Human gammaherpesvirus immune evasion strategies

Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 559-586

  Means, Robert E ^a   Lang, Sabine M ^a   Jung, Jae U ^b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929295663     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511545313.032     Document Type: Chapter

References (221)

1. Adamson, A. L. and Kenney, S. (2001). Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BZLF1 is SUMO-1 modified and dis-rupts promyelocytic leukemia bodies. J. Virol., 75(5), 2388-2399.
2. Adrian Cabestre, F., Moreau, P., Riteau, B. et al. (1999). HLA-G expression in human melanoma cells: Protection from NK cytolysis. J. Reprod. Immunol., 43(2), 183-193.
3. Alles, V. V., Bottazzi, B., Peri, G. et al. (1994). Inducible expression of PTX3, a new member of the pentraxin family, in human mononuclear phagocytes. Blood, 84(10), 3483-3493.
4. An, J., Sun, Y., Sun, R., and Rettig, M. B. (2003). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encoded vFLIP induces cellular IL-6 expression: The role of the NF-kappaB and JNK/AP1 pathways. Oncogene, 22(22), 3371-3385.
5. Anderson, S. K., Ortaldo, J. R., and McVicar, D. W. (2001). The ever-expanding Ly49 gene family: Repertoire and signaling. Immunol. Rev., 181, 79-89.
6. Aoki, Y., Jaffe, E. S., Chang, Y. et al. (1999). Angiogenesis and hematopoiesis induced by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6. Blood, 93(12), 4034-4043.
7. Barbera, A. J., Chodaparambil, J. V., Kelley-Clarke, B. et al. (2006). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA hitches a ride on the chromosome. Cell Cycle, 5(10), 1048-1052.
8. Beagley, K. W., Eldridge, J. H., Lee, F., et al. (1989). Interleukins and IgA synthesis. Human and murine interleukin 6 induce high rate IgA secretion in IgA-committed B cells. J. Exp. Med., 169(6), 2133-2148.
9. Beaulieu, A. D., Paquin, R., and Gosselin, J. (1995). Epstein-Barr virus modulates de novo protein synthesis in human neu-trophils. Blood, 86(7), 2789-2798.
10. Belanger, C., Gravel, A., Tomoiu, A. et al. (2001). Human herpesvirus 8 viral FLICE-inhibitory protein inhibits Fas-mediated apop-tosis through binding and prevention of procaspase-8 matu-ration. J. Hum. Virol., 4(2), 62-73.
11. Bellows, D. S., Howell, M., Pearson, C., Hazlewood, S. A., and Hard-wick, J. M. (2002). Epstein-Barr virus BALF1 is a BCL-2-like antagonist of the herpesvirus antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins. J. Virol., 76(5), 2469-2479.
12. Bickham, K., Munz, C., Tsang, M. L. et al. (2001). EBNA1-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy carriers of Epstein-Barr virus are pri-marily Th1 in function. J. Clin. Invest., 107(1), 121-130.
13. Biron, C. A., Nguyen, K. B., Pien, G. C., Cousens, L. P., and Salazar-Mather, T. P. (1999). Natural killer cells in antiviral defense: Function and regulation by innate cytokines. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 17, 189-220.
14. Blake, N., Lee, S., Redchenko, I. et al. (1997). Human CD8+ T cell responses to EBV EBNA1: HLA class I presentation of the (Gly-Ala)-containing protein requires exogenous processing. Immunity, 7(6), 791-802.
15. Boehm, U., Klamp, T., Groot, M., and Howard, J. C. (1997). Cellu-lar responses to interferon-gamma. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 15, 749-795.
16. Borriello, F., Lederer, J., Scott, S., and Sharpe, A. H. (1997). MRC OX-2 defines a novel T cell costimulatory pathway. J. Immunol., 158(10), 4548-4554.
17. Boshoff, C., Endo, Y., Collins, P. D. et al. (1997). Angiogenic and HIV-inhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines. Science, 278(5336), 290-294.
18. Boyington, J. C., Brooks, A. G., and Sun, P. D. (2001). Structure of killercellimmunoglobulin-likereceptorsandtheirrecognition of the class I MHC molecules. Immunol. Rev., 181; 66-78.
19. Burger, R., Neipel, F., Fleckenstein, B. et al. 1998). Human her-pesvirus type 8 interleukin-6 homologue is functionally active on human myeloma cells. Blood, 91(6), 1858-1863.
20. Burshtyn, D. N., Shin, J., Stebbins, C., and Long, E. O. (2000). Adhe-sion to target cells is disrupted by the killer cell inhibitory receptor. Curr. Biol., 10(13), 777-780.
21. Burysek, L. and Pitha, P. M. (2001). Latently expressed human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor 2 inhibits double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. J. Virol., 75(5), 2345-2352.
22. Burysek, L., Yeow, W. S., and Pitha, P.M.(1999). Unique properties of a second human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor (vIRF-2). J. Hum. Virol., 2(1), 19-32.
23. Chang, Y., Cesarman, E., Pessin, M. S. et al. (1994). Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science, 266(5192), 1865-1869.
24. Chatterjee, M., Osborne, J., Bestetti, G., Chang, Y., and Moore, P. S. (2002). Viral IL-6-induced cell proliferation and immune eva-sion of interferon activity. Science, 298(5597), 1432-1435.
25. Cheng, E. H., Nicholas, J., Bellows, D. S. et al. (1997). A Bcl-2 homolog encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus, human herpesvirus 8, inhibits apoptosis but does not heterodimerize with Bax or Bak. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 94(2), 690-694.
26. Chung, Y. H., Means, R. E., Choi, J. K., Lee, B. S., and Jung, J. U. (2002). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus OX2 glyco-protein activates myeloid-lineage cells to induce inamma-tory cytokine production. J. Virol., 76(10), 4688-4698.
27. Cohen, J. I. and Lekstrom, K. (1999). Epstein-Barr virus BARF1 pro-tein is dispensable for B-cell transformation and inhibits alpha interferon secretion from mononuclear cells. J. Virol., 73(9), 7627-7632.
28. Collins, T., Korman, A. J., Wake, C. T. et al. (1984). Immune inter-feron activates multiple class II major histocompatibility com-plex genes and the associated invariant chain gene in human endothelial cells and dermal broblasts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 81(15), 4917-4921.
29. Coscoy, L. and Ganem, D. (2000). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated her-pesvirus encodes two proteins that block cell surface display of MHC class I chains by enhancing their endocytosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97(14), 8051-8056.
30. Coscoy, L. and Ganem, D. (2001). A viral protein that selectively downregulates ICAM-1 and B7-2 and modulates T cell costim-ulation. J. Clin. Invest., 107(12), 1599-1606.
31. Coscoy, L., Sanchez, D. J., and Ganem, D. (2001). A novel class of herpesvirus-encoded membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases regulates endocytosis of proteins involved in immune recog-nition. J. Cell. Biol., 155(7), 1265-1273.
32. D'Addario, M., Ahmad, A., Xu, J. W., and Menezes, J. (1999). Epstein-Barr virus envelope glycoprotein gp350 induces NF-kappaB activation and IL-1beta synthesis in human monocytes-macrophages involving PKC and PI3-K. FASEB J., 13(15), 2203-2213.
33. D'Addario, M., Ahmad, A., Morgan, A., and Menezes, J. (2000). Binding of the Epstein-Barr virus major envelope glycopro-tein gp350 results in the upregulation of the TNF-alpha gene expression in monocytic cells via NF-kappaB involving PKC, PI3-K and tyrosine kinases. J. Mol. Biol., 298(5), 765-778.
34. D'Souza, B., Rowe, M., and Walls, D. (2000). The b-1 gene is tran-scriptionally upregulated by the Epstein-Barr virus LMP1, and its expression promotes the survival of a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. J. Virol., 74(14), 6652-6658.
35. Dairaghi, D. J., Fan, R. A., McMaster, B. E., Hanley, M. R., and Schall, T. J. (1999). HHV8-encoded vMIP-I selectively engages chemokine receptor CCR8. Agonist and antagonist profiles of viral chemokines. J. Biol. Chem., 274(31), 21569-21574.
36. de Waal Malefyt, R., Haanen, J., Spits, H. et al. (1991). Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and viral IL-10 strongly reduce antigen-specific human T cell proliferation by diminishing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes via downregulation of class II major histocompatibility complex expression. J. Exp. Med., 174(4), 915-924.
37. Decaussin, G., Sbih-Lammali, F., de Turenne-Tessier, M., Bouguer-mouh, A., and Ooka, T. (2000). Expression of BARF1 gene encoded by Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies. Cancer Res., 60(19), 5584-5588.
38. Dempsey, P. W., Allison, M. E., Akkaraju, S., Goodnow, C. C., and Fearon, D. T. (1996). C3d of complement as a molecu-lar adjuvant: Bridging innate and acquired immunity. Science, 271(5247), 348-350.
39. Devergne, O., Hummel, M., Koeppen, H. et al. (1996). A novel interleukin-12 p40-related protein induced by latent Epstein-Barr virus infection in B lymphocytes. J. Virol., 70(2), 1143-1153.
40. Devergne, O., Birkenbach, M., and Kieff, E. (1997). Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 and the p35 subunit of interleukin 12 form a novel heterodimeric hematopoietin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA, 94(22), 12041-12046.
41. Devergne, O., Cahir McFarland, E. D., Mosialos, G. et al. (1998). Role of the TRAF binding site and NF-kappaB activation in Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1-induced cell gene expression. J. Virol., 72(10), 7900-7908.
42. Devergne, O., Coulomb-L'Hermine, A., Capel, F., Moussa, M., and Capron, F. (2001). Expression of Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3, an interleukin-12 p40-related molecule, throughout human pregnancy: Involvement of syncytiotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts. Am. J. Pathol., 159(5), 1763-1776.
43. Diehl, S. and Rincon, M. (2002). The two faces of IL-6 on Th1/Th2 differentiation. Mol. Immunol., 39(9), 531-536.
44. Dittmer, D. P. (2003). Transcription profile of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in primary Kaposi's sarcoma lesions as determined by real-time PCR arrays. Cancer Res., 63(9), 2010-2015.
45. Djerbi, M., Screpanti, V., Catrina, A. I. et al. (1999). The inhibitor of death receptor signaling, FLICE-inhibitory protein defines a new class of tumor progression factors. J. Exp. Med., 190(7), 1025-1032.
46. Du, M. Q., Diss, T. C., Liu, H. et al. (2002). KSHV-and EBV-associated germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder. Blood, 100(9), 3415-3418.
47. Endres, M. J., Garlisi, C. G., Xiao, H., Shan, L., and Hedrick, J. A. (1999). The Kaposi's sarcoma-related herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded chemokine vMIP-I is a specific agonist for the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)8. J. Exp. Med., 189(12), 1993-1998.
48. Esteban, M., Garcia, M. A., Domingo-Gil, E. et al. (2003). The latency protein LANA2 from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus inhibits apoptosis induced by dsRNA-activated protein kinase but not RNase L activation. J. Gen. Virol., 84(6), 1463-1470.
49. Fakhari, F. D. and Dittmer, D. P. (2002). Charting latency transcripts in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by whole-genome real-time quantitative PCR. J. Virol., 76(12), 6213-6223.
50. Feistritzer, C., Kaneider, N. C., Sturn, D. H. et al. (2003). Expression and function of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor FLT1 in human eosinophils. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol.
51. Feldman, G. M., Petricoin, E. F., 3rd, David, M., Larner, A. C., and Finbloom, D. S. (1994). Cytokines that associate with the signal transducer gp130 activate the interferon-induced transcrip-tion factor p91 by tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem., 269(14), 10747-10752.
52. Feng, P., Park, J., Lee, B. S. et al. (2002). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus mitochondrial K7 protein targets a cellular calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand to modulate intracellular calcium concentration and inhibit apoptosis. J. Virol., 76(22), 11491-11504.
53. Feng, P., Scott, C. W., Cho, N. H. et al. (2004). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K7 protein targets a ubiquitin-like/ubiquitin-associated domain-containing protein to pro-mote protein degradation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 24(9), 3938-3948.
54. Foghsgaard, L. and Jaattela, M. (1997). The ability of BHRF1 to inhibit apoptosis is dependent on stimulus and cell type. J. Virol., 71(10), 7509-7517.
55. Foster-Cuevas, M., Wright, G. J., Puklavec, M. J., Brown, M. H., and Barclay, A. N. (2004). Human herpesvirus 8 K14 pro-tein mimics CD200 in down-regulating macrophage acti-vation through CD200 receptor. J. Virol., 78(14), 7667-7676.
56. Foussat, A., Wijdenes, J., Bouchet, L. et al. (1999). Human interleukin-6 is in vivo an autocrine growth factor for human herpesvirus-8-infected malignant B lymphocytes. Eur. Cytokine Netw., 10(4), 501-508.
57. Gao, S. J., Boshoff, C., Jayachandra, S. et al. (1997). KSHV ORF K9 (vIRF) is an oncogene which inhibits the interferon signaling pathway. Oncogene, 15(16), 1979-1985.
58. Gorczynski, R. M., Chen, Z., Fu, X. M., and Zeng, H. (1998). Increased expression of the novel molecule OX-2 is involved in prolonga-tion of murine renal allograft survival. Transplantation, 65(8), 1106-1114.
59. Gorczynski, R. M., Cattral, M. S., Chen, Z. et al. (1999). An immunoadhesin incorporating the molecule OX-2 is a potent immunosuppressant that prolongs allo-and xenograft sur-vival. J. Immunol., 163(3), 1654-1660.
60. Gosselin, J., Savard, M., Tardif, M., Flamand, L., and Borgeat, P. (2001). Epstein-Barr virus primes human polymorphonuclear leucocytes for the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 126(3), 494-502.
61. Griffith, T. S., Brunner, T., Fletcher, S. M., Green, D. R., and Ferguson, T. A. (1995). Fas ligand-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of immune privilege. Science, 270(5239), 1189-1192.
62. Grundhoff, A. and Ganem, D. (2001). Mechanisms governing expression of the v-FLIP gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol., 75(4), 1857-1863.
63. Gupta, R., Jung, E., and Brunak, S. (2002). Prediction of N-glycosylation sites in human proteins. In preparation.
64. Guschin, D., Rogers, N., Briscoe, J. et al. (1995). A major role for the protein tyrosine kinase JAK1 in the JAK/STAT signal trans-duction pathway in response to interleukin-6. EMBOJ., 14(7), 1421-1429.
65. Haller, O. and Kochs, G. (2002). Interferon-induced mx proteins: Dynamin-like GTPases with antiviral activity. Traffic, 3(10), 710-717.
66. Hatfull, G., Bankier, A. T., Barrell, B. G., and Farrell, P. J. (1988). Sequence analysis of Raji Epstein-Barr virus DNA. Virology, 164(2), 334-340.
67. Hayes, D. P., Brink, A. A., Vervoort, M. B. et al. (1999). Expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transcripts encoding homologues to important human proteins in diverse EBV associated diseases. Mol. Pathol., 52(2), 97-103.
68. Henderson, S., Rowe, M., Gregory, C. et al. (1991). Induction of bcl-2 expression by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 protects infected B cells from programmed cell death. Cell, 65(7), 1107-1115.
69. Hennessy, K. and Kieff, E. (1983). One of two Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens contains a glycine-alanine copolymer domain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 80(18), 5665-5669.
70. Hideshima, T., Chauhan, D., Teoh, G. et al. (2000). Characterization of signaling cascades triggered by human interleukin-6 versus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus-encoded viral inter-leukin 6. Clin. Cancer Res., 6(3), 1180-1189.
71. Hsu, D. H., de Waal Malefyt, R., Fiorentino, D. F. et al. (1990). Expres-sion of interleukin-10 activity by Epstein-Barr virus protein BCRF1. Science, 250(4982), 830-832.
72. Huang, Q., Petros, A. M., Virgin, H. W., Fesik, S. W., and Olejniczak, E. T. (2003). Solution structure of the BHRF1 protein from Epstein-Barr virus, a homolog of human Bcl-2. J. Mol. Biol., 332(5), 1123-1130.
73. Inagi, R., Okuno, T., Ito, M. et al. (1999). Identification and charac-terization of human herpesvirus 8 open reading frame K9 viral interferon regulatory factor bya monoclonal antibody. J. Hum. Virol., 2(2), 63-71.
74. Inghirami, G., Nakamura, M., Balow, J. E., Notkins, A. L., and Casali, P., (1988). Model for studying virus attachment: Identifica-tion and quantitation of Epstein-Barr virus-binding cells by using biotinylated virus in how cytometry. J. Virol., 62(7), 2453-2463.
75. Ishido, S., Choi, J. K., Lee, B. S. et al. (2000a). Inhibition of nat-ural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K5 protein. Immunity, 13(3), 365-374.
76. Ishido, S., Wang, C., Lee, B. S., Cohen, G. B., and Jung, J. U. (2000b). Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5 proteins. J. Virol., 74(11), 5300-5309.
77. Jenner, R. G., Alba, M. M., Boshoff, C., and Kellam, P. (2001). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent and lytic gene expres-sion as revealed by DNA arrays. J. Virol., 75(2), 891-902.
78. Jones, K. D., Aoki, Y., Chang, Y. et al. (1999). Involvement of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and viral IL-6 in the spontaneous growth of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-associated infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood, 94(8), 2871-2879.
79. Kawaguchi, Y., Nakajima, K., Igarashi, M. et al. (2000). Interaction of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen leader protein (EBNA-LP) with HS1-associated protein X-1: Implication of cytoplasmic function of EBNA-LP. J. Virol., 74(21), 10104-10111.
80. Kawanishi, M. (1997). Epstein-Barr virus BHRF1 protein protects intestine 407 epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha and anti-Fas antibody. J. Virol., 71(4), 3319-3322.
81. Kawanishi, M., Tada-Oikawa, S., and Kawanishi, S. (2002). Epstein-Barr virus BHRF1 functions downstream of Bid cleavage and upstream of mitochondrial dysfunction to inhibit TRAIL-induced apoptosis in BJAB cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com-mun., 297(3), 682-687.
82. Kawano, M., Hirano, T., Matsuda, T. et al. (1988). Autocrine gen-eration and requirement of BSF-2/IL-6 for human multiple myelomas. Nature, 332(6159), 83-85.
83. Kenney, S., Holley-Guthrie, E., Mar, E. C., and Smith, M. (1989). The EpsteinBarr virus BMLF1 promoter contains an enhancer element that is responsive to the BZLF1 and BRLF1 transacti-vators. J. Virol., 63(9), 3878-3883.
84. Khanna, R., Burrows, S. R., Moss, D. J., and Silins, S. L.(1996). Peptide transporter (TAP-1 and TAP-2)-independent endogenous pro-cessing of EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 2A: Implications for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte control of EBV-associated malignancies. J. Virol., 70(8), 5357-5362.
85. Kirchhoff, S., Sebens, T., Baumann, S. et al. (2002). Viral IFN-regulatory factors inhibit activation-induced cell death via two positive regulatory IFN-regulatory factor 1-dependent domains in the CD95 ligand promoter. J. Immunol., 168(3), 1226-1234.
86. Kishimoto, T., Tanaka, T., Yoshida, K., Akira, S., and Taga, T. (1995). Cytokine signal transduction through a homo-or heterodimer of gp130. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 766: 224-234.
87. Kledal, T. N., Rosenkilde, M. M., Coulin, F. et al. (1997). A broad-spectrum chemokine antagonist encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Science, 277(5332), 1656-1659.
88. Klein, B., Zhang, X. G., Jourdan, M. et al. (1989). Paracrine rather than autocrine regulation of myeloma-cell growth and differ-entiation by interleukin-6. Blood, 73(2), 517-526.
89. Klickstein, L. B., Wong, W. W., Smith, J. A. et al. (1987). Human C3b/C4b receptor (CR1). Demonstration of long homologous repeating domains that are composed of the short consensus repeats characteristics of C3/C4 binding proteins. J. Exp. Med., 165(4), 1095-1112.
90. Klouche, M., Brockmeyer, N., Knabbe, C., and Rose-John, S. (2002). Human herpesvirus 8-derived viral IL-6 induces PTX3 expres-sion in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. Aids, 16(8), F9-F18.
91. Kochs, G., Janzen, C., Hohenberg, H., and Haller, O. (2002). Antivi-rally active MxA protein sequesters La Crosse virus nucleo-capsid protein into perinuclear complexes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99(5), 3153-3158.
92. Komatsu, F. and Kajiwara, M. (1998). Relation of natural killer cell line NK-92-mediated cytolysis (NK-92-lysis) with the surface markers of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens, adhesion molecules, and Fas of target cells. Oncol. Res., 10(10), 483-489.
93. Krishnan, H. H., Naranatt, P. P., Smith, M. S. et al. (2004). Concurrent expression of latent and a limited number of lytic genes with immune modulation and antiapoptotic function by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus early during infection of pri-mary endothelial and broblast cells and subsequent decline of lytic gene expression. J. Virol., 78(7), 3601-3620.
94. Kumar, K. P., McBride, K. M., Weaver, B. K., Dingwall, C., and Reich, N. C. (2000). Regulated nuclear-cytoplasmic localiza-tion of interferon regulatory factor 3, a subunit of double-stranded RNA-activated factor 1. Mol. Cell. Biol., 20(11), 4159-4168.
95. LaBonte, M. L., Hershberger, K. L., Korber, B., and Letvin, N. L. (2001). The KIR and CD94/NKG2 families of molecules in the rhesus monkey. Immunol. Rev., 183: 25-40.
96. Larochelle, B., Flamand, L., Gourde, P., Beauchamp, D., and Gos-selin, J. (1998). Epstein-Barr virus infects and induces apop-tosis in human neutrophils. Blood, 92(1), 291-299.
97. Lautscham, G., Rickinson, A., and Blake, N. (2003). TAP-independent antigen presentation on MHC class I molecules: Lessons from Epstein-Barr virus. Microbes Infect., 5(4), 291-299.
98. Law, S. K. (1988). C3 receptors on macrophages. J. Cell. Sci. Suppl., 9, 67-97.
99. Le Gal, F. A., Riteau, B., Sedlik, C. et al. (1999). HLA-G-mediated inhibition of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Int. Immunol., 11(8), 1351-1356.
100. Lee, S. P., Thomas, W. A., Blake, N. W., and Rickinson, A. B. (1996). Transporter (TAP)-independent processing of a multi-ple membrane-spanning protein, the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2. Eur. J. Immunol., 26(8), 1875-1883.
101. Lee, S. P., Brooks, J. M., Al-Jarrah, H. et al. (2004). CD8 T cell recog-nition of endogenously expressed epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 1. J. Exp. Med., 199(10), 1409-1420.
102. Leen, A., Meij, P., Redchenko, I. et al. (2001). Differential immunogenicity of Epstein-Barr viruslatent-cycle proteinsfor human CD4(+) T-helper 1 responses. J. Virol., 75(18), 8649-8659.
103. Leonard, W. J. (2001). Role of Jak kinases and STATs in cytokine signal transduction. Int. J. Hematol., 73(3), 271-277.
104. Levitskaya, J., Sharipo, A., Leonchiks, A., Ciechanover, A., and Masucci, M. G. (1997). Inhibition of ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent protein degradation by the Gly-Ala repeat domain of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 94(23), 12616-12621.
105. Li, H. and Nicholas, J. (2002). Identification of amino acid residues of gp130 signal transducer and gp80 alpha receptor subunit that are involved in ligand binding and signaling by human herpesvirus 8-encoded interleukin-6. J. Virol., 76(11), 5627-5636.
106. Li, H., Wang, H., and Nicholas, J. (2001). Detection of direct binding of human herpesvirus 8-encoded interleukin-6 (vIL-6) to both gp130 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and identification of amino acid residues of vIL-6 important for IL-6R-dependent and-independent signaling. J. Virol., 75(7), 3325-3334.
107. Li, M., Lee, H., Yoon, D. W. et al. (1997). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional cyclin. J. Virol., 71(3), 1984-1991.
108. Li, M., Lee, H., Guo, J. et al. (1998). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor. J. Virol., 72(7), 5433-5440.
109. Li, M., Damania, B., Alvarez, X. et al. (2000). Inhibition of p300 histone acetyltransferase by viral interferon regulatory factor. Mol. Cell. Biol., 20(21), 8254-8263.
110. Lin, R., Genin, P., Mamane, Y. et al. (2001). HHV-8 encoded vIRF-1 represses the interferon antiviral response by blocking IRF-3 recruitment of the CBP/p300 coactivators. Oncogene, 20(7), 800-811.
111. Liu, C., Okruzhnov, Y., Li, H., and Nicholas, J. (2001). Human her-pesvirus 8 (HHV-8)-encoded cytokines induce expression of and autocrine signaling by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HHV-8-infected primary-effusion lymphoma cell lines and mediate VEGF-independent antiapoptotic effects. J. Virol., 75(22), 10933-10940.
112. Liu, Y., de Waal Malefyt, R., Briere, F. et al. (1997). The EBV IL-10 homologue is a selective agonist with impaired binding to the IL-10 receptor. J. Immunol., 158(2), 604-613.
113. Long, E. O., Barber, D. F., Burshtyn, D. N. et al. (2001). Inhi-bition of natural killer cell activation signals by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (CD158). Immunol. Rev., 181: 223-233.
114. Lorenzo, M. E., Jung, J. U., and Ploegh, H. L. (2002). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 utilizes the ubiquitin-proteasome system in routing class major histocompatibility complexes to late endocytic compartments. J. Virol., 76(11), 5522-5531.
115. Low, W., Harries, M., Ye, H. et al. (2001). Internal ribosome entry site regulates translation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus FLICE inhibitory protein. J. Virol., 75(6), 2938-2945.
116. Lubyova, B. and Pitha, P. M. (2000). Characterization of a novel human herpesvirus 8-encoded protein, vIRF-3, that shows homology to viral and cellular interferon regulatory factors. J. Virol., 74(17), 8194-8201.
117. Lutticken, C., Wegenka, U. M., Yuan, J. et al. (1994). Association of transcription factor APRF and protein kinase Jak1 with the interleukin-6 signal transducer gp130. Science, 263(5143), 89-92.
118. Mantovani, A., Garlanda, C., and Bottazzi, B. (2003). Pentraxin 3, a non-redundant soluble pattern recognition receptor involved in innate immunity. Vaccine, 21 (Suppl. 2), S43-S47.
119. Marshall, N. A., Vickers, M. A., and Barker, R. N. (2003). Regula-tory T cells secreting IL-10 dominate the immune response to EBV latent membrane protein 1. J. Immunol., 170(12), 6183-6189.
120. Marshall, W. L., Yim, C., Gustafson, E. et al. (1999). Epstein-Barr virus encodes a novel homolog of the bcl-2 oncogene that inhibits apoptosis and associates with Bax and Bak. J. Virol., 73(6), 5181-5185.
121. Masy, E., Adriaenssens, E., Montpellier, C. et al. (2002). Human monocytic cell lines transformed in vitro by Epstein-Barr virus display a type II latency and LMP-1-dependent proliferation. J. Virol., 76(13), 6460-6472.
122. Matsuda, G., Nakajima, K., Kawaguchi, Y., Yamanashi, Y., and Hirai, K. (2003). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen leader pro-tein (EBNA-LP) forms complexes with a cellular anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 or its EBV counterpart BHRF1 through HS1-associated protein X-1. Microbiol. Immunol., 47(1), 91-99.
123. McColl, S. R., Roberge, C. J., Larochelle, B., and Gosselin, J. (1997). EBV induces the production and release of IL-8 and macrophage inammatory protein-1 alpha in human neu-trophils. J. Immunol., 159(12), 6164-6168.
124. McVicar, D. W. and Burshtyn, D. N. (2001). Intracellular signaling by the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and Ly49. Sci. STKE, 2001(75), RE1.
125. Means, R. E., Ishido, S., Alvarez, X., and Jung, J. U. (2002). Multi-ple endocytic trafcking pathways of MHC class I molecules induced bya Herpesvirus protein. EMBO J., 21(7), 1-12.
126. Medzhitov, R. and Janeway, C., Jr. (2000). Innate immunity. N. Engl. J. Med., 343(5), 338-344.
127. Meij, P., Leen, A., Rickinson, A. B. et al. (2002). Identification and prevalence of CD8(+) T-cell responses directed against Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 and latent membrane protein 2. Int. J. Cancer, 99(1), 93-99.
128. Miyamoto, N. G., Jacobs, B. L., and Samuel, C. E. (1983). Mecha-nism of interferon action. Effect of double-stranded RNA and the 5-O-monophosphate form of 2,5-oligoadenylate on the inhibition of reovirus mRNA translation in vitro. J. Biol. Chem., 258(24), 15232-15237.
129. Molden, J., Chang, Y., You, Y., Moore, P. S., and Goldsmith, M. A. (1997). A Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded cytokine homolog (vIL-6) activates signaling through the shared gp130 receptor subunit. J. Biol. Chem., 272(31), 19625-19631.
130. Moore, M. D., Cannon, M. J., Sewall, A. et al. (1991). Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus infection in vitro and in vivo by soluble CR2 (CD21) containing two short consensus repeats. J. Virol., 65(7), 3559-3565.
131. Moore, P. S., Boshoff, C., Weiss, R. A., and Chang, Y. (1996). Molecu-lar mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science, 274(5293), 1739-1744.
132. Morrison, T. E., Mauser, A., Wong, A., Ting, J. P., and Kenney, S. C. (2001). Inhibition of IFN-gamma signaling by an Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein. Immunity, 15(5), 787-799.
133. Mullick, J., Bernet, J., Singh, A. K., Lambris, J. D., and Sahu, A. (2003). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human her-pesvirus 8) open reading frame4 protein (kaposica) is a func-tionalhomolog of complementcontrol proteins. J. Virol., 77(6), 3878-3881.
134. Munz, C., Bickham, K. L., Subklewe, M. et al. (2000). Human CD4(+) T lymphocytes consistently respond to the latent Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen EBNA1. J. Exp. Med., 191(10): 1649-1660.
135. Murakami, M., Hibi, M., Nakagawa, N. et al. (1993). IL-6-induced homodimerization of gp130 and associated activation of a tyrosine kinase. Science, 260(5115), 1808-1810.
136. Muzio, M., Chinnaiyan, A. M., Kischkel, F. C. et al. (1996). FLICE, a novel FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-like protease, is recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) death-inducing signal-ing complex. Cell, 85(6), 817-827.
137. Nakamura, H., Li, M., Zarycki, J., and Jung, J. U. (2001). Inhibition of p53 tumor suppressor by viral interferon regulatory factor. J. Virol., 75(16), 7572-7582.
138. Nakano, K., Isegawa, Y., Zou, P. et al. (2003). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded vMIP-I and vMIP-II induce signal transduction and chemotaxis in monocytic cells. Arch. Virol., 148(5), 871-890.
139. Nakashima, K. and Taga, T. (1998). gp130 and the IL-6 family of cytokines: Signaling mechanisms and thrombopoietic activi-ties. Semin. Hematol., 35(3), 210-221.
140. Narazaki, M., Witthuhn, B. A., Yoshida, K. et al. (1994). Activation of JAK2 kinase mediated by the interleukin 6 signal transducer gp130. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 91(6), 2285-2289.
141. Nauta, A. J., Bottazzi, B., Mantovani, A. etal. (2003). Biochemical and functional characterization of the interaction between pen-traxin 3 and C1q. Eur. J. Immunol., 33(2), 465-473.
142. Navarro, F., Llano, M., Bellon, T. et al. (1999). The ILT2(LIR1) and CD94/NKG2A NK cell receptors respectively recognize HLA-G1 and HLA-E molecules co-expressed on target cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 29(1), 277-283.
143. Neipel, F., Albrecht, J. C., Ensser, A. et al. (1997a). Human her-pesvirus 8 encodes a homolog of interleukin-6. J. Virol., 71(1), 839-842.
144. Neipel, F., Albrecht, J. C., and Fleckenstein, B. (1997b). Cell-homologous genes in the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated rhadinovirus human herpesvirus 8: Determinants of its pathogenicity J. Virol., 71(6), 4182-4187.
145. Nicholas, J., Ruvolo, V., Zong, J. et al. (1997a). A single 13-kilobase divergent locus in the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genome contains nine open reading frames that are homologous to or related to cellular proteins. J. Virol., 71(3), 1963-1974.
146. Nicholas, J., Ruvolo, V. R., Burns, W. H. et al. (1997b). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus-8 encodes homologues of macrophage inammatory protein-1 and interleukin-6. Nat. Med., 3(3), 287-292.
147. Nieuwenhuis, E. E., Neurath, M. F., Corazza, N. et al. (2002). Dis-ruption of T helper 2-immune responses in Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3-deficient mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99(26), 16951-19956.
148. Ojala, P. M., Tiainen, M., Salven, P. et al. (1999). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded v-cyclin triggers apoptosis in cells with high levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 6. Cancer Res., 59(19), 4984-4989.
149. Ojala, P. M., Yamamoto, K., Castanos-Velez, E. et al. (2000). The apoptotic v-cyclin-CDK6 complex phosphorylates and inacti-vates Bcl-2. Natl Cell. Biol., 2(11), 819-825.
150. Osborne, J., Moore, P. S., and Chang, Y. (1999). KSHV-encoded viral IL-6 activates multiple human IL-6 signaling pathways. Hum. Immunol., 60(10), 921-927.
151. Packham, G., Economou, A., Rooney, C. M., Rowe, D. T., and Farrell, P. J. (1990). Structure and function of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 protein. J. Virol., 64(5), 2110-2116.
152. Paludan, C., Bickham, K., Nikiforow, S. et al. (2002). Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1-specific CD4(+) Th1 cells kill Burkitt's lym-phoma cells. J. Immunol., 169(3), 1593-1603.
153. Papa, S., Gregorini, A., Pascucci, E. et al. (1994). Inhibition of NK binding to K562 cells induced by MAb saturation of adhe-sion molecules on target membrane. Eur. J. Histochem., 38 (Suppl 1), 83-90.
154. Parravinci, C., Corbellino, M., Paulli, M. et al. (1997). Expres-sion of a virus-derived cytokine, KSHV vIL-6, in HIV-seronegative Castleman's disease. Am. J. Pathol., 151(6), 1517-1522.
155. Paulose-Murphy, M., Ha, N. K., Xiang, C. et al. (2001). Transcription program of human herpesvirus 8 (kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus). J. Virol., 75(10), 4843-4853.
156. Pfianz, S., Timans, J. C., Cheung, J. et al. (2002). IL-27, a het-erodimeric cytokine composed of EBI3 and p28 protein, induces proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells. Immunity, 16(6), 779-790.
157. Pober, J. S., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., Cotran, R. S. et al. (1983). Ia expres-sion by vascular endothelium is inducible by activated T cells and by human gamma interferon. J. Exp. Med., 157(4), 1339-1353.
158. Pozharskaya, V. P., Weakland, L. L., Zimring, J. C. et al. (2004). Short duration of elevated vIRF-1 expression during lytic replica-tion of human herpesvirus 8 limits its ability to block antiviral responses induced byalphainterferon in BCBL-1 cells. J. Virol., 78(12), 6621-6635.
159. Prota, A. E., Sage, D. R., Stehle, T., and Fingeroth, J. D. (2002). The crystal structure of human CD21: Implications for Epstein-Barr virus and C3d binding. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99(16), 10641-10646.
160. Rajagopalan, S. and Long, E. O. (1999). A human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G-specific receptor expressed on all natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med., 189(7), 1093-1100.
161. Rivas, C., Thlick, A. E., Parravicini, C., Moore, P. S., and Chang, Y. (2001). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA2 is a B-cell-specific latent viral protein that inhibits p53. J. Virol., 75(1), 429-498.
162. Robberson, D. L., Thornton, G. B., Marshall, M. V., and Arling-haus, R. B. (1982). Novel circular forms of mengovirus-specific double-stranded RNA detected by electron microscopy. Virol-ogy, 116(2), 454-467.
163. Roberge, C. J., Larochelle, B., Rola-Pleszczynski, M., and Gos-selin, J. (1997). Epstein-Barr virus induces GM-CSF synthesis by monocytes: Effect on EBV-induced IL-1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist production in neutrophils. Virology, 238(2), 344-352.
164. Rolle, A., Mousavi-Jazi, M., Eriksson, M. et al. (2003). Effects of human cytomegalovirus infection on ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor of NK cells: Up-regulation of UL16-binding protein (ULBP)1 and ULBP2 is counteracted by the viral UL16 protein. J. Immunol., 171(2), 902-9028.
165. Rooney, C. M., Rowe, D. T., Ragot, T., and Farrell, P. J. (1989). The spliced BZLF1 gene of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transactivates an early EBV promoter and induces the virus productive cycle. J. Virol., 63(7), 3109-3116.
166. Rovere, P., Peri, G., Fazzini, F. et al. (2000). The long pentraxin PTX3 binds to apoptotic cells and regulates their clearance by antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Blood, 96(13), 4300-4306.
167. Russo, J. J., Bohenzky, R. A., Chien, M. C. et al. (1996). Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 93(25), 14862-14867.
168. Saifuddin, M., Ghassemi, M., Patki, C., Parker, C. J., and Spear, G. T. (1994). Host cell components affect the sensitivity of HIV type 1 to complement-mediated virolysis. AIDS Res Hum Retro-viruses, 10(7), 829-837.
169. Sakaguchi, K., Herrera, J. E., Saito, S. et al. (1998). DNA damage activates p53 through a phosphorylation-acetylation cascade. Genes Dev., 12(18), 2831-2841.
170. Sallusto, F., Lenig, D., Mackay, C. R., and Lanzavecchia, A. (1998). Flexible programs of chemokine receptor expression on human polarized T helper 1 and 2 lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 187(6), 875-883.
171. Sanchez, D. J., Coscoy, L., and Ganem, D. (2002). Functional Orga-nization of MIR2, a Novel Viral Regulator of Selective Endocy-tosis. J. Biol. Chem., 277(8), 6124-6130.
172. Sarid, R., Sato, T., Bohenzky, R. A., Russo, J. J., and Chang, Y. (1997). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional bcl-2 homologue. Natl Med., 3(3), 293-298.
173. Sarid, R., Wiezorek, J. S., Moore, P. S., and Chang, Y. (1999). Char-acterization and cell cycle regulation of the major Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) latent genes and their promoter. J. Virol., 73(2), 1438-1446.
174. Sato, M., Taniguchi, T., and Tanaka, N. (2001). The interferon system and interferon regulatory factor transcription factors-studies from gene knockout mice. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 12(2-3), 133-142.
175. Savard, M., Belanger, C., Tremblay, M. J. et al. (2000). EBV sup-presses prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in human monocytes. J. Immunol., 164(12), 6467-6473.
176. Seo, T., Lee, D., Lee, B., Chung, J. H., and Choe, J. (2000). Viral interferon regulatory factor 1 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) binds to, and inhibits transactivation of, CREB-binding protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 270(1), 23-27.
177. Seo, T., Park, J., Lee, D., Hwang, S. G., and Choe, J. (2001). Viral interferon regulatory factor 1 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus binds to p53 and represses p53-dependent tran-scription and apoptosis. J. Virol., 75(13), 6193-6198.
178. Seo, T., Lee, D., Shim, Y. S. et al. (2002). Viral interferon regulatory factor 1 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interacts with a cell death regulator, GRIM19, and inhibits interferon/retinoic acid-induced cell death. J. Virol., 76(17), 8797-8807.
179. Sheng, W., Decaussin, G., Sumner, S., and Ooka, T. (2001). N-terminal domain of BARF1geneencoded by Epstein-Barr virus is essential for malignant transformation of rodent broblasts and activation of BCL-2. Oncogene, 20(10), 1176-1178.
180. Sheng, W., Decaussin, G., Ligout, A., Takada, K., and Ooka, T. (2003). Malignant transformation of Epstein-Barr virus-negative Akata cells by introduction of the BARF1 gene carried by Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol., 77(6), 3859-3865.
181. Sozzani, S., Luini, W., Bianchi, G. et al. (1998). The viral chemokine macrophage inammatory protein-II is a selective Th2 chemoattractant. Blood, 92(11), 4036-4039.
182. Spiller, O. B., Blackbourn, D. J., Mark, L., Proctor, D. G., and Blom, A. M. (2003). Functional activity of the complement regulator encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Biol. Chem., 278(11), 9283-9289.
183. Spiller, O. B., Morgan, B. P., Tufaro, F., and Devine, D. V. (1996). Altered expression of host-encoded complement regulatorson human cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 26(7), 1532-1538.
184. Spiller, O. B., Robinson, M., O'Donnell, E. et al. (2003b). Comple-ment regulation by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF4 protein. J. Virol., 77(1), 592-599.
185. Stahl, N., Boulton, T. G., Farruggella, T. et al. (1994). Asso-ciation and activation of Jak-Tyk kinases by CNTF-LIF-OSM-IL-6 beta receptor components. Science, 263(5143), 92-95.
186. Stark, G. R., Kerr, I. M., Williams, B. R., Silverman, R. H., and Schreiber, R. D. (1998). How cells respond to interferons. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 67, 227-264.
187. Staskus, K. A., Zhong, W., Gebhard, K. et al. (1997). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression in endothe-lial (spindle) tumor cells. J. Virol., 71(1), 715-719.
188. Stine, J. T., Wood, C., Hill, M. et al. (2000). KSHV-encoded CC chemokine vMIP-III is a CCR4 agonist, stimulates angiogen-esis, and selectively chemoattracts TH2 cells. Blood, 95(4), 1151-1157.
189. Strockbine, L. D., Cohen, J. I., Farrah, T. et al. (1998). The Epstein-Barr virus BARF1 gene encodes a novel, soluble colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor. J. Virol., 72(5), 4015-4021.
190. Sun, Q., Matta, H., and Chaudhary, P. M. (2003). The human herpes virus 8-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein protects against growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis via NF-kappa B activation. Blood, 101(5), 1956-1961.
191. Sun, R., Lin, S. F., Staskus, K. et al. (1999). Kinetics of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression. J. Virol., 73(3), 2232-2242.
192. Swaminathan, S., Hesselton, R., Sullivan, J., and Kieff, E. (1993). Epstein-Barr virus recombinants with specifically mutated BCRF1 genes. J. Virol., 67(12), 7406-7413.
193. Tabiasco, J., Vercellone, A., Meggetto, F. et al. (2003). Acquisition of viral receptor by NK cells through immunological synapse. J. Immunol., 170(12), 5993-5998.
194. Takayama, T., Morelli, A. E., Onai, N. et al. (2001). Mammalian and viral IL-10 enhance C-C chemokine receptor5 but down-regulate C-C chemokine receptor7 expression bymyeloid den-dritic cells: Impact on chemotactic responses and in vivo hom-ing ability. J. Immunol., 166(12), 7136-71643.
195. Taniguchi, T., Ogasawara, K., Takaoka, A., and Tanaka, N. (2001). IRF family of transcription factors as regulators of host defense. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 19: 623-655.
196. Tellam, J., Connolly, G., Green, K. J. et al. (2004). Endogenous presentation of CD8+ T cell epitopes from Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen 1. J. Exp. Med., 199(10), 1421-1431.
197. Thome, M., Schneider, P., Hofmann, K. et al. (1997). Viral FLICE-inhibitoryproteins(FLIPs) preventapoptosisinduced bydeath receptors. Nature, 386(6624), 517-521.
198. Thomis, D. C. and Samuel, C. E. (1992). Mechanism of interferon action: Autoregulation of RNA-dependent P1/eIF-2 alpha protein kinase (PKR) expression in transfected mammalian cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 89(22), 10837-10841.
199. Volz, A., Wende, H., Laun, K., and Ziegler, A. (2001). Genesis of the ILT/LIR/MIR clusters within the human leukocyte receptor complex. Immunol. Rev., 181, 39-51.
200. Von Roenn, J. H. and Cianfrocca, M. (2001). Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. Cancer Treat. Res., 104, 127-148.
201. Voo, K. S., Fu, T., Heslop, H. E. et al. (2002). Identification of HLA-DP3-restricted peptides from EBNA1 recognized by CD4(+)T cells. Cancer Res., 62(24), 7195-7199.
202. Voo, K. S., Fu, T., Wang, H. Y. et al. (2004). Evidence for the presen-tation of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 peptides to CD8+ T lym-phocytes. J. Exp. Med., 199(4), 459-470.
203. Wan, X., Wang, H., and Nicholas, J. (1999). Human herpesvirus 8 interleukin-6 (vIL-6) signals through gp130 but has structural and receptor-binding properties distinct from those of human IL-6. J. Virol., 73(10), 8268-8278.
204. Wang, H. W., Sharp, T. V., Koumi, A., Koentges, G., and Boshoff, C. (2002). Characterization of an anti-apoptotic glycoprotein encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus which resemblesasplicedvariantofhumansurvivin. EMBOJ., 21(11), 2602-2615.
205. Weaver, B. K., Kumar, K. P., and Reich, N. C. (1998). Interferon reg-ulatory factor 3 and CREB-binding protein/p300 are subunits of double-stranded RNA-activated transcription factor. Mol. Cell. Biol., 18(3), 1359-1368.
206. Weber, K. S., Grone, H. J., Rocken, M. et al. (2001). Selective recruit-ment of Th2-type cells and evasion from a cytotoxic immune response mediated by viral macrophage inhibitory protein-II. Eur. J. Immunol., 31(8), 2458-2466.
207. Wegenka, U. M., Lutticken, C., Buschmann, J. et al. (1994). The interleukin-6-activated acute-phase response factor is anti-genically and functionally related to members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14(5), 3186-3196.
208. Wei, M. X. and Ooka, T. (1989). A transforming function of the BARF1 gene encoded by Epstein-Barr virus. EMBO J., 8(10), 2897-2903.
209. Wei, M. X., Moulin, J. C., Decaussin, G., Berger, F., and Ooka, T. (1994). Expression and tumorigenicity of the Epstein-Barr virus BARF1 gene in human Louckes B-lymphocyte cell line. Cancer Res., 54(7), 1843-1848.
210. Wei, M. X., de Turenne-Tessier, M., Decaussin, G., Benet, G., and Ooka, T. (1997). Establishment of a monkey kidney epithelial cell line with the BARF1 open reading frame from Epstein-Barr virus. Oncogene, 14(25), 3073-3081.
211. Xu, Z. G., Iwatsuki, K., Oyama, N. et al. (2001). The latency pat-tern of Epstein-Barr virus infection and viral IL-10 expression in cutaneous natural killer/T-cell lymphomas. Br. J. Cancer., 84(7), 920-925.
212. Yates, J., Warren, N., Reisman, D., and Sugden, B.(1984). A cis-acting element from the Epstein-Barr viral genome that permits sta-ble replication of recombinant plasmids in latently infected cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 81(12), 3806-3810.
213. Yin, Y., Manoury, B., and Fahraeus, R. (2003). Self-inhibition of syn-thesisandantigenpresentation byEpstein-Barr virus-encoded EBNA1. Science, 301(5638), 1371-1374.
214. Zaldumbide, A., Ossevoort, M., Wiertz, E. J. H. J., and Hoeben, R. C. (2006). In cis inhibition of antigen processing by the latency-associated nuclear antigen I of Kaposi sarcoma Herpes virus. Mol. Immunol., e-pub.
215. Zeidler, R., Eissner, G., Meissner, P. et al. (1997). Downregulation of TAP1 in B lymphocytes by cellular and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded interleukin-10. Blood, 90(6), 2390-2397.
216. Zhang, J., Das, S. C., Kotalik, C., Pattnaik, A. K., and Zhang, L. (2004). The latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein-Barr virus estab-lishes an antiviral state via induction of interferon-stimulated genes. J. Biol. Chem.
217. Zhang, L. and Pagano, J. S. (2001). Interferon regulatory factor 7 mediates activation of Tap-2 by Epstein-Barr viruslatent mem-brane protein 1. J. Virol., 75(1), 341-350.
218. Zhang, L., Wu, L., Hong, K., and Pagano, J. S. (2001). Intracellular sig-naling molecules activated by Epstein-Barr virus for induction of interferon regulatory factor 7. J. Virol., 75(24), 12393-12401.
219. Zhu, F. X. and Yuan, Y. (2003). The ORF45 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is associated with purified virions. J. Virol., 77(7), 4221-4230.
220. Zhu, F. X., King, S. M., Smith, E. J., Levy, D. E., and Yuan, Y. (2002). A Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesviral protein inhibits virus-mediated induction of typeI interferon by blocking IRF-7 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99(8), 5573-5578.
221. zur Hausen, A., Brink, A. A., Craanen, M. E. et al. (2000). Unique transcription pattern of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in EBV-carrying gastric adenocarcinomas: Expression of the trans-forming BARF1 gene. Cancer Res., 60(10), 2745-2748.