopressin enhances the encoding of happy and angry faces in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2010; 67(12): 1220-1222.
231. Lee RJ, Coccaro EF, Cremers H, et al. A novel V1a receptor antagonist blocks vasopressin-induced changes in the CNS response to emotional stimuli: an fMRI study. Front Syst Neurosci. 2013; 7: 100.
232. Luppino D, Moul C, Hawes DJ, Brennan J, Dadds MR. Association between a polymorphism of the vasopressin 1B receptor gene and aggression in children. Psychiatr Genet. 2014; 24(5): 185-190.
233. Zai CC, Muir KE, Nowrouzi B, et al. Possible genetic association between vasopressin receptor 1B and child aggression. Psychiatry Res. 2012; 200(2-3): 784-788.
234. Vogel F, Wagner S, Baskaya O, et al. Variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms of the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A gene and impulsive aggression in patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Genet. 2012; 22(2): 105-106.
235. McBurnett K, Lahey BB, Rathouz PJ, Loeber R. Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000; 57(1): 38-43.
236. Popma A, Vermeiren R, Geluk CA, et al. Cortisol moderates the relationship between testosterone and aggression in delinquent male adolescents. Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 61(3): 405-411.
237. Kuepper Y, Alexander N, Osinsky R, et al. Aggression-interactions of serotonin and testosterone in healthy men and women. Behav Brain Res. 2010; 206(1): 93-100.
238. Welker KM, Lozoya E, Campbell JA, Neumann CS, Carre JM. Testosterone, cortisol, and psychopathic traits in men and women. Physiol Behav. 2014; 129: 230-236.
239. Denson TF, Mehta PH, Ho TD. Endogenous testosterone and cortisol jointly influence reactive aggression in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013; 38(3): 416-424.
240. Cima M, Smeets T, Jelicic M. Self-reported trauma, cortisol levels, and aggression in psychopathic and non-psychopathic prison inmates. Biol Psychol. 2008; 78(1): 75-86.
241. Derntl B, Windischberger C, Robinson S, et al. Amygdala activity to fear and anger in healthy young males is associated with testosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009; 34(5): 687-693.
242. Hermans EJ, Ramsey NF, van Honk J. Exogenous testosterone enhances responsiveness to social threat in the neural circuitry of social aggression in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 63(3): 263-270.
243. van Wingen G, Mattern C, Verkes RJ, Buitelaar J, Fernández G. Testosterone reduces amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex coupling. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010; 35(1): 105-113.
244. Goetz SM, Tang L, Thomason ME, Diamond MP, Hariri AR, Carre JM. Testosterone rapidly increases neural reactivity to threat in healthy men: a novel two-step pharmacological challenge paradigm. Biol Psychiatry. 2014; 76(4): 324-331.
245. Grillo CA, Risher M, Macht VA, et al. Repeated restraint stressinduced atrophy of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons and decreases in glutamatergic efflux in the rat amygdala are prevented by the antidepressant agomelatine. Neuroscience. 2015; 284: 430-443.
246. Padival MA, Blume SR, Vantrease JE, Rosenkranz JA. Qualitatively different effect of repeated stress during adolescence on principal neuron morphology across lateral and basal nuclei of the rat amygdala. Neuroscience. 2015; 291: 128-145.
247. Vyas A, Mitra R, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Chattarji S. Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J Neurosci. 2002; 22(15): 6810-6818.
248. Vyas A, Bernal S, Chattarji S. Effects of chronic stress on dendritic arborization in the central and extended amygdala. Brain Res. 2003; 965(1-2): 290-294.
249. Gilabert-Juan J, Castillo-Gomez E, Perez-Rando M, Molto MD, Nacher J. Chronic stress induces changes in the structure of interneurons and in the expression of molecules related to neuronal structural plasticity and inhibitory neurotransmission in the amygdala of adult mice. Exp Neurol. 2011; 232(1): 33-40.